baroque art

7/18/2019 Baroque Art

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Baro ue ArtBy Hanna Anderson



Location – Artists – Architecture– Vocabulary Seventeenth Century, Baroque in France, Spain & The

Netherlands – Caravage, Van Dyck, Rubens, Velasquez,Rembrant & Vermeer – Vocabulary



DefinitionThe word “Baroque”, comes from the

word “baroco”. This being “a complicatedlogical deduction. Thus a mixture of

irregularity and dark complexity…” . Thisis the definition used to define Baroque

today, though it was not always like this.In 1740, the Dictionary of French RoyalAcademy defined it as, “ …expression

figure – all that is irregular, extravagant,

uneven.”. This having a negative tonetowards the art. And finally later in 1797,Francesco Milizia defined baroque by

saying “Baroque is the height ofextravagence and an excess of

ridiculousness.”, the negativity towards



LocationSpread around Europe



The Spread Into Europe

The spread of Baroque art was quick and successful. Rome wasthe main founder of Baroque art, though this being because ofthe Catholic influence; therefore Spain, Austria, and Holland allthem being influenced rapidly.

• France – managed to avoid it a bit more, due to itsemotionalism

• Holland – middle class, Protestant art, especially painting.

• Germany – followed the early 18th century style, known asRocco.

• England, Portugal, Spain, the Americas – influenced by foreigndevelopments.

There are many discussions of when the dates of when theBaroque period exactly took place. This being because there was

so much other stu! going on such as Rocco at the same time.



ArtistsCaravaggio, Van Dyck, Rubens,Velasquez, Rembrant and Vermeer



Michelangelo Merisi daCaravaggio

1573 - 1610

Named Michelangelo Merisi at birth of September 28, 1573; in the Lombardy hill town ofCaravaggio, as the son of a ducal architect. As working as an artist, an trying to becomeknown he moved around from place to place (ex. Milan to Rome) while working for big timeart managers. At the time, huge new churches and palazzi were being built in Rome andpaintings were needed to fill them. Therefore, The Counter-Reformation Church searchedfor authentic religious art though they did not want the same art that they had always had,therefore they resorted to Caravaggio. Caravaggio's novelty was a radical naturalismwhich combined close physical observation with a dramatic, even theatrical, approach to

chiaroscuro, the use of light and shadow, which almost in all of Caravaggio’s religioussubjects emphasize sadness, suffering, and death. This making him the popular choice ofartist for this job.

He was very successful in Rome until 1606 when he had to flee due to his issues with thepolice, that he usually always in.

Caravaggio was very much known during his time, though once his death came along hewas almost entirely forgotten. That was until the 20th century, when Western art wasrediscovered. Even though his influence on the common style which eventually emergedfrom the ruins of Mannerism, the new Baroque, was profound. Andre Berne-Joffroy, PaulValéry's secretary, said of him: "What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply,modern painting."

If it wasn’t for Caravaggio a large part of European art would not have moved away fromthe ideal viewpoint of the Renaissance to the concept that simple reality was of primaryimportance. He was one of the first to paint people the way they actually are in reality.



“The Conversion of St. Paul”1600

Oil on Cypress Wood

“Rosenkranzmadonna”1606-1607

Oil on Canvas



Sir Anthony Van Dyck1599 - 1641

Sir Anthony van Dyck was a Flemish painter. Van Dyck was born in Antwerp.His talent was obvious even as a child, he was studying painting with Hendrickvan Balen. He became an independent painter around 1615, setting up aworkshop with his even younger friend Jan Brueghel the Younger. By the age offifteen he was already a highly accomplished artist. He spent two years workingwith Peter Paul Rubens as his pupil. The two years he spent with Rubens were

decisive and Rubens's influence upon his painting is unmistakable, althoughvan Dyck's style was always less energetic.

Van Dyck went to England, though it was only when he was in Italy in 1621,where he traveled, and toned down the Flemish robustness of his early picturesto create the refined and elegant style which remained characteristic of his workfor the rest of his life.

He later went back to England though, where he was an immediate success,rapidly painting a large number of portraits. During these years he wasoccupied almost entirely with portraits. He painted with a relaxed elegance thatwas to be the dominant influence on English portrait-painting for the next 150years. He also painted biblical and mythological subjects, displayed outstandingfacility as a draftsman, and was an important innovator in watercolor andetching. Van Dyck later dyeing while in England.



“Simson und Dalila”1700

Oil on Canvas



Peter Paul Rubbens1577 - 1640

Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish painter, born in 1577, in Siegen, Westphalia, to Jan Rubensand Maria Pypelincks. Rubens was most well-known for his Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, andsensuality. He is well-known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, huntscenes and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. And for his drawings, theywere mostly extremely forceful but not detailed. Not just that he was running a large studio in

Antwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, buthe was also a classically-educated humanist scholar, art collector, and diplomat.

Rubens was a Catholic, therefore influencing him to base his artwork around Catholicism.

It was at the age of fourteen that he began his artistic apprenticeship. He studied under two ofthe city's leading painters of the time, Adam van Noort and Otto van Veen.

In 1610, Rubens built up a studio with numerous students and assistants. His most famous pupilwas the young Anthony van Dyck.

In 1630, four years after the death of his first wife, the 53-year-old painter married 16-year-oldHélène Fourment. Hélène inspired the voluptuous figures in many of his paintings from the1630s, including "The Feast of Venus", "The Three Graces" and" The Judgment of Paris".

Rubens died at age 63 of gout. Between his two marriages the artist had eight children, threewith Isabella and five with Hélène; his youngest child was born eight months after his death.



“Gemäldezyklus für Maria de'Medici”

1622-1625Oil on Canvas

“The Elevation of theCross”

1610 – 1611Oil on Canvas



Diego Velasquez1599 - 1660

Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, commonly referred to as Diego Velázquez, was a Spanish

painter. He was an individualistic artist of the Baroque period, important as a portrait artist.

Velázquez was born in 1599 in Seville. Velázquez have started his apprenticeship with Francisco deHerrera the Elder, but a short while later his father put him with Francisco Pacheco, who was atolerant teacher and a man of society. At this time, Velazquez became familiar with the school ofCaravaggio.

The paintings executed by Velázquez in Seville before 1622 (married and had a family) includebodegones, popular genre of kitchen scenes, in which food and drink plays the main part and his firstportraits and religious compositions (ex. "Old Woman Frying Eggs", "Three Men at Table", "TheWaterseller in Seville", "Mother Jerónima de la Fuente" and "The Adoration of the Magi").

During Velázquez’ first journey to Italy in 1629-1630, he visited Genoa, Venice where he saw thework of Titian, who affected him more strongly than any other artist, Florence, and Rome, where hestayed for almost a year. He copied old masters.

In 1636, the king appointed his court painter "Assistant to the Wardrobe". In the next few yearsVelázquez' art approached its peak in such pictures as "Venus at her Mirror" and "The Fable of Arachne". During his second visit to Rome, Velázquez painted the famous portrait of Pope InnocentX, which the pope himself declared to be 'too truthful'. Velasquez's career ended with his mostsignificant work "Las Meninas". The painting is a multiple portrait of the royal family and court. The

principal figure with all the power of her mischievous charm, is the little Infant Margarita, who hasburst into Velasquez's studio, followed by her ladies, dwarfs and dogs, in a flurry of skirts, cloaks andribbons, while he was intent on painting the king and queen, whose only images are visible, reflectedin the mirror hanging on the wall in the background, where two large mythological paintings, one byRubens, the other by Jordaens, are also hanging. (This painting being shown in the next slide)

Velázquez later died in Madrid, 1660.



“The Maids on Honor”

1656-1657

Oil on Canvas



Rembrant Van Rijn1606 - 1669

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born 1606 in Leiden, theNetherlands. He was the fourth of 6 surviving children out of 10.Rembrandt was a Dutch painter and etcher during the Baroque Era; this tohistorians being called the Dutch Golden Age.

He was an artist who favored an uncompromising realism that would leadsome critics to claim that he preferred ugliness to beauty. He is famous for

his dramatic and lively presentation of subjects, and deeply feltcompassion for mankind, irrespective of wealth and age. One of thegreatest storytellers in the history of art he portrayed people in theirvarious moods and dramatic guises. He is prominent painter of light andshade with his use of 'chiaroscuro', the theatrical employment of light andshadow derived from Caravaggio, but adapted for very personal means.

After a brief but important apprenticeship with the famous painter PieterLastman in Amsterdam, Rembrandt opened a studio in Leiden. In 1627,Rembrandt began to accept students.

By 1631, Rembrandt had established such a good reputation that hereceived several assignments for portraits from Amsterdam. As a result, hemoved to that city and soon married Saskia van Uylenburg. In 1639,Rembrandt and Saskia moved to a prominent house in the Jodenbreestraat,

which later became the Rembrandt House Museum. Only their third child,Titus, born in 1641, survived into adulthood. Saskia died in 1642 soon



During Rembrandt's Leiden period (1625-1631) Lastman's influence was mostprominent. Paintings were rather small, but rich in details. Themes were mostlyreligious and allegorical. Later, in Amsterdam (1632-1636), Rembrandt began to paintdramatic biblical and mythological scenes in high contrast and of large format. He alsobegan accepting portrait commissions.

In the late 1630s, he produced a few paintings and many etchings of landscapes. Oftenthese landscapes highlighted natural drama, featuring uprooted trees and ominousskies. From 1640 his work became less exuberant and more sober in tone, reflectingpersonal tragedy. Biblical scenes were now derived more often from the New Testamentthan the Old Testament, as had been the case before. Paintings became smaller again.An exception of this being the huge "The Night Watch", his largest work, as worldly andspirited as any previous painting. Landscapes were more often etched than painted.

In the 1650s, Rembrandt's style changed again. Paintings increased in size. Colorsbecame richer, brush strokes more pronounced. With these changes, Rembrandtdistanced himself from earlier work and current fashion, which increasingly inclinedtoward fine, detailed works. Over the years, biblical themes were still depicted often,but emphasis shifted from dramatic group scenes to intimate portrait-like figures. Inhis last years, Rembrandt painted his most deeply reflective portraits.

Rembrandt died soon after his son's Titus death, on October 4, 1669 in Amsterdam,



“Titus as a Monk”

1660

Oil on Canvas

“Strom on the Sea ofGalilee”

1633



Jan Vermeer1632 - 1675

Jan Vermeer, also called Jan van der Meer van Delft, was born in Delft on October 31,1632.

Vermeer was a Dutch Baroque painter who excelled in portraying comfortable interiorscenes that are composed with mathematical clarity and suffused with cool, silverylight.

After 6-years of apprenticeship, he was finally admitted to the guild of Saint Luke ofDelft as a master painter, in 1653. Vermeer made a modest living as an art dealerrather than as a painter.

Only 35 of Vermeer's canvases have survived, and all of them not having been sold.There are not many work’s of Vermeer due to the fact that he lived a short life, and thedisappearance of many of his paintings during the period of obscurity.

With a few exceptions, including some landscapes, street scenes, and portraits,Vermeer painted sunlit domestic interiors in which one or two figures are shownengaged in reading, writing, or playing musical instruments. Vermeer was a master ofcomposition and in the representation of space.

Once Vermeer had died, he was quickly forgotten. Though it was not until the late 19thcentury when his reputation steadily increased. And is now considered one of thegreatest Dutch painters



“Girl with a Pearl

Earring”1665

Oil on Canvas



Extraordinary Pieces of Art



“Fall of theDamned”

PETER PAULRUBENS

1620 –Pinakothek,

Munich



CeilingDecoration in

Church

GIOVANNI

BATTISTA and ANTONIO

RAGGI

1676 to 1679 –Il Gesu, Rome,

Italy



“TheBaldacchino”

GIANLORENZO BERNINI

1634 – SaintPeter’s, Rome,

Italy.



“The Ecstasyof Saint

Theresa”

GIANLORENZO BERNINI

1645 to 1652 –Santa Mariadella Vittoria,Rome, Italy.



Architecture



Goals:

1. The creation of utilitarian spaces.

-or-

2. The creation of spaces that wouldfacilitate meditation.

The churches of this time serving bothpurposes.



Church Architecture

In the beginning, the churches continued to follow thearchitecture of the Renaissance period (two story structure

with an accented central section topped by a pediment).Though in the 17th century this soon came to change.

The façade was no longer built in a single plane. The centralsection was closer to the street than the side sections,

making it so that they would spread into the urban areas.

The façade was then decorated with deep niches, freestanding columns, and many more elements. Giving the

façade a sculptural appearance.



Architecture’s Aims

• TOTAL SPATIAL INTEGRATION

A theatrical sense ofspace

• Separate elements drawntogether into a unified whole.



This is an image of theDome of Sant’Ivo della

Spienza, located inRome, Italy. Created byFrancesco Borromini in

1642 to 1650.

This is a good exampleof architecture thatsuggests the idea of

continuous space. Whenlooking at it, you startfrom the bottom and

finish your eyes at thelantern of the dome. Thelantern giving it a sense

on infinite space andenergy.

V b l th t I fl ti l



Vocabulary that was InfluentialDuring the Baroque Period

• Academic Classicism: the style of art that developed in France

during the reign of Louis XIV and was quite formalized and

technically correct.

• Annunciation: in Christian doctrine, the angel’s announcement to

the Virgin Mary that she would give birth to the Christ Child.• Bambocciate: small paintings produced by mostly northern

European artists, which portray the lower classes as picturesque,

somewhat violent, and/or ridiculous.

• Chiaroscuro: the strong contrast of light and shade in a pictorial

work of art.

• Classicism: the style embodied in the art of ancient Greece andRome, which stressed technical mastery, order, and an idealized

treatment of mythological themes.



• Dillettanti: an artist who used the plastic arts to explore their ownintellectual interests; amateur artist.

• High Baroque: a style of art, marked by extravagant forms andelaborate ornamentation, that stresses the emotion and drama of

the entire composition.

• Horizon Line: the line of demarcation between the earth and the

sky.

• Idolatry: worshipping a physical object as a god.

• Mannerism: the style of art that is characterized by spacial

incongruity and the artificial elongation of human figures.• Marquetry: decorative work in which elaborate designs are formed

by pieces of wood, shell, or ivory inlaid in wood veneer.

• Naturalism: a style of are which stressed common, everyday

subjects treated in an idealized manner.



• Plastic Arts: the visual arts, such as painting a sculpture,

especially as distinguished from written arts, such as music

and poetry.

• Quadratura: the illusionistic enhancement of architecture,

which, by three-dimensional painting, makes a space seemlarger than it actually is.

• Realism: the style of art which, like Naturalism, was true to

accurate representation of everyday life, but which stressed

detail to a greater degree.

• Rococo: the style of art that is characterized by fancifullycurved forms and ornate ornamentation.

• Theatrum Sacrum: a stage on which to display painting and

sculpture, literally a sacred theater.



Biliography

• http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c17th-mid19th/baroque.htm

• The Key to Baroque Art by Juan-Ramon Triado

http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c17th-mid19th/baroque.htm






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