basic concepts in nutrient management for organic farming · basic concepts in nutrient management...
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Basic Concepts in Nutrient Management
for Organic FarmingJonathan Deenik
Assistant Specialist, Soil FertilityDepartment of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences
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Outline
• Feed the soil• Diagnosis of Nutrient
Deficiencies• Soil tests
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Feed the Soil• Feed the bugs!
- Microorganisms- Bacteria- Fungi- Actinomycetes- Protozoa- Algae
- Nematodes- Macrofauna
- Earthworms
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Organic Approaches
Cover Crops and Compost“Feed the Soil”
SupplementalHigh N
Fertilizers
Courtesy E. Brennan
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Incorporating cover crops adds plant nutrients and conditions soil
Courtesy E. Brennan
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Sunn hemp is a good source of N
Sudan grass adds a lot of OM
http://www.wiu.edu/AltCrops/Othercrops_files/sunn-hemp.gif J.L. Deenik
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Why are Cover Crops Important?
Cover Crops
Soil Fertility
Soil Biology
Arthropod Pests
Weeds
Soil Organic Matter
Diseases
Rotations
Nutrient Leaching
Soil Erosion
Courtesy E. Brennan
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Compost conditions the soil
http://compost.tamu.edu/demos/palopinto/compost.jpg
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Compost• Require large inputs over time• Not necessarily a source of plant nutrients in
the short-term• Low N content (≈1.0%), only 15% available in
the first year• Improves physical, chemical, and biological
properties• Maintenance/enhancement of soil quality.
Courtesy E. Brennan
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Manures as FertilizersTwo Important Questions?
1. What is the N content of the manure?
3. How long does it take for the N to go from organic form to inorganic form?
Norg NH4+ NO3
-
Plant Available
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Manures as Fertilizers
Chicken manure addedat ≈16 tons per acre
Dairy Manure addedat ≈40 tons per acre
Chicken Manure
N M
iner
aliz
ed (m
g kg
-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Wahiawa
Dairy Manure
N M
iner
aliz
ed (m
g kg
-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250Wahiawa
Swine Manure
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
N M
iner
aliz
ed (m
g kg
-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Wahiawa
Waialua
Waialua
Weeks
Waialua
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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Other N Rich AmendmentsWaialua Soil Wahiawa Soil
Weeks
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
N M
iner
aliz
ed (m
g kg
-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Fish/Blood MealKukui NutSunn Hemp
Weeks
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
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0 T/acre CM
2.5 T/acre CM
5 T/acre CM
10 T/acre CM 16-16-16
Adding Chicken Manure to a Fertile Soil
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Field ExperimentsWahiawa Soil
lb N per Acre
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Tota
l Fre
sh B
iom
ass
(lb/a
cre)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Chicken manureDairy manureSwine manure16-16-16 Control
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How Much to Add?1. Information
- crop N requirement- N content of amendment- expected amount of N that will mineralize
- high N materials ≈80% (>6%)- chicken manure ≈40-60%- dairy manure ≈30-40%
2. Example calculationFBM DM200/(0.1*0.8)= 200/(0.01*.3)=2,500 lb per acre 66,700 lb per acre
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Supplemental Fertilizers
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Supplemental Fertilizers
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• To raise pH- Reduce existing/potential toxicities- Increases P availability- pH range 5.5 - 7.0- Liming can be expensive because
soils are buffered (clay content and OM)
• To supply Ca- Highly weathered soils are almost
always deficient in Ca
Liming is Important
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Sources of Soil Acidity
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Correcting Soil Acidity
Al3+ + H2O Al(OH)2+ + H+
Liming Reactions:
CaCO3 + H2O Ca2+ + HCO3- + OH-
OH- + H+ H2O
HCO3- + H+ H2CO3
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
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Liming
Tons CaCO3 per Acre
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Summary• Soil health and productivity are maintained by
regular inputs of organic matter• Cover crops are a key component of soil
management• High N inputs may be required in intensive
vegetable production systems• How much to add depends on crop requirement,
N content, and N availability from the material• In weathered tropical soils acidity can be a
problem, and it must be corrected with liming