ba malayalam ii sem. complementary course · tic-f-]-t\wþ{]mno-\-þ-a[yime ticfw university of...

$: BA Malayalam II Sem. Complementary Course · tic-f-]-t\wþ{]mno-\-þ-a[yime ticfw university of calicut school of distance education calicut university p.o., malappuram, kerala, india$
tIc-f-]-T\wþ]mNo-\-þ-a[yIme tIcfwtIc-f-]-T\wþ]mNo-\-þ-a[yIme tIcfwtIc-f-]-T\wþ]mNo-\-þ-a[yIme tIcfwtIc-f-]-T\wþ]mNo-\-þ-a[yIme tIcfwtIc-f-]-T\wþ]mNo-\-þ-a[yIme tIcfw

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

FORBA MALAYALAM

II SEMESTER

(2011 ADMISSION)

395

Page: 2

kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

tIcf ]T\w ˛ ]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

Prepared by:

Dr. K.M. PRIYADARSANLAL“Swathi”MalapparambaKozhikode

Layout by:Computer Section, SDE

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA MALAYALAM

II SEMESTER

COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

tIc-f-]-T\w˛]mNo\˛a[y-Ime tIcfw

(c)Reserved

Page: 3



samUyqƒ 1 kwkv°mcw ˛ \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ Page 5

samUqƒ 2 tIcfw `qan-imkvXw Page 10

samUyqƒ 3 kwL-Imew ˛ kwL-Ime kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Page 15

samUypƒ 4 Ipe-ti-J-c-km-amPyw Page 22

D≈-S°w

Page: 4



Page: 5



samUyqƒ 1

kwkv°mcw ˛ \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ

]Ir-Xn-bn¬ kztX-bp-≈Xv ]mIr-Xw. AXns\ t`Z-s∏-SpØn IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-Ihpw

ê]Z-hp-w D]-tbm-K-]-Zhpam-°p-∂Xv kwkvIr-Xw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp Icn-ºn≥ X≠v ]Ir-Xn-

bn¬ \n∂v t\sc FSp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. AXv Bń \ocm-°n, Icn-ºm-°n, i¿°-c-bm-°n, ]©-km-c-bm-

°n, •qt°m-km°n am‰mw. Cu Hmtcm ]In-bbpw kwkv°-cn-°-em-Wv. Icn-ºn≥ X≠v IØn®v

Nmc-am-°p-∂Xpw Hcp-Xcw kwkv°m-c-am-Wv. GsX-¶nepw \∂m°n sNøp-∂Xv DØ-a-kw-kv°m-cw.

tami-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂Xv A[-a-kw-kv°m-cw. êsØ Bi-bn-®mWv kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ ta∑

Xmgva-Iƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Iƒ®¿ (Culture) F∂ Cw•ojv hm°v IƒSpc (cultura)F∂ eØo≥

hm°ns‚ cq]m-¥-c-am-Wv. mhm¿∞-Øn¬ CXpw krjvSn, ]p\x-krjvSn F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Bibw

Xcp-∂p. AKn-Iƒ®¿ (Irjn), tlmƒń Iƒ®¿ (D-Zym\ \n¿Ωm-Ww), skdn-Iƒ®¿ (]´p-\q¬∏pgp

hf¿Ø¬) F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ ]Z-ßƒ B Bi-b-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]Ir-Xn-sIm≠v a\p-jy≥ P¥p-°-fm-Wv. ssIhn-c-ep-I-fpsS ]tbm-K-em-L-hhpw c≠p-Im-

ep-I-fn¬ \nh¿∂p \S-°m-\p≈ Ignhpw Xe-t®m-dns‚ hnIm-khpw Cu P¥p-h¿§sØ a‰p P¥p-

°-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂p. Blm-cw, \nZ-, ]m-W- -bw, ssaYp\w F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ a‰p

P¥p-°fpw a\p-jycpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. P¥p-°ƒ tXm∂p-tºmƒØs∂ AsXms° ]pd-Øp-Im-

´pw. a\p-jy¿ Ahsb \nb-¥n-°pw. CX-am-X-amWv hyXym-kw. Zo¿L-Imew sIm≠p-≠mb

imco-cnI ]cn-Wm-ahpw am\knI ]cn-Wm-a-hp-am-Wv a\p-jyXzw F∂ ]tXy-Im-h-ÿbv°p Imc-

Ww. ⁄m\hpw hnth-I-hp-amWv a\p-jy-Øz-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-sa-∂mWv mc-Xob-a-Xw. tIm]w, sshcm-

Kyw, ]I Ch-sbms° arK-ßƒ°pw a\p-jy¿°pw ]IrXn \¬In-bn- p-≠v. Chsb hnthIw

sIm≠v \nb-¥n-°pIbpw, kXyw, [¿Ωw, im¥n, t]aw, Alnwk Chsb hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ arKo-bX am\-hn-I-X-bmbpw AXv ItaW ssZhn-I-X-bmbpw cq]-s∏-Spw. kaq-

l-Øns‚ kpÿn-c-X-bv°pw, im¥n°pw A`n-hr-≤n°pw Cu at\m- mhw IqSntb Xocq. F\n°p

Pohn-°-Ww, a‰p-≈-h¿°pw Pohn-°Ww F∂ t_m[w am\-hn-I-X-bm-Wv. Ah-\-h≥ BflkpJ-

Øn-\m-N-cn-°p-∂h A]-c∂p kpJ-Øn-\mbv htcWw F∂p Nn¥n-®m¬ ssZhn-I-X-bm-bn. CXmWv

kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ AXyp-®m-h-ÿ. Xm≥ \∂m-Ip-Ibpw thWw A\y¿ \in-°p-Ibpw thWw

F∂ Nn¥m-ssh-Ir-X-amWv Bkp-co-b-X. Xm≥ \in-®mepw A\ysc \in-∏n-°-W-sa∂ Nn¥bpw

AXp \¬Ip∂ BÀm-Z-hp-amWv cm£-ko-b-X. CXmWv kwk-Im-c-Øns‚ \oNm-h-ÿ. Bkpco-

kºØns∂ [¿Ω-t_m[w sIm≠v \nK-ln-°p-Ibpw ssZho-k-º-Øns\ Ncm-Nc t]aw-sIm≠v

t]mjn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXmWv DØ-a-kw-kv°m-cw. ]Ir-Xy-XoX i‡n-bn¬ hniz-kn-®p-

sIm-≠m-bmepw AXns\ \ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠v ]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-bn¬ hniz-kn-®p-sIm-≠m-bmepw [¿Ωm-

[n-jvTn-X-ambn Pohn-®m¬ DØ-a-kw-kv°m-c-am-bn.

`mc-Xob kwkv°m-cw, ssN\okv kwkv°m-cw, CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkv°m-cw, Ko°v kwkv°m-

cw, sak-s∏-mt -an-b≥ kwkv°m-cw, ab kwkv°m-cw, C¶ kwkv°m-cw, BkvsSIv kwkv°mcw

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F∂n-ßs\ FXtbm kwkv°m-c-ßƒ `qap-J-Øp-≠m-bn- p-≠v. hn¬ Upd‚ v cNn® Z tÃmdn

Hm^v knhn-en-tk-j≥ Ah-sb-°p-dn-s®ms° hnkvXn-cn-®p-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. an°Xpw Ncn-X-Øns‚

IpsØm-gp-°n¬ Hen-®p-t]m-bn. mc-Xob kwkv°m-chpw ssN\okv kwkv°m-chpw Bbn-c-Øm-

≠p-I-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Øn-eqsS \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. B¥-cnI Zu¿_-eyhpw A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ Iqc-

X-bp-amWv kwkv°m-c-ßsf \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kzbw hna¿i-\hpw ip≤o-I-c-Whpw ]p\¿\-ho-I-c-

W-hp-amWv kwkv°m-c-ßsf \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xv. Cu Nn¥-bn¬ \mw kwkv°m-c-Øn-\p-th≠ Ah-

iy-L-S-I-ßƒ I≠p-I-gn-™p. H∂p qan-bm-Wv. ASp-ØXv Ime-hpw. Chsb LSn-∏n-®m¬ kwkv°m-

c-Øns‚ \n¿∆-N\w Ffp∏ambn. qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb Hcp GI-I-Øn¬ Zoc-L-Imew A[n-h-kn-

°p∂ Hcp P\-X-bpsS _mlyhpw B¥-c-hp-amb kI-e-In-b-I-fp-sSbpw BsI-Øp-I-bpsS t]cmWv

kwkv°m-cw. kwkv°mcw BXy-¥n-I-ambn Hmtcm hy‡n-bn-ep-am-Wp-≈-Xv. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈

hy‡n-Iƒ HØp-tN-cp-tºmƒ kaq-lhpw kaq-l-Øns‚ kwkv°m-c-hp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. hnhn[ kaq-

l-ßƒ Hcp-an®v tN¿∂v Hcp q]-tZ-iØv A[n-h-kn-°p-tºmƒ tZihpw tZio-b-kw-kv°m-c-hp-ap-

≠m-Ip-∂p. hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw tZihpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ßfpw t]c-I-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p. AXn-

\m¬ kwkv°mcsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°epw aqey-\n¿Æbw sNøepw k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. C\n \ap°v

kwkv°m-c-\n¿∆-N-\sØ Iptd-°qSn hn]p-e-am-°mw. Btcm-Ky-I-c-ß-fmb AwKo-Ir-X-aq-ey-ßsf

AwKo-I-cn-°m\pw B¿Pn-°m-\p-ap≈ hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw Ign-hns\ kwkv°m-c-

sa∂pw hnfn-°mw. _p≤nbpw `mh-\bpw kaq-ly-t_m-[-hp-amWv kwkv°m-csØ \n¿Æ-bn-°m-

\p≈ am\-Z-fi-ßƒ. DSp-∏nepw \S-∏n-ep-ap≈ i≤bpw s]men-abpw Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS

kar-≤nbpw ]cn-jv°mcw (kn-hn-en-tk-j≥) BWv. B¥-cn-I-amb ]cn-jv°m-c-amWv kwkv°mcw

(Iƒ®¿). ]cn-jv°mcw sIm≠v kwkv°m-csØ hn[n-°m-\m-hn-√. ]cn-jvIr-X¿ B Imc-W-Øm¬

amXw kwkv°m-c-k-º-∂-cm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. A]-cn-jvIr-X¿ kwkv°m-c-c-ln-X-cm-hp-I-bp-an-√.

`mc-Xo-b-kw-kv°mcw F∂v ]d-bp-∂-sX-s¥-∂m-tem-Nn-®m¬ ho≠pw Nne ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

ImWmw. qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Ah-bv°-\p-k-cn® hkvXm-lm-c-co-Xn-Ifpw mj-I-

fp-ap≈ sshhn-[y-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp P\-X-bpsS H´m-sI-bp≈ kwkv°m-c-am-Wn-Xv. Imjvaocpw

]©m_pw \mKm-em≥Upw _wKmfpw B‘bpw Xan-gv\mSpw tIc-fhpw a‰-t\Iw ]tZ-i-ßfpw

Ah-bpsS X\n-a-]-I-S-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch Hmtcm∂pw kwkv°m-c-ß-fm-Wv. aXw, PmXn, mj, D]-

`mj F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ LS-I-ßƒ Cu kwkv°m-c-ß-fn-tem-tcm-∂nepw hyXy-kvX-X-bp-≠m-°p-

∂p-≠v. mc-Xob kwkv°m-c-Øn\v uXn-Iambpw mh-\m-]-c-ambpw I\-Ø kw`m-h\ \¬Ip∂

D]-kw-kv°m-c-amWv tIc-f-kw-kv°m-cw. CXp-Xs∂ Imem-\p-krXw am‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\pw sIm®n°pw ae-_m-dn\pw sht∆sd kwkv°m-c-ap-s≠∂v ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp-∂-

h¿ a\- n-em-°n-bm-ep-an-s√-¶nepw ae-bmfn a\- n-em-°p-∂p. `qan-im-kvX-]-c-ambn AI-∂p-In-S-

°p∂ e£-Zzo-]v ae-bm-fn-bpsS kwkv°m-c-Øn\pw Nne X\n-a-I-fp-≠v. ate-jy-bnepw Ata-cn-°-

bnepw BkvtX-en-b-bnepw a‰pw sN∂p-tN¿∂v Ahn-S-Øp-Im-cm-bn-Øo¿∂ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°pw Ah-

cp-tS-Xmb tIc-fob kwkv°m-c-ap-≠v. ae-_m-dn¬Øs∂ tImc-∏p-g-bpsS sX°pw hS°pw ]tXyI

kmwkv°m-cnI taJ-e-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v C∂m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ A¤pXw tXm∂mw. Cßs\

t\m°p-tºmƒ At\Iw kq£va-kw-kv°m-c-ßƒ (ssa-tIm-Iƒ®¿) tN¿∂v Hcp D]-kw-kv°mcw

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(k∫v Iƒ®¿), At\Iw D]-kw-kv°m-c-ßƒ tN¿∂v Hcp tZiob kwkv°mcw (\m-j-\¬ Iƒ®¿),

At\Iw tZiob kwkv°m-c-ßƒ tN¿∂v am\-h-kw-kv°mcw (lyq-a≥ Iƒ®¿) F∂ tiWo-_-

‘sØ Is≠-Ømw.

A[o-im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ D≈-h-cpsS kwkv°mcw DXvIr-jvSw, C√m-Ø-h-cp-tSXv A]-IrjvSw

F∂mWv s]mXp-k-¶-ev]w. a’-c-ß-fn¬ hnP-bn-°p-∂-h¿ icn, ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ sX‰v F∂pw

Cu at\m- m-hsØ ]d-bmw. Zo¿L-Imew ]cm-Pn-X-cm-bn-cp-∂-h¿ am\-kn-I-ambn hnP-bn-Isf AwKo-

I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cmWv amXr-I-sb∂p [cn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠v. ]e kwkv°m-c-ß-fp-sSbpw

]X\w B hgn°p kw -hn-°p-∂p. imiz-X-aq-ey-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw sIm≠p amXta hnP-b-]-

cm-P-b-ßtfm D®-\o-N-Xz-ßtfm C√mØ ka-Xz-kp-µ-c-k-aq-lsØ krjvSn-°p-I-bp-≈p.

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\hpw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-Xnbpw temI-amsI

Bfl-t_m-[-ap-W¿∂ Ime-am-Wv. kmam-PzØz i‡n-Iƒ £bn-°p-Ibpw ASn-a-cm-Py-ßƒ

kzmX¥yw ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xns‚ NcnXw C°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn. `mc-X-Ønepw tIc-f-

Ønepw CXns‚ Ae-Iƒ i‡-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. kzmX-¥y-t_m-[hpw kmaq-ly-t_m-[hpw DW¿∂p.

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw ]mtZ-in-Ihpw PmXo-bhpw mjm-]-c-hp-amb kwkv°m-c-ßƒ i‡n-]m-]n-°p-

Ibpw hntZz-j-hn-tZm-l-i-‡n-Iƒ Xe-s]m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-Xp-S-ßn-bn- p-≠v. IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬

PmXn-a-X-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ D≠m-hp-Ibpw PmXn-aX cmjvSo-b-I-£n-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-cp-

∂p. D]-kw-kv°m-c-ßƒ°v kzØz-t_m[w FX-h-sc-bm°mw FX Bbn-°qSm F∂ Nn¥-bp-

≠m-tI≠ Ime-am-bn- p-≠v. B^n-°-bnepw bqtdm-∏nepw aX-]-chpw tKmX-]-chpw ]mtZ-in-I-hp-

amb kzØz-ß-fpsS ]Ibpw c‡-s®m-cn-®nepw \S-°p-∂p-≠v. ùXn-I-h-f¿®-bpsS IpXn-®p-Nm- -

Øn-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ am\-knI hf¿®bpw D≠m-bm¬ amXta am\-h-kw-kv°mcw kpc-£n-X-am-

bn-cn-°p-I-bp-≈p.

NcnXw ˛ \n¿∆-N-\w, km≤y-X-Iƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

Imew AJ-fihpw Ahn-—-∂-hp-am-sW-¶nepw A\p- -hw-sIm≠v aq∂m-bn-Øo-cp∂p. qXw,

h¿Ø-am-\w, mhn. qXsØ A]-K-Yn®v h¿Ø-am-\sØ Ia-s∏-SpØn mhnsb kpJ-I-c-am-°p-I-

bmWv hnti-j _p≤n-bp-≈-h-cpsS IS-a. B t_m[-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ ]T-\-amWv Ncn-Xw. Ncn-

XsØ ]iw-kn®pw A]lkn®pw [mcmfw A`n-]m-b-ß-fp-≠m-bn- p-≠v. GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬

Ncn-XsØ Bi-bn-°msX Pohn-X-an-√. “AhcpsS IpSpw_w \√-Xm-Wv, Ipń-bpsS kz`m-h-tØ-

°p-dn®pw \√ A`n-]m-b-am-Wv, C\n as‰m∂pw t\m°m-\n√” F∂p]d-bp∂ Imc-W-h¿ Ncn-X-Im-c-

\m-Wv. “]≠v Km‘nPn Cu ssaXm-\Øv h∂v ]kw-Kn-®n- p≠v” Fs∂m-cmƒ ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ncn-X-

am-bn. “A-kpJw XpS-ßn v FX \mfmbn?” “hoń¬ B¿s°-¶nepw CXpt≠m?” F∂v tUmIvS¿

tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ Ncn-X-am-bn. “Cu Imdphmßn-®n v FX Ime-am-bn, Fs¥-¶nepw Iwsπ-bn‚pt≠m”F∂v sa°m-\n°v tNmZn-°p-∂Xpw NcnXw Xs∂. Npcp-°-Øn¬ GXv A\p- -h-hn-h-c-Whpw hkvXp-

Xmti-J-c-Whpw Ncn-X-am-Wv.

Hcn-°epw amdmØ qX-Im-e-tØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]kvXm-h-amWv Ncn-X-sa∂v Acn-tÃm- n¬ ]d-

™-XmWv ]mNo-\-X-a-amb \n¿∆-N-\-sa∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp kw`hw H∂p amXw. AsXm-cn-

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°epw Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bn-√. AXn\p kam-\-amb kw -h-ßƒ D≠m-sb∂n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

“tkmZm-l-c-W-ap≈ XØz-Nn¥m ]T\w” F∂mWv Utbm-\o-jy-kns‚ \n¿∆-N-\w. kaq-l-Øn¬

]q¿∆ kw -h-ßƒ DZm-l-cn®v KpW-]mTw \¬Im-\p≈ tkmt±iy ]≤-Xn-bm-bn- mWv At±lw Ncn-

XsØ I≠-Xv. a\p-jy-Nn-¥-bpsS ]mNo-\-X-a-amb cq]-amWv Ncn-X-sa∂p F√m imkvX-ß-fp-

sSbpw aqe-Im-cWw Ncn-X-t_m-[-am-sW∂pw tXma-kvIm¿sse¬ ]d-™p. NcnXw Ign-™-Xn-

tebv°pw hcm-\n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te-bv°p-ap≈ ]cy-th-j-W-sa∂pw Ch tbmPn-bv°p-tºmtg F¥n\pw

A¿∞-ap-≠m-hp-I-bp-≈p-sh∂pw At±lw A`n-]m-b-s∏- p. A©p-hsc sX‰p-Iq-SmsX FÆm≥

Adn-bmØ P\-X-bv°p-t]mepw Ncn-X-a-dn-bm-sa∂pw At±lw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ncn-X-sa-∂m¬

al-Øp-°-fpsS Poh-N-cn-X-am-sW∂phsc At±lw hniz-kn-®p. alm-flm-°ƒ Ncn-XsØ krjvSn-

®-h-cm-sW∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒØs∂ B alm-flm-°sf krjvSn-®Xv Ncn-X-am-sW∂ ]mc-kv]cyw

At±lw ad-∂-Xm-bn-tØm-∂p-∂p. Ime-tN-X-\-bpsS (zeigeist) Dev]-∂-ß-fmWv al-Øp-°-sf∂v

slK¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xnepw Imcy-ap-≠v. kaq-l-a-\ v (social psyche) F∂mWv Imƒ emw-s]¿Nv‰v CXns\

hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-kzm-X-¥y-Øns‚ A\m-h-c-W-amWv Ncn-X-sa∂v temUv B‰≥ ]kvXm-hn-

°p-tºmƒ kzX-¥-amb ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw _p≤n-bn¬ \n∂pw amXta k¿§m-fl-I-bp-≠m-hp-I-

bp≈q F∂m-W¿∞w. “Fs∂-¶nepw Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw kw -hn-®-sX√mw Ncn-X-amWv”˛ sl≥-dn-

tPm¨k¨ \n¿∆-Nn-®p. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-htbm A√m-Ø-htbm Bb kw -h-ß-f√ Ncn-X-sa∂pw

Ah-bpsS ]p\x-kr-jvSn-bmWv Ncn-X-sa∂pw CXn\v FXn¿hmZw D∂-bn-°mw. FtUz¿Uv l≈¿

Im¿ hkvXpXIfpw Ncn-X-Im-c\pw XΩn-ep≈ \nc-¥-c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv Ncn-X-sa∂pw AXv

`qX-h¿Ø-am\ Ime-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Hcn-°epw Ah-km-\n-°mØ kw`m-j-W-am-sW∂v hni-Zo-I-

cn-°p-∂p. qX-Im-e-tØm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS kao-]\w \nc-¥cw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. Ime-Øn¬ \ap-

°p≈ ÿm\hpw kaq-l-Øn¬ \ap-°p≈ ÿm\hpw tN¿∂mWv ho£-W-ßsf am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-

Xv. Ncn-X-hym-Jym-\-ßsf \ΩpsS Imew t_m[-]q¿∆-ambpw At_m-[-]q¿∆-ambpw kzm[o-\n-s®-

∂p-h-cmw. AXn-\m¬ BXy-¥n-I-amb Ncn-X-kXyw Fs∂m-∂n-s√∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-≠v.

Ncn-X-Ø-n\v kXy-k-‘y-Xbpw hnizm-ky-Xbpw Ipd-bp-sa∂v Im¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xmbn hymJym-\n-°m≥

CS-bm-bn- p-≠v.

temIØv A\p-\n-anjw FÆn-bm¬Øo-cm-ØX kw -h-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p-≠v. Bcp-sS-sb-

¶nepw i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ah-bn¬ FXtbm Ipd-hp-am-Xw. Aßs\ i≤-bn¬s∏- -h-bn¬

FXtbm Ipd-®p-am-Xta ]q¿Æ-ambn a\- n-em-hp-∂p-≈q. a\- n-em-b-h-bn¬ Ipd-®p-am-Xta tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈p. Aßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs∏ -h-bn¬ \n∂v Ipd-®p-am-X-amWv ]Tn--°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw

A]-K-Yn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ NcnXw Atß-b‰w ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≈-Xmbn°mWmw.

ÿe-Im-e-ßfpsS A]m-c-Xbpw Ahsb a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ a\p-jy-_p-≤n--bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-amWv

Ncn-X-Øns‚ apJy-km-[y-X.

kz-]-£sØ t\ -ßsf h√msX Db¿Øp-I, ]c-]-£sØ t\ -ßsf tIm -ß-fmbn hymJym-

\n-°p-I, kz]-£sØ ]cm-P-b-ßsf t\ -ß-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI ]c-]-£sØ tIm -ßsf ]¿∆-

Xo-I-cn-°pI ˛ CsX√mw a\p-jy-kz- m-h-am-Wv. AsX√mw Ncn-X-c-N-\-bn-ep-ap-≠m-Imw. C¥y≥

kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-sØ-°p-dn®v hnhn[ Xc-°m-sc-gp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ adn-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬Øs∂ CXp

Page: 9



a\- n-em-Ipw. hkvXp-X-Iƒ°pw hymJym-\-ßƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ NcnXw \jvS-am-sb-∂p-h-cmw. “acn-®-

h-cpsS t]cp-sh®v \S-Øp∂ I≈-°-fn-bmWv Ncn-X-”sa∂v thmƒ´b¿ ]cn-l-kn-®n- p-≠v. “kXy-

tØmSv G‰-hp-a-SpØp \nev°p∂ Hc- n-]m-bsØ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv Ncn-X-”sa∂v dqt mbpw

]d-™p. thmƒ -bdpw dqt mbpw alm-∑m-cmb Nne NcnX kjvSm-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv

kXyw. it≤-b-ß-fmb Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-ß-sf-gp-Xnb ^U-dnIv Z sKbn‰v Ncn-X-]p-kvXIw sIm≠p-

hcq F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw “B \pW-]-d-®n¬Im-cs\ sIm≠p-hcq” F∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv.

a\p-jysc ]_p-≤-cm-°p-∂-Xn\pw i‡-amb kaqlw krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\p Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS ]T\w

A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂pw thmƒ -b¿ as‰mcp kµ¿ -Øn¬ ]d-™Xpw Cu Bt£-]-ßfpw tN¿Øp-

hm-bn-®m¬ Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-tf-°p-dn®pw i‡n-tb-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ NnXw sXfn-™p-h-cpw.

CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ°p-ap-ºn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v s\t∏m-fn-b≥ Xs‚ S-∑msc A`n-kw-t_m-

[\ sNbvXXv “hoctbm-≤m-°tf, Ncn-X-Øns‚ \mev]Xp \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ \nßsf D‰p-t\m-°p-∂p-

”sh-∂m-Wv. NcnXw FX A]q¿Æ-X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-sW-¶nepw FX hf-s®m-Sn-°-tem-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-

Xm-sW-¶nepw AXn\v A¥-cm-flm-hns\ DW¿Øm-\p≈ Ign-hp-s≠-∂-XmWv Cu hnj-b-Øns‚

]T-\-Øn-\m-[m-cw.

Ncn-Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw

kw -h-ß-fpsS Ime-K-W-\-bv°-\p-k-cn® hn\ym-k-amWv Ncn-X-sa∂p [cn-°-cp-Xv. AXv

Ncn-X-Øns‚ Hcp- mKw amXw. Hmtcm Ime-L- -Øn-ep-ap≈ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ t\¿°m-gvN,

kw -h-ßfpw alm-flm-°-fpsS ]`m-h-ßfpw kaq-lsØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂p ]T-\w,

kaq-l-tN-X\ Fßs\ ]tXyI kw -h-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-sb∂ At\z-jWw Ch-sb-√mw-kmw-

kv°m-cnI Ncn-X-Øns‚ afi-e-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p. BNm-c-ßƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, Pohn-X-co-Xn-

Iƒ, enwK-]-c-amb ]Z-hn-Iƒ, kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-I-fpsS A¥-c-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ kaq-lsØ

_m[n-°p∂ F¥n-t\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\hpw kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-X-am-Wv. CXn¬ \mb-I-ÿm-\Øv

s]mXp-k-aqlw \n¬°p-∂p. tPm¨an¬´¨, sPbnwkv lmcn-MvS¨, tXmakv tlm_vkv, ¿Kq-

k¨, BUw-kvan-Øv, tXmakv tdm_¿ v am¬Øq-kv, Kn∫¨ XpS-ßnb alm-∑m-cmb kmaq-ly-N-

cn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-⁄-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. sI.-F. \oe-I-WvT-im-kvXn-Iƒ, k¿Zm¿ sI.-

Fw. ]Wn-°¿, tUm. Sn.-sF. ]pc-µ≥, sI.-hn. IrjvW-ø¿, Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n-≈, tUm: Fw.-Pn.-

F- v. \mcm-b-W≥, tUm. F≥. Fw. \ºq-Xn-cn, tUm: Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cy¿ XpSßn FXtbm

t]cp-Iƒ Z£n-tW-¥y-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-Øn-s‚bpw kmwkv°m-cn-I-N-cn-X-Øns‚ mK-ambn hcp-∂p-

≠v. tIc-f-N-cn-Xw, tIc-f-kw-kv°mcw F∂o KŸßƒ cNn® F. io[-c-ta-t\m≥ Ncn-X-hn-

Zym¿∞n-I-fpsS apJy-k-lm-bn-bm-Wv.

kmaq-ly-]-cn-Wmaw k¶o¿Æ-amb ]In-b-bm-Wv. NcnXw EPp-tc-J-t]m-se-bm-sW∂pw H∂pw

Hcn-°epw Bh¿Øn-°n-s√∂pw Hcp kn≤m-¥-ap-≠v. sl¿_¿´v kvs]≥k¿, tlm_vlu-kv,

Imd¬am¿Ivkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cm-Wv. Hmkv-hmƒUv kvs]≥-•¿, B¿tWmƒUv

tSmb≥_n XpS-ßn-b-h¿ NcnXw NmIn-I-am-sW∂pw Htc-Xcw kw -h-ßƒ IqsS-°qsS Bh¿Øn-

®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-sa∂pw kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bv°p-≈n¬Ø-s∂-bp≈ At\Iw

Page: 10



LS-I-ß-fmWv kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-Øn\v Imc-W-sa∂v sUmtdm-In≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw

_m-ly-k-Ω¿≤-ß-fp-amWv kaq-lsØ am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-sX∂ kn≤m¥w ]_-e-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øn-se-

Ønb A[n-\n-th-i-i-‡n-Iƒ ChnsS sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\hpw am‰-ßfpw \ap-°-dn-bm-a-t√m. aXw,

cmjvSo-bw, Ie, kmln-Xyw, kº-Øv, ]cn-ÿnXn F∂n-ßs\ kaq-lsØ _m[n-°p-Ibpw kwkv°m-

cnI apZ-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]e LS-I-ß-fp-≠v.

hnhn[ NcnX cN\m coXn-Iƒ

cmjvSobNcn-Xw, kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, kmaq-ly-N-cn-Xw, kmº-ØnI NcnXw F∂n-ßs\ Ncn-

X-Øn\pw hnhn[ imJ-I-fp-≠v. ]pcm-h-kvXp-°-tfm, enJnX ]am-W-ßtfm C√msX hcp-∂n-SØv

sFXn-ly-ßsf kzoI-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. hmsam-gn-®-cn-X-Øn¬ mh-\mwiw IqSn-sb-∂p-h-cpw. mc-

Xob ]pcm-W-ß-fnse hwiw, hwim-\p-N-cn-Xw, a\z-¥cw Ch DZm-l-cn-°mw. NcnX hkvXp-XI-

fpsS IWn-I-I-fn¬ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb `mh-\m-]-]-©-am-bn-cn°pw hmMva-b-N-cn-Xw. Hcp P\X

Fßs\ Nn¥n-®n-cn-°mw, F¥m-I-W-sa∂v BK-ln-°p∂p XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ ]Tn-°m≥ Cu

imJ klm-bn-°p-∂p. kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-X-Øn-\mhpw CXv IqSp-X¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-I. Hcp

]tXyI Ime-tØ-°p-dn-®p-amXw ]Tn-°p-I, At\-I-Im-e-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I, Hcp hy‡n-

bpsS A\p- -h-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I, CsXms° Ncn-X-]-T-\-am-Wv. \√ Bfl-I-Y-Iƒ t]mepw

Ncn-X-am-bn-am-dmw.

samUqƒ 2

tIcfw `qan-imkvXw

DØ-c-A-£mwiw 8018” - 12045” \pw ]q¿∆-tc-Jmwiw 74052” - 77024” \pw CS-bv°p≈

`q`m-K-amWv tIc-fw. tIc-f-kw-ÿm-\-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw 38855 NXp-c-i-In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv. Ing°p

ae-\n-c-Iƒ, ]Sn-™mdv IS-temcw Ch-bv°p-at≤y CS-\mSv F∂v aq∂p hn`m-K-ßƒ qan-bpsS kz`m-

h-a-\p-k-cn®v ImWmw. CS-\mSv Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. £y-hn-f-Iƒ \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ°v hgn-am-dp∂

ImgvN hy‡amWv. aq∆m-bncw apX¬ FÆm-bncw ASn-hsc Db-c-ap≈ ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-

Sp∂ \mev]-Øn-\mep \Zn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS AkwJyw t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifpw [mcmfw Pem-i-b-ßfpw

sIm≠v Pe-k-ar-≤-am-b-Xn-\m¬ hnhn[ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Ime-h¿jhpw Xpem-

h¿jhpw sIm≠v [mcmfw ag e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ kky-k-ar-≤-am-Wv. Ccp-]-Xp-ssa¬ hoXn-bp≈

]me-°m-S≥ Npcw DØ-c-tI-c-fsØ Xan-gv\m-Sp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. sX°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse

Bcp-hmbv samgn-®pcw Ct∏mƒ Xan-gv\mSv kwÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw Z£n-W-tI-c-f-Øns‚ kmaq-

ly-cm-jvSob kz`m-h-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ ][m\ ]¶p-h-ln--®n- p-≠v.

ap∂q-‰-dp-]-Xp-ssa¬ \ofw hcp∂ IS-temcw mc-X-N-cn-XsØ Xncp-Øn-°p-dn-®-Xm-Wv. Ncn-

Xm-Xo-X-Imew apX¬ hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-ambn hmWn-Py-_‘w ]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-™p. HSp-hn¬

I®-h-S-°-º-\n-I-fpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ sRcn-™-a-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-Øn\p ]Sn-™mdv

Icbn¬\n∂v Ccp-\qdv Intem-ao-‰-dn\pw ap∂q-‰-ºXv Intem-ao-‰-dn\pw CS-bn¬ InS-°p∂ e£-Zzo-cp-

Page: 11



Iƒ kmwkv°m-cnI tIc-f-Øns‚ mK-am-Wv. awK-em-]p-c-Øn\pw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øn\pw ]Sn-™mdv

GI-tZiw \m\qdv Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqc-Øn-\p-≈n¬ hS-°p-sX-°m-bn- mWv Ch-bpsS InS-∏v. ]sØm≥]Xp

Zzo]p-Ifpw ]Xn-s\´p aW¬Øn´pw tN¿∂-XmWv Cu Zzo]p-k-aq-lw.

Ncn-Xm-Xo-X-Imew

]¿∆-X-]-tZ-i-ßƒ AXn-]m-No-\-Imew apX¬ P\-hm-k-ap-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS

D¤-h-ÿm-\-Øn-\-SpØpw sIm√w Pn√-bpsS Ing-°≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw [mcm-f-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp∂

inem-bp-Km-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ \n∂v CXp a\- n-em-°mw. F∂m¬ CS-\m- n¬ \nt∂m IS-tem-c-Øp-

\nt∂m CXbpw ]gb N-cn-Xm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ In´n-bn- n-√. AXn-\m¬ kly]¿∆-X-Øns‚ ]Sn-

™m-dp- m-K-Øp-\n∂v IS¬h-sc-bp≈ `qan ]n¬°m-eØv IS¬ ]n≥hm-ßn-bp-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂pw

Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]cip-cm-a-IY Cu `qan-imkvX kcy-Øns‚ `mh-\m-]q¿Æ-amb Bhn-jv°m-c-

ambn ImWmw. alm-in-em-bp-K-Øns‚ _m°n-]-X-ß-fmbn sImSpw-I-√-d-Ifpw hoc-°-√p-Ifpw IpS-

°-√p-Ifpw ImWm-∂p-≠v. sN¶-√n¬ sImØn-sb-SpØ ap\n-b-d-Ifpw Fgp-Ø-d-Ifpw ae-tbm-c-ß-

fn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse IS-tem-csØ sN¶¬°p-∂p-I-fnepw ap\n-b-d-I-fp-≠v. inem-

bp-KsØ tIm -a-Xn-ep-I-fmb XS-ß-gn-Iƒ A]q¿∆-am-bnt´ ImWp-∂p-≈q. _m“n-en-]n-Iƒ, NnX-

ßƒ Ch sImØnb FS-bv°¬ Kpl-bpw sXmhcn Kpl-bpw ad-bq¿ Kpl-bpw ]t≠-bp≈ P\-hm-

k-Øns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv. B[p-\nI inem-bpKw hsc hoc-°-√p-Iƒ, amk-Xn-°-√p-Iƒ Ch

\m´p∂ NS-ßp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kwL-Im-e-km-lnXyw sXfn-hp-X-cp-∂p.

BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ

ae-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ h\-hmkn hn`m-K-°m-cmWv tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ. ]Wn-

b¿, D≈m-S¿, apXp-hm-∑m¿ Ch-scms° s\Knt‰m hwi-°m-cm-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. temI-Øn¬

Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ Kplm-a-\p-jy-cn¬ Hcp Iq -cmb tNme-\m-bv°-∑m¿ \ne-ºq¿ ImSp-I-fn-emWp≈-

Xv. Npcp≠ apSnbpw IdpØ sXmenbpw h -ap-Jhpw ]c∂ aq°pw s\Knt‰m h¿§-°m-cpsS \c-hw-

i-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. as‰mcp hn`m-K-amWv t]mt´m BkvX-tem-bn-Up-Iƒ. \of-

ap≈ inc pw Ccp≠ \nd-ap≈ sXmenbpw Cu h¿§-°m-cn¬s∏Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ccp-f¿, Icn-ºm-e¿,

ae-b-c¿, ae-th-S¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿. saUn-t‰-dn-b≥ hn`m-K-°m-cn¬ \n∂v ]cn-W-an-®p-≠mb Zmhn-U-

h¿§-°m-cn¬s∏- -h-cmWv P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ A[n-I-ap-≈-Xv. HSp-hn-embn DØtc¥ybn¬ \n∂v BZy-

hn- m-K-°m¿ hs∂-∂mWv Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw. F∂m¬ Bcy-Zm-hnU hnth-N\w A[n-\n-th-i-i‡nI-

fn-ep-≠m°nb anYym-[m-c-W-bm-sW∂ A`n-]m-b-Øn\v kzoIm-cyX IqSnh-cp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ DØ-

c- m-c-X-Ønse apJy- m-j-Iƒ C≥tUm bqtdm-]y≥ tKmX-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-hbpw Z£n-W- m-c-X- m-j-

Iƒ Zmhn-U-tKm-X-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-bp-am-sW∂ Imcyw \nkvX¿°-am-Wv. qan-im-kvX-]-c-ambn ae-

tbmcw AXn-]m-No-\hpw CS-\m-Sp-I-S-tem-chpw A]m-No-\-ßfpw BsW-∂-Xn-\m¬ CX-c-tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v hym]-I-ambn IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cmWv C∂sØ tIc-fo-b-cpsS ]q¿∆o-I¿ F∂p-]-d-bmw.

tKmX-h¿§-°m¿, ]nt∂m-°-hn- m-K-°m¿, a‰p ]nt∂m-°-hn- m-K-°m¿, apt∂m-°-hn- m-K-°m¿ F∂v

tIc-fo-b¿ hn -Pn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv C∂sØ hkvXp-X. \c-h¿§-ß-fpsS ImgvN-_w-

•mhv F∂ hnti-jWw tIc-fob kaq-l-Øn\v tbmPn-°pw. HuØ-cml a\- n-t\mSv AX-sbm∂pw

Page: 12



aaX Im´mØ Hcp Zm£n-WmXy a\- p-s≠-∂Xv hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. c≠p-tImSn Ccp-]-Øn-c-≠p-e-£-

amWv Ct∏m-gsØ P\-kw-Jy.

Ncn-X-c-N-\-bv°p≈ D]m-Zm-\-ßƒ

inemXma-tc-J-Iƒ, \mW-b-ßƒ, KŸ-h-cn-Iƒ, k©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ,

Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-ßƒ kvamc-I-ßƒ Ch-sb√mw ]T-\-k-lm-bn-I-fm-Wv. enJn-X-N-cn-X-an-√mØt∏mƒ,

sFXn-ly-ßƒ, ]mtZ-inI hnizm-k--ßƒ F∂n-h-tbbpw Bi-bn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. tIc-f-N-cn-X-Ønse

Ccp-f-S™ GSp-I-fn-te°v tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn, tIc-f-am-lmflyw _“-fi-]p-cm-W-Ønse `Z-Zo]

]XnjvT, DZ-b-h¿Ω NcnXw XpS-ßnb KŸ-ß-fnse ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ sh®p-sIm≠v IS-∂p-sN-

√m≥ ian-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

imk-\-ßƒ

Xr»n-\m-∏-≈n°p kao-]-ap≈ Ac-\m- m¿ ae-bnse Kpl-bn¬ \n∂v sN¬h-°SpwtImhmgn-

bm-X≥, s]cpw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºm-ssd, Cfw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºmssd F∂n-h-cpsS t]cp-I-fp≈ enJnXw

I≠p-In- n-bn- p-≠v. _m“n-en-]n-bn-ep≈ Cu tcJ ]Xn-‰p-∏-Ønse hkvXp-X-Isf icn-sh-°p-∂p.

Ien-h¿jhpw sIm√-h¿jhpw ]pXp-shbv∏p h¿jhpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb imk-\-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv.

atlm-Z-b-]p-c-Ønse cmP-tc-J-c-h¿Ω-bpsS 9˛mw iXIw BZy-Øn-ep≈ imk-\-amWv ae-bmf mj-

bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏- n- p≈ BZy-tc-J. hmg-∏≈n imk\w F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ t]cv. tKmZchn-

bpsS tNm°q¿ imk-\-Øn-emWv tZh-Zm-kn-am-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ BZy-]-cm-a¿iw. mkv°c chn a\p-

Ip-em-Zn-Xys‚ imk-\-ßƒ ]p√q¿ sImS-h-ew, Xncp-s\-√n, Xr°m-°-c, Xrs°m-Sn-Øm\w, s]cp∂

XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂v In´n-bn- p-≠v. ÿmWp-c-hn-bpsS Xcn-km-∏≈n imk\w (F-Un. 849)

tIc-f-Ønse InkvXp-aX Ncn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- -Xm-Wv. F.-Un. 1000- -m-am-≠sØ PqX-im-k\w

`mkv°c chn CX-c-a-X-ßƒ°v \¬Inb t]m’m-l-\-sØ-°p-dn-°p-∂p. Bbv cmPm-hmb Icp-\-

¥-S-°s‚ lPq¿ tNt∏Sv (F-Un. 896) ]mNo\ tIc-f-Ønse hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

Adn-hp-X-cp-∂p. hnI-am-ZnXy hc-Kp-Ws‚ ]menbw tNt∏-Sn¬ ioaq-e-hmkw F∂ _p≤-hn-lm-c-

sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. thWm- nse ioh-√- ≥ tImX-bpsS amº-≈n-∏- bw sIm√-h¿jw 149

teXm-Wv. thWm- nse kwKm-a-[oc chn-h¿Ω-bpsS Im©o-]p-cw, Xncp-h-Xn, iocw-Kw, ]p\-a√n

imk-\-ßƒ At±lw tNmg-]m-fiy-hw-i-ßƒ°p-ta¬ hnPbw t\Sn-b-Xmbn sXfn-hp-X-cp-∂p. s]cpw-

]-S-∏nse hoc-cm-Lh NI-h¿Øn-bpsS kndn-b≥ InkvXy≥ Xm-a-im-k\w (1225) tIc-f-cm-Pm-°-

∑m-cpsS aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbv°p as‰mcp sXfn-hm-Wv. ]pXp-shbv∏v h¿jw 322 ao\w 14\v sIm®nbpw

U®p-Imcpw XΩn¬ G¿s∏´ DS-º-Sn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tcJ ]men-b-Øp-\n∂pw I≠p-In- n-bn- p-≠v.

IS-a‰w Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n∏≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw tIm´bw Xmg-Ø-ßmSn henb ]≈n-

bn¬ \n∂pw DZ-bw-t]-cq¿, I≠-\m-Sv, tImX-aw-K-ew, A¶-am-en, ]d-hq¿, hmgm-∏pg -]-≈n-I-fn¬

\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ tcJ-Iƒ InkvXp-aX Ncn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p. lnPd 580 (F.-Un. 1124) ¬

Fgp-Xnb amSm-bn-tcJ tIc-f-Ønse C…mw-a-X-N-cn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p. a´m-t©-cn-bnse

sh≈-Pq-X-∑m-cpsS kn\-tKm-Kn¬ \n∂mWv `mkv°c chn-h¿Ω-bpsS imk\w e`n-®-Xv. F.-Un.

Page: 13



1269se lo_p-tcJ tN∂-aw-Kew kn\-tKm-Kn-ep-≠v. Cßs\ \qdp-I-W-°n\n tcJ-Iƒ tIc-f-N-cn-

X-]-T\ klm-bn-I-fm-bp-≠v. io]-fl-\m` kzman-t£-X-Ønse t£X-h-cn-Iƒ, Xncp-h√m t£X-

Ønse sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ, ISØ\mSv temI-\m¿Imhv KŸ-h-cn-Iƒ, kmaq-Xncn tImhn-e-IsØ tcJ-

Iƒ, XpSßn [mcmfw tcJ-Iƒ ]Tn-°m-\p-≠v.

AtimINI-h¿Øn-bpsS (_n.-kn. 274 237) Kn¿Wm¿ imk-\-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ A[n-

Im-c-]-cn-[n-°p-]p-d-Øp≈ “tIcf]pX”-t\-°p-dn®v (tN-c-cm-Pm-hv) ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. AUq¿ inh-t£-

X-Øn¬ \n∂v kwkvIr-X-Øn-ep-≈Xpw I∂-U-en-]n-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏- -Xp-amb tcJ Inń-b-Xn¬ ]Sn-

™mtd Nmeq-Iy-hw-i-Øn¬s∏´ Io¿Øn-h¿Ω≥ c≠m-a-t\-°pdn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. I\ym-Ip-am-cn,

Xncp-\-µn-°-c, ipNoµw XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv tNmf enJn-X-ßƒ In´p-∂-Xpw. cmtP-µ-

tNm-fs‚ Xncp-hm-e-ßm´p imk-\-Øn¬ hngn™w BI-a-W-sØ-°p-dn®p ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v.

\mWb-ßƒ

tdam-N-I-h¿Øn-am-cpsS Zo\m-cn-bkv F∂ kz¿Æ \mWbw tIc-f-Øn¬ hf-sc-°mcw ]N-

cn-®n-cp-∂p. AK-Ã-kv, HIvtS-hn-b-kv, \otdm, HIvtS-hn-bkv F∂n-h-cpsS \mW-b-ßƒ I≠p-In- n-bn-

´p-≠v. Xriq¿ Pn√-bnse Føm¬, sImSp-ß-√q-cnse ]´Ww F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv IqSp-X¬

\mW-b-ßƒ Inń-bn- p-≈Xv cmP-ti-J-cs‚ hmg-∏≈n imk-\-Øn¬ ‘Xo\mcw’ ImWmw. HΩm-

bØv Jeo- -am-cpsS (661- 750 F.-Un.) \mW-b-ßƒ tImX-aw-K-e-Øp-\n∂v Inń-bn- p-≠v. kntem-

Wnse Cug-°mipw sh\o-knse Up°‰pw kvs]bn-\nse dnbmepw t]m¿´p-Kokv U®v \mW-b-

ßfpw e`n-®n- p-≠v.

Xr»n-\m-∏-≈n-bnse Icp-∏q-cn¬ \n∂p hn√pw B\bpw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb tNc-\m-W-b-

ßƒ Inń-bn- p-≠v. amtImssX F∂ tNc-cm-Pm-hns‚ apJw sImØnb sNºp-\m-W-b-ßfpw Ch-

bn-ep-≠v. kwL-Im-esØ tIm -º-eØp Xp©nb amtImssX Bbn-cn°mw Cu tNc≥. Xriq¿,

tIm -bw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-Ifn¬ \n∂v io_p-≤s‚ ImesØ apZnX \mW-b-ßƒ Inń-bn- p-≠v.

tNmg-∑m-cpsS B\-b-®v, a[pc kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS Xpep-°-°miv Ch-bmWv tIc-f-Øn\v ]pd-Øp≈

`mc-Xob c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-tS-Xmbn I≠p-In- nb \mW-b-ßƒ.

tIc-fob \mW-b-ß-fn¬ cmin-bmWv ]mNo-\-X-aw. Ien-bp-K-cm-b≥ ]Ww, s]m∂v, A®v,

]Ww, Imiv, Ag-I-®v, Xnc-aw, Xmcw XpS-ßn-b-hbv°pw ]g-°-ap-≠v. tIme-Øp-\mSpw tImgn-t°mSpw

]Ww Cd-°n-bn-cp-∂p. A\-¥-cm-b≥ ]Ww, A\-¥-h-cm-l≥, NIw Ch-bmWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿

cmPyØv ]N-cn-®-h. sIm®n-bnse \mWbw ]pØ≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. knZ-\q¿ \mbv°-∑m-cpsSbpw

ssakq¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw kp¬Øm-∑m-cp-sSbpw \mW-b-ßƒ ]e-Im-e-ß-fn-embn ]N-cn-®n- p-

≠v. Cw•o-jp-Im¿ Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ \n∂v 1799 epw 1805epw Cd-°nb sh≈n-\m-W-b-ßƒ ]e-Imew

\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. ^©p-Im¿ amln-]Ww F∂ sh≈n-\m-Wbw Cd-°n-bn- p-≠v. C¥y kzX-¥-bm-

Ip-tºmƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\p amX-amWv kz¥w \mW-b-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-Xv. 1950 G]n¬ apX¬

Ahbv°v aqey-an-√m-Xm-bn.

Page: 14



sIm´m-c-ßfpw tIm -Ifpw

I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-bn-ep≈ ]fl-\m- -]pcw sIm´mcw tIc-fob hmkvXp-in-ev]-Øns‚ DØ-a-

am-Xr-I-bm-Wv. 1555¬ \n¿Ωn® a´m-t©-cn-bnse U®p-sIm- mcw mc-X-Øn¬ bqtdm-]y-cp-≠m-°nb

]gb sIń-S-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wv. CXv Nph¿Nn-X-ß-fm¬ kº-∂-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb

Nph¿NnXw Imbw-Ip-fsØ IrjvW-]pcw sIm´m-c-Øn-emWp≈Xv. KtP-µ-tam£-amWv ]ta-bw.

tIme-Øp-\m- nse hf-]- Ww tIm -bpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ImWmw \in-∏n-°-s∏´ sIm´m-c-Øns‚

AS-bm-f-ßƒ amX-ap-≠v. 16- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ sIń-b-XmWv IÆq-cnse sk‚ v

B≥P-tem-t°m- . Xe-t»-cn-t°m´ 18- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cw•ojv CuÃv C¥ym-°-º\n sIń-bXmWv.

1503¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]≈n-∏p-dsØ Bb-t°m´ sIń. 17- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ knZ-∂q-cnse inh-∏-

\mbv°v sIń-b-XmWv t_°¬t°m´. Im™-ßm´pw Ipº-f-bnepw Nµ-Kn-cn-bnepw tIm -sI- n-

bXv \mbv°-∑m-cm-Wv. [¿Ω-cm-Pmhv (1758- 98) sIńb s\Spw-tIm´ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ hSt°

AXn¿Øn Im°m≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Nmen-bw, hS-I-c, Gd\mSv XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnepw tIm -

I-fp-≠v. aø-gn-bn¬ ^©p-Im¿ sIńb NqSn-t°m- -bpsS Nne mK-ßƒ amXw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

k©m--c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

Ko°v A_m-k-U-dm-bn-cp∂ saK-kvX-\okv (_n.-kn. 4˛mw \q‰m-≠v) At±-l-Øns‚ Ipdn-∏p-

I-fn¬ tNc-cm-Py-sØ-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. F.-Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ h∂- πn-\nbpw A°m-e-

Øp-Xs∂ s]cn-πkv Hm v Fdn-Xn-b≥ ko F∂ KŸ-sa-gp-Xnb A⁄m-X\pw tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn-®p-

]-d-bp∂ Ko°p-Im-cm-Wv. c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tSmf-anbpw h∂p. tImkqkv C≥Un-t°m-πq-kvXkv

Fgp-Xnb (6- mw iX-Iw) tSmt∏m-Km- nb C≥Un° InkvXym-\n-bn¬ tIc-f-Ønse InkvXp-a-X-

km-∂n≤yw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

ssN\okv k©m-cn-bmb lypbm≥kmMv 7˛mw iX-I-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn. 1330\pw 1349\pw

CS-bv°p-h∂ hmMvX-ø-hm≥ XmthmC Nnen-bn¬ Ggn-a-e-bp-sSbpw Imbw-Ip-f-Øn-s‚bpw tImgn-

t°m-Sn-s‚bpw ZrIvkm£n hnh-cWw \¬Ip-∂p. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ h∂ ssN\okv ap…o-

amWv alzm≥.

F.-Un. 857¬ h∂ kpsse-am-t\ -Øp-S¿∂v [mcmfw Ad-_nIƒ tIcfw kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. A¬_n-dq\n (973- 1048), Cµokn (1154) djo-Zp-±o≥ (1247-

˛81) F∂n-h-cmWv a‰v ]apJ Ad-_n-k-©m-cn-Iƒ. C_n≥_-ØqØ (1342- 47) tImgn-t°m-Sn-s\

-°p-dn®pw sIm√-sØ-°p-dn®pw hfsc hnkvX-cn-s®-gp-Xn-bn- p-≠v.

tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn®v ka-K-amb hnhcw e`n-°p-∂Xv sh\o-jy≥ hym]m-cn-bmb am¿t°m-t]m-

tfm-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. s^bm¿tPm¿ Um\Uv 1324¬ sIm√-Øp-h∂ InkvXy≥ anj-W-dn-bm-Wv.

Ct±lw andm-kn-enbm UnkvIn-]v‰vjy F∂ KŸw Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. acp-a-°-Øm-b-sØ-°p-dn®p

e`n-°p∂ BZy-]-cm-a¿iw Cu KŸ-Øn-em-Wv. C‰-en-b-\mb \nt°m-tfm-tIm≠n (1440- 41), djy-

°m-c-\mb AØ-t\-jykv \nIn-Xn≥ (1498), t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-c-\mb s]tSm UntIm-hn¬l

(15- mw \q‰m-≠v) XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv CXc bqtdm-]y≥ k©m-cn-Iƒ. ae-_m-dnse t]m¿´p-Kokv

Page: 15



DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂ Uzm¿tØ _¿t_mk (1500- 1516) tImgn-t°m´v Pohn-°p-Ibpw hne-s∏´

hnh-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. Im‚¿]n-j-dpsS (1717- 23) Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ sIm®n-cm-Py-

N-cn-X-c-N-\bv°v klm-b-I-am-Wv. 18- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ h∂ Cw•o-jp-Im-c-\mWv lman¬´≥. Xe-t»-

cn-t°m- -bnse tcJ-Ifpw _p°-\ms‚ (1800- 1801) hnh-c-ßfpw tIc-f-N-cn-X-]-T-\-Øn\v hfsc klm-

b-I-c-am-Wv.

samUyqƒ 3

kwL-Imew ˛ kwL-Ime kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

Ct∏mƒ e`n-°p-∂-h-bn¬ sh®v ]mNo-\-X-a-ß-fmb Xangv kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf kwLw IrXn-

Iƒ F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. At\-I-Im-esØ Xangv IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v DØ-a-Ir-Xn-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-

°p-Ibpw hnj-b-kz- m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v tImUo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv ]mfiy-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS D’m-

l-Øm-em-bn-cp-∂p-h-tX. Xan-g¿ aq∂v kwL-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. I\ym-Ip-am-cn°p

sX°p- m-KØv ]‰p-fn-a-ebpw ]‰pfn \Znbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw B \Zo-ap-JsØ Ihm-S-]p-c-am-

bn-cp∂p ]mfiy--cpsS BZy Xe-ÿm-\-sa∂pw hnizm-k-ap-≠v. BZy-sØ kwL-amb apX¿®¶w

Ahn-sS-sh-®m-bn-cp-∂p. B `q`mKw IS-se-Sp-Øp-t]m-bn. `an-Um-[n-]\ kXy-hXs‚ ImeØv

alm-]-f-b-ap-≠mbn F∂p≈ ]pcm-W-I-Y Cu kw -h-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏m-Imw. XpS¿∂v ]mfiy¿

sshKm-Xo-c-Øp≈ a[p-c-bn-tebv°p Xe-ÿm\w am‰n. apX¿®-¶-Ønse IrXn-Iƒ In´m-\n-√. a[p-

c-bn¬ h∂ tij-ap≈ CssS®-¶-Ønse sXm¬Im]yw amXw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. F.-Un. aq∂mw

\q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ IssS-®-¶-Ønse IrXn-I-fmWv C∂p e`n-°p-∂-Xv. a[pc ao\m£n t£X-

Ønse kwL-∏-eI hnizm-k-ß-tfbpw bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfbpw Iq´n-t®¿°p-∂p.

hnhn[ ImeØv ]e Ihn-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-Iƒ kz`mhw t\m°n kam-l-cn-®-XmWv

sXmssI-Iƒ AYhm kam-lm-c-ßƒ. Ch Fs -Æ-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ F´p-sØmssI F∂p s]mXp-

hmbn∏d-bp-∂p. ]Xn-‰p-∏-Øv, AI-\m-\q-dv, ]pd-\m-\q-dv, Ipdp-s¥mssI, \‰nssW Ch-bn¬ \n∂v

]mNo\ tIc-f-N-cnX \n¿Ωn-Xn°m-hm-iy-amb kma-Kn-Iƒ In´p-∂p. H‰-sbm-‰-°-hn-I-fpsS Zo¿L-

Ir-Xn-I-fmWv ]m´p-Iƒ. Ch ]Øpw-tN¿∂v ]Øp-∏m´v F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xncp-ap-cp-Im-‰p-∏-ssS,

s]cpw-]m-Wm-‰p-∏-ssS, Nndp-∏m-Wm-‰p-∏-ssS, aXp-ssc-°m©n F∂o ]m´p-Iƒ tIc-f-N-cnX ]T-\-Øn\v

hfsc ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p. Chbv°p ]pdta ]Xn-s\¨ Iogv°-W-°p-I-sf∂ kmtcm-]-tZ-i-Ir-Xn-

I-fp-ap-≠v. tNc-hw-i-Ønse bph-cm-Pm-hmb Cfw-tIm-h-Sn-Iƒ cNn® Nne-∏-Xn-Im-chpw a[pssc

NmØ-\m¿ \n¿Ωn® aWn-ta-J-ebpw kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah

]n¬°me IrXn-I-fm-sW∂pw sXfn™p Ign-™p. ap≥Ime kw -h-ßƒ ]n¬°m-e-sØ-gp-X-s∏-

-Xm-Im-\mWp km[y-X. Cu IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p In´p∂ Ncn-XsØ kwL-Ime NcnXw F∂p-hn-

fn-°p-∂p. tNc-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS kma-¥-sc∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ Ggn-ae hwi-°m¿, Bb-∑m¿ F∂n-h-

sc-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ kwK-ln-°mw.

Page: 16



BZn-tN-c-∑m¿

h©n Xe-ÿm-\-ambn cn® BZn-tN-c-∑m-cmWv tIcfw cn® BZy-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿. s]cn-bm-

dns‚ Xoc-Øp≈ C∂sØ sImSp-ß-√q-cmWv h©n-am-\-Kcw F∂ Xe-ÿm-\-sa∂v kao-]-Im-ew-

hsc Icp-X-s∏- n-cp-∂p. ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-jWw Cu A`n-]m-bsØ Xncp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Xrin-\m-∏-

≈n°p kao-]-ap≈ ]pI-gp-cnem-bn-cp∂p h©n-sb∂v an°-hmdpw Xocp-am-\n®p Ign-™p. Ahn-sS-

\n∂v [mcmfw Ncn-Xm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ e`n-®n- p-≠v. tNc-∑m-cpsS \mW--b-ßfpw e`n-®p-I-gn-™p. hn√v

sImØn-sh-®Xpw amtImssX F∂ cmPm-hns‚ t]cpw cq]hpw sImØn-sh-®-Xp-amb \mW-b-ßƒ

e`n-°p-∂p. tIm -º-eØp Xp©nb amtImssX F∂pw kwL-Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep≈ tNc-cm-Pmhv Ct±-

l-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]Øp-tN-c-cm-Pm-°-∑m-tc-°p-dn®v ]Øp-I-hn-Iƒ ]Øp-]m- p-Iƒ hoXw FgpXn

kam-l-cn-®-XmWv ]Øp-∏m- v. H‰ Hme-KŸw amXta In´n-bn- p-≈p. AXns‚ BZy-sØbpw A¥y-

Øn-sebpw ]Øp-Iƒ \jvS-s∏- n- p-≠v. F¶nepw Cu KŸw-sh-®p-sIm≠v BZn-tNccpsS NcnXw

]p\x-kr-jvSn-°mw.

1. s]cpw-tNm-‰-pZn-b≥ tNc-em-X≥

]Xn-‰p-]-Ønse BZy-]-Ønse \mb-I≥ Ct±-l-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. Cfw-\o-c-\m¿ (\m-‰nssW

113), amap-e-\m¿ (A-I-\m-\qdv 65), apc-©n-bq¿ apSn-\m-I-cm-b¿ (]p-d-\m-\q¿ 2) F∂o Ihn-Iƒ Ct±-

l-sØ-°p-dns®gp-Xn-bn´p≠v. A∂-Zm\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Xev]-c-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv s]cpw-

tNm‰v F∂ hnti-jWw D≠m-b-Xv. h\-h-c-º¿ F∂m-bn-cp∂p as‰mcp hnti-j-Ww. Ct±-l-

Øns‚ Xe-ÿm\w Ip -\m- nse Ipgp-aq¿ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ImWp-∂p. sh∂n-bp-≤-Øn¬ Icn-Im-

e-tNm-gs‚ th¬ ]pd-tØ-‰-Xns‚ A]-am\w am‰m≥ hS-°n-cn-°¬ NS-ßn-eqsS Bfl-XymKw sNbvXp.

hm\-h-c-º≥ F∂ hnti-j-W-Øn\v BImiw AXn¿Øn-bm-b-h≥ F∂pw hm\-h¿°v ]nb-s∏- -

h≥ F∂pw A¿∞-ap-≠v. c≠m-asØ A¿∞-a-\p-k-cn®v Atim-I-N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS ‘tZhm-\mw-

]nb’ F∂ _ncpZØns‚ Xan-gv-cq-]-amWv DZn-b≥ kzoI-cn-®-sX-∂p-tXm-∂pw. alm- m-c-X-bp-≤-Øn¬

]mfi-h-Iu-c-h-tk-\-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb `£Ww \¬In-bXv DZn-b≥ tNc-em-X-\m-sW∂pw hniz-

kn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.

2. s\Spw-tN-c-em-X≥

IÆ-\m¿ F∂ Ihn c≠mw-]-Øn¬ Ct±-l-tØ-°p-dn®v ]mSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cº-b-h-c-º≥

F∂mWv _ncp-Zw. lnam-ebw AXn¿Øn-bm-bn- p-≈-h≥ F∂pw tZh-∑m¿°v ]nb-s∏- -h≥ F∂pw

Cu ]Z-Øn\v A¿∞-ap-≠v. DZn-b≥tN-cemXs‚ aI-\mb Ct±lw bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cns° Ggn-a-e-

bnse \∂≥ tXmev]n-®p. ]mcn, Hmcn, \∂≥, Imcn, F∆n, Bhn, Bbv F∂o cmPm-°-∑msc

tXmev]n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Inco-S-ßƒ ame-bm°n amdn-e-Wn™v Fgp-ap-Sn-am¿h≥ F∂v Adn-b-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. IS¬s°m-≈-°m-cmb Ko°p-Im-cpsS ssI ]n∂n¬s°´n Xe-bn¬ s\søm-

gn®v shbn-eØp \n¿Øn in£n-®p. amss¥ Xpd-ap-J-am-bn-cp∂p Bÿm-\w. tNmg cmPm-hp-ambn

G‰p-ap- n-b-t∏mƒ Ccp-hcpw acn-®p. bph-cm-Pm-hmbpw cmPm-hmbpw 58 h¿jw cn-®p.

Page: 17



3. ]¬bmss\ sN¬sI-gp-Ip- p-h≥

s\SpwtNc-em-Xs‚ A\p-P-\m-Wn-t±-lw. ]msse IuXp-a-\m¿ BWv ]mSp∂ Ihn. ]qgn-b¿

tIm≥ F∂mWp _ncp-Zw. A≠n-cs‚ sImßp-\m-Sp-]n-Sn-s®-Sp-sØ∂v ]pd-\m-\q-dn-ep-≠v. h©n-bm-

bn-cp∂p Bÿm-\w. At\Iw B\-I-fpsS _e-ap-≈-h≥ F∂mWv hnti-j-W-Øns‚ A¿∞w.

`oa-tk-\\pw [rX-cm-jvS¿°pw D≈-Xmb alm- m-c-X-Øn-ep≈ hnti-jWw Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xv. Bÿm-

\-I-hn-bmb IuXp-a-\m¿ (Ku-X-a≥) [mcmfw bmK-ßƒ \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 25 h¿jw bph-cm-Pm-

hm-bn-cp∂p sN¬sI-gp-Ip- p-h≥.

4. Ifw-Im-bv°Æn \m¿ap-Sn-t®-c¬

s\Spw-tN-c-em-Xs‚ aI-\mb C-t±lw 25 h¿jw bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn--cp-∂p. A`n-tjI ka-bØv

]\-\m-cp-sIm-≠p--≠m°n Cu¥Wm sIm≠v wKn-s∏-Sp-Ønb IncoSw [cn-®-Xn-\m¬ Ifw-Im-bv°Æn

F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-s´∂v Im∏n-bm-‰p-°m-∏n-b-\m¿ ]mSp-∂p. ]pgn-b¿tIm≥ F∂pw hnfn-°p-

∂p. hmssI-s]-cpw-Xp-d-bn¬sh®v Ggn-a-e-bnse \∂s\ h[n-®-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ t\´w.

5. th¬ sImgp-Ip- p-h≥

s\Spw-tN-c-em-Xs‚ aI-\mb Ct±lw ]nXm-hn-t\-Øp-S¿∂v c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn. IS¬ ]nd-

tIm- nb sN¶p- p-h≥ F∂v ]c-W¿ ]iw-kn-°p-∂p. Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Ønse tNc≥sNw-Ip- p-h≥

Ct±-l-am-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. sImSp-ß-√q-cnse IÆIn ]XnjvTm ka-bØv e¶-bnse cmPmhv

KP-_mlp k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. KP-_m-lp-hns‚ Imew (F.-Un. 173- 195)

Adn-bmw. ]g-b≥ F∂ cmPm-hns‚ Imh¬a-c-amb th∏v apdn®v Xs‚ Xe-ÿm-\-tØ°pw sIm≠p-

h∂ sNwIp- p-h≥ \√- -\mhnI-tk-\sb k÷o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw IS¬ hym]mcw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

6. BSp-tIm-Sp-]mSp tNc-em-X≥

s\Spw-tN-c-em-Xs‚ aI-\mb Ct±lw 38 h¿jw bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Imss°-∏m-Sn-

\n-b¿ \s®-ss≈-bm¿ ]mSp-∂p. tKmK-lWw \S-Øn-b-Xp-sImt≠m BSm\pw ]mSm\pw sIm´m\pw

kma¿∞y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sImt≠m Bhmw Cu t]cp-≠m-b-Xv. Ip -\m- nse Hcp Kmaw _m“-

W¿°p \¬In. tNc≥ sN¶p- p-hs‚ GI ]pX≥ k\ymkw kzoI-cn-®p. BSp-tIm-Sp-]mSp tNc-

em-X\v B¨Ip- n-Iƒ C√m-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. AXn-\m¬ s]cpw-tNm-‰p-Zn-bs‚ ]c-º-c-bn¬ \n∂v

tNc-hw-i-Øns‚ as‰mcp imJ-bmb Ccp-sºm-ssd-am-hn-te°v A[n-Imcw amdn.

7. sN¬h-°Spw tImhm-gn-bm-X≥

A¥p-h≥ tNc-ens‚ aI\pw s\Spw-tN-c-em-Xs‚ `mcy-bpsS A\p-P-Øn-bpsS `¿Øm-hp-

amb sN¬h-°-Spw-tIm- sXm≠n tIµ-ambn 25 h¿jw cn-®p. tNmg-]m-Wy-∑m-cpsS kwbp-‡-tk-

\sb tXmev]n-®p. ]pXnb Kma-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw bmKw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn I]n-e¿

]mSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Page: 18



8. s]cpw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºmssd

sN¬h-°-Spw-tIm-bpsS aI-\mb Ct±-l-sØ-°p-dn®v Acn-Nn¬ Ingm¿ ]m-Sp-∂p. AXn-I-

am≥ ]`p-hmb Fgn-\nsb tXmev]n-®-Xn-\m¬ XI-Sq¿ Fdn™ Ccpsºmssd F∂pw _ncp-Z-ap-≠v.

]qgn-\mSpw sIm√n-a-ebpw ]pImdpw Iog-S-°n. [mcmfw bmK-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

9. Cfw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºmssd

s]cpw-tN-c-ens‚ aI-\m-Wn-t±-lw. tNm-g-]m-fiy-∑msc tXmev]n-®p. h©n-bm-bn-cp∂p Xe-

ÿm-\w. sImß¿tIm-ssh, Ip´p-h-tc-ssc, ]pgn-b¿tImssh Fs∂ms° _ncp-Z-ß-fp-≠v. ]mW-

∑m¿°v klmbw \¬In. Ihn s]cpw-Ip-‚q¿ Ingm¿°v 9 e£w ImWw kΩm\w \¬In.

10. bmss\-I-SvtNbv am¥cw tNc¬

aZ-bm-\-tb-s∏mse Du¿÷-kz-e-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct±-l-am-bn-cn°mw \jvS-s∏- p-t]mb HSp-hn-esØ

]Ønse cmPm-hv. hnf-ßn¬ F∂ ÿe-Øp-sh®v tNmgs\ tXmev]n-®p. amss¥-\-Kcw iXp-°-

fn¬ \n∂v Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-®p. sXm≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p Xe-ÿm\w. Ct±-l-Øns‚ B⁄-b-\p-k-cn®v

IqS-√q¿ Ingm¿ kam-l-cn-®-XmWv sF¶p-dp-\q-dv. ]pd-\m-\q-dnse 25, 125 ]m´p-Iƒ Ct±-l-sØ-°p-dn-

®m-Wv. s\Spw-tN-gn-b≥ F∂ ]mfiy-cm-Pmhv Ct±-lsØ tXmev]n®v XS-hp-Im-c\m-°n-sb-¶nepw

c£-s∏ v ho≠pw knwlm-k-\-Øn-se-Øn. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-Øn\v Ggp-Zn-hkw apºv sIm≈n-

ao≥ ]Xn-®Xv P\-ßsf ]cn-`m-¥-cm-°n.

]Xn-‰p-∏-Ønse tNc ]c-ºc 201 h¿jw cn-®p. AXn¬ 58 h¿jw Ccp-sºmssd imJ-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv IssW-°m¬ Ccp-sºmssd F∂ tNcs\ sN¶-Wm≥ F∂ tNmg-cm-Pmhv

tXmev]n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ccp-h-cp-tSbpw kvt\ln-X-\mb s]mbvI-bm¿ F∂ Ihn CS-s]´v tNcs\

tamNn-∏n-®p. tImssX-am¿]≥ F∂ tNcs\ In≈n-h-f-h≥ F∂ tNmg≥ tXmev]n-®p-sh∂v If-h-

gn-\m¿∏-Xn-ep-≠v. ]msse-]m-Snb s]cpw-I-SpwtIm F∂ Ihn-bmb tNc-cm-Pm-hn-t\-°p-dn®v \‰n-

ssW, Ipdpw-sXmssI, AI-\m-\q-dv, Ien-sØmssI F∂o IrXn-I-fn-ep-≠v. tIm -º-eØp Xp©nb

amt°mssX F∂ tNc≥ AI-\m-\q-dnepw (168) ]pd-\m-\q-dnepw (245) ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-tc-°p-

dn®v ]q¿Æ-amb Adn-hp-I-fn-√.

A\-¥-c-Imew

Cu Ime-am-b-t∏m-tgbv°pw I¿Æm-S-I-°m-cmb I≈-≥am¿ Xan-g-IsØ BI-an-®p-Xp-S-ßn.

A®p-X-hn-°-¥≥ F∂ cmPmhv dpth-¥sc XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-s®∂v \mh-e¿ NcnssX F∂ Xangv

IrXn-bn¬ \n∂-dn-bmw. If-`sc, Nmeq-Iy¿ tXmev]n-®p. ]pen-tIin H∂m-a≥, awK-te-i≥, Io¿Øn-

h¿Ω≥ H∂m-a≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS imk-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v C°m-cy-a-dn-bmw. XpS¿∂v ]√-h-∑m¿

B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øn. \c-knw-l-h¿Ω≥ H∂m-a≥ (731- 736) tNcs\ tXmev]n-®p. CsX√mw tIc-

f-N-cn-X-Ønse Ccp-f-S™ GSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v In´p∂ hkvXp-X-I-fm-Wv.

Page: 19



cmjvSob kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw

P\-ßsf ]q¿Æ-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ cmP- -c-W-amWv A∂p-\-S-∂-Xv. tNc-∑m¿

bp≤-Ønepw tNmg-∑m¿ Ie-bnepw ]mfiy-∑m¿ hn⁄m-\-Ønepw i≤-sN-ep-Øn-sb-∂mWv

]n¬°me NcnXw sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. h©n Xe-ÿm-\-ambn tNc-∑mcpw Imthcn]q]´Ww Xe-

ÿm-\-am°n tNmg-∑mcpw a[pc Xe-ÿm-\-ambn ]mfiy-∑mcpw `cn-®n-cp-∂p. apth-¥¿ F∂dnb-

s∏- n-cp∂ Ch-tc-°q-SmsX kma-¥-∑m-cmb Ipdp-\ne a∂-∑mcpw thƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏- n-cp∂ CS-]- p-

°-∑mcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ÿnc-amb ssk\yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Bh-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]P-Iƒ

DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs‰-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]cm-PnX iXp-°-tfmSv Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-h¿

Bin-X-tcmSv Aan-X-hm-’eyw Im´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. a°-Ømb hgn-bmWv ]n≥Xp-S¿∂n-cp-∂-Xv.

cmP-]Xv\n s]cpw-tXhn F∂ _lp-am\y ÿm\w Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂p. _lp- m-cymXzw D≈-Xmbn

tXm∂p-∂p. ]t£ _lp- ¿XrXzw Xosc-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. hn[-h-Iƒ kXn A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn

tXm∂p-∂p. Bbv A≠n-c≥ acn-®-t∏mƒ mcy-am¿ A\p-a-cWw sNbvXp. kXn-amsc ]pe-®n-°√v

AYhm amk-Xn-°√v \m´n Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p. NmtÃm¿ sabva-ssd, ]qgn-b¿ sabvassd XpS-ßnb

hnti-j-W-ßƒ cmPm-°-∑m¿ P\-ß-fpsS kwc-£-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. cmXn-bn¬

Imh-em-fp-Iƒ F∂ kpc-£-m-hn- mKw Np‰n-\-S∂v Ia-k-am-[m\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn.

bp≤-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-ap-dn-th-‰m¬ hS-°n-cp∂v acn®v A`n-am\w hos≠-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. bp≤-°-

f-Øn¬ kz]-£sØ t]m’m-ln∏n-°m≥ Ihn-Ifpw Kmb-Icpw h∂n-cp-∂p. Ah¿°v Bcpw D]-

Z-h-ap-≠m-°n-bn-√. bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ apdn-th‰p hogp∂ tbm≤m-°sf ipiq--jn-°m≥ `mcy-amsc

A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p. sXmSm-°m© F∂mWv Cu BNm-c-Øn\p ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. B´hpw ]m´pw

sIm´pw hnP-b-ap-lq¿Ø-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]cm-PnX iXp-°-fpsS Imh¬acw apdn-°p-I,

]√p-Iƒ ]ngp-sX-SpØv tIm -bn¬ Xd-bv°pI XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£ ]S-

bn¬ acn-®-hsc hoc-°-√p-Iƒ \m´n BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

a‚-ßƒ F∂ P\-Iob k -Iƒ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw P\-ßƒ°pw klm-b-I-am-bn. tZisØ

ssaXm-\Øv hr£-®p-h- n¬ HØp-Iq-Sp∂ P\-Io-b-k- -bmWv a‚w. Hmtcm tZi-Øn\pw Hmtcm

Imh¬acw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. tNc\v ]\, ]mfiy\v th∏v, tNmg\v thß, Ggn-a-ebv°v hmI,

Bb¿°v B¬ F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv Imh¬a-c-ßƒ. Imh¬a-c-ß-fnse apc-ip-Iƒ (s]-cp-º-d-Iƒ)

apg-°n-bmWv Bfp-I-sf-°q- n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Im¿jnI hrØn-bm-bn-cp∂p apJyw. s\√pw Xn\bpw £y-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ ][m-\-am-bn-cp-

∂p. Cd-®n-tN¿Ø Du≥ tNmdv hnin-jvS-hn- -h-am-bn-cp-∂p. apf-b-cn°v ]tXyI ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. ]\-Ifpw Icn-ºp-\ocpw tX\pw tN¿Ø ap∂o¿ Fs∂mcp ]m\obw ]Np-c-]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. ]cpØn hkvX-ß-fmWv [cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hnti-jm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Xg-bp-S-Iƒ [cn-®-Xmbn

h¿Æ-\-I-fp-≠v. iIp-\-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. `qkz-Øp-°fpw kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-ßfpw \¬In

Iem-]-h¿Ø-I-tcbpw ]fin-X-∑m-tcbpw BZ-cn-°pI ]Xn-hmbncp-∂p. Ipc-ssh, Aa-sse,

XpWss¶ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ aq∂p-Xcw \rØ-ßƒ \S-∂n-cp-∂p.

Page: 20



XnW-Iƒ

`qan-bpsS kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v A©p hn`m-K-ßƒ Iev]n-°p-Ibpw Ahbv°v _mlyw

(]p-dw), B¥cw (A-Iw) F∂v kt¶-X-ßƒ Xo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXXp as‰mcp tZi-Øns‚ kmwkv°m-

cnI Ncn-X-Ønepw ImWm-\n-√. XnW k¶-ev]-tØ-°p-dn®v sXm¬Im]yw hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Ip-

∂p. kky-ß-fpsS t]cmWv XnW-Iƒ°v.

1. Ipdn©n

h≥a-e-I-fmWv Ipdn©n ]tZ-iw. Chn-sS-bp≈ P\-ß-fpsS ][m\ D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w th -

bm-S-em-Wv. apf-b-cnbpw tX\pw a‰p h\-hn- -h-ßfpw tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Ipd-h¿ F∂mWv

Chn-SpsØ P\-ß-fpsS t]cv. apcp-I-\mWv Cu XnW-bpsS ]tXyI tZh≥. apcp-Is‚ mcy h≈n-

Ip-d-Øn-bm-Wv. AIw ]Y-am-\p-cm-K-am-Wv.

2. ]msse

acp- q-antbm hc≠p-W-ßnb ]tZ-i-ßtfm ]msse-Øn-W-bm-Wv. bp≤hpw sIm≈-b-Snbpw

sXmgn-em-°nb Cu XnW-°m¿ ad-h¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂p. sIm‰ssh F∂ Z-Im-fn-bmWv apJy-

tZ-h-X. Imfn°v cWn \mfn¬ _en \¬Ip∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ip - -c-Wnbpw ao\- -c-Wn-bp-

amWv C∂pw tZhn°p ][m-\w. ]q¿∆ hn]-ew- -amWv AIw.

3. apss√

Ip∂p-Ifpw Xmgv-h-c-I-fp-a-S-ßp∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fmb ChnsS ]ip-]m-e-\-amWv apJy-hr-Øn. amb≥

AYhm alm-hn-jvWp-hmWv ][m\ tZh-X. Bb-∑m¿ F∂mWv P\-Xsb hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. kam-[m-

\-]q¿Æ-amb IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-amWv AIw.

4. acpXw

s\¬h-b-ep-Iƒ \nd™ `qan-bmWv acp-Xw. \o¿a-cp-Xp-Iƒ \nd™ Cu ÿesØ P\-

ßsf Dg-h¿ F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂p. th¥≥ (C-µ≥) BWv apJy-tZ-h≥. C¥n-c-hngm F∂ D’hw

\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Zmº-Xy-Ønse tN¿®-°p-d-hp-I-fmWv AIw.

5. ss\X¬

s\øm-º¬ \nd™ IS-tem-c-am-Wn-Xv. a’y-_-‘\w \S-Øp-∂-hsc ]c-h-b¿, ao\-h¿

Fs∂√mw hnfn-°p-∂p. DØ-c-hn-]-ew- -amWv AI-Øn-W. IS-tem≥ (h-cp-W≥) BWv tZh≥.

Hcmƒ Hcp Xn\-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ B XnW-°m-c-\m-bn. as‰mcp XnW-bn-se-Øn-bm¬

B XnW-°m-c-\mbn amdpw. Cßs\ hmk-ÿ-e-Øns‚bpw sXmgn-en-s‚bpw t]cn-ep≈ hn -P-

\ta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw ]n¬°m-eØv P∑-Pm-Xn-bmbn amdn-sb∂p tXm∂p-∂p.

hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ G¿s∏- n-cp-∂-h¿ AXp-sIm-≠p-amXw B PmXn-°m-cmbn Adn-b--s∏- p. F∂m¬

kwL-Imew Ign-bm-dm-Ip-tºm-tgbv°pw A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS tPmen a°ƒ ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ ]hWX

Page: 21



ImWmw. acw-sImƒX-®s‚ sNdn-tbm≥ Dfnbpw sIm´p-h-Snbpw sIm≠p inev]-ap-≠m-°n-°-fn-

°p∂ NnXw ImWmw. a¨]m-X-ap-≠m-°p∂ Iew-sN-ø-t°m-h-bpsS Ip´n NI-Øn¬ asÆ-dn™p

]nSn-∏n®p ]mXw sa\-™p-I-fn-°p-∂Xpw ImWmw. s]m≥sIm-√-\m¿, sIm√-\m¿ F∂n-h¿°pw

henb ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]mW¿ Kmb-Icpw ]mSn-\n-Iƒ Kmbn-I-amcpw BWv. G‰-hp-a-[nIw

BZ-cn-°-s∏- -h-cm-W-h¿. F√m XnW-I-fnepw s] -hcpw F√m sXmgn-ep-Ifpw sNøp-∂-hcpw Kmb-

I-cm-bn- p-≠v. Ccp-]n-d-∏m-f¿ (Zzn-P¿) F∂mWv _m“-Wsc hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CXpw P∑m-b-Ø-a√

I¿Ωm-b-Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p. sIm√-∏-Wn-°mcpw a¨]-Wn-°mcpw alm-_m-“-W-cmbn bmKw \S-Øn-bn-

cp-∂p.

]pcp-j-∑m¿°p Xpey-amb ÿm\w kvXoIƒ°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CjvS-s∏´ ]pcp-j-t\m-

sSm∏w kzbw-t]m-Ip∂ Ifhv F∂ hnhm-l-co-Xnbpw c£n-Xm-°ƒ Btem-Nn®v \S-Øp∂ I¿∏v

F∂ hnhm-l-co-Xnbpw k¿∆-Xn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. GXp bphm-hn\pw GXp bph-Xn-tbmSpw ]W-bm-

`y¿∞\ \S-Øm-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ahƒ AXv \nc-kn-®m¬ D]-hm-k-a-\p-jvSn®v acn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-

∂p. ]\-a-S¬ sIm≠v IpXn-csb D≠m°n Imap-In-bpsS hoSns‚ apºnse s]cp-h-gn-bn¬ sh®v

AXn-t∑¬ Ccp∂v acn-°p∂ NS-ßn\v aS-te-d¬ F∂mWv t]cv. bph-Xn-bpsS a\- p-amdn kzoI-cn-

®m¬ hXw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°mw. acn-®m¬ hoc-°-√p-\m´n kaqlw BZ-cn-°pambn-cp∂p.

Ggp-Zn-h-ksØ hX-Øn-\p-tijw hc≥ h[p-hns‚ CS-Xp-Im-en¬ Nn-e-ºp-sI- p-∂-XmWv

hnhm-l-®-S-ßv. CXv I¿∏ns‚ mK-am-Wv. At∏mƒ A—≥ Xm≥ sImSp-Øn-cp∂ he-Xp-Im-ense

Nneºv Agn-®p-am-‰p-∂p. Nneºv Ign-t\m≥]v F∂v Cu NSßv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. If-hm-sW-¶nepw

bphmhv Nneºp Nm¿Øp-tºmƒ amXta B _‘w km[p-hm-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. awK-e-AWn

F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Xmen kwL-Im-e-Øns‚ HSp-hm-Ip-tºm-tgbv°pw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Nneºv Ign-

t\m≥]v F∂ NS-ßn¬ \n∂mWv Nne-∏-Xn-Imcw F∂ alm-Im-hy-Øns‚ ]ta-b-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.

aXw

C∂sØ lnµp-a-X-Øns‚ c≠m-bncw h¿jw apºp≈ cq]-amWv A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Zmhn-

U-a-Xw, ]Ir-Xym-cm-[\ Fs∂ms° bqtdm-]y¿ CXns\ hnfn®p ImWp-∂p. F∂m¬ b⁄

kwkv°m-chpw alm- m-cX kzm[o-\hpw ]_-e-am-sW-∂-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. A∂sØ tZh-X-Iƒ

Xs∂-bmWv C∂pw. Cµ\pw hcp-W-\p-apff Bcm-[\ C√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A°m-eØv t£X-

ßƒ [mcm-f-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]c-ip-cm-a≥ bmKw \S-Ønb sN√q-cn-t\-°p-dn®v h¿Æn-°p-∂p-≠v. CXv

s]cpw-sN√q¿ AYhm Xfn-∏-dºv cmP-cm-tP-izc t£X-am-Wv. io_p-≤s‚ am¿§w ]n≥Xp-S-cm≥

Blzm\w sNøp∂ Hcp-]m´v ]pd-\m-\q-dn-ep-≠v. kwL-]-Z-Øn¬ _p≤-kw-L-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ap-

≠p-Xm-\pw. ]n¬°m-e-Ir-Xn-bmb aWn-ta-J-e-bn¬ alm-ho-cs‚ Bcm-[-\bpw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p.

kº¬k-ar-≤-amb Hcp Ime-Øns‚ hy‡-amb NnXw kwLw-Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-≠v. Ah¿°v Bflo-

b-amb A`n-hr-≤nbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Page: 22



samUypƒ 4

Ipe-ti-J-c-km-amPyw

F.-Un. aq∂mw-\q-‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn ad-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ tIc-f-N-cnXw F´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-tØmsS

hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. Ct∏mƒ tIc-f-X-e-ÿm\w s]cn-bm-dns‚ Agn-ap-J-Øp≈ atlm-Z-b-]pcw (sIm-Sp-

ß-√q¿) BWv. inem-Xm-a-en-Jn-X-ßfpw KŸ-h-cn-Ifpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw sIm≠v kº-∂-amb

C°mew hntZ-i-k-©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-IƒsIm≠v Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. BZn-tN-c-∑m¿°pw atlm-

Z-b-]p-csØ c≠mw-tN-c-hw-i-Øn-\p-an-S-bv°p≈ ImeØv ]c-tZ-in-I-fmb hymg-h- -s∏-cp-am-°-∑m¿

tIcfw cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-I-Y. tNc-cm-Py-Øn\p ta¬ ]mfiy-tNm-g-∑m¿ t\Snb

hnP-bhpw XpS¿∂p≈ B[n-]-Xyhpw BImw Cu IY-bv°-Sn-ÿm-\w. C°mcyw C\nbpw hy‡-

a-√.

cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ mK-ß-fn-embn NnX-dn-°n-S-°p∂ inem-tc-J-Isf hmbn-°m\pw sNt∏-

Sp-Isf kwc-£n-°m\pw Smh≥Iq¿ B¿°n-tbm-fPn Un∏m¿ vsa‚ v Bcw- n-®Xv apX-em-Wv tIc-f-

N-cn-X-]-T\w imkvXo-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Smh≥Iq¿ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ koco-kn-eqsS h∂ imk-\-

]m-T-ßƒ sh®p-sIm≠v tIc-f-N-cnXw ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°m≥ km[n-®Xv s]m^. Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n-

≈-bv°m-Wv. tNc-km-amPyw H≥]Xpw ]Øpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬, P∑n kº-Zmbw tIc-f-Øn¬, Nne

tIc-f-N-cnX ]iv\-ßƒ, Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, tIc-f-N-cn-X-Ønse Ccp-f-S™ FSp-

Iƒ apX-emb KŸ-ß-fn-eqsS Bhp-∂X hkvXp-\n-jvThpw imkvXo-b-hp-amb NcnXw A\m-h-

cWw sNø-s∏- p. Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ A\p-K-lm-in- p-I-tfmsS s]cp-amƒkv Hm v tIcf F∂ Kth-

j-W-]-_‘w Xøm-dm-°nb tUm: Fw.-Pn.-F- v. \mcm-b-W\v BNm-cys‚ hgn-bn-eqsS hf-sc-b-

[nIw apt∂dm\pw [mcmfw imk-\-ßƒ Is≠-Sp-Ø-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ kq£vaX

\¬Im\pw Ign-™p. Cfw-Ipfw Xøm-dm-°nb cmP-]-c-º-cbpw AXn\v Fw.Pn.-F v hcp-Ønb t`Z-

K-Xn-Ifpw t\m°n-bm¬ CXp-a-\- n-em-Ipw.

Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ ]´nI

1. Ipe-ti-J-c-h¿Ω (800- 820 F.-Un.)

2. cmP-ti-J-c-h¿Ω (820- 844 F.-Un.)

3. ÿmWp-c-hn-h¿Ω (844- 885 F.-Un.)

4. cma-h¿Ω (885˛917 F.-Un.)

5. tKmZ-c-hn-h¿Ω (917- 944 F.-Un.)

6. Cµp-tKm-Z-h¿Ω (944- 962 F.-Un.)

7. mkv°-c-c-hn-h¿Ω H∂m-a≥ (962- 1017 F.-Un.)

8. mkv°-c-c-hn-h¿Ω c≠m-a≥ (1017 1021 F.-Un.)

9. hoc-tI-c-f≥ (1021 ˛ 1028 F.-Un.)

10. cmP-knw-l≥ (1028- 1047 F.-Un.)

Page: 23



11. mkv°c chn aq∂m-a≥ (1047- 1082 F.-Un.)

12. chn-cm-a-h¿Ω (1082- 1090 F.-Un.)

13. cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c≥ (1090- 1102 F.-Un.)

`mkv°-c-c-hn-h¿Ω-am¿ aq∂p-t]-cp-s≠∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Cfw-Ipfw kwi-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p. hymg-

Øns‚ \ne-t\m°n Aß-s\-sbmcp \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-sb-∂p-amXw. F∂m¬ mkv°c chn-

h¿Ω bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂ ImeØp apX¬ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ \S-∏m-°n--Øp-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv. C°mcyw

Xncp-h√m sNt∏-Sn-ep-≠v. “a\p-Ip-em-Zn-Xy-tZ-h≥ Cfw-tIm-Im-eØv Assa®” F∂mWv hmN-Iw.

]p√q¿ sImS-hew imk-\-Øn¬ tIm∏m-°c \nc-hn-bm-In\ a\p-Ip-em-Zn-Xy≥ F∂p-≠v. C°mcyw

Cfw-Ipfw a\- n-em-°n-sb-¶nepw Xs‚ ap≥\n-K-a-\-ßƒ Xncp-Øm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn-√. X©m-

hq-cnse Xncp-h-e-©pgn t£X-Øn¬ \n∂pw Inńb tcJ-bn¬ “tNc-a-∂m¿ Ccm-a¿s°mcp Xpssº

ame” F∂p-≠v. cma-Ip-e-ti-J-cs‚ Bbp¿tZmjw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ 1022 ¬ sNbvX hgn-]m-Sm-Wn-Xv.

AXn-\m¬ A°mew hsc atlm-Z-b-]pc tNc-∑m-cpsS cWw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kwi-bn-°m-\n-

√. tim -chn hnP-b-cm-K-tZ-h≥ tKmZc-hn-bpsS aIƒ \oen-bpsS `¿Øm-hm-Wv. cma-h¿Ω-bpsS

A`n-tjI \ma-amWv Ipe-ti-J-c≥. Ch-bmWv Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ \nK-a-\-ßƒ°p-tijw e`n®

][m\ sXfn-hp-Iƒ. CXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ Ipe-ti-J-c≥am¿ F∂ t]cn\pw

A\u-Nn-Xy-ap-≠v.

Fw.-Pn.-F- v. \mcm-b-Ws‚ ]ńI

1. cma-cm-P-ti-J-c≥ (kn. 800- 844)

2. ÿmWp-chn Ipe-ti-J-c≥ (kn 844- 883)

3. tImX-chn hnP-b-cm-K-tZ-h≥ (883- 913)

4. tImX-tIm-X-tI-c-f-tI-kcn (913- 943)

5. Cµp-t°mX (943- 962)

6. mkv°-c-chn a\p-Ip-em-Zn-Xy≥ (962- 1021)

7. chn-tImX cmP-knw-l≥

8. cmP-cm-P≥

9. chn-cma cmPm-Zn-Xy≥

10. BZn-Xy≥ tImX cWm-Zn-Xy≥

11. cma-Ip-e-ti-J-c≥ (1089- 1122)

C\nbpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´p-∂-Xp-hsc Cu ]ń-I-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. c≠mw-tNc hwi-

Øns‚ hmgvN-°m-e-ØmWv tIc-f-Øn\p amX-ap≈ sIm√-h¿jw Bcw- n-®-Xv.

Page: 24



sIm√-h¿jw

tem-I-Ønse G‰hpw ]g-°-ta-dnb h¿j-K-W\ Ien-h¿j-am-Wv. Ien-bpKw Bcw- n®

Znhkw apX¬°p≈ Cu h¿jK-W-\-bmWv imk-\-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≈-Xv. taSw H∂n-\m-cw-

`n-°p∂ Cu h¿j-Øns‚ cq]-t -Z-ß-fmWv iI-h¿jhpw Xan-gv-h¿j-hpw. F∂m¬ tIc-fo-b-cpsS

kz¥w Ime-K-W-\-bmb sIm√-h¿jw hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂p. InkvXp-h¿jw 2012 P\p-hcn

H∂v Ien-h¿jw 5113 ]ujw 11Dw sIm√-h¿jw 1187 [\p 16Dw BWv.

tIc-f-Øn-ep-S-\o-fhpw sX°≥ X-angv\mSnepw ioe-¶-bpsS hS-°≥ `mK-ß-fnepw sIm√-

h¿jw \S-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. Nnßw H∂n-\mWv h¿jm-cw- w. F∂m¬ `mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS hS°v I∂n

H∂mWv Bcw- w. AhnsS Nnßw ]¥-≠m-asØ amk-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ t]m°p-Nnßw F∂v

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. hS°p≈h¿ sX°p≈h-cpsS h¿jm-cw- -amb NnßsØ ]p°p-Nnßw

F∂pw hnfn-®p-h-∂p. sX°pw hS-°p-ap≈hcpsS PmX-I-ßƒ KWn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp hb v IqSmt\m

Ipd-bmt\m km≤y-X-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ sXs‰m-gn-hm-°m-\p≈ D]m-[n-bm-bn- mWv t]m°p-Nn-ßhpw ]p°p-

Nn-ßhpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ ]©mw-K-Øn¬ 1970 P\p-hcn H∂p-hsc c≠p Ime-K-W-\-

Ifpw tN¿Øn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Nnßw H∂mWv h¿jmcw`w. ae-_m¿ ]©mwKw

]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ t£X-ß-fn¬ amXw ]gb coXn XpS-cp-∂p. sIm√-h¿jw F.-Un. 825 ¬ Bcw- n-®p.

thWm- nse ioh-√- ≥ tImX-bpsS amº-≈n-∏- -b-ØnemWv (149 sIm.-h., 973 F.-Un.) BZyw ImWp-

∂-Xv.

hnhn[ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ

sIm√-h¿jm-cw- -tØ-°p-dn®v bp‡n-bp-‡-amb Hc- n-]mbw Dcp-Øn-cn-™n- n-√. Xosc _men-

i-ß-fmb A`n-]m-b-ßsf Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v Ig-ºp-≈-h-sb∂p tXm∂n-∏n-°p∂hsb amXw ]Xn-

]m-Zn-°mw.

1. DZ-b-am¿Øm-fi≥ IY

thWm- nse DZb am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω sIm√w \K-c-Øn¬sh®v hnfn-®p-Iq- nb tPymXn-im-

kvX-k-tΩ-f\w ]pXnb Ime-K-W\ \S-∏m-°n. eoem-Xn-e-I-Ønse Hcp t«mIhpw sXfn-hn\v D≤-

cn-°p-∂p. atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ tNc-∑m-cpsS ]m_-ey-Im-eØp Hcp kma-¥≥ ]pXnb h¿jw Bcw-

`n-®p-sh∂v Icp-Xm≥ \ymb-an-√.

2. temKs‚ ]£w

sX°v sIm√w Nnßw H∂n\pw hS°v tIme-Øp-\mSv I∂n H∂n\pw s]cp-amƒ hmgvN-bn¬

\n∂v kzX-¥-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]pXnb h¿j-ap-≠m-bn. c≠v h¿jm-cw- -ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn. A∂sØ

cmjvSob kml-N-cy-Øn\v CXp tbmPn-°p-∂n-√.

3. i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw

i¶cmNmcy¿ 64 A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xns‚ kvamc-I-amWv sIm√-h¿j-sa∂v

Page: 25



i¶-c-kvar-Xnsb ap≥\n¿Øn Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. 820¬ kam-[n-bmb i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ A©p-h¿jw

Ign™v Fßs\ h¿j-K-W\ XpSßpw? AssZz-Xn-bmb BNm-cy≥ Hcp £pZ-]p-kvXIw Fgp-Xp-

I-bn-√. sFXn-ly-a-\p-k-cn-®m-sW-¶n¬ PmXym-Nmcw ]men-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v kzP-\-ßƒ At±-l-

Øn\v `jvSv Iev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. BNm-cys‚ t]cn¬ Btcm Fgp-Xn-sh® ZpjvSIr-Xn-

bmWv i¶-c-kvar-Xn.

4. sIm√w tXm‚n

tIc-f-Øn¬ Ipc-t°-Wn-s°m√w (sX-°≥sIm-√w) ]¥-em-b-\n-s°m√w (h-S-°≥ sIm√w)

F∂v c≠p-sIm-√-ß-fp-≠v. c≠pw ]t≠ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fp-am-Wv. ioh-√- ≥ tImX-bpsS amº-≈n-∏- -

b-Øn¬ ‘sIm√wtXm‚n’ F∂p-≠v. CXn\v sIm√-h¿jw Bcw-- n-®n´v F∂pw sIm√w-Xp-d-apJw

Bwcw- n-®n v F∂pw A¿∞w ]d-bmw. tNmf-∑m-cpsS ipNo-µw-tc-J-bn¬ “sIm√w AK¥bmWv”F∂pw ImWmw. sIm√w Xpd-apJw \in-∏n® h¿jw F∂m-W¿∞w. CXp-c≠pw tN¿Øp-sh-®p-

sIm≠v sIm√w Xpd-apJw ÿm]n-®-Xns‚ kvamc-I-amWv sIm√-h¿j-sa∂v kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬

F.-Un. Bdmw iX-I-Øn¬ sX°≥ sIm√Øv Xpd-ap-Jap≠v. hS-°≥ sIm√sØ Xpd-apJw kwL-

°m-e-Øp-Xs∂ ]kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp \mSp-hm-gn-bpsS Iogn-ep≈ Xpd-ap-J-Øns‚ ÿm]\w

Hcp henb q]-tZiw apgp-h≥ hym]n-°m\pw hgn ImWp-∂n-√.

5. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ IY

Ah-km-\sØ s]cp-am-fmb tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ a°ƒ°pw acp-a-°ƒ°p-ambn cmPyw

]¶n- p-sIm-SpØv a°-Øp-t]mbn F∂ IY h¿jm-cw- -Øn\p Imc-W-ambn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F.-Un.

825¬ kpi-‡-amb `c-W-amWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. F.-Un. 851¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ Ad-_n-bmb

kpsse-am≥ ae-_m-dn¬ C…mw aX-an-s√∂v ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp c-Wm-[n-Imcn aXw amdn-

sb-¶n¬ kpsse-am≥ Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°n-√. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ssjIv ssk\p-±o≥ Fgp-Xnb

Xplv Øv D¬ apPm-ln-Zn≥ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-emWv Cu IY-bp-≈-Xv. KŸ-Im-c≥ Cu IYsb

hnizm-k-Øn-se-Sp-Øn- n-√.

6. ]cn-jv°-cn® k]vX¿jn h¿jw

_n.-kn. 76 ¬ Bcw- n® k]vX¿jn h¿jw \qds‚ Bh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bn- mWv ImesØ

ImWp-∂-Xv. sXmÆq-s‰m-ºXp Ign-™m¬ \qdv Fs∂-Æp-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw BhrØn (iq-\yw) F∂mWv

]d-bp-I. 101s\ Hcm-hrØn H∂v F∂p-hn-fn-°pw. 925 H≥]Xv BhrØn Ign™v ]Øm-asØ

Bhr-Øn-bnse H∂m-Wv. AXp sX‰mbn \qs‰m∂v F∂v FÆn-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv sIm√-h¿jw D≠m-

b-X-tX. BZy \qdp-h¿jw AXpw ]pXnb h¿j-K-W-\-bmbn [cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. A_≤w a\- n-em-Ip-

tºm-tgbv°pw Dd-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sIm√-h¿jw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb 149- m am≠p-≠m-b-Xns‚

hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw CXn-ep-≠v. s]m^. Sn. kpµ-c-]n-≈-bpsS Cu A`n-]mbw bp‡n-bp-‡-am-sW∂p

tXm∂p-∂p. c≠v Bcw- -ap-≠m-b-Xns‚ hni-Zo-I-cWw C\nbpw hy‡-a-√-Xm-\pw. tPymXn-im-kvX-

]-c-amb A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-amImw Imc-Ww. s]m^. Sn. kpµ-cw-]n-≈-bpsS Cu \nK-a\w bp‡n-

bp-‡-am-sW∂v sI.-]n. ]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m\pw Cfw-Ip-fhpw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb

Page: 26



IqSp-X¬ \nK-a-\-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc CXn-t\mSp tbmPn-°p-Itb \nhr-Øn-bp-≈q.

P∑n-k-º-Zmbw

s]m^. Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ B\p-jw-Kn-I-amb Hcp ]cm-a¿isØ Be-¶m-cn-I-ambn hnI-kn-

∏n-s®-SpØv AXn-t∑-ep-≠m-°nb kn≤m-¥-ß-fmWv tIc-f-Ønse P∑n-k-º-Zm-b-tØbpw PmXn-hy-

h-ÿ-tbbpw kzØ-h-Im-i-tØbpw kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-°n-bn- p-≈-Xv. `mkv°c chn-h¿Ω H∂m-

as‚ ImeØv (F.-Un. 999) cmP-cm-P-tN-fs‚ tIc-fm-I-aWw D≠mbn F∂pw CXv cma-h¿Ω IpetiJ-

cs‚ ImeØv (F.-Un. 1102) Ah-km-\n-®p-sh∂pw Cfw-Ipfw Icp-Xn. thW-sa-¶n¬ CXns\ Cw•-

≠nse \q‰m≠v bp≤-tØmSv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v At±lw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

XpS¿∂v Ncn-X-sa-gp-Xn-b-h-sc√mw ]n∂o-Sp≈ tIc-fob kaqlw \q‰m-≠p-bp-≤-Øns‚ ^e-ambn

]cn-h¿Ø\w sNø-s∏- -Xm-sW∂v kn≤m-¥n®p If-™p. ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ tNc-tNm-g-bp-≤-ap-

≠mbn F∂pw CXv tIc-fsØ Iptd-sbms° _m[n-®p-sh∂pw Adn-bm-sa-¶nepw F√mw \q‰m-≠p-

bp-≤-Øn-sem-Xp-°n-b-h¿ bYm¿∞ Imc-W-ß-fn-tebv°p i≤ sNep-Øm-Xn-cp-∂-Xns‚ XI-cm-dp-

Iƒ ]T-\-ßsf _m[n-®n- p-≠v. Xev°mew Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ \nK-a-\-ßsf tImUo-I-cn-°p-Itb

\nhr-Øn-bp-≈q.

Pao≥, Pao≥Zm¿ F∂o ]Z-ßƒ°v P∑w, P∑n F∂o ]Z-ß-tfmSv kmay-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ah

XΩn-ep≈ _‘-tØ-°p-dn®v hy‡-X-bn-√. kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn qan c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. Bfp-

Iƒ \nIpXn sImSp-°p-∂-Xns‚ _-e-Øn¬ A\p- -hn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-am-Xw. kwL-Ime cmPm-°-

∑m¿ Ihn-Iƒ°pw b⁄m-Nm-cy-∑m¿°pw Kma-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. H≥]Xmw \q‰m-

t≠m-Sp-IqSn tIc-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw t£X-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v. ap°m¬h´w F∂v imk-\-ß-

fn¬∏d-bp∂ t£X-ßƒs°√mw cmPm-°-∑mcpw ]`p-°-∑mcpw amX-a√ km[m-c-W-°mcpw Zm\w

sImSp-°p-∂p-≠v. inem-Xma imk-\-ß-fn¬ `qan-bn-S-]m-Sns‚ hnh-c-ß-fm-W-[n-I-hpw. s\√pw

kz¿Æ \mW-b-ßfpw \nIp-Xn-bmbn t£X- qan A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h¿ sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. aqgn-°pfw

t£X-Øn¬sh®v cq]o-I-cn® hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-S-\ofw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- -Xm-bn-tØm-∂p-

∂p. aqgn-°fw I®-tØ-°p-dn®v [mcmfw ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≠v. GsX-¶nepw Imc-W-h-im¬ ssIh-i-

°m-c\v ]m´w Af°m≥ Ign-bmsX h∂m¬ t£X- m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ Abmsf klm-bn-°-W-sa∂pw

Abm-fpsS mcy°pw a°ƒ°pw Zmcn-Zy-ap-≠m-ImsX kq£n-°-W-sa-∂p-ap≈ hyhÿ s]cp∂

imk-\-Øn-ep-≠v. ‘FXn-c≥ Ihn-c\pw Ah≥ s]Æp-]n-≈bpw c°n-°-°-S-hn-b¿ s]mXp-hmfpw

IW-Ømcpw’ F∂mWv imk-\-Ønse hmN-Iw. tIm´p-hm-bn-c-th-en-°-®w, ]´m-gn-Hm-e-°-c-Ww,

Ifw-Im- p-I®w XpS-ßnb hyh-ÿ-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. t£X-ßƒ kº-∂-ß-fmbtXmSp-IqSn

_m“-W¿ Ah-bpsS ssIIm-cy-I¿Øm-°-fmbn, tZh-kzw, tZh-kz-am-\-_-“-kzw, _“kzw F∂n-

ßs\ ItaW qhpSa-ÿX amdn-amdn h∂p. CS-∏≈n cmPmhv F∂ ÿm\-sØ-Ønb _m“-W-

Ip-Spw_w Xr°m-°c t£X-Ønse im¥n-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cß-s\-sbm-∂p-a-s√-¶n¬t∏mepw t£X-

kz-Øp-°-fpsS B[n-]Xyw Iptd ]_e \ºq-Xncn IpSpw-_-ßsf P∑n-am-cm-°n-sb∂ hkvXpX

AwKo-I-cnt® Xocq. Aßs\ [\m-Vy-cmb \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ kaq-l-Øn¬ D∂-X-ÿm\w ]pe¿Øn-

sb∂pw cmPm-°-∑m-tc-°qSn hcp-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Øn-sb∂pw Cfw-Ipfw kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. cma-Ip-e-ti-

Page: 27



J-c\v \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ ]ng-bn-Sp∂ Imcyw sIm√w cmta-izcw imk-\-Øn-ep-≠v. CXn¬ AXn-i-tbm‡n

h√msX Ie¿Ønb \nK-a-\-am-Wn-Xv. ImcWw _m“-W-tc-°mƒ FXtbm IqSp-X¬ A_m-“W

P∑n-am¿ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Fßs\ P∑n-am-cmbn F∂-Xns‚ hni-Zo-I-cWw Bcpw

\¬Ip-∂n-√. Sn∏p-hns‚ ae-_m¿ BI-aWw hsc P∑n-k-º-Zmbw A\yq-\-ambnØpS¿∂p. Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sIm®n ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øns‚ A]-N-b-amWv P∑n-k-º-Zm-b-Øn\v tIm´w

X´n-®-Xv. kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ mK-ambn h∂ kmaq-ly-k-aXz Nn¥-Ifpw ]t£m- -ßfpw P∑n-

k-º-Zm-bsØ D∑q-e\w sNbvXp. q]-cn-jvI-cW hyh-ÿ-Iƒ P∑n-am-cpsS qan IpSn-bm-\n-tebv°v

am‰n.

aX-N-cnXw

`mc-Xob Pohn-X-co-Xn-bpsS ]mtZ-inI cq]-amWv BZy-Im-esØ P\X ]n≥Xp-S¿∂n-cp-∂-

sX∂v kwL-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS kq£va-]-T\w sIm≠v a\- n-em-°mw. C∂sØ A¿∞-Øn-ep-≈ aXw

A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. [¿Ωw, kwkv°m-cw F∂nßs\-bp≈ ImgvN-∏m-SmWv kaqlw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. [¿Ωw, A¿∞w, Imaw F∂nh Fßs\ A\p-k-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Xncp-°p-dƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xv. Cßs\ Pohn-®m¬ tam£w A\p-‡-kn-≤-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]pcp-jm¿∞ NXp-jvS-bØnse

aq∂n-t\-°p-dn®p amXw ]d-™p-sh-t∂-bp-≈q. Btcm-Ky-]q¿Æ-amb uXn-I-PohnX-Øn-\mWv ]c-

temI hm©-tb-°mƒ ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. _u≤-k-º-Zm-b-°m¿ kpL-Sn-X-cm-bn-Øo¿∂Xp

apX¬ C°m-esØ aX-k-¶-ev]-Øn\p kam-\-amb Nn¥-Iƒ D≠m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AtX-Im-

eØp Xs∂ ssP\-a-Xhpw Chn-sS-sb-Øn.

_p≤-aXw

io_p-≤≥ aq∂p-]m-hiyw e¶ kµ¿in-®n- p-s≠∂v Zzo]-hw-iw, alm-hwiw F∂o _u≤-

Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-≠v. B bmX-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂n-cn-°mw. ]t£ AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]cm-

a¿i-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√. _n.-kn. aq∂mw iX-I-Øn¬ Atim-Is‚ aI≥ atl-µ\pw aIƒ kwL-an-

Xbpw tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂n- p-≠v. s]mXn-bw-a-e-bn¬ atl-µ≥ Fgp-Xnb inem-tcJ G.-Un. Ggmw

\q‰m≠v hsc-sb-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Atim-Is‚ Kn¿Wm¿ imk-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-]p-X≥ Xs‚

Iev]-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Kn¿Wm¿ imk-\-Øns‚ ]I¿∏p-Iƒ

s]j-hm-dn-\-Sp-Øp≈ jmlkv _m¿Kn-bn-ep-≠v. Sn_-‰nse Zsse-em-a-bpsS sIm´m-c-Øn\v s]mXme

F∂mWv t]cv. CXv Z£n-W-Zn-°nse I]m-Xme hnlm-c-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xp-

∂p. Bbv cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p s]mXn-bw-a-e. AK-kvXy-Iq-S-Øn\v atl-µ-Kncn

F∂p-t]-cp-h-∂Xpw Cß-s\-bm-Wv.

kwL-Imew F∂ ]tbm-K-Ønse kwLw _p≤-kw-L-ßsf A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. DZn-

b≥ tNc-emX≥, s\Spw-tN-c-em-X≥ F∂o t]cp-I-fnse BX≥ F∂ hm°v B¿l-X≥ (_p-≤- n-

£p) F∂-Xns‚ cq]m-¥-c-am-bn-°q-Sm-bvI-bn-√. \mKm¿÷p-\-sIm-≠-bnse tcJ-I-fn¬ \n∂v tIc-

f-Øn¬ _p≤-a-X-Øn\v hym]-I-amb kzoIm-cyX e`n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn a\- n-em-°mw. hm\-h-c-º≥,

Ca-b-h-c-º≥ F∂nh Atim-Is‚ tZhm\mw]nb-≥ F∂ _ncp-Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-apƒs°m-≈p-

Page: 28



∂p. kwL-Im-esØ kw -h-tØ-°p-dn®v ]n¬°m-e-sØ-gp-X-s∏´ IrXn-I-fmWv Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw,

aWn-ta-J-e-bp-sa∂v Gsd-°psd sXfn-™n- p-≠v. ]pIm¿ Imfi-Ønepw a[p-cm-Im-fi-Ønepw

_p≤-a-X-tØ-°p-dn®pw hnlm-c-ß-tf-°p-dn®pw kqN-\-I-fp-≠v. Ima-tZ-hs‚ A©p-_m-W-ß-tfbpw

hen-s®-dn™v alm-t_m[n hr£-®p-h- n¬s®∂p X]- p-sNbvX _p≤≥ F∂mWv ]cm-a¿iw.

knwlf cmPm-hmb KP-_mlp h©n-bnse ]Øn-\n-°-S-hp-ƒ ]Xn-jvT°v k∂n-ln-X-\m-hp-Ibpw

Xs‚ \mń¬ Hcp ]Øn-\n-t£Xw D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvsX∂pw Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂-dn-bmw.

A®pXhn-°¥≥ F∂ If` cmPm-hns‚ hmgvN-°m-eØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ _p≤-Z-Ø≥ cNn®

K‘-hwi F∂ IrXn-bn¬ h©n-]-´Ww _u≤-tI-µ-am-sW∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. F.-Un. 630¬

lypbm≥kmMv F∂ ssN\okv k©mcn mc-X-Øn-se-Øn. At±-l-Øns‚ hnh-c-W-ßƒ tIc-f-

Ønse _u≤-km-∂n-≤y-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p. H≥]Xmw iX-I-tØmsS _p≤-a-X-Øn\v A]-

Nbw kw -hn-®n-cn-°mw. NmIym-∑m¿ IqØn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ aØ-hn-em-kw, K-h-Z-RvPqIw F∂o

]lk-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v CXv hy‡-am-Wv. HSp-hn-esØ s]cp-amƒ _q≤-\mbn \oewt]-cq-cn-se-Øn-

sb∂pw Infn-cq-cn¬ sh®p kam-[n-bm-sb∂pw Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Infn-cq-cnse Im¿Øym-b\o t£X-

Øn¬ C∂p ]qPn-°p∂ hnKlw _u≤-cpsS Xmcm-tZ-hn-bm-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Infn-cq¿

Ip∂n≥ta¬ t£X-Øns‚ Nph-cn¬ ]≈n-hm-W¿ F∂v sImØn-sh-®n- p-≠v. AhnsS alm-hn-

jvWp-hmbn ]qPn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnKlw _p≤-t‚-Xm-Wv.

tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂v [mcmfw _p≤-hn-K-l-ßƒ e`n-®n- p-≠v. sIm√w Pn√-bpsS hS-°p- m-

KØpw Be-∏pg Pn√-bpsS sX°p `mK-Øp-ambn hcp∂ Icp-\m-K-∏-≈n, Im¿Øn-I-∏-≈n, Ip∂-

Øq¿, amth-en-°-c, Aº-e-∏pg ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWh Inń-bn- p-≈-Xv. acp-Xq¿°p-f-ß-c-bnse

]≈n-°-en¬ \n∂p-In- nb hnK-lsØ ‘]pX-®≥’ F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂p. Be-∏p-g-bnse Icp-am-Sn-bn-

ep≈ Ip´≥ F∂ _p≤-hn-K-l-Øn\p apºn¬ hf¿Øp-ar-K-ß-fp-sSbpw ]£n-I-fp-sSbpw \∑-

bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]m¿∞\Iƒ \S-°p-∂p. ASq¿ \K-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ]≈n-°-en¬ \n∂p Inńb

]pX-®\pw I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS c£-I-\m-Wv.

A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ \n∂v ^©v ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-I-\mb ^ptjbv°p Inńb Hcp

hnK-l-Øns‚ ]oT-Øn¬ Z£n-Wm-]tY aqe-hmk temI-\mY Fs∂-gp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. aqj-I-hwiw

Imhy-Ønepw Bbv cmPm-hmb hnI-am-ZnXy hc-Kp-Ws‚ ]menbw imk-\-Ønepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂

ioaq-e-hm-k-am-Wn-Xn-ep≈ aqe-hm-kw. IS-tem-c-Øp≈ B hnlmcw ]n∂oSv IS-se-Sp-Øp-t]m-bn-

cn-°mw. AXn-\m¬ ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc tIc-f-Ønse _u≤-]-Xm]w tIm´w-Iq-SmsX

XpS¿s∂∂v A\p-am-\n-°mw. tIc-f-Øn¬ ]≈n F∂m-cw- n-°p-Itbm Ah-km-\n-°p-Itbm sNøp∂

Ht´sd ÿe-\m-a-ß-fp-≠v. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw _p≤-hn-lm-c-ßƒ \ne-\n∂hbm-bn-cn-°mw. aRvPp

io-aq-e-I-ev]-sa∂ _u≤-Xm-XnI KŸ-Øns‚ GI-]Xn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ \n∂mWv Inń-b-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse [¿Ω-imkvXm t£X-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw _u≤-k-º-Zm-b-ß-tfmSv _‘-

ap≈XmWv. hnKlw apX¬ kmayw Bcw- n-°p-∂p. ic-W-a-¥hpw _u≤-am-Wv. sNń-Ip-f-ßc

tZho-t£-X-Ønse c-Wn-°p≈ sI´p-Im-gvN-Iƒ _u≤ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂v h∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°mw.

_u≤-Ir-Xn-bmb kn≤-cq-]hpw Aa-c-tIm-ihpw G‰hpw ]N-cn-®Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. t£X-ß-

Page: 29



fnse NnIn-’m-]-≤Xn _p≤-hn-lm-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ISw-sIm-≠-Xm-Imw. XIgn imkvXm-t£-X-Ønse

hmX-Nn-In’ DZm-l-c-Ww. imkvXmhv F∂ ]Zw-t]mepw _p≤s‚ ]cym-b-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v Cu \nK-

a\w tbmPn-°p-∂p.

ssP\-aXw

Nµ-Kp-]vX-au-cy≥ (_n.-kn. 321 297) Ccp-]-Ø©mw c-W-h¿j-Øn¬ cmPy-ap-t]-£n®v Z-

_m-lp-hn-t\m-sSm∏w ih-W-_-f-sKm-f-bn-se-Øn. Z£n-W-I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse Cu ÿew tIc-f-

Øn\v hf-sc-b-SpØv kly-]¿∆X ]tZ-i-Øm-Wv. A°mew apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ ssP\-hn-izmkw

]N-cn-®n-cn-°mw. Xangv alm-Im-hy-ß-fmb Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw aWn-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂pw

h©n-bnepw Xr°-Wm-a-Xn-e-I-Øp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ssP\ _kvXn-I-tf-°p-dn®v Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-bnse \mK¿tIm-hn¬ \mK-cmPm t£Xw Xncp-®mcWØp-a-e-bnse NnX-dm¬

Kplm-t£Xw F∂nh Hcp ImeØv ssP\ _kvXn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p tXm∂p-∂p. NnX-dm-en¬

]flm-h-Xo-tZ-hn, alm-hoc Xo¿∞-¶-c≥, ]m¿iz-\mY Xo¿∞-¶-c≥ F∂n-h-cpsS hnK-l-ß-fp-≠v.

t£X-Ønse inem-en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hc-Kp-Ws‚ t]c-°p- n-bmb KpW-¥m-¶n-Kp-cp-]-Øn-Iƒ

tZhn°v kz¿Æm- -c-W-ßƒ \S-°p-sh-®-Xmbn a\- n-em-°mw. s]cp-ºm-hq-cnse I®n¬ `K-h-Xo-

t£Xw sNdp-Xp-cp-Øn-°-SpØ Ccp-\n-ew-tImSv inh-t£Xw Ch-bn¬ ssP\-kzm-[o\w ]I-S-am-

Wv.

]me-°mSv ssP\-ta- n¬ Nµ-\m-Y-kzm-an, hnP-b-b-£n, Pzmem-am-en\n b£n, Ej- -Xo¿∞-

¶-c≥, ]m¿iz-\mY Xo¿∞-¶-c≥ F∂n-h-cpsS ]Xn-jvT-I-fp-≠v. ap≠q¿ sX∂n-em-]pcw t£Xw,

]cp-hm-t»cn t£Xw Chbpw ssP\-tI-µ-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. _wK-c-a-t©-iz-cØv Bcm-[\ \S-°p∂

c≠p ssP\ _kvXn-I-fp≠v. hb-\m- n-emWv C∂v ssP\-cp-≈-Xv. ssakq-cn¬ \n∂v Im¿jn-I-hr-

Øn-bp-ambn h∂ Ch¿ ]pfn-bm¿ ae, ta∏m-Sn, am\-¥-hmSn, _tØcn XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xma-

kn-°p-∂p.

blq-Z-aXw

F.-Un. 68¬ tdmam-°m¿ Pdp-k-te-anse tZhm-ebw \in-∏n-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn A -bm¿∞n-I-fmbn

Ae-™ blq-Z¿ tIc-f-ØnepsaØn. ]mNo\ tIc-f-Øn\v a≤y-[-c-Wymgn ]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambp≠mb

hmWn-Py-_-‘-amWv CXn\v \nanØ-am-b-Xv. A∂sØ ][m\ Xpd-ap-J-amb apkn-cn-bn¬ FØnb

Ah¿ ]e kwL-ß-fmbn Xncn-™p. AXn¬ Hcp Iq´¿ IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse amSm-bn-bnepw FØn-

sb-¶nepw Hcp PqX-°p-f-a-√msX as‰mchin-jvShpw Ct∏m-gn-√. ]d-hq¿, amf, a´m-t©cn F∂o

]tZ-i-ßƒ Ch-cpsS Xmh-f-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F.-Un. 1000¬ mkv°c chn-h¿Ω PqX-]-am-Wn-bmb

tPmk v dºn\v \¬Inb A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS hnhcw PqX-im-k-\-Øn-ep-≠v. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-

Im¿ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ sNbvX AXn-I-a-ß-tf-Øp-S¿∂v 1565-emWv sIm®nbntebv°v IpSn-tb-‰-ap-

≠m-b-Xv. Ckm-tb¬ cmPyw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏- -t∏mƒ tIc-f-Ønse PqX-∑m-cn¬ _lp- q-cn-]-£hpw

Ahn-tSbv°p t]mbn. Ct∏mƒ \qdn¬Ømsg blq-Z¿ amXta tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈q.

Page: 30



InkvXp-aXw

InkvXp-hns‚ ]¥≠p injy-cn¬ Hcm-fmb am¿tXma F.-Un. 52¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-sb-

∂mWv hnizm-kw. sk‚ vtXm-a-kns‚ Ncn-X-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]N-cn-®p-t]m-cp∂ BIvSm-tXmam

F∂ KŸsØ tdmw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw tIc-f-Ønse tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ AwKo-I-cn-

°p-∂p-≠v. am¿tXma Nmh-°m-Sn\p kao-]-ap≈ ]me-bq-cn¬sh®v ]I-tem-a-‰w, i¶-c-]pcn XpS-

ßnb _m“W IpSpw-_-ßsf aXw-am-‰n-sb-∂p-amWv IY. tIc-f-Ønse A`n-PmX kaq-l-ß-fn-

sem-∂m-bn- mWv BZy-Ime InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Pohn®p t]m∂-Xv. hnhm-lw, Ncaw XpS-ßnb thf-I-

fn¬ _m“-W-kw-kv°mcw C∂pw ]I-S-am-Wv. At¥ym-Jy-bnse ]m¿Xn-bm-°o-kns‚ Iogn-emWv

tIc-f-k` ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠p-hsc AXv am‰-an-√msX XpS¿∂p. a≤y-]u-

ckvXy tZiØp \n∂m-bn-cp∂p saXm-∑m¿ h∂-Xv. Ah¿ aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ amXw HXpßn \n∂p.

tIc-fob cmPm-°-∑m¿ Ahsc t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F.-Un. 345¬ Im\mbnsØmΩs‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Iptd IrkvXym-\n-Iƒ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ h∂n-cp-∂p. ÿmWp-c-hn-h¿Ω-bpsS 5˛mw

`c-W-h¿j-amb F.-Un. 849¬ thWm- nse Aø-\-Sn-Iƒ Xncp-h-Sn-Iƒ sIm√sØ Xcn-km-∏-≈n°v

Zm\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. cmP-knw-ls‚ Xmg-°mSp imk\w Ccn-ßm-e-°p-S-bv°-SpØ Xmg-°ms´

]≈n°v \¬Inb Zm\-ß-fpsS hnh-c-W-am-Wv. CXn¬ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v aWn-Km-a-∏´w \¬Ip-

∂Xp ]d-bp-∂p. sIm®n-bnse hoc-cm-Lh NI-h¿Øn-bpsS sNºp-]- bw 1225 F.-Un.-bn-te-Xm-Wv.

atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ Cchn tIm¿Ø-\\v aWn-Km-a-ÿm\w sImSp-°p∂ Imcyw Cu ] -b-Øn-ep-≠v.

F.-Un. ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ (1324)- sIm√w _nj-∏mbn h∂ s^b¿ tPm¿Um-\kv sIm√w

_nj-∏m-bn-Øo¿∂p. acp-a-°-Øm-b-tØ-°p-dn®p ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ andm _nenb UnkvIn]v‰vjysS

I¿Øm-hmWv tPm¿Um-\-kv. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ h∂v kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Isf D]-Z-hn-°p-

Ibpw aX-]-c-amb Ahn-th-Ihpw Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw D≠m°n kmap-Zm-bnI ssaXn XI¿°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-fo-b-k- sb \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆w eØo≥doØm-°mƒ \S-Ønb iaw k -bpsS

]nf¿∏n\p Imc-W-am-°n. thjw, B -c-Ww, kwt_m-[\m coXn-Iƒ CsX√mw \m´p-Im-cn¬ \n∂v

hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p DZbwt]cq¿ kq\-l-tZ-mkv.

C…mw-aXw

apl-ΩZv \_n-bpsS Ime-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ tIc-fhpw Ad-_n-\m-Sp-Ifpw hmWn-Py-_-‘-

Øn¬ G¿s∏- n-cp-∂p. \_n-bpsS Imew apX¬ ]¥≠mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-Øn-\n-S-bn¬

tIc-f-Øn¬ ap…o-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂p ImWmw. ]¥≠p apX¬ ]Xn-\-©p-h-sc-bp≈

\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ tImgn-t°mSp kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS t]m’m-l\w \n o-a-am-bn-cp-∂p. atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ

Ipe-ti-Jc `c-W-Im-e-Øn\p tij-am-Wn-sX√mw kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. sImSp-ß-√q-cnse tNc-am≥

]≈nbpw amSm-bn-∏-≈nbpw ]mNo-\-X-a-ß-fm-Wv.

i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ (F.-Un. 788- 820)

ImeSn-bnse ssI∏≈n C√Øv inh-Kp-cp-hn-s‚bpw Bcymw-_-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn∏nd∂

i¶c≥ F´mw hb- n¬ Kpcp-hn-t\-tØSn \¿ΩZm Xoc-sØ-Øn. tKmhn-µm-Nm-cy-\n¬ \n∂v hnZy

Page: 31



t\Sn-bn v io\-K-c-Øn-se-Øn. k¿∆-⁄-]oTw Ib-dn. ]ÿm-\-Xbn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ D]-\n-jXv

`mjyw, K-h-XvKoXm mjyw, _“kqX- mjyw F∂n-h-sIm≠v AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥sØ Dd-∏n-®p.

kuµ-cy-e-lcn F∂ Xm¥nI KŸ-apƒs∏sS \qtdmfw IrXn-Iƒ BNm-cy-cp-tS-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-

∂p. ]fl-]m-Z≥, kptc-iz-c≥, lkvXm-a-e-I≥, tXmS-I≥ (B-\-µ-Kn-cn) F∂n-h-cmWv ][m\ injy-

∑m¿. hS°v _Z-co-\m-Yw, sX°v irwtK-cn, Ing°v ]pcn, ]Sn™mdv ZzmcI F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬

Bav\mb aT-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. Im©o-]pcw t]mse a‰p-]e aT-ßfpw i¶-c-]-c-º-c-bn-ep-≠v. BNm-

cy-cpsS alm-\n¿∆m-W-Øn-\p-tijw injy-∑m¿ Xr»n-h-t]-cq-cn¬ hSt° aTw, sXt° aTw, CS-

bn¬ aTw, \Sp-hn¬ aTw F∂v \mep aT-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p.

acp-a-°-Ømbw

temI-Øn-se-hn-sSbpw acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øn¬ \n∂v a°-Øm-b-Øn-te-bv°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-

amWv \S-∂n- p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ amXw a°-Øm-b-Øn¬ \n∂v acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øn-tebv°v

Hcp aS°w D≠m-bn- p-≠v. kwL-Ime Ncn-X-Øn¬ cmPm-[n-Imcw a°-Øm-b-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v

]Xn-‰p-∏Øp sIm≠-dn-bmw. atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ tNc-∑m-cpsS ImeØpw a°-Øm-b-am-bn-cp∂p sh∂v

s]cp-∂-im-k-\w, Xncp-∏m¿°-S¬ imk\w XpS-ßnb tcJ-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw. aqj-I-hw-

i-Øn¬ a°-Øm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v ]e \q‰m-≠p-Imew \n∂ Iaw, ]Xn-∂memw iX-I-Øn¬ he- ≥

apX¬ acp-a-°-Øm-b-am-Ip-∂p. ]Xn-∂memw \q‰m-≠n¬ ^bm¿ tPm¿Um-\kv acp-a-°-Øm-b-tØ-

°p-dn-®p-]-d-bp-∂p-ap-≠v. ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Xpfp-\m- n¬ Afn-b-k-¥m\w

F∂ t]cn¬ acp-a-°-Ømbw h∂-Xmbn F.-_n. kme-Øq¿ Is≠-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

\nc-¥-c-amb tNc-bp≤w aqew ae-bm-fn-I-fmb \mb¿ ]pcp-j-∑m¿ acn-®p. At∏mƒ \ºq-Xn-

cn-am¿ \mb¿ kvXoIsf kw_‘w sNbvXp XpS-ßn. A—s‚ kzØn\v a°ƒt°m a°-fpsS

kzØn\v A—t\m Ah-Im-i-an-√mØ kº-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p kw_-‘w. \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cn¬ aqØ-a-

I≥ amXw kzPm-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v thfn-I-gn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ kzØp-hn- -Pn-°-s∏-SmsXbncn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. AXpw \ºq-Xncn P∑n-amsc krjvSn®p. CXmWv Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ kn≤m-¥w.

\mb-∑m¿°pw Aº-e-hm-kn-Iƒ°p-amWv acp-a-°-Ømbw. ]ø-∂q¿ Kma-Ønse Xncp-ap-

ºp-am-cmb \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°pw acp-a-°-Øm-b-am-Wv. mc-X-∏pg apX¬ awK-em-]pcw hsc-bp≈ ap…o-

ßƒ°p sX°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Nne InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw acp-a-°-Øm-b-amWv.

PmXn-k-º-Zmbw

kwL-Im-eØv P∑-PmXn C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw atlm-Z-b-]p-c-Øns‚ A`yp-Z-b-tØm-S-SpØv

P∑PmXn D≠m-bn- p-≠v. Xcn-km-∏≈n imk-\-Øn¬ Cug-h-PmXn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. \mb-∑m¿

F∂ PmXn-tb-°p-dn®v ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠nse Kucn-N-cnXw Nºp apXte Adn-bp-∂p-≈q. t£X-

tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-ßƒ D≠m-bn. kaq-l-Øns‚ Xe-∏Øv _m“-W¿ hcp∂

Hcp PmXn kº-Zmbw cq]-s∏- p. cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-cs‚ sIm√w cmta-izcw imk-\-Øn¬ \n∂v

cmPm-hn\p ]ng-bn-Sm≥ amXw i‡-cm-bn-cp∂p _m“-W-sc∂v sXfn-bp-∂p.

Page: 32



Iem-N-cnXw

IqØn\v t]m’m-l\w In´nb Ime-amWv atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ Ipe-ti-J-c-∑m-cp-tS-Xv. Nne-∏-

Xn-Im-c-Im-eØp Xs∂-bp≈ IqØns\ Ipe-ti-J-c-h¿Ωbpw \¿Ω kNn-h-\mb tXme\pw tN¿∂v

]cn-jv°-cn-®p. Ipe-ti-J-cs‚ kp -Zm-[-\-P-bw, X]-Xo-kw-h-cWw Cu \mS-I-ßƒ NmIym-∑m¿

IqØn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. A`n-\-bn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb B -]-Im-chpw Ia-Zn-]n-Ibpw tXmes‚

IrXn-I-fm-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. H≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ t£X-\n¿ΩmWw XpS-

ßn-b-Xn-\m¬ Cu Ie km¿∆-Xn-I-ambn ]¥≠mw \q‰m-≠m-Ip-tºm-tg°pw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]m´p-]-

ÿm-\hpw aWn-]-hmf ]ÿm-\hpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tNmZy-ßƒ

eLq]-\ym-k-ßƒ Fgp-XpI

1. Ggn-ae tIcf-Øns‚ cmjvSob kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-X-Øn¬ hln-°p∂ ÿm\w.

2. \Zn-Iƒ°v tIc-fob a\- n-ep≈ ÿm\w

3. ]c-ip-cma IY-bnse qan-imkvX kXy-ßƒ

4. q]-Ir-Xnbpw tIcfw F∂ t]cpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

5. tIc-f-N-cn-X-]-T-\-Øn\p klm-bn-°p∂ kwkvIrX kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ.

6. Ko°v k©m-cn-I--fpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬ sXfn-bp∂ tIc-fw.

7. Ad_n k©m-cn-I-fpsS bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ Ncn-X-c-N-\bv°v Fßs\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p.

8. lypbm≥kmMv, amlzm≥ F∂n-h-cpsS tIc-f kw_-‘n-I-fmb Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ kwK-ln-°p-I.

9. tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂p In´nb hntZ-iob \mW-b-ß-tf°p-dn®v eLp-hn-h-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I.

10. Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]m-[m-\yw.

11. Bbv hwi-tØ-°p-dn®v kwLw-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I.

12. ÿmWp-c-hn-bpsS imk-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hy‡-am-Ip∂ kaq-lw.

13. tIc-fhpw blq-Z-a-Xhpw

14. BZn-tN-c-∑m-cpsS Xe-ÿm\w Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

15. tIc-f-N-cn-X-Ønse Ccp-f-S™ GSp-I-tf-°p-dn®v e`y-amb hkvXp-X-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°p-I.

16. tIc-f-Øn¬ ssP\-aXw FX-amXw ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

17. ap°m¬h´w F∂ kt¶-X-sa-¥v.

18. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ IYsb Ncn-X-ZrjvSym ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

19. ‘sIm√w tXm‚n’ F∂m-se-¥v.

20. \q‰m-≠p-bp≤w F∂ Bibw tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]k-‡-amtWm? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

21. hnI-am-Zn-Xy-h-c-Kp-Ws‚ ]m[m-\y-sa¥v?

Page: 33



22. Xncp-hn-√m-im-e-tb-°p-dn®v e`y-amb hkvXp-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

23. ioaq-e-hm-k-tØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhn[ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ Gh?

24. tImhn-e-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v c≠mw tNc kmam-Py-Øn-ep≈ ÿm\w.

25. A©p-h-Æhpw aWn-°n-cm-ahpw F¥v?

26. atlm-Z-b-]p-chpw hmWn-Pym- n-hr-≤nbpw

27. t£X-I-e-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hw.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°pI

1. tIc-tfm-ev]Øn

2. hmg-∏≈n imk\w

3. \∂≥

4. s]cp-amƒ Xncp-samgn

5. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ \mb-\m¿

6. aqgn-°pfw I®w

7. tImgn-t°m-S≥ KŸ-hcn

8. s]cn-πkv

9. ln∏m-ekv

10. amlzm≥

11. A¬_n-dq\n

12. Xcn-km-∏≈n imk\w

13. ]Øn-\n-°-S-hpƒ

14. hoc-°-√p-Iƒ

15. U®v ]mekv

16. t_°¬tIm´

17. s\Spw-tIm´

18. ]menbw imk\w

19. DZb am¿Øm-fi≥ IY

20. ÿmWp-chn h¿Ω

21. i¶-c-\m-cm-b-Wobw

22. Xncp-h√m sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ

23. NßmXw

24. sIm√w cmta-izcw imk\w

25. ap\n-b-d-Iƒ

26. sXm≠n-Xp-d-apJw

27. Zo\mcw

Page: 34



28. am¿t°m-t]mtfm

29. ]yp´n≥ tKdn-b≥ tS_nƒkv

30. hS-Xn-cn-°¬

31. Nne-ºp-ISn t\mºv

32. aS-te-c¬

33. Ifapw I¿∏pw

Zo¿tLm-]-\ym-k-ßƒ

1. a-lm-inemkwkv°mc bpK-Øns‚ kvac-W-bp-W¿Øp∂ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ tIc-f-kw-kv-°mc

]T-\sØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

2. ]mNo\ kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂v tIc-f-N-cn-XsØ Fßs\ Is≠-Sp-°mw.

3. kwLw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ F∂m-se¥v? Ahbv°v tIc-f-N-cnX ]T-\-Øn-ep≈ ÿm\w \n¿Æ-bn-°p-I.

4. \mW-b-ßƒ kwkv°m-c-N-cn-X-]T\sØ Fßs\ klm-bn-°p∂p? tIc-f-kw-kv°mc ]cn-

t]-£y-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

5. `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ tIc-fob kwkv°mcw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Fßs\ klm-b-

I-am-bn.

6. Ad-_n-\m-Sp-I-fpw tIc-f-hp-am-bp≈ hmWn-Py-_-‘-Øns‚ kz`mhw F¥m-bn-cp-∂p.

7. bqtdm-]y≥ k©m-cn-Iƒ tIc-fsØ Fßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-

I.

8. ]Xn-‰p-∏-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂ tNc-∑m¿ Bsc-√mw. cmjvSob Ncn-X-Øn-eqsS kmaq-ly-

L-S\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

9. sF¥nssW F∂m-se¥v? hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

10. atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ tNc-∑m-cpsS NcnXw inem-Xm-a-im-k-\-ß-fn-eqsS Fßs\ ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-

°mw.

11. kvXoI-fpsS kmaq-ly-]-Zhn kwL-Im-eØv GXp hn[-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

12. Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ tIc-f-N-cnXw kwK-ln-°p-I.

13. kpZo¿L-amb tNc-tNmg kwL¿jw tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-L-S-\sb Fßs\ _m[n-®p-sh∂v

hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

14. tIc-fob cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw t]m’m-l-\hpw imk-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hy‡-

am-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\?

15. acp-a-°-Ømbw cq]-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-°nb kml-N-cy-ßƒ Gh?

16. tIc-f-Ønse PmXn-k-º-Zmbw cq]-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-°n-b-Xn-t\-°p-dn®v s]m^. Cfw-Ipfw D∂-bn-

°p∂ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-I.

Page: 35



17. tIc-f-Ønse PmXn-I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw GXp-hn-[-am-sW∂v hnNn-¥\w sNøp-I.

18. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ mc-Xob kwkv°m-c-Øn\p \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

19. kwLImesØ Bcm-[\m kº-Zm-b-ß-tfbpw ]nev°m-esØ Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-I-tfbpw Xmc-X-

ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

20. atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ tNc-∑m¿ Iebv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw \¬Inb tkh-\-ßƒ Fs¥ms°?

21. tIc-f-Ønse InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ Ncn-X-sa-gp-Xp-I.

22. C…mw-a-Xhpw tIc-fhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ kwK-ln-°p-I.

23. tIc-f-Øn¬ _p≤-aXw FX-amXw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

24. ssP\-aXw tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp ]_-e-i-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂pthm? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

25. Ggn-a-e, Bbv F∂o Ipdp-\ne a∂-∑m-cpsS NcnXw kwL-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠--Sp-°p-I.

26. F.-Un. H≥]-Xp-ap-X¬ ]Xn-aq-∂p-h-sc-bp≈ ImesØ tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ NcnXw

kwK-ln-°p-I.

27. sIm√-h¿j-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhn[ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

28. atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ tNc-∑m-cpsS ImeØv ‡n-]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

29. kwkv°mcw F∂m-se¥v? tIcf Ncn-X-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ At\z-jn-°p-I.

30. Ncn-X-c-N-\m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ GsX√mw? Ah tIc-f-N-cn-X-c-N-\bv°v Fß-s\-sb√mw klm-b-I-

amIpw? hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

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Hcp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI

1. tIc-f-]-cm-a¿i-ap≈ G‰hpw ]mNo-\-amb kwkvIrX KŸw.

2. tNc-cm-Pm-I-∑m-sc-°p-dn®v ]d-bp∂ Hcp CXn-lm-kw.

3. Nq¿Æn \Zn-bnse apØp-I-tf-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]mNo\ kwkvIr-X-K-Ÿw.

4. tIc-f-]-Z-ap≈ Hcp Imfn-Zmk IrXn.

5. Ipe-ti-J-c-h¿Ω-bpsS Hcp kwkvIrX \mS-Iw.

6. atlm-Z-b-]p-c-Øp-sh-s®-gp-X-s∏´ Hcp tPymXn-im-kvX-KŸw

7. Ipe-ti-J-cs‚ kZ-ky-\mb bh-\-I-hn.

8. BZn-tN-c-∑m-sc-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Xangv IrXn.

9. HmWm-tLm-j-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ BZy ]cm-a¿iw GXv IrXn-bn¬.

10. h©n-bn¬ shs®-gp-X-s∏´ Hcp Xangv alm-Im-hyw.

11. Ihn-bm-bn-cp∂ Hcp kwL-Ime tNc cmPm-hv.

12. Ipe-ti-Jc Bgv-hm-cpsS Xangv IrXn

13. s]cnb ]pcm-W-Øns‚ I¿Øm-hv.

14. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ \mb-\m-cpsS Xangv IrXn.

15. tNmg tNc kwL¿j-tØ-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Hcp Xangv IrXn.

16. Im¥-fq¿ Ie-a-dp∏v ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ Hcp Xangv IrXn

17. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ \mb-\m-cpsS Xan-gvIrXn

18. F.-Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIcfw kµ¿in-® Hcp Ko°v k©m-cn.

19. tNc-X-e-ÿm-\-amb Icu-c-tb-°p-dn®v ]d-bp∂ BZy Ko°v k©m-cn.

20. ]oanbw Fwt]m-dnbw C≥Untb GXp \K-cw.

21. tImUqkv C≥Un-t°m-πq-kvXkv Fgp-Xnb KŸw.

22. sIm√w \K-c-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ BZy IrXn.

23. 7˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ ssN\okv k©m-cn.

24. Xmthmf Nnen Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-cv.

25. kpsse-am≥ F∂ k©mcn tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ h¿jw.

26. sIm√-sØ-°p-d®v Fgp-Xn-bn-c-°p∂ Hcp kv]m\njv blqZ k©m-cn.

27. am¿t°m-t]mtfm h¿Æn-°p∂ tIc-f-Ønse ae.

28. ^bm¿ tPm¿Um-\-kns‚ KŸw.

29. acp-a-°-Øm-b-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ BZy bqtdm-]y≥ KŸw.

30. Xncp-°m-°pSn inem-t£-X-Ønse inev]-Øns‚ ]ta-bw.

31. \µn-tI-is‚ hm\-c-cq]w sImØn-bn- p≈ Hcp Kplm-t£-Xw.

32. ssP\-hn-lm-c-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp t£Xw.

33. ]pX-®s‚ hnKlw GXv ÿe-Øm-Wp-≈-Xv.

34. ZmhnU inev]-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp alm-t£Xw GXv.

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35. ae-bm-f- m-j-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ BZysØ tcJ GXv.

36. ]c-ip-cma ]Xn-jvT-bp≈ Hcp alm-t£-Xw.

37. sk‚ vtXm-akv \n¿Ωn-®-sX∂p hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ BZysØ ]≈n.

38. a´m-t©-cn-bnse U®p-sIm- mcw \n¿Ωn-®-Xm-cv.

39. tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb Nph¿ NnX-ap-≈-sX-hn-sS.

40. tIc-f-Øn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ tdma≥ \mW-b-Øns‚ t]cv.

41. GXp c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS \mW-b-amWv B\-b®v

42. Ien-bp-K-cm-b≥ ]Ww Cd-°nb c-Wm-[n-Im-cn.

43. tZh-Zm-kn-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]mc--a¿i-ap≈ ]mNo-\-X-a-amb imk-\w.

44. Aø-\-Sn-Iƒ Xncp-h-Sn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ imk-\-ta-Xv.

45. kndn-b≥ InkvXy≥ Xa-im-k\w GXv c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-tS-Xv.

46. aqgn-°fw I®p ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp imk-\w.

47. amSm-bn-∏-≈n-bpsS ÿm]\ h¿jw.

48. PqX-im-k-\-Øns‚ Imew.

49. ]mNo\ Kplm-Nn-X-ß-fp≈ Hcp ÿew.

50. atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ tNc-∑m-tc-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m≥ th≠n J\\w \S-°p∂ Hcp ÿew.

51. tIc-f-Ønse BZna \nhm-kn-I-fpsS \c-hw-i-im-kvX-amb tKmXw.

52. s\Knt‰m tKmX-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ Hcp tIc-fob kap-Zm-bw.

53. tIc-f-Ønse tX°p-XSn sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® Hcp temIm-¤p-Xw.

54. tIc-f-hp-ambn hmWn-Py-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏- n-cp∂ Hcp ]kn≤ PqX-N-I--h¿Øn.

55. ]mNo\ tIc-f-Øns‚ ][m\ Ib‰paXn Dev]-∂w.

56. \mhn-Isc tIcf Xoc-Ø-Sp-°m≥ klm-bn® Im‰v.

57. tIc-f-hp-am-bp≈ hmWn-Py-_-‘-sØ-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnb Ko°v NnX-Im-c≥.

58. saPo-cnb saUn-°-bpsS I¿Øm-hv.

59. L\-\-Øn¬ ssN\okv hym]mc _‘-Øn-\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Fhn-sS-\n∂p In´n.

60. kwL-Im-eØv Ggn-a-e-bpsS Xe-ÿm\w GXm-bn-cp-∂p.

61. Ggn-a-e-bnse \µ≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏´ bp≤w.

62. ]mgn bp≤-Øn¬ h[n-°-s∏´ Bbv tbm≤m-hv.

63. \µ-t\-°p-dn®v [mcmfw ]mSn-bn- p≈ Ihn.

64. hm\-h-c-k≥ F∂v _ncp-Z-ap≈ cmPm-hv.

65. DZn-b≥ tNc-ens‚ ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn-cp∂ tNmg-cm-Pm-hv.

66. IS¬ ]nd-tIm- nb F∂ hnti-j-W-ap≈ tNc-cm-Pm-hv.

67. BSp-tIm-Sp]mSp-tNm-em-X-s\-°p-dn®v ]Xn-‰p-]-Øn-ep≈ ]m´p-Iƒ Bsc-gp-Xn.

68. Ccp-sºmssd imJ-bnse BZy tNc cmPm-hv.

69. BZn-tN-c-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ Kplm-en-JnXw e`n® ÿe-ta-Xv.

70. BZn-tN-c-∑m-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\-amb h©n C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv GXv t]cn¬.

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71. kwL-Im-esØ P\-Iob k`.

72. kwL-Im-esØ ]nb-s∏´ ]m\o-bw.

73. Ipdn©n \ne-Øns‚ ]tXyI tZh≥ Bcv.

74. ]msse \ne-Ønse tZh-X-bpsS t]cv.

75. acpXw \ne-Ønse ][m\ D’-hw.

76. kwL-Im-eØv Kmb-I¿°v ]d-™n-cp∂ t]cv.

77. If- -Ønse ]K-¤-\mb cmPm-hv.

78. Io¿Øn-h¿Ω≥ c≠m-as‚ imk\w tIc-f-Øn¬ Fhn-sS-bp-≠v.

79. ssP\-a-X-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ Hcp Xangv alm-Im-hyw.

80. IpW-hm-bn¬t°m´w BcpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.

81. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ssP\-cp≈ ]tZ-iw.

82. Xncp-®m-c-W-Øp-ae GXp aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-- n-cn-°p-∂p.

83. ioaq-e-hm-k-tØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ Hcp kwkvIr-X-Im-hyw.

84. hnI-am-ZnXy hc-Kp-Ws‚ imk-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ _p≤-hn-lm-cw.

85. _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ A]-N-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp ]l-k-\w.

86. ]pX-®≥ F∂Xv B-cpsS hnK-l-am-Wv.

87. Ipe-ti-J-cs‚ bYm¿∞ \ma-t[-bw.

88. Bbv cmPm-°-∑m¿ ÿm]n® Hcp hnZym-im-e.

89. a\p-Ip-em-Zn-Xy-]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ D]-I-cn® Ncn-X-tc-J.

90. cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c≥ cq]o-I-cn-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ tk\m hn`m-Kw.

91. Im¥-fq¿ imsse Ie-a-dpØ tNmg cmPm-hv.

92. Ien-¶-Ø-®p-c-≠n-bn¬ ]iw-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ cmPm-hv.

93. atlm-Z-b-]p-tc-izc NcnXw Fgp-Xnb Ihn.

94. B -]-Im-chpw Ia-Zo-]n-Ibpw GXp-I-e-tbmSv _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.

95. Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ Hcp A`n-\b Ie.

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ba malayalam ii sem. complementary course · tic-f-]-t\wþ{]mno-\-þ-a[yime ticfw university of...

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