basulta situationer and summary findings

PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

Basilan, Sulu & TawiBasilan, Sulu & Tawi--tawi tawi (BaSulTa)(BaSulTa)

Based on a Study conducted by the

Ateneo Research Center Ateneo de Zamboanga University

With inputs from Tabang Mindanaw and Assisi Development Foundation

BASULTA STUDY: BASULTA STUDY:

Backgrounder

What is the Situation? What explains the Situation? Problems and Challenges

What can be done? Opportunities for Intervention

Moving forward : Some Proposals

BASULTA STUDY:GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN SECURITY SITUATION

To present the socio-economic/human security situation of BaSulTa vis-a-vis the ARMM and Mindanao;

To present the economic development situation of BaSulTa for possible use of industries and business, and government;

Conduct an assessment of governance capacity of local government units and other institutions such as the church and the civil society groups as development delivery mechanisms.

OBJECTIVES:

Basilan

Sulu

Tawi-Tawi

Basilan

Has seven (7) municipalities and one (1) city, Isabela as capital.

Became part of Zamboanga in 1901. Chavacanos and Visayans settled in Isabela to work in the rubber plantations.

A city in 1948 and a province in 1973. Home to a mix of Muslim and Christian population who became

polarized during the 2001 anti-Christian provocations of the Abu Sayyaf.

Basilan Profile Ethnic groupings: (41.3%) Yakans, (23.0%) Tausug, (11.9%) Chavacano, (10.1%) Samals, (14%) mix of Visayans, Cebuanos & Badjaos.

Christians own 75% of the land, and ethnic Chinese controls 75% of the local trade.

More than half of live in poverty and are mostly agricultural workers, fisher folks and farmers.

Bangsa Moro guerillas actively operated in Basilan in the 70s.

In 1991, the Abu Sayyaf was founded by Abdulrajak Janjalaniwith members recruited from the young alienated Muslims who found no hope or opportunity for advancement within the stream of Philippine society.

Sulu

The Sultanate of Sulu was recognized as a political entity by sovereign nations as early as the 14th century. Before the advent of Islam, Sulu had datus or chieftains with defined rights and privileges.

Agriculture-based, with large areas planted to coconut, cassava, rice and corn. Coffee and fruit trees were also cultivated.

Sulu waters is a rich fishing ground for various marine resources.

Sulu Profile Has 18 municipalities with more than 400 islands and islets from the tip of Zamboanga toward Borneo; Jolo is the capital town.

The Tausugs (people of the current) form the biggest segment (85.27%) of the provincial population of 619, 668. The smaller ethnic groups (Badjaos, Samals, etc.) are generally socially discriminated.

Has the most number of private armed groups in the country.

Has consistently posted the highest poverty incidence in 1997 and 2000.

Tawi-tawi

Was separated from Sulu and created as a separate province on 11 September 1973.

Its water resource area is many times larger than its land area and is one of the richest fishing grounds in the country. It is the habitat of the prized tuna and is the primary producer of seaweeds.

Despite the absence of large agricultural land, the province has rich fertile soil that produces coconut and cassava, its two major crops.

Tawi-tawi Profile

Has more than 307 islands including Cagayan de Mapun island, Turtle island and Tawi-tawi island groups; Has ten (10) island municipalities with Bongao as capital town.

95 percent of the population are Muslim while the remaining five percent is a mixture of Christian and other religions.

By ethnic grouping, Sama (84%) constitutes the biggest group while the rest (16%) are a mix of Tausugs, Jama Mapun and others.

Tawi-tawi ranked as the 3rd poorest province in 2000 from #40 in 1997 indicating a drastic fall in income level among its poor & non-poor population groups.

WHAT IS THE SITUATION?WHAT IS THE SITUATION?

Human Development Indicators

Mali 0.326Mali 0.326Chad 0.379Chad 0.379

Guinea 0.425Guinea 0.4250.7530.753--0.3780.3780.3110.3110.420.42

HDIHDI(PHDR, 2000; HDR, 2004)(PHDR, 2000; HDR, 2004)

(HDI Bottom 2 (HDI Bottom 2 countries) Sierra countries) Sierra

LeoneLeoneNigerNiger

83/7783/77--76/7776/7777/7777/7768/7768/77HDI RankHDI Rank(province (province PHDR, 2000:; PHDR, 2000:; HDR, 2004)HDR, 2004)

Intl Intl ComparisonComparisonRP

RPARMMARMMTawiTawi--tawitawiSuluSuluBasilanBasilanIndicatorsIndicators


Chad 27Chad 27Togo 54Togo 54

868661.661.611.411.429.929.955.955.9Families with Access to waterFamilies with Access to water(APIS, 1999. WDI, 2000; HDR, (APIS, 1999. WDI, 2000; HDR, 2004)2004)

Sudan 64Sudan 64Lesotho 64Lesotho 64

29296363------Infant Mortality Infant Mortality (HDR, 2004)(HDR, 2004)

Gambia 29.6Gambia 29.6Gabon 28.1Gabon 28.1

7.47.429.729.728.628.618.118.1Probability at birth for not Probability at birth for not surviving to age 40 cohort surviving to age 40 cohort (PHDR, 2002; HDR, 2004)(PHDR, 2002; HDR, 2004)

Senegal 52.7Senegal 52.7Benin 50.7Benin 50.769.869.857.457.450.850.852.352.360.260.2

Life Expectancy at BirthLife Expectancy at Birth(HDR, 2004)(HDR, 2004)

78.6 M78.6 M--322,317322,317619,668619,668332,628332,628Population (2000)Population (2000)




--33.9633.9642.842.829.729.734.334.3Cohort Survival RateCohort Survival Rate(PHDR, 2002)(PHDR, 2002)

------77.777.782.182.1% Basic Enrollment Rate% Basic Enrollment Rate

SenegalSenegalMauritaniaMauritania

--0.5830.583------

School enrollment of 6School enrollment of 6--12 12 yrs. old among the yrs. old among the poorest poorest (WB, 2003)(WB, 2003)

Chad 54.2Chad 54.2Sudan 40.1Sudan 40.1Haiti 48.1Haiti 48.1

7.47.4--47.347.342.342.351.951.9Adult Functional IlliteracyAdult Functional Illiteracy(age 15+(age 15+))(PHDR, 2002, HDR, 2004)(PHDR, 2002, HDR, 2004)

------34.234.218.118.128.628.6Per cent HS GraduatePer cent HS Graduate

7.27.225.825.837.337.316.716.7Poverty depth Poverty depth (PHDR, 2002)(PHDR, 2002)

P 48,816P 48,816(MM)(MM)

P 11,349P 11,349P 7,850P 7,850P13,193P13,193Ave. Annual Per CapitaAve. Annual Per CapitaIncome (FIES in PHDR, 2002)Income (FIES in PHDR, 2002)

Zambia 72.9Zambia 72.9Malawi 65.3Malawi 65.3

36.936.962.962.975.375.392926363Poverty Incidence Poverty Incidence (NCSB, 2003, HDR, 2004)(NCSB, 2003, HDR, 2004)



Average Monthly Household Income

BASILAN SULU TAWI-TAWI

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Below 1000 6 6.6 5 5.5 4 4.4

P1,000 -P1,999 16 17.6 12 13.2 8 8.9

P2,000 -P3,999 42 46.2 24 26.4 27 30

P 4,000 - 5,999 11 12.1 20 22 12 13.3

P6,000 - 7,999 5 5.5 6 6.6 8 8.9

P8,000 - 9,999 4 4.4 11 12.1 3 3.3

P10,000 -above

4 4.4 12 13.2 21 23.3

No Income 2 2.2 1 1.1 7 7.8

No Fixed income

1 1.1 0 0 0 0

Total 91 100 91 100 90 100

ADZU/TM Survey, 2004

BASULTA SAMPLE SURVEY

Community level (Micro)

ECONOMIC INFORMATION Monthly Income :

From fishing 400 pesosFrom mat weaving 600 pesos (2 mats)From day labor 50 pesosWashing clothes daily 600 pesos From tailoring 300 pesos

Average monthly income of Badjao residents in Ponduhan, Siasi :

Number of Families

Average Mo. Income per HH

Percentage

104 PhP 752 95

6 none 5

Total 110 PhP 752 100

Source: Social Action Center AVJ, Baseline Survey-Ponduhan, June 2004

Human Resource (Mostly mainland barangays):

Educational Attainment

Basilan Sulu Tawi-Tawi

N N N

Elementary 51 (21.43) 35 (13.72) 39 (16.45)

High School 65 (27.31) 70 (27.45) 69 (29.11)

College 94 (39. 5) 95 (37.25) 100 (42.19)

Graduate 3 1 2

Vocational course

2 4 0

None 23 (9.66) 19 (7.45) 1 (0.42)

No answer 0 31 26

Total 238 255 237



Educational Attainment of Adults

Educational AttainmentFrequency Percentage

Elementary Level 6 2.1College Level 1 0.3None 282 97.6

Educational Attainment of Youth

All youth (100%) are not in school at present. Only five (5) or7% of the total youth population of 74 had gone to school and their highest level of attainment was elementary grade.

Community Level (Micro) : Ponduhan, Siasi, Sulu

Badjao Community

Source: Social Action Center AVJ, Baseline Survey-Ponduhan, June 2004

Population and Health Status

8.929.728.618.1Probability at birth for not surviving to age 40 cohort

Haiti 52.6Congo 51.3

6957.450.852.360.2Life expectancy at Birth

78M2,412,159322,317619,668332,828Population (2000)

IntlIntlRPRPARMMARMMTawiTawi--tawitawiSuluSuluBasilan Basilan Indicators Indicators


Niger 20Uganda 50

8761.611.429.955.9Families with Access to water (APIS, 1999; WDI, 2000; HDR, 2002)

Gabon 60Bolivia 62

3663---Infant Mortality

1.11 (1)02.2 (2)No Answer4.10 1.3 (1)11.0 (10)Spring

7.67 (6)9.3 (7)6.6 (6)Mixed

8.27 (6)1.3 (1)16.4 (15) Open Well10.732 (29)0 0Rain

32.740 (36)37.3 (28)20.9 (19)Deep Well

35.513 (12)50.7 (38)42.9 (39) Piped water/ Faucet

TOTAL%

Tawi-Tawi%

Sulu%

Basilan%


SOURCES OF DRINKING WATERSOURCES OF DRINKING WATER (Mostly mainland barangays):(Mostly mainland barangays):


The most serious problem The most serious problem

of people in small island, of people in small island,

coastal and water (oncoastal and water (on--stilts stilts

on the sea) communities is on the sea) communities is

freshwater.freshwater. In the big In the big

islands, people source islands, people source

water from springs, deep water from springs, deep

wells & government water wells & government water

system. But in small system. But in small

communities, people communities, people

depend on the rain & from depend on the rain & from

individuals selling stored individuals selling stored

rainwater.rainwater.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Basilan Sulu Tawi-Tawi Total

MalariaSkin diseasesDiarrheaGastroenteritisMeaslesAmoebiasisARD

Causes of Morbidity Causes of Morbidity (Mostly mainland barangays):(Mostly mainland barangays):



WHAT EXPLAINS THE WHAT EXPLAINS THE SITUATION?SITUATION?

1. POOR GOVERNANCE AND PARTICIPATIONPOOR GOVERNANCE AND PARTICIPATION

Problem of governance, graft and corruptionProblem of governance, graft and corruption

Non-use of and private appropriation of IRA funds among officials came out as a serious concern among CS respondentsMany local government offices do not provide services or even hold regular office - from the local chief executive down to rank and file. Emphasis on infrastructure rather than social services

Focus Group DiscussionsFocus Group Discussions

Local legislation has become an exercise in buying legislators signature and political endorsement as sessions never take place

Some civil service positions are unofficially bidded out making officials treat positions as investments or source of regular income and not public service, or even work.



LGUs have become employment agencies for family, and clan. Nepotism and corruption are not necessarily viewed as negative practices because the Datu system is now superimposed onto the system of local government.

In many cases, the LCE is also their datu. Given the traditional Moro view that land is non-alienable and held in trust by the Datu gives the latter continuing power over his subjects and kinsmen.



2. LIMITED PARTICIPATIONLIMITED PARTICIPATION

Effective participation in programs and projects by civil society is limited.

Low quality of participation:

- government organized groups - clan-based - beneficiary groups

Lack of Social Capital and Network


61.36

22.73

15.91

76.47

23.53

0

68.75

18.75

12.5

66.67

21.5111.83

0

20

40

60

80

Basilan Sulu Taw i-Taw i Total

Nature of participation

Attend meetings

Participate inpolicy/decision-making processBoth

Quality of Participation in Civil Society Organization

Types of development projects implemented in BaSulTa during the last 10 years

Type

Health Services

Micro-enterprise

Literacy

Community organizing

Water

Solar Energy

Infrastructure

Training

Others

Basilan (%)

4.1

4.5

5.6

2.3

4.9

0.8

72.6

2.3

3.0

Sulu (%)

9.2

19.0

15.5

7.7

2.8

0.7

32.4

7.0

5.6

Tawi-Tawi (%)

6.1

7.9

12.1

0.9

7.9

6.5

44.9

2.3

11.2


Distribution of projects implemented in BASILAN

Type of Agency

Health Micro-enterpri

se

Literacy CO Water Solar Energy

Infra Trng -General

Others Total

NGO 3 4 8 6 3 11 3 5 43

Church 1 4 5

Academe

1 1

LGU 5 4 7 10 2 174 3 205

NGA 2 1 3

PO 4 3 2 9

TOTAL 11 12 15 6 13 2 193 6 8 266

Distribution of projects implemented in SULU

Type of Agency

Health Micro-enterp

rise

Literacy CO Water Solar Energy

Infra Trng -General

Others Total

NGO 5 7 5 3 4 1 25

Church 7 1 8 2 18

Academe

3 4 4 1 2 1 15

LGU 1 1 1 1 22 1 27

NGA 4 11 4 5 1 10 5 7 47

PO 4 1 3 1 9

Others 1 1

TOTAL 13 27 22 11 4 1 46 10 8 142

Distribution of projects implemented in TAWI-TAWI

Type of Agency

Health Micro-enterpr

ise

Literacy

CO Water Solar Energy

Infra Trng -Genera

l

Others Total

NGO 1 1 1 2 1 6

Church 2 4 2 8

Academe

1 1

LGU 3 2 2 3 4 47 10 71

NGA 8 9 19 10 9 22 4 8 89

PO 2 5 5 3 21 3 39

TOTAL 13 17 26 2 17 14 96 5 24 214

HH Quality of Participation and Opinion on Projects Implemented

12.22%12.22%76.67%76.67%76.66%76.66%TAWITAWI--TAWITAWI

33%33%29.7%29.7%52.7%52.7%SULUSULU

32.97%32.97%41.76%41.76%54.94%54.94%BASILANBASILAN

HH heads HH heads Perception on Perception on

receiving receiving adequate basic adequate basic services from services from governmentgovernment

HH participationHH participationConsultations Consultations conducted in conducted in CommunityCommunity

PROVINCESPROVINCES

Projects planned by LGUs & NGOs in BaSulTa

Type

Health Services

Micro-enterprise

Literacy

Community Organizing

Water

Solar Energy

Infrastructure

Training

Others

Basilan (%)

9.3

4.7

14.0

14.0

16.3

-

18.6

14.0

9.3

Sulu (%)

15.6

13.0

16.9

2.6

6.5

2.6

19.5

13.0

10.4

Tawi-Tawi (%)

7.4

15.7

6.5

2.8

18.5

0.9

28.7

4.6

14.8


226Water & sanitation

435Infrastructure

754Housing

573Education

342Health & nutrition

111Livelihood/ employment

Tawi-TawiSuluBasilanNEEDS

Assessment of HH heads on community needs (Ranked):



3. LACK OF PEACE AND ORDER Armed conflict Proliferation of guns, armed private armies (no rule of law) Kidnapping and extortion; Piracy in the seas Perceived threat of terrorism (Abu Sayyaf) Family grudges and political feuds (Rido) Drug addiction/Alcoholism


3. LACK OF PEACE AND ORDER

Pervasive biases and prejudices at grassroots hinder the rebuilding of social cohesion (ethnicity-based social & political hierarchy, exploitative traditions & practices)

4. LOW INVESTMENTS AND LIMITED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Peace and Order Problem limits mobility of people and exchange of goods

Lack of support facilities (electricity, water and communication) and post-harvest facilities

Bureaucracy : Problem in securing business permits; Lack of business incentives

No direct shipping vessels from major trade centers for agri and marine products.


MAJOR CHALLENGES TO HUMAN SECURITYMAJOR CHALLENGES TO HUMAN SECURITY

Local Governance

Participation

Peace and Order

Basic Services

Income

Education

Health

Environmental Protection

WHAT CAN BE DONE?WHAT CAN BE DONE?

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. ON GOOD GOVERNANCE AND PARTICIPATIONHow can transparency, accountability, and predictability

be exercised in the area?

Church, civil society and local government engagement is necessary . Increase capacity of civil society for active engagement.

Capacity building with emphasis on values formation for attitudinal change for civil servants.

Conduct of training on the disbursement of IRA

Institutionalization of a culture-sensitive system of accountability

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. ON GOOD GOVERNANCE AND PARTICIPATIONHow can transparency, accountability, and predictability

be exercised in the area?

Train and transform local leaders to development-oriented managers.

Strong leadership issue should be addressed. Role of the Datu and other traditional leaders such as the Ulamashould be considered.

Enhancement of peoples political participation by involving them in identification, planning, monitoring and evaluation of projects.

Recommendations of households on how to improve implementation of projects by area

34-15. Municipal government take the responsibility in project implementation

51-14. Operation and maintenance should be the peoples responsibility

-1213. Everyone should give full support

1-312. Projects implemented in the ARMM should be equally distributed among the provinces

3-311. NGO to implement the projects

1--10. Donor should let the people implement the projects for successful completion

2139. Financial assistance should reach the community in full

1-48. Project should be implemented by the community and not by the government

51197. Community and local officials must work together for the improvement of the community

10-46. Project must respond to the needs of the people

37205. Proper monitoring and implementation

-1-4. Transparency in the expenditure of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA)

4-13. Transparency in project implementation

33-2. Coordination with barangay officials

211011. Consultation/involvement of the community before implementing the project

TawiTawiSuluBasilanRecommendations

2. RECOMMENDATIONS ON PEACE

Promote a culture of peace by integrating into development programs.

Promote inter-faith dialogue at grassroots level.

Make a comprehensive assessment of the militarys presence and role in peace and development .

Develop community leaders for peace advocacy and policy reforms.

RECOMMENDATIONS 3. ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TO ENHANCE BUSINESS

AND INDUSTRY

Improve the support facilities such as water, power, communication, airports and seaports.

Appropriate legislation should be passed/enforced specially those supportive to business

Make credit facilities available.

Regulate fees in the seaport.

Ensure security of business operators.

Support for community-based entrepreneurship programs.

The establishment of a semi-processing plant (5th level) National Seaweeds Institute is proposed.

Support for cottage industries such textile weaving, boat building, mat making and local food processing.

Support for industries based on fishing and agricultural activities such as rice milling, copra processing, abaca production, and semi-processed fish and shell products manufacturing.

Set up post-harvest facilities such as cold storage, and canning facilities.


AND INDUSTRY

Incentives to the Regional Economic Zone Authority to attract more investors.

The opportunity provided by BIMP-EAGA should be explored through lobbying for a presidential permit for commercial trading route with BIMP-EAGA. Barter trading/Freeport be legalized.

Training on new farming and fishing technologies and processing of raw products, such as cassava, seaweeds, fish, etc.


AND INDUSTRY

RECOMMENDATIONS4. ON BASIC SERVICES: EDUCATION AND HEALTH

All stakeholders need to re-examine their roles, programs and objectives towards collectivelyworking for long-term human security.

Networking of civil society groups should be established.

Establish strong coordination and synchronization of development efforts.

Develop people as active participants and not passive recipients of development.

Special Concerns and Recommendations:Muslim-Christian Relations

Conduct more inter-faith dialogue at the grassroots level.

Women and Children

Address the needs of women and children who are mostaffected and marginalized by the armed conflict in the area.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

Provide an integrated program for the sustenance, return and rehabilitation of the IDPs who flock into the capital towns.

Youth

Implement programs to transform youth to become leaders and productive citizens of their respective communities.

basulta situationer and summary findings

Documents

sulu profile

sulu tawibasilan

sulu waters

sultanate of sulu

tawi tawi basultabasultabased

proposalsbasulta study

land area

smaller ethnic groups