n-i -ti -cfw14.139.185.6/website/sde/syl7.pdftic-f -] -t\wþ b[p-\ n-i -ti -cfw ba malayalam iv...

tIc-f-]-T\wþ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw

BA MALAYALAM

IV Semester

COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

(CUCBCSS)

2014 Admission onwards

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Calicut University PO, Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635

1008

School of Distance Education

tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

BA MALAYALAM

IV Semester

COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfwPrepared by:

äntPm tXmakvAkn. s{]m^kÀ, (F-^v.Un.-]n.)tZh-amXm tImtfPv Ipd-hn-e-§mSv.

Lay out:Computer Section, SDE

©Reserved



Df-f-S¡w t]Pv \¼À

samUyqÄ þ 1 5------------- þ 20

samUyqÄ þ 2 21----- þ 26

samUyqÄ þ 3 27- þ 43

samUyqÄ þ 4 44 þ 73



samUyqÄ þ 1tIc-fob \thm-°m\w þ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä

Ccp-]Xmw iX-I-¯nsâ {]mcw-̀ -Z-i-I-§-fnÂ tIc-f-̄ nÂ kpi-à-amb kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. Ah-bpsS kzm[o-\-iàn khÀW-ln-µp-¡-sfbpw_m[n-¡m-Xn-cp-¶n-Ã. {_mÒ-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ DbÀ¶ lnµp-¡Ä t]mepw Cu{]Øm-\-§-fpsS AWn-bnÂ s]Sp-Ibpw auen-I-amb kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvIm-c-§Ä¡p-thn hmZn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cma-Ir-jvW-an-j³, {_Ò-hn-Zym-kw-Lw, Bcy-k-amPw apX-emb kwL-S-\-I-fpsSt\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ iàn-bmÀÖn-̈ p-h¶ AJn-e-̀ m-cX lnµp-a-X-]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä PmXn-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ tZmj-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v tIc-fo-b-ln-µp-¡-sfbpw t_m[-hm-·m-cm-¡n. CXnsâ Ae-sbm-en-IÄ tIc-f-̄ nepw {]I-S-am-bn. N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fp-sSbpw {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-sâbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ tIc-f-̄ nÂXs¶ cq]w-sIm ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\§Ä¡v s]mXp-Po-hn-X-¯n-t·Âhenb kzm[o-\-iàn sNep-̄ m³ km[n-̈ p. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nse A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xn-cmbn tbmK-t£-a-k-̀ bpw \mbÀk-ap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ D¶-a-\-¯n-\mbn F³.-F-kv.Fkpw cq]-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸-«Xpw C¯-c-samcp \thm-°m-\-L-«-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. A¿³Im-fn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ Abn-

-̄¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e\ kwLhpw PmXn-\-io-I-cWw F¶ e£yw ap³\nÀ¯nktlm-Z-c³ A¿-̧ sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ ktlm-Z-c-kw-Lhpw cq]-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸-«p.

tIc-f-̄ nÂ kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-cW-{]-Øm\w lnµp-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ am{Xw HXp-§n-\n-¶n-Ã.apÉo-§Ä¡n-S-bnse kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡-fm-bn-cp¶ h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀ aue-hn, aàn-X-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ apÉow kap-Zmb ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbpw \nc-h[n {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¶p.

aX-̄ nse AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw kap-Zm-b-¯nse A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw aX-]-c-amb AÔ-X-I-sfbpw D¨m-S\w sN¿m³ t\XrXzw \evInb kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡-fm-bn-cp¶p hmKv`-Sm-\-µ-³, hn.-Sn.`«-Xn-cn-̧ mSv, Ipam-c-Kpcp XpS-§n-b-hÀ. Ch-cp-sS-sbms¡ {]hÀ¯-\- -̂e-am-bn, tIcfw]pXn-sbmcp Pohn-X-{I-a-¯n-te¡p ]dn-̈ p-\-S-s¸-«p. tIc-f-̄ n-ep-mb Cu kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\-¯n\v t\XrXzw \evInb al-Xv hy-àn-I-sfbpw kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw Cu bqWn-änÂ hni-Z-ambn{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.

tbmK-t£a k` (1908)

\¼q-Xncn kap-Zmbt£aw e£y-am¡n cq]wsIm kwL-S-\-bmWv tbmK-t£a k`.PmXn sImpw `q{]-̀ pXzw sImpw Gähpw DbÀ¶ hn`mK-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw \nc-h[n A\m-Nm-c-§fpw A]-cn-jvIr-XXzhpw \¼q--Xncn k-ap-Zmb¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. IpSpw_ L-S-\-bm-bn-cp-¶pCu kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ Zpc-h-Øbv¡v {][m\ Imc-Ww. IpSpw-_-¯nÂ aq -̄bmÄ¡v am{Xw kzPm-Xn-bnÂ thfn; tij-ap-Å-hÀ¡v aäp khÀ® kap-Zm-b-¯nse kv{XoI-fp-ambn kw_Ôw CXm-bn-cp¶p kap-Zm-bm-Nm-cw. thfn-¡-[n-Im-c-apÅ \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS F®w Ipd-bp-Ibpw I\y-I-am-cpsSF®w Gdp-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ aq¯ \¼q-Xncn ]ns¶bpw ]ns¶bpw th«p. Fgp-]XpIgnªhr²sâ A©m-a-s¯tbm Bdm-a-s¯tbm thfn-bpsS {]mbw ]Xn-\mtem ]Xn-\t©m Bbn-cn-¡pw. hnhmlw Ignªv `À¯m-hnsâ CÃ¯p sN¶mÂ \mep-sI-«n-\p-ÅnÂ k]Xv\o Ie-lhpwkm[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cfw {]mb-̄ n-epÅ thfn-amÀ¡v `À¯mhv sImSp¯v t]mbXv ]e-t¸mgpwssh[hyw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. C -̄c-̄ nÂ hnhm-ln-I-X-cm-Im¯ I\yI-amcpw hnhmlw Ignª



kpaw-K-en-Ifpw hnhm-l-tijw ssh[hyw am{Xw e`n-̈ -hcpw Cu kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Zpc´Nn{X-§Äam{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.

\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS Ah-Øbpw Zp-c-́ -abam-bn-cp-¶p.

aq¯ tPyjvT-\m-bn-cp¶p IpSpw-_-¯nsâ A[n-Im-cn, IpSpw-_-kz¯pw AbmÄ¡v am-{X-am-Wv.

A\p-P-·mÀ¡v (A-]v^-·mÀ¡v) CÃ¯v bmsXmcp Øm\-hp-an-Ã. kw_\v[w aqew A\yPmXn

kv{XoI-fn-ep-m-Ip¶ Ip«nIsf a¡-fmbn ImWm-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-tam, a¡Ä¡v AÑs\ A§s\

hnfn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Im-itam CÃm-bn-cp¶p. A]v^³ \-¼q-Xn-cnsb kw_Ôn¨nS-t¯mfw AbmÄ

XoÀ¯pw A\m-Y-\mbn amdp¶ Ah-Ø-bmWv kzk-ap-Zm-b-̄ nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. ""\¼q-Xncn

kap-Zm-b-¯nse ]mXn-bn-e-[nIw kv{XoIÄ ]pd-t¯bv¡v hmXn-ep-I-fn-ÃmsX AI- -̄f-§-fnÂ

sIm«n-b-S-bv¡-s¸-«-t¸mÄ GXm--{Xbpw hcp¶ A]v^³amÀ AI-t¯bv¡v {]th-i-\-an-ÃmsX

]pd¯v Aeªp'' F¶v sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W³ hn.-Sn.-bpsS k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ

hne-bn-cp-̄ p-¶Xv \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-bs¯ kw_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfw ]qÀ®-ambpw icn-bm-Wv.

tIc-f-̄ nse aäp kap-Zm-b-§-tf-¡mÄ sshIn-bmWv \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cnÂ kmaqly]cnjv¡cW {]h-WX {]I-S-am-b-Xv. 1908 amÀ¨v amk-̄ nse inh-cm{Xn \mfnÂ Bephm sNdp-ap¡p sshZn-Isâ CÃ¯ph¨v tZi-aw-K-e¯p i¦-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-̧ m-Snsâ A²y-£-X-bnÂ tNÀ¶tbm-K-amWv "tbmK-t£ak`'bv¡v cq]w \ÂIn-b-Xv. ssh-Zn-I-Xz-¯n\pw P·n-̄ -̄ n\pw £X-taÂ¡msX \¼q-Xn-cnsb ]pXp-a-bn-tebv¡v sImp-h-cnI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p k`m-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ e£yw. IpdqÀ D®n-\-¼q-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sm-bn-cp¶p BZy-Im-e¯v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bXv. BÀ`m-S-ambn \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ hmÀjnI tbmK-§-fnÂ CXc kap-Zm-b-¡m-scbpw ]s¦-Sp-̧ n-̈ n-cp-¶p.]mÀÆXn s\t·\n awK-ew, Bcym-]Åw F¶n-hÀ ]s¦-Sp¯ A´ÀÖ\ kt½-f-\-§fpw hmÀjn-I-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Cw¥ojv ]Tn-¡p-I, ]p-cp-j-·msc hnZym-̀ ymkw sN¿n-¡pIXpS-§n-b-hbv¡v A¸p-d-t -̄bv¡pÅ am\p-jnI {]iv\-§-fn-te¡v BZyIme {]hÀ¯-I-cpsS {i²-]-Xn-ªn-Ã.

hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸mSv (1896 þ 1982)tbmK-t£a k`-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w icn-bmb Zni-bn-e-sÃ¶p a\-kn-em-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-

an-Xn-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-I-fp-a-dnªv ]cn-lmcw ImWm³ sh¼ÂsIm-Åp-Ibpw sNbvX GXm\pwsNdp-̧ -¡mÀ 1920 ItfmsS cwK¯p h¶p. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nse FÃm \oXn-tI-Sn-tâbpw`mcw kv{XobpsS Npa-en-emWv sN¶p hoW-sX¶pw B Ah-Ø-bv¡pÅ ]cn-lm-c-amWv kmaqly]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS BZy ]S-sh¶pw Xncn-̈ -dnª ChÀ ap³ssI-sb--Sp¯v "bph-P-\-kwLw' (1919)F¶ {]Øm-\-¯n\v cq]w \ÂIn. AXnsâ apJ-]-{X-ambn "D®n \¼qXncn'bpw Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. CubphP\ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS Aa-c-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶p hn.-Sn.-̀ -«-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sv.

]gb sXt¡ ae-_m-dnse s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nÂ, Xr¯me {Kma-¯nÂ sh-Ån-̄ n-cp¯n Xmg-̄ p-a-\-bnÂ hn.-Sn.-Fw. Xp¸³ `«-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sn-sâbpw InS-§qÀ ssI¸Ån CÃ¯v {iotZhnA´ÀÖ-\-¯n-tâbpw cm-as¯ aI-\mbn 1896 þ amÀ¨v 26 \v hn.Sn.-cm-a³ `«-Xn-cn-̧ mSv P\n-¨p.CÃ-§-fnÂ \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ A\p-̀ -hn-¡p¶ ZpcnXw Im-Wv hn.-Sn.-h-fÀ¶-Xv. ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb thZ-]-T-\hpw aäp-am-bn-¡-gnª hn.Sn. hfsc sshIn-bm-Wv- A-£-c-a-̀ y-kn-̈ Xv. imkvXmw-tIm-hn-enseim´n-¡m-c-\mb Xs¶ Bß-t_m-[-̄ n-sâbpw A£-c-̄ n-sâbpw temI-t¯bv¡v B\-bn-̈ Xv



Hcp Xn¿mSn s]¬Ip-«n-bm-sW¶v "I®o-cpw- In-\mhpw' F¶ Bß-I-Y-bnÂ At±lw kvacn-¡p-¶p-v. "tbmK-t£aw', "tIc-f-]-{XnI' XpS-§nb ]{X-§-fn-eqsS hmb-\-bpsS temIw XoÀ¯ hn.-Sn.]n¶oSv Cw¥ojpw ]Tn-s¨-Sp-̄ p. H¶-c-̧ -Xn-ämpsImv s]mXp-{]-hÀ¯\ cwK-s -̄¯nbAt±lw ]{Xm-[n-]À, A[ym-]-I³ F¶n-§s\ _lp-hn[ IÀ½]cn-]m-Sn-IfnÂ hym]-c-n-̈ p.

shÅnt\gn Hf-̧ -a® a\-bv¡Â \S¶ tbmK-t£ak-̀ -bpsS F«mw kt½-f--\-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ hn.-Sn. Hc-]v -̂\mbn am{Xw Pohn¨v acn-¡p-¶-XnÂ AÀ°-an-sÃ¶v Xncn-̈ -dn-ªp.Dev]-Xn-jvWp-¡-fmb Ipsd \¼q-Xncn bphm-¡-fp-ambn kulrZw Øm]n-¡m³ Cu Ime¯v At±-l-̄ n\p Ign-ªp. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nse bmYm-Øn-Xn-IÀ "kpZ-Ài\w' F¶ t]cnÂ ]pXn-sbmcp ]{Xw XpS§nb-t¸mÄ hn.-Sn.-A-S-¡-ap-Å-hÀ "D®n \¼qXnc-n'bv¡p ]pdta "]mip-]Xw' F¶]{Xhpw Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. ]mip-]-X-̄ nÂ 'cP-\o-cwKw' F¶ ]wàn hn.-Sn. bmWv ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv. hn.-Sn.-bpsS BZy IY-bmb "hnjp-ssI-t\«w' Cu ]wàn-bn-eqsS shfn¨w Ip.

tbmK-t£ak`-bnÂ Dev]XnjvWp hn`m-K-¯nsâ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp¶ hn.. -Sn hnPm-Xob _Ô_ln-jv¡-c-Ww, IpSpa apdn-bv¡Â, A-́ ÀÖ\§-fpsS thj ]cn-jv¡-c-Ww,an{i-t`m-P\w XpS-§nb kap-Zmb ]cn-jv¡-cW ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn.

Kpcphm-bqÀ t£{X {]th-i\ {]Nm-cW PmY-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯p. "Abn-t¯m-¨m-S-\-¯n\v C\n \ap¡v A¼-e-§Ä¡v Xo sImfp-̄ pI' F¶ eLp-teJ "D®n\¼q-Xncn'-bnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ -Xn\v sIm¨ocmPmhv AdÌvhmdâv ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-̈ p. tIcf an{ihnhml kwL-̄ nsâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ Imª-§m«p \n¶v sN¼-g´n hsc \S-̄ nb kmaqly]cn-jv¡-cW PmY \bn-̈ Xpwhn.-Sn. Bbn-cp-¶p. tbmK-t£ak`-bpsS 26þmw hmÀjnI tbmK-¯nÂ hn.-Sn. hn[hmhnhml{]tabw ]mkm-¡n, hn[-h-bmb `mcym-k-tlm-Zcn Dasb Fw.-BÀ._n ¡v hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp-¯p. A§s\ \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ Ncn-{X-̄ nÂ BZy-ambn Hcp hn[h kpaw-K-en-bm-bn.B thZn-bnÂ h¨v "\¼q-Xncn Ct¸mÄ aäp a\p-jyÀ¡v Xpey--\mbn' F¶pw tbmK-t£ak`- ]ncn¨phnS-W-sa¶pw At±lw {]Jym-]n-̈ p. kz´w ktlm-Zcn ]mÀÆ-Xn-bpw ]n.-sI.cmL-h-̧ -Wn-¡cpwX½nÂ BZys¯ \¼q-Xncn an{i-hn-hm-lhpw hn.-Sn.-ap³ssI-sb-Sp¯p \S-̄ n. A¶s¯ bmYm-Øn-XnI \¼qXncn hn`mKw CsXÃmw [n¡m-c-ambpw kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp-²-am-bp-amWv I-Xv.

AI-t¯-bvs¡m-Xp-§nb A´ÀÖ-\§fpw ]pd-t¯bv¡v XÅ-s¸« A]v^·mcpwþ CXm-bn-cp¶p \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ Zpch-Øbv¡p {][m\ Imc-Ww. AI-t¯bv¡pw ]pd-t¯-bv¡p-ambn hIªp amä-s¸« kv{Xo þ ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS ssItImÀ¡-embncp¶p Ccp-]Xmw\qäm-nsâ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bnÂ hn. -Sn.-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯n-ep-mb ]cn-hÀ¯-\w. Xd-hm-«nse aq¯ ]pcp-j-·m-sc-t¸mse aäp ]pcp-j-·mÀ¡pw IpSpw-_-¯n\pwkz¯n\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-s¶pw IpSpw_w Øm]n-¡p¶XneqsS kv{XoIÄ _lp-̀ m-cym-Xz-¯n-sâbpw \nXy-ssh-[-hy-¯n-sâbpw ZpÀhn-[n-I-fnÂ \n¶v apàcm-Ip-sa¶pw AhÀ Xncn-̈ -dn-ªp.kv{XoI-fpsS Bh-iy-§Ä ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS Bh-iy-§-fp-ambn GIo-̀ -hn-̈ p. tLmjbpw ad-¡p-SbpwIfªv ASp-¡-f-bnÂ \n¶v ]pcpj³ kv{Xosb Ac-§n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡mp h¶p.

\¼q-Xncn kv{XoI-tfmSv t\cn«v kwkm-cn-¡m³ ]änb Hcp am[yaw \mS-I-am-sW¶pXncn-̈ -dnª hn.-Sn. cNn¨ kmaqly \mS-I-amWv "ASp-¡-f-bnÂ \n¶v- A-c-§-t¯bv¡v'. 1929 Unkw-_À 24\v CS-¡p-¶n-bnÂ \S¶ bph-P-\-kwLw 11þmw hmÀjn-I¯nÂ AhX-cn-̧ n-¡-s¸-«p. \mSIwkaq-ls¯ Cf¡n adn-̈ p. A´x-]p-c-§-fnÂ kPo-h-NÀ¨-bm-bn. ad-¡p-S-bnepw aqSp-]-S¯nepw Hfn-¸n¨p \nÀ¯nb kv{Xo; kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ s]mXp-cw-K¯p {]Xy-£-s¸«p XpS-§n. hnizmk {]am-W-§-fnÂ, ho£-W-K-Xn-bnÂ, thj-hn-[m-\-§-fnÂ FÃmw amä-§Ä {]I-S-am-bn. CXn\p tijw "Icn-©´' Fs¶mcp \mS-Ihpw hn.-Sn. FgpXn-sb-¦nepw AXnsâ {]Xn Is-¯m-\m-bn-«n-Ã. \¼q-Xncn



kap-Zmb ]cn-jv¡-cWw e£y-am¡n aäp cp \mS-I-§Ä¡qSn A¡m-e-̄ p-m-bn. Fw.-BÀ._n.bpsS "ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-c-Ihpw' Fw.-]n. `«-Xn-cn-̧ m-Snsâ "EXp-a-Xnbpw' BWv Ah.

kmap-Zm-bnI ]-cnjv¡cW {ia-§-tfm-sSm¸w Xs¶ Abn-t¯m-̈ m-S\w, tZiob{]Øm\w XpS-§nb KmÔn-b³ ka-c-ap-d-I-fnepw hn.-Sn. kPo-h-ambn ]s¦-Sp¯p. A\m-Nm-c-§sfFXnÀ¯n-cp¶ At±lw A½-bpsS ac-Wm-\-´c-apÅ "kwh-Õ-c-Zo£' ths-¶p h¨p. {_Òm-e-b-¯nepw tZhme-b-̄ nepw AhÀ®À¡v {]th-i\w \ÂIp-hm\pw At±lw {ian-̈ p. hn.-Sn.-bpsS{]hÀ¯\w kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ am{Xw HXp§n \n¶n-Ã. kap-Zm-b-̄ nÂ \n¶v ]pd-̄ m-¡-s¸-«-hÀ¡mbn sImSp-ap--bnÂ At±lw Hcm{iaw \nÀ½n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. tbmK-t£ak`-bpsS{]hÀ¯\w \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ henb amä-§-fmWv krjvSn-¨-Xv. CXnÂ hn.-Sn.-bpsS ]¦v\nkvXp-e-am-Wv. Xsâ {]hÀ¯-\-s¯bpw {]hÀ¯\ Ime-s¯bpw HmÀ½-bpsS \qenÂsImcp¯v ]p\-cm-Jym\w sNbvX-Xm-Wv "I®ocpw In\mhpw', "Z£n-Wm-b\w' F¶n-§s\ cp`mK-§-fm-bpÅ Bß-I-Y.

iXm-̀ n-jn-à-\mbn GXm\pw amkw Ignªv hn.Sn. tcmKm-Xp-c-\m-bn. hmX-tcm-Khpw lrZ-bm-Lm-Xhpw At±-l-¯nsâ BtcmKyw XIÀ¯p. NnIn-Õ-bvs¡m-Sp-hnÂ 1982þ s^{_p-hcn 12 \v B hn¹-hImcn Ime-b-h-\n-I-bnÂ ad-ªp.

hn.-Sn.-bpsS IrXn-IÄ : þ ASp-¡-f-bnÂ \n¶v Ac-§-t¯-bv¡v, Icn-©-́ , I®ocpw In\m-hpw, c-P-\o-cw-Kw, t]mwh-gn, kXy-sa-¶Xv ChnsS a\p-jy-\m-Ip-¶p, shSn-h-«w, Ime-̄ nsâ km£n, hni-¡m¯ ssZhhpw hni-¡p¶ a\p-jy-\pw, Fsâ a®v, IÀ½ hn]m-Iw, hn.-Sn.-bpsS D]-\ym-k-§Ä,hn.-Sn.-bpsS IY-IÄ, hn.-Sn.-bpsS PohnX kvac-W-IÄ, hn.-Sn.-bpsS k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ.

\mbÀ kÀÆokv skmsskän (1914)

F³.-F-kv.-Fkv

tIc-f-̄ nÂ kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ -̄\-§Ä hcp-¯n-̄ oÀ¡p-¶-XnÂ apJy ]¦v hln-¨n-«p-ÅXv kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-I-fm-Wv. ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\-am-b-t¸m-tgbv¡pwCw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ymkw t\Snb {]_p-²-cmb \mbÀ bphm-¡Ä kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ \ne-hn-en-cp¶ ]eA\m-Nm-c-§-tfbpw tNmZyw sNbvXp XpS-§n. kap-Zmb ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn Hcp kwL-S\ F¶Bibw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv 1907 emWv. ae-bmfn k`-bp-tSbpw "ae-bmfn' ]{X-¯n-tâbpw BZy-Ime{]hÀ -̄I-\mb kn. IrjvW-]nÅ 1907þÂ Øm]n¨ "tIc-fob \mbÀ kamPw' \mbÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ ià-amb kzm[o\w sNep¯n. \mbÀ IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ km¼-̄ nI iàn-tbbpw sshhm-lnI `{Z-X-tbbpw XI-cm-dn-em-¡p¶ \mbÀ þ \¼q-Xncn _mÔhw XS-bp-I, Xmen-sI-«p-I-eymWw,Xnc-p-Ip-fn-b-Sn-b-́ ncw XpS-§n-bh \nÀ¯-em-¡p-I, Ahm-́ c hn`m-K-§sf GIo-I-cn-¡pI XpS-§nb e£y-§Ä¡p thn-bmWv AXv cq]w sImXv. F¶mÂ A[n-I-Imew Ign-bp-¶-Xn\pap¼v CXnsâ {]hÀ¯\w aµo-̀ -hn-̈ p.

1912 þ Â a¶¯v ]ß-\m-̀ -]nÅ sk{I-«-dn-bmbn s]cp-¶-bnÂ "\mbÀ kamPw'cq]w sImp. 1913þÂ AXv N§-\m-tÈcn Xmeq¡v \mbÀ kam-P-am-bn. tIcf hym]-I-amb Hcpkap-Zmb kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp¶p At±lw hn`m-h\w sNbvX-Xv. 1914 HIvtSm-_À 31þmw XnbXn s]cp-¶-bnÂ a¶¯p ]ß-\m-̀ sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ ]Xn-\mev \mbÀ bphm-¡Ä H¯p tNÀ¶v"\mbÀkap-Zmb `rXy-P-\-kwLw' cq]o-I-cn-̈ p. ]q\-bnÂ, tKm]me IrjvW tKmJse Øm]n¨'kÀhâvkv Hm^v C´ym skmsskän' F¶ kwL-S-\-bpsS amXr-I-bnem-bn-cp¶p CXnsâ cq]o-I-



c-Ww. kw-L-̄ nsâ Øm]I {]kn-Uâv sI.-tI-f-¸\pw sk{I-«dn a¶¯p ]ß-\m-̀ -\p-am-bn-cp-¶p.\mbÀ kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ tkh-\-am-bn-cp¶p Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS apJy-e-£yw. "kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ hnZym-`ym-kw, cmP-̀ -àn, k·mÀ¤-X-ev]-c-X, Cuiz-c-hn-izm-kw, hyh-km-bw, [\-Øn-Xn, sFI-aXywChbv¡v hÀ²\ Dm-¡m³ X¡-h®w Hmtcm tZi-¯nepw Ic-bn-ep-apÅ \mb-·m-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂkam-P-§Ä Øm]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p BZy e£yw'. tIcfw apgp-h-\pÅ \mb-·m-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂsFI-cq-]ywhcp-̄ p-Ibpw CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fp-ambn sFIyw hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw kwL-S-\-bpsSDt±-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Hcp kwL-S\ F¶ \ne-bnÂ kwØm\ hym]-I-ambn "Ic-tbm-K-§Ä' Øm-]n-¡m-\pÅ {iahpw XpS-¡¯nse Bcw-̀ n-¨p. AtXhÀjw Xs¶ kwL-̄ nsât]cv "\mbÀ kÀhokv skmsskän' F¶m¡n amän.

a¶-̄ v ]ß-\m-̀ ³, N§-\m-tÈcn ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ, A¼-e-̧ m«v Zmtam-Z-c-\m-im³,If-̄ nÂ them-bp-[³ \mbÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ kwL-S-\-bpsS BZy-Ime {]hÀ¯-I-cm-bn-cp-¶p.\mbÀ kap-Zm-bs¯ D²-cn-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ \mbÀ kÀÆokv skmssk-än-bpsS e£yw.""C¶p Rm³ \mbÀ¡p thn {]hÀ¯n-¡pw, ]ns¶ lnµp-¡Ä¡p thn-bp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. ]ns¶cmjv{S-̄ n\p thnbpw kÀh-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pthn-bpap-Å-Xm-bn-cn¡pw Fsâ {]hr-¯n-]Yw-''.a¶-̄ nsâ Cu \ne-]m-Sm-Wv F³.-F-kv.-Fkpw ]n³Xp-SÀ¶-Xv. kap-Zmb ]ptcm-KXn hnZym-̀ ym-k-¯n-eq-sStb km[y-amIq F¶p a\-kn-em¡n AXn\p thn-bpÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v XpS¡wapXte Cu kwL-S\ {]m[m\yw sImSp-¯p. acp-a-¡-̄ mb \nbaw ]cn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw kap-ZmbnIm\m-Nm-c-§Ä \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw F³.-F-kv.-Fkv ap³ssI-sb-Sp-̄ p. Abn¯ \nhm-cW{]Øm-\-̄ n\v F³.-F-kv.-Fkv \ÂInb t\XrXzw kvXpXyÀl-am-Wv. sslµh kap-Zm-b-¯nsâGIo-I-c-Whpw ]cn-jv¡-c-Whpw IqSn km[n-̈ mte P\-iàn _e-h-¯mIq F¶p t_m[y-ap-Å-Xp-sIm-mWv Abn-t¯m-¨m-S\ {]Øm-\-¯nÂ F³.-F-kv.-Fkpw kPo-h-am-b-Xv. AhÀWlnµp-¡Ä¡v t£{X{]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sImv ssh¡¯p \n¶v Xncp-h-\-́ -c-]p-c-t¯¡v Hcp khÀW ImÂ\S {]Nm-cW PmY kwL-Sn-̧ n-̈ Xpw Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bncw khÀWlnµp-¡Ä H¸n« Hcp \nth-Z\w alm-dm-Wn¡p \ÂInbXpw F³.-F-kv.-F-knsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p.

a¶¯v ]ß-\m-̀ sâ \nkzmÀ°-amb kap-Zmb tkh-\hpw Øntcm-Xvkm-lhpwAÀ¸nX at\m-̀ m-hhpw {Im -́ZÀin-Xz-hp-amWv \mbÀ kÀÆokv skmssk-änsb C¶s¯ \ne-bn-se-̄ n-̈ Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ BZ-Àiw hm¡p-I-fnÂ am{Xw HXp-§p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. hntam-N\ ka-c-t¯m-Sp-IqSn "`mcX tIkcn' F¶ _ncp-Z-¯n-\p-S-abmb a¶w \mbÀ kÀÆokv skmssk-än-bpsSNcn-{X-̄ nepw tIc-f-̄ nsâ cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-¯nepw \nÀ®m-bI kzm[o\w sNep-̄ nbNcn{X]pcp-j-\m-Wv.

{io\mcm-bW [À½ ]cn-]m-e\ tbmKw (1903)

Fkv.-F³.-Un.]n

{io\m-cm-bW Kpcp P\n-̈ Xv Cugh kap-Zm-b-¯n-em-Wv. Cug-hÀ tIc-f-̄ nseAhÀ®-cnÂ {]ap-J-cm-Wv. AXp-sImv Cugh kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ {io\mcm-bW Kpcp sNep-̄ nbkzm[o-\-iàn tIc-f-¯nÂ kmaq-lnI ]-cn-jvIcW¯n\v hf-sc-b-[nIw \nÀ®m-b-I-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. PmXn-c-ln-X-amb Hcp sslµh kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp¶p Kpcp-hnsâ apJy e£yw. 1888þÂKpcp \S-̄ nb {]kn-²-amb Acp-hn-̧ pdw {]Xn-jvT-sb-¯pSÀ¶v cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸« Acp-hn-̧ pdwt£{X-tbmKw (hm-hq«p tbmKw) kmaqly Pohn-X-̄ nÂ hcp-t¯ ]cn-jv¡-c-W§sf-¡p-dn¨v



NÀ¨ sNbvXp h¶p. Cu t£{X tbmK-am-bn-cp¶p ]n¶oSv SNDP tbmKw cq]o-I-cn-¡p-hm³ t{]c-W-bm-b-Xv.

kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-cWw ap³\nÀ¯n tUm.-]Â¸phpw Ipam-c-\m-im-\p-am-bpÅ NÀ¨-Isf¯pSÀ¶v Ah-Imi kwc-£-W-̄ n-\p-thn t]mcm-Sm\pw A\m-Nm-c-§sf Zpco-I-cn-¡m\pwP\-§-fpsS ho£-W-KXn \ho-I-cn-¡m\p-ambn Hcp kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-¡p-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-̈ -Xnsâêam-bn-cp¶p SNDP tbmKw. 1903Â tIc-f-̄ nÂ FÃm-bn-S-¯p-apÅ kap-Zm-bmw-K-§sf tNÀ¯vAcp-hn¸pdw t£{X-tbmKw Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.-tbmKw þ "{io\m-cm-bW [À½ ]cn-]m-e\ tbmKw'F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp alm{]Øm-\-ambn cq]m-´-c-s¸-Sp-̄ n. XncpIpfn, Xmen-sI«pIeymWw,]pfn-Ip-Sn XpS-§nb A\m-Nm-c-§Ä Ah-km-\n-̧ n-¡m³ tbmKw Blzm\w sNbvXp. kmaqly ]cn-jv¡-c-W-t¯m-sSm¸w C¯cw A\m-Nm-c-§fpw BVw-_-c-§fpw hcp¯nsh¡p¶ ]mgvsNe-hp-IÄsImv kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-m-Ip¶ km¼-̄ nI XIÀ¨ ]cn-l-cn-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶pAXnsâ e£yw. tbmK-Im-cy-§Ä {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡m-\mbn "hnth-tImZbw' F¶ amkn-Ibpw Bcw-̀ n-̈ p.

1903 sabv 15 þ \v Øm]n-Xab SNDP tbmK¯nsâ BPo-h-\m´ A[y-£-\mbn {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hn-s\bpw sk{I-«-dn-bmbn Ipam-c-\m-im-s\bpw sXc-sª-Sp-¯p. Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.tbmK-¯n\v {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp \ÂInb t\XrXzhpw Cug-h-cpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw km¼-̄ n-Ihpw hnZym-̀ ym-k-]-c-hp-amb D¶-a-\-¯n-\p-thn kwL-Sn-̧ n¨ {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw Cug-hsc am{X-a-Ã, aävv AhÀ® kap-Zm-b-¡msc apgp-h³ Dt -̄Pn-¸n-̈ p. sslµ-h-k-apZmb¯nsâ Ahn-̀ mPyLS-I-sa¶ \nebv¡v kz´ iànbpw A´Êpw Is-¯p-¶-Xn\v Ahsc At±lw klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cugh-cpsS Ipe-s¯m-gn-embn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸«pt]m¶ "sN¯'v \ndp- -̄W-sa¶pwAXn\p ]Icw hymh-km-bn-I-kw-cw-̀ -§-fntem _p²n-]-c-amb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fntem GÀs¸-S-W-sa¶pw Kpcp Ahsc DZvt_m-[n-̧ n-̈ p. Cug-h-cpsS km¼-̄ n-Ihpw hnZym-̀ ym-k-]-c-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te-bv¡pÅ hfÀ¨bv¡v \nÀ®m-bI ]¦p hln-¡p-hm³ SNDP F¶ k-ap-Zmb kwL-S-\bv¡v km[n-̈ p. tUm.-]Â¸p, Ipam-c-\m-im³, Sn.-sI.-am-[-h³, kn. IrjvW³, kn.-hn. Ipªn-cm-a³, aqÀt¡m¯v Ipam-c³, \S-cm-P-Kpcp XpS-§n-b-hÀ {io\m-cm-bW ktµi {]Nm-c-I-cpsS ap³]-ń-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨ BZy-Ime t\Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

{io\mcm-bW Kpcp (1854 þ 1928)

Hcp B²ym-ßnI BNm-cy-sâbpw km-ap-Zm-bnI ]cn-jv-IÀ¯m-hn-sâbpw ka-\z-b-am-bn-cp¶p {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp. 1854 HmKÌv 20 \v Xncp--h-\-´-]p-c-¯n-\-Sp¯v sN¼-g-ń-bnÂNXbw \mfnÂ P\-\w. ]nXmhv sIm¨p-hn-f-bnÂ amS-\m-im³, A½ h-bÂhm-c¯v Ip-«n. \mcm-b-W³ F¶mbncp¶p t]sc-¦nepw \mWp F¶m-bn-cp¶p hnfn-t¸-cv. kao-]-̄ pÅ IpSn-̧ -Ån-¡q-S-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p hnZym-̀ ym-kw. Ip-«n-¡mew apXte Cuiz-cm-̀ n-apJyw Dmbncp¶ \mWp t£{X ZÀi-\w, P]w, [ym\w, F¶nh apS¡w IqSmsX \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ D]-cn-]-T\w \S-̄ n.aq¶p hÀjw sImv Imhy-\m-S-I-§Ä, XÀ¡w, hymI-c-Ww, thZm-´w apX-em-b-h-bnÂ Ah-Kmlwt\Sn. Akp-Js¯ XpSÀ¶v ]T\w \nÀ¯n. hoSn-\-Sp-¯pÅ IpSn-̧ -Ån-¡q-S-̄ nÂ Bim-\m-bn._Ôp-¡-fpsS \nÀ_Ôw aqew IeymWw Ign-̈ p. "Imfn'-bm-bn-cp¶p h[p. Cu _Ôw A[n-I-\mÄXpSÀ¶n-Ã. ]n¶oSv k©m-cn-bmbn amdnb At±lw `mc-X-̄ n-ep-S-\ofw k©-cn-̈ p. Ipd-̈ p-Imewacp-Xzm-a-e-bnse ]nÅ-¯Sw Kpl-bnÂ GIm´ [ym\-¯nÂ Ign-ªp.



euInI {]tem-̀ -\-§Äs¡Xnsc Xo{h-amb Bß-kw-LÀjw At±lw t\cs¯Xs¶ {]I-S-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. euInI Pohn-X--t¯mSv hnS-]-d-bm-\pÅ Xocp-am-\-hp-ambn hoSp-hn-«n-d-§nAe-bp-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ thZm´ ]WvUn-X\pw tbmKn-bp-amb ssX¡mSv A¿m-hn-s\-¡p-dn¨v tI«-dnªv At±-l-¯nÂ \n¶pw tbmK-hnZy hi-am-¡n-b-tXmsS \mWp-kzm-an-bm-bn. acp-Xzm-a-e-bnÂZoÀL-Imew GIm-´-X-bnÂ [ym\-\n-c-X-\m-bn Ign-ª-t¸mÄ Pohn-X-¯nsâ AJWvUXbpw a-\p-jy-k©b-¯nsâ GI-Xz-s -̄¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Ah-t_m-[hpw At±-l-¯nÂ ZrVo-Ir-X-am-bn.Cusbmcp t_mt[m-Z-b-t¯m-sS-bmWv At±lw Acp-hn-̧ p-d-t¯bv¡v t]mb-Xv. Bcm-[\mkzmX{´yw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« kaq-l-¯nse A[x-ØnX P\-§Ä¡v {]mÀ°n-¡p-hm\mbn HcpBcm-[-\m-ebw Dm-t¡-Xv Bh-iy-am-sW¶ Xocp-am-\-hp-ambn s\¿m-dnsâ Xoc¯v Acp-hn-̧ p-ds¯ Kpl-bnÂ [ym\-\n-c-X-\mbn Ign-ªp. 1888 s^{_p-h-cn-bnse inh-cm{Xn Znhkw kzmanXs¶ BänÂ ap§n-sb-Sp¯ sNdnb ]md-¡Ãv inh-enw-K-am¡n {]Xn-jvTn-̈ p. tIc-f-̄ nsâkmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-¯nÂ ]pXnb Hcp bpK-̄ nsâ ]ndhn Ipdn¨ kw`-h-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.{_mÒW ta[m-hn-Xz-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kap-Zm-b-{Iaw \ne-\n¶ Ime-¯mWv \mcm-bWKpcp-hnsâ Acp-hn-̧ pdw inh-{]-Xn-jvT. Cug-h\v inh-{]-XnjvT \S-¯m-\pÅ Ah-Im-is¯tNmZywsNbvX {_mÒW ]utcm-ln-Xy-t¯mSv "\mw Cugh inh-s\-bmWtÃm {]Xn-jvTn-̈ Xv' F¶Kpcp-hnsâ D -̄c-¯n-e-´À`-hn¨ XXzw ]n¶oSv tIc-f-̄ n-ep-mb kmaq-lnI hn¹-h-¯n\v If-sam-cp-¡n. Acp-hn-̧ pdw t£{X-̄ nÂ kzman Xs¶ FgpXn h¨

""PmXn-t`Zw aX-tZzjwGXp-an-ÃmsX kÀÆcpwtkmZ-c-tXz\ hmgp¶amXrIm Øm\-am-WnXv''

F¶ tÇmIw ]nevIm-e¯v tIc-fob \thm-°m-\-̄ nsâ alm-k-tµ-i-ambn. XpSÀ¶v tIc-f-̄ nsâ]e `mK-§-fnepw At±lw t£{X-§Ä Øm]n-̈ p. NmXpÀhÀWy-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb PmXob D¨-\o-N-Xz-§Ä kaq-l-̄ nÂ sImSn-Ip¯n hmWn-cp¶ Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. lnµp-¡-fnÂ Xs¶khÀW þ AhÀW hnth-N-\-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀWsc kaqlw ]XnXzw Iev]n¨v AIän\nÀ¯n. s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-I-fntem kvIqfntem Ah-À¡v {]th-i-\-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀWÀkhÀWsc kv]Àin-¡p-I-tbm, kao-]n-¡p-Itbm sN¿m³ ]mSn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. kÀ¡mÀ tPmenAhÀ¡v \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. t£{X-§-fnÂ {]th-i-\-an-sÃ¶p am{X-aÃ t£{X kmao-]y-apÅs]mXp-h-gn-I-fnÂ¡qSn \S-¡m³ t]mepw hne-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p. sNcn-̧ v, IpS, hnti-j-h-kv{X-§Ä,hne-]n-Sn-̧ pÅ B`-c-W-§Ä Ch-sbm¶pw [cn-¡m³ Ah-Im-i-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw Abn-̄ m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-XnscbpÅ kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ XpS-¡am-bn-cp¶p Kpcp-hnsâ Acp-hn-̧ pdwinh{]Xn-jvT. ]n¶oSt§m«v A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xnsc kuay-ambpw iàambpw {]Xn-I-cn-¡p¶\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ \ap¡p ImWm-\m-hpw.

kmaq-lnI]cn-jv¡-cWw e£y-am¡n, tIc-f-̄ n-se-Ãm-bn-S-¯p-apÅ kap-Zm-bmw-K-

§sf tNÀ¯v 1903 Â {io\m-cm-bW [À½ ]cn-]m-e\tbmKw (SNDP) cq]o-I-cn-̈ p. A\m-Nm-c-§sf D·q-e\w sN¿p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯n-\pÅ D]m-[n-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu

kwLS\. t£{X-§sfbpw SNDP tbmK-s¯bpw kmaq-ly]-cn-jv¡-c-W-sa¶ BXy-́ nI e£y-¯n-\pÅ D]m-[n-I-fm-bn-«mWv At±lw I-Xv. hÀ¡e inh-Kn-cn-bnse imc-Zm-{]-Xn-jvTbpw Xe-tÈcn, tImgn-t¡mSv XpS-§nb Øe-§-fnse hn{Kl{]Xn-jvT-Ifpw B \ne-bv¡p-Åt\«§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶o-sSmcp L«-̄ nÂ Kpcp D]-tZ-in¨p.



""t£{Xw PmXn hyXym-ks¯ A[n-I-am-¡p-¶p...... t£{X \nÀ½m-Ws¯ t{]mÂkm-ln-̧ n-¡-cp-Xv.......... C\n P\-§Ä¡v hnZym-̀ ymkw sImSp-¸m³ {i²n-¡-Ww. AhÀ¡-dn-hp-mI-s«. AXpXs¶-bmWv Ahsc \¶m-¡p-hm-\pÅ acp¶v''

(\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzm-an.: M.Kkm\p)CX-\p-k-cn¨mWv ]n¶oSv F-kv.-F³.-{Skväv cq]o-I-cn-̈ Xpw AXn\p IognÂ\n-c-h[n hnZym-̀ ymkØm]-\-§Ä Øm]n-̈ -Xpw. tIcfw ssIh-cn¨ hnZym-̀ ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn-bnÂ Ah KWy-amb]¦phln-̈ n-«p-v.

\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnseBßo-b-hm-Znsb Gsd kzm[o-\n-̈ Xv AssZzX ZÀi-\-am-Wv.At±-l-¯nsâ AssZzX ZÀi\w Bßm-hnsâ GI-Xz-s -̄¡p-dn¨v am{X-aÃ a\p-jy-k-aq-l-¯nsâGI-Xz-s -̄¡p-dn¨pw Nn´n-̈ p. 1914 Â Bep-h-bnÂ Øm]n¨ AssZz-Xm-{i-a-¯nÂ ""a\p-jyÀ¡vHcp PmXnbpw Hcp aXhpw Hcp ssZhhpw AÃmsX Hmtcm-cp-̄ À¡pw shtÆsd PmXnbpwaXhpw ssZhhpw CÃ'' F¶v kzman Ipdn-̈ n-«p. ]e t£{X-§-fnepw hn{Kl {]XnjvT \S-̄ n-bn-«pÅ kzman tNÀ¯-e-bn-epÅ If-hw-tImSw t£{X-¯nÂ I®mSn {]XnjvT \S-̄ n-b-Xn-eqsS"Cuiz-cm-cm-[-\-bpsS ]c-a-amb e£yw Bß ZÀi-\-am-bn-cn-¡Ww' F¶ AÀ°-h-¯mbktµiamWv \ÂIn-bXv. Cu e£yw ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWv 1928 P\p-h-cn-bnÂ hÀ¡e inh-Kn-cn-bnÂ"{io\mcm-bW [À½kwLw' cq]o-I-cn-̈ -Xpw.

1925 Â tIc-f-¯nÂ BZy-ambn \S¶ kÀÆ-aX kt½-f\w Bep-h-bnÂ hnfn¨pIq«n-b-Xpw {io\m-cm-bW Kpcphmbn-cp-¶p. kap-Zmb ]ptcm-KXn e£y-am-¡n-bpÅ \nc-h[nkmtcm-]-tZ-i-§Ä At±lw Acpfns¨bvXp, "hnZy-sImv kzX-{´-cm-Ip-I, kwL-Sn¨p ià-cm-Ip-I', "aX-ta-Xm-bmepw a\p-jy³ \¶m-bmÂ aXn', "aZyw hnj-amWv, AXp-m-¡-cp-Xv, hnÂ¡-cp-Xv,IpSn-¡-cp-Xv', "Hcp PmXn, Hcp aXw, Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v' F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Kpcp-h-N-\-§Ä \nc-h[n kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ¯-\§Ä¡v t{]cW \ÂIn. A¼-Xn-e-[nIw KZy-]ZyIr-Xn-Ifpw {io\mcm-bW Kpcp cNn-̈ n-«p-v. Kpcp-tZ-h-Ir-XnIÄ kwkvIrXw þ ae-bmfw þ Xangv F¶o aq¶p `mj-I-fn-embn hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶ cXv\m-I-c-am-Wv. kvtXm{X-§Ä, shfn-]m-Sp-IÄ, B[ym-ßnI XXzm-hn-jv¡m-c-§Ä F¶n-§s\ Ahsb Xncn-¡mw. ]©-I-§fpw AjvSI-§fpw Zi-I-§fpw iX-I-§fpwDv.

Kplm-jvS-Iw, j¬apJ kvtXm{Xw, _mlp-te-bm-jvS-Iw, j¬ap-J-Z-iIw, kp{_-ÒWyIoÀ¯-\w, \h-a-RvPcn apX-emb kp{_-ÒWy kvXpXn-IÄ. NnZw-_-cm-jvS-Iw, inh-{]-kmZ]©-Iw, inh-i-X-Iw, kZm-in-h-ZÀi-\w, ]c-a-in-h-Nn´m Zi-Iw, {]]-©-kr-jvSn, NnÖ-U-Nn-´-\w,AÀ²-\m-co-iz-c-kvX-hw, apX-emb tZho kvXpXn-IÄ. `{Z-Im-fy-jvS-Iw, Imfo-\m-S-Iw, P\-\o-\-h-c-Xv\- a-RvPcn apX-em-b tZho-kvXp-Xn-IÄ AssZz-Xw, AssZzX Zo]n-I, ssZh-Z-i-Iw, ZÀi\-am-e(kw-kvIr-Xw) Btßm-]-tZi iXIw (a-e-bm-fw), \nÀhrXn ]©Iw apX-emb IrXn-IÄ B[ymßnIXXzm-hn-jv¡m-c-§-fm-Wv. "Adnhv' apXemb ae-bmf IrXn-Ifpw Kl-\-X-bnepw Kmw`o-cy-̄ nepwAXp-ey-am-Wv. Xncp-¡p-dÄ, Cuim-hm-tkym-]-\n-j¯v apX-em-bh ]cn-̀ m-j-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-«p-v. PmXn-e-£-Ww, IpWvU-en-\n-̧ m«v XpS-§nb IrXn-Ifpw {]kn-²-am-Wv.

am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ktµiw DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn¨ ]pXp-bp-K-¯nsâ {]hm-N-I-\mb Cuk\ym-kn-h-cy³ 1928 sk]väw-_À 20 \v hÀ¡-e-bnÂ h¨v kam-[n-bm-bn. FÃm AÀ°-̄ nepw tIc-fob \thm-°m-\-̄ nsâ ]nXmhv F¶v hnti-jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-hm-bn-cp¶palm\mb Cu {]hm-N-I³.



km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e\ kwLw (1907) þ A¿-¦mfn (1803 þ 1941)

tIcf Ncn-{X-̄ nse D¶X ioÀj-\m-bn-cp¶ ZfnXv t\Xmhv A¿-¦mfn (1863 þ 1941) ]peb kap-Zm-bmw-K-am-bn-cp-¶p. A¿\pw ame-bp-am-bn-cp¶p amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä.Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-̄ n-\-Sp¯v sh§m-\q-cmWv P·-Ø-ew. A[x-ØnX kap-Zm-b-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ \qäm-p-I-fmbn A\p-̀ -hn-̈ p-sIm-n-cp¶ bmX-\-Ifpw kmap-Zm-bnI A\oXnIfpw Ipw-tI«pw A\p-̀ -hn¨pw hfÀ¶ At±lw CXns\mcp amäw hcp-̄ -W-sa¶v Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. {io\m-cm-bW {]Øm-\-¯nsâ BZÀi-§Ä At±-ls¯ BIÀjn-̈ p. Zfn-XÀ¡v hgn-\-S-¡m\pw IÃp-ame apX-emb{]mIrX B`-c-W§Ä Dt]-£n¨v ]cn-jvIrX hkv{X-§Ä D]tbm-Kn-¡m\pw hnZym-̀ ymkw t\Sm\pwaäpw At±lw \S-¯nb t]mcm-«-§Ä Z£nW tIc-f-̄ nsâNcn-{X-¯nÂ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-§-fm-Wv.kap-Zm-tbmÂ¡Àjw ap³\nÀ¯nbpÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä GIo-I-cn¨v \S-̧ m-¡pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS, kwL-Sn¨v ià-cm-Im\pw hnZy A`y-kn¨v kzX-{´-cm-Im-\p-apÅ {io\m-cm-bW ktµiwDÄs¡mv 1907þÂ SNDP tbmKw amXr-IbnÂ km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e\ kwLw Xncp-h-\´-]pcwtI{µ-ambn A¿-¦mfn Øm]n-̈ p.

A[-Øn-XÀ s]mXp-h-gn-bneqsS k©-cn-¡m³ ]mSnÃ F¶ A\o-Xn-s¡-Xn-scbm-bn-cp¶p A¿-¦m-fn-bnse kmaqly ]cn-jv¡À¯mhv BZyw {]Xn-I-cn-̈ -Xv. kao] Øe-§-fnÂ \n¶vGXm\pw ]peb bphm-¡sf kwL-Sn-̧ n¨v s]mXp\nc-̄ p-I-fnÂ¡qSn \S-¶p-sIm-m-bn-cp¶p Bka-cw. asämcp {][m\ ka-c-]-cn-]mSn hnZym-eb {]th-i\ kzmX-{ý-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hu]-Nm-cnIhnZym-̀ ym-k-̄ n-\pÅ Ah-kcw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« A¿-¦m-fn-bpsS apJy ap{Zm-hmIyw "A[xØn-XÀ¡vhnZym-̀ ymkw A`n-K-ay-am-¡pI' F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-thn BhÀ¯n-̈ pÅ \nth-Z-\-§-fpsSê-ambn A[x-Øn-Xsc hnZym-e-b-̄ nÂ {]th-in-̧ n-¡m-\pÅ D -̄chv alm-cm-Pm-hnÂ \n¶v t\Sn-sb-Sp-̄ p. F¶mÂ hnZym-eb \S-̄ n-̧ p-Im-cmb khÀW hn`mKw, A[x-Øn-Xsc hnZym-e-b-¯nÂ{]th-in-̧ n-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. khÀWÀ¡p thn ]mS¯p ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ X§-tfm-SpÅ A\o-Xn-bnÂ {]Xn-tj-[n¨v "ImÀjnI tPmen _ln-jv¡-cWw' F¶ {]Xy£ ka-c-amÀ¤w A¿-¦mfnkzoI-cn-̈ p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZys¯ IÀjI ka-c-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. CXn-s\-̄ p-SÀ¶vkhÀW hn`m-Kw hn«p-ho-gvNbv¡p X¿m-dm-Ip-Ibpw A[x-Øn-XÀ¡v hnZym-eb {]thi\w -A\p-h-Zn¨p In«p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

hnZym-̀ ymk {]N-m-c-W-¯n\p ]pdta BNmc]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä¡pw km[pP\ ]cn-]m-e\kwLw {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. A¡m-e¯v ]pe-bÀ¡n-S-bnÂ \S¶ Hcp henb {]t£m-̀ W-am-bn-cp¶p]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb "IÃpw amebpw' Dt]-£n¨v hkv{Xw sImtm Ip¸mbw sImtm amdp-a-d¨vhr¯n-bmbn \S-¡m-\pÅ {iaw. (I-Ãbpw ame-bpw þ hne Ipdª ]e \nd-̄ n-epÅ ap¯vtImÀ¯n-W¡n amdp-ap-gp-h³ adb -̄¡-hn[w \ndsb [cn-¡p¶ IÃp ame-IÄ. ssII-fnepw sNhn-bnepw aäpw C¯cw Ip¸n-¡-Ãp-Ifpw aäpw sImv B`-c-W-§Ä [cn-̈ n-cn-¡pw) ]pe-bÀ¡n-S-bnÂBßm-̀ n-am\w hfÀ¯m\pw Ah-Im-i§Ät\Sm\pw ]peb kv{XoIÄ PmXym-Nm-c-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ[cn-¡p¶ A]-cn-jvIrXamb IÃbpw amebpw Dt]-£n-¡m\pw A¿-¦mfn Blzm\w sNbvXp.

A[x-ØnX P\-§-fpsS A\n-tj[y t\-Xm-sh¶ \ne-bnÂ A¿-¦mfn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ {]kn-²-\m-bn. 1914þÂ {ioaqew {]Pm-k-̀ -bnÂ AwK-amb At±lw 25 hÀj-¡mew BØm\¯p XpSÀ¶p. C¡m-e-b-f-hnÂ A¿-¦mfnbpsS {]hÀ¯\ aWvUew hn]p-e-am-bn. ]pe-bÀ,]d-bÀ, tNc-aÀ XpS-§nb A[-xØnX hn`m-K-§-fpsS DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶Â¸v A¿-¦m-fn-bpsS{]hÀ¯\ ê-ambn km[y-am-bn. t£{X {]th-i\ hnfw-_-c-¯n-\-\p-Iq-e-amb A´-co£w cq]-



s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-epw, DtZy-KØ \nb-a-\¯n\pw \nb-a-k`m {]mXn-\n-[y-¯n\pw B\p-]m-XnIhyhØA\p-h-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xnepw A¿-¦m-fnbpw km[p-P\]cn-]m-e\kwLhpw \ÂInb kw`m-h\ \nkvXp-e-am-Wv.

]peb alm-k` XpSÀ¶pw {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp-¶p-s-¦nepw Zfn-X-cpsS Ah-Imika-c-§Ä¡v hÀK-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb am\-§-fmWv ]nÂ¡m-e¯v ap¶n«p \n¶-Xv.

Ipam-c-Kp-cp-þ-{]-Xy-£-c£m ssZh-k`

A[:IrX P\-X-bpsS D¶-a-\-̄ n-\p-thn s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kpcp Øm]näX-{]-Øm-\-amWv {]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k` (]n.-BÀ.-Un.-F-kv). 1879Â Cc-hn-t]-cq-cnÂ P\n¨ Ipam-c³ F¶ _me³ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn¨v tbml-¶m³ Bbn. amÀt¯m-½m-k-̀ mw-K-am-bn-cp¶At±lw \sÃmcp {]mkw-K-I\pw kwLm-S-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡v A[:IrX-cmb {InkvXym-\n-I-tfm-SpÅ at\m-̀ m-h-¯nÂ a\w-s\m´ tbml-¶m³ AXns\hnaÀin¨v {]kw-Kn-¡p-Ibpw k`-hn-«p-t]m-Im³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\ptijw{_ZÀan-j-\nepw thÀ]m-Sp-k-̀ -bnepw tNÀs¶-¦nepw {InkvXp-a-Xhpw kz´w ZÀi-\hpw X½nÂs]mcp-̄ -s¸-Sm³ Ign-bmsX t]mb-Xn-\mÂ Hcp hen-b-Iq«w A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-ambn k`-hn-«p-t]m-bn.

A[:IrX P\X {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-̈ -t¸mÄ AhÀ {]Xo-£n-¡p-Ibpw hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX Imcy-§-fnÂ\n¶pw hn]-co-X-am-bn-cp¶p AhÀ¡p-In-«nb A\p-̀ -hw. PmXn-kw-_-Ô-amb Xcw-Xm-gv -̄ep-IÄ¡v ]tcm-£-ambn AhÀ hopw hnt[-b-cm-bn. {InkvXp-aXw ASn-a-hÀ¤s¯ c£n-¡p-I-bn-sÃ¶p Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-Ibpw hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX tbml-¶m³, Ipam-c³F¶ Xsâ ]g-b-t]cv hopw kzoI-cn-̈ p. am{X-aÃ {]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZhk` F¶ aXw Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cc-hn-t]-cqÀ BØm-\-am¡n A[-Ir-X-cpsS thZ-\-IÄ¡v ]cn-lmcw t\Sm³At±lw {]hÀ¯n-̈ p. ASn-a-hÀ¤-¯nsâ c£bv¡v kz´-ambn Hcp aXw (]n.-BÀ.-Un.-F-kv.) {]N-cn-̧ n-¡m³ Xsâ IognÂ Kpcp-¡-·m-scbpw D]-tZ-jvSm-¡-sfbpw \nb-an-̈ p. 1921þÂ {ioaqew Akw-»n-bnepw 1931 Â {]Pm-k-`-bnepw At±lw AwK-a-mbn-cp-¶p.

tIc-f-̄ n-ep-S-se-Sp¯ \thm-°m-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf, AtX-]Sn ]mT-h-XvI-cn-¡msX kmaq-ln-I-hy-Xn-bm-\-§sf Iogm-f-]-£-̄ p-\n¶p ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-̄ m\pw hniz-am-\-hn-I-XbpsS ktµ-i-§sf DbÀ¯m\pw Ign-ªXv {]Xy£c£m-ssZ-h-k-̀ -bpsS al-̄ mb t\«-§-fn-sem-¶m-Wv. sImtfm-Wn-bÂ-þ-hym-h-km-bn-I-þ-hm-Wn-Pym-[n-]Xy hyh-Ø-bnÂ Gähpw IqSp-XÂZpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-t¡-n-h-cp-¶Xv Chn-Sps¯ Iogm-f-cmWv. Cý³ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bnse amän-\nÀ¯-s¸-«n-cp¶ kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-{I-a-̄ n-e-\p-̀ -hn-t¡-n-h¶ \ncm-k-§fpw sImtfm-Wn-bÂ B[n-]-Xy-̄ n-e-\p-̀ -hn-t¡-n-h¶ Zmcn-{Zyhpw Iogm-f-P-\-X-bpsS ka-{K-h-fÀ¨-bpsS hne-§p-X-Sn-I-fm-bncp-¶p. Cu L«-̄ nÂ, tIc-f-̄ nÂ s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-I-fn-eqsS k©m-c-kzm-X{ýw t]mepw Iogm-fÀ¡p\ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ ka-b¯v temI-k-am-[m-\-bm{X (1914) \S-¯m³ {]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k-̀ -bv¡p-I-gn-ªXv hniz-am-\-hn-IX F¶ al-̄ mb Bi-b-¯nÂ \n-¶p-X-s¶-bm-Wv. ASnak´-Xn-IÄ ASn-a¯w hen-s¨-dnªv temI¯p \S-¡p¶ kw`-h-§-fnÂ CS-s]-«-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-Iq-Sn-bm-W-Xv. Cu kam-[m\ bm{X \S-¯n-bXv H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e-¯mWv F¶p-IqSn Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-t¼m-gmWv AXnsâ alXzw IqSp-XÂ kv]jvS-am-Ip-¶-Xv. Xs¶-bp-aÃ c£m-I-c-Zu-Xy-̄ nÂ aäm-cp-sSbpw Nn´-Isf ]IÀ¯msX Iogm-f-cpsS Hcp apt¶äw Ipdn-¡pI IqSn-bmWv s]mbvI-bnÂ{ioIp-am-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h³ sNbvX-Xv.



Ahm-Ny-amb A\p-̀ -h-X-e-§-fnÂ kpJ-k-ar-²-ambn Pohn-¡m-hp¶ Hcn-S-ap-s¶{]kvXm-h-§-fn-eq-sS-bÃ Kpcp-tZ-hsâ {]t_m-[-\-§fpw \nco-£-W-§fpw apt¶m«pt]m-bXv. Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ASn-a-I-fm-¡-s¸« Iogm-f-P-\-X-bpsS Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-I-sfbpw Imc-W-§-sf-bp-amWv AXvA`n-kw-t_m-[-sN-bvX-Xv. AXnÂ\n-¶pÅ tamN-\-¯n\pw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb ]T-\-¯n\pw hni-I-e-\-̄ n\pw ]cn-lm-c-\nÀt±-i-§Ä¡pw km[y-am-Ip¶ Nn´m-]-c-amb Hcp amä-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¡m-e¯pw Hcp P\-Xsb Iogm-f-am-¡n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ aX-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-sfbpwsshtZ-in-I-cq-]o-Ir-X-amb aX-{I-a-§-tfm-SpÅ hntbm-Pn¸pIsfbpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bmWv Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-hsâ {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä apt¶m-«p-t]m-b-Xv. CXm-Is« Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bßm-`n-am-\-h-fÀ¨-bp-sSbpw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-þ-Io-gm-fo-I-c-W- \n-e-]mSp-I-fpsSbpw t\À¡pÅ sNdp-¯p-\nÂ¸n-sâ-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. {]Xy£c£m-ssZ-h-k-̀ -bp-sS F¡m-e-s¯bpw {]k-àn¡pw temI-hym-]-I-amb AwKo-Im-c-¯n\pw CXv Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

N«¼n kzman-IÄ (1853 þ 1924)

\mbÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nse ]-cnjv¡À¯mhmbn-cp¶ hnZym-Zn-cmPm {ioN«¼nkzman-IÄ tI-c-fob kmaqlnI \-thm-°m\ \mb-I-·m-cnÂ {it²-b-\m-Wv. 1853 BKÌv 25\v Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v I®-aqebnepÅ sImÃqÀ{Km-a-̄ nÂ hmkp-tZh iÀ½-bp-tSbpw Xncp-\-¦bp-tSbpw aI-\mbn P\n-̈ p. A¿-̧ ³ F¶m-bn-cp¶p \ma-t[-b-sa-¦nepw Ipª³ F¶ Hma-\-t¸-cmWv ]Xn-ª-Xv. sImÃqÀ aT¯nse \¼q-Xn-cn-¡p-«n-IÄ kwkvIrXw ]Tn¡p¶Xv ad-ªp-\n¶p tI«p ]Tn-¨p. t]«-bnÂ cma³]nÅ Bimsâ ]mT-im-e-bnÂ tNÀ¶p ]Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]Tn-¸nepw kz`mhip²n-bn-ep-apÅ anI-hpsImv N«¼n (tam-Wn-äÀ) Bbn. t]«-bnÂ cma³]nÅBim³ "Úm\-{]-Pm-Kcw' F¶ thZm-́ -k` Bcw-̀ n-̈ -t¸mÄ AXnÂ ]Xn-hmbn ]s¦-Sp-¡m-dpÅssX¡mSv A¿m-hnÂ \n¶v ]mTtbm-Khpw kzman-\m-Y-tZ-in-I-cnÂ \n¶v Xangpw XXz-im-kv{Xhpwhi-am-¡n. \h-cm{Xn kZ-ÊnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡m-s\-¯nb kpº-P-Sm-]m-Tn-IÄ F¶ ]c-tZi thZm-́ -]-WvUn-X³ "Úm\-{]-Pm-Kc' k`-bnÂ thZm´{]`m-jWw \S-¯p-¶XvtIÄ¡m-\n-S-bmb Ipª³N«¼n At±-l-¯nsâ injyXzw kzoI-cn¨p. At±l¯nÂ \n¶vkwkvIr-X-̄ nsâ D]-cn-]m-T-§fpw thtZm-]-\n-j-¯p-IÄ, imkv{X-§Ä, tbmK-hnZy XpS-§n-b-hbpwA`y-kn-̈ p. \m«nÂ aS-§n-sb-̄ nb At±lw A½-bpsS acWtijw euInI _Ô-§-fp-t]-£n¨vtZim-S-\-̄ n-\n-d-§n. Z£n-tW-́ y-bnÂ apgp-h³ k©-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ipd-¨p-Imew acp-Xzm-a-e-bnseKpl-bnÂ X]-k-\p-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _lp-ap-J-amb ]mWvUnXyw t\Sn-bn«pw Adn-tb--X-dn-ªn-sÃ¶ Hcp tXm¶Â At±-ls¯ Akz-Ø-\m-¡n. A§-s\-bn-cns¡ tZim-S-\-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ\mKÀtIm-hn-en-\-Sp-¯p-h¨v bmZr-Ýn-I-ambn Hcp tbmKnsb Ip-ap-«p-Ibpw At±-l-̄ nÂ \n¶vBß-hn-tZym-]-tZiw kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A§s\ Ipª³N«¼n N«¼nkzman-I-fm-bn.j¬ap-J-Zm-k³ F¶ _ncpZ\ma-hpw Ct±-l-¯n-\p-v. P\-§Ä At±-ls¯ kvt\l-]qÀÆwhnZym-Zn-cm-P³ F¶p hnfn-¨p.

kaq-l-¯nsâ A´-k-¯bpw AXnÂ A´Àeo-\-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ iànbpw I-dnªv P\-§sf DZv_p²cm¡pI F¶ al-̄ mb IÀ¯-hy-amWv N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ kzb-ta-sä-Sp-

-̄Xv. PmXn-t{i-Wn-bpsS Xe-̧ ¯p hncm-Pn-¡p¶ {_mÒ-W-cpsS kmaqly taÂt¡m-bva-s¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ BZys¯ [oc-amb i_vZw N«¼nkzman-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. thZw ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v A{_m-Ò-WÀ¡v A[n-Im-c-an-sÃ¶p iTn¨ bmYm-Øn-XnI {_mÒW ]utcm-lnXy \ne-]m-Sns\ At±lwtNmZyw sNbvXp. \mb-·mÀ, Cug-hÀ XpS-§nb sslµhkap-Zm-b-§Ä¡v kaq-l-¯nÂ Ah-cÀln-¡p¶ \ymbamb Øm\w e`n-¡-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p At±-l-̄ nsâ hmZw.



lnµpaX-̄ nse A\m-Nm-c-§sf tNmZyw sNbvX N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ B aX-̄ nsâBNmc {KÙ-§-fmb thtZm-]-\n-j-¯p-IÄ, PmXn-Nn-´-bv¡-Xo-X-amb am\-hn-I-Xsb am\n-¡p¶XmsW¶v t_m²y-s¸-Sp-̄ n. PmXn-hy-hØ CÃm-bva sN¿p-hm-\pÅ ^e-{]-Z-amb amÀ¤-ambnAt±lw IXv Cug-hcpw aäv Abn¯PmXn-¡m-cp-ambn \nc-́ c k¼À¡-̄ nÂ GÀs¸-SpIF¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Abn-̄ w, Xmen-sI«v Ieym-Ww, Xnc-p-Ipfn XpS-§nb A\m-Nm-c-§sf kaq-l-¯nÂ \n¶pw XpS-̈ p-am-äp-¶-Xn-\pÅ kPoh {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ At±lw GÀs¸-«p. Abn¯wsImSn-Ip¯n hmWn-cp¶ Ime¯v, AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-¡msX \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzm-an-I-sfbpwsImv khÀW `h-\-§-fnÂ IS¶p sN¶n-cp¶ N«¼nkzman-IÄ PmXn¡pw Abn-̄ -¯n\pwAXo-X-ambn Pohn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ F¶p ImWn¨p sImSp-̄ p.

N«¼nkzman-I-fpsS thZm´NÀ¨-Ifpw aXw, ZÀi\w, Ncn{Xw F¶o hnj-b-§sfA[n-I-cn¨v cNn¨ IrXn-Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-k-a-Xzw, a\pjy kmtlm-Zcyw F¶o XXz-§Ä¡v {]mapJyw\ÂIn. FÃm aX-§-fp-tSbpw ASn-Øm\ XXz-§Ä FSp-̄ p-Im«n Ah-bpsS auen-I-amb GI-kz-`m-hs¯ kaÀ°n-¡p-I-bmWv N«¼nkzman-IÄ sNbvX-Xv. tIc-f-¯nse kmaq-lnI ]cn-jv¡-cW{]Øm-\-̄ n\v _p²n-]-c-amb ASn-¯d]WnX N«¼nkzman-IÄ Akm-[m-cW kn²n-IÄ XnIªHcp Iem-Im-c\pw A{]-tab {]`m-h-\mb Bß-tbm-Kn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ 1924 sabv 5 \p ]·-\-bnÂ h¨v kam-[n-bm-bn. At±-l-̄ nsâinjycpw Bcm-[-Icpw AhnsS Øm]n¨ t£{X-hpw B{i-ahpw XoÀ°m-S\ tI{µ-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ{]kn-²-am-Wv.

N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpsS IrXn-IÄ : þ BZn-̀ m-j, {]mNo-\-a-e-bm-fw, `mjm-K-Zyw, ]p\ÀP· \ncq-]-Ww,thZm-Zn-Imc \ncq-]-Ww, {InkvXp-a-X-tÑ-Z-\w, Poh-Im-cpWy \ncq-]-Ww, \nPm-\µhnem-kw, thZm-́ -km-K-cw, {_l-Xz-\nÀ`m-kw, AssZzX ]RvP-cw XpS-§n-bh {][m\IrXn-I-fm-Wv.

hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³I®qÀ Iq¯p-]-d-¼n-\-Sp-¯pÅ ]mSyw-{Km-a-¯nÂ tImc³ Kpcp-¡-fp-sSbpw hb-

tecn Nocp-h-½-bp-sSbpw aq¯-]p-{X-\mbn Ipªn-¡-®³ P\n-̈ p (1887). kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp¶ AÑ³Xs¶ BZy-Kp-cp. ]mc-¼-cy-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ Imhy-\m-S-Im-e-¦m-c-§-fnepw ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-fnepw Adnhv t\Sn. hmb-\-bnÂ Xmev]-cy-ap-m-b-tXmsS B[ym-ßn-I-hn-j-b-§-fnÂ Adn-hp-t\-Sn. Xm³ BÀÖn¨ Adnhv aäp-Å-hÀ¡p-IqSn ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ {]kw-K-th-Zn-IÄ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n. ]mWvUn-Xyhpw hmKzn-em-khpw H¯p-tNÀ¶-tXmsS Ipªn-¡-®³ hn.-sI. Kpcp-¡Ä F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p.

tImgn-t¡m-s«-̄ nb Kpcp-¡Ä AhnsS XXz-{]-Im-inI Fs¶mcp kwkvIr-X-hn-Zym-ebw Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§fpw thtZm-]-\n-j-̄ p-Ifpw `K-h-XvKo-X-bp-sams¡ D²-cn-¨p-sImv B[ym-ßn-I-km-aq-lnI {]iv\-§sf A[n-I-cn-̈ pÅ hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§fpw {]`m-j-W-§fpw Kpcp-¡sf IqSp-XÂ {]i-kvX-\m-¡n. cmPmdmw taml³ tdmbn-bpsS {_Ò-k-am-P-̄ nsâkn²m-́ -§fpw {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw Kpcp-¡-fnÂ KWy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-̄ n. inhm-\-µ-tbm-Kn-bpsS Bi-bm-ZÀi-§-fnepw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw BIr-jvS-\mb hn.-sI. Kpcp-¡Ä At±-l-̄ nsâinjyXzw kzoI-cn-̈ p. hn.-sI. Kpcp-¡-fpsS ss[j-Wn-I-amb hmKvhnemkw I-dnªv {_Òm-\-µ-in-h-tbm-Kn-bmWv At±-ls¯ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ F¶ _lp-aXn \maw \evIn BZ-cn-̈ -Xv.

[À½-{]-N-c-W-̄ n\pw A\m-Nm-c-§-fpsSbpw AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fp-sSbpw [zwk-\-¯n-\p-apÅ t_m[-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯n-\p-am-bmWv hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ tImgn-t¡m«v Bß-hn-Zym-kwLwØm]n-̈ -Xv. ià-amb Cu kmaq-ln-I-{]-Øm\w PmXn-hy-h-Øbv¡pw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bv¡p-sa-Xn-



cmbn i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯n. ]n¶o-Sn-Xnsâ imJ-IÄ D -̄c-tI-c-f-¯nepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw Øm]n-X-am-bn. Bß-hn-Zym-kw-L-̄ nsâ am\n-s^tÌm F¶ \ne-bn-emWv BZy-Ir-Xn-bmb Bß-hnZy {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ -Xv.

Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-̄ nÂ ]nd¶ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ B kap-Zmbw A\p-hÀ¯n-̈ p-t]m¶ Xnc-p-I-eym-Ww, Xmen-sI-«p-I-eymWw XpS-§nb A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ t]mcm-«-¯n-eqsS kmapZmbnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. hn{K-l-§sf ]qPn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS a\p-jy\vDÂ¡Àjw km[y-a-sÃ¶v Dds¡ {]Jym-]n-̈ p-sImv {_mÒ-W-in-h-s\bpw Cug-h-inh-s\bpw Xnc-kvI-cn-̈ p. PmXn-bpsS tIm«-a-Xn-ep-X-IÀ¡m\pw Abn-¯s¯ Zpco-I-cn-¡p-hm\pw Gähpw ^e-{]-Z-sa-¶vIv an{i-hn-hm-lhpw an{i-t`m-P-\hpw t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-¡p-I-hgn ka-Xz-sa¶ Bibw{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡n. Bß-hn-Zym-kwLw aptJ\ PmXn-hy-Xym-kw, aZy-]m\w F¶n-h-bvs¡-Xnsc iàn-]qÀÆw {]hÀ¯n¨ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-hm-bn-cp¶p hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³.

Bß-hn-Zym-kw-Lw, A`n-\-h-tI-cfw amkn-I, Bß-hn-Zym-Im-lfw hmcn-I, XXz-{]-Im-inI B{i-aw, cmP-tbm-Km-\-µ-Iu-ap-Zo-tbm-K-ime F¶nh Bcw-̀ n¨ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³, 1925ÂBcw-̀ n¨ Ducm-fp-¦Â tImþ-Hm-̧ -td-äohv te_À skmssk-än-bpsS Øm]-\-̄ n\v t\XrXzw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Bß-hn-Zy, Bß-hn-Zym-te-J-am-e, B[ym-Xva-bp-²w, {]mÀ°\m-RvPen F¶nhhmKv`Sm-\-µsâ {][m\ IrXn-I-fm-Wv. 1937 amÀ¨v 30\v hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ A´-cn-̈ p.

aàn-X-§Ä (1847þ1912)ae-̧ p-dw PnÃ-bnÂ, s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nse shfn-bw-tImSv tZi¯v 1847þÂ aàn-

X-§Ä P\n-̈ p. k¿n-Zvk-\m-bpÅ aàn X§Ä F¶m-bn-cp¶p ]qÀ®-\m-aw. Ad-_n, ae-bm-fw,Xan-gv, Ddp-Zp, t]Àjy³, Cw¥ojv F¶o `mj-I-fnÂ ]mWvUnXyw t\Snb aàn-X-§Ä {_n«ojvKh¬saânsâ IognÂ FIvsskkv C³kv-s]-IvS-dmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvSn-̈ p. 1900-þÂ tPmen-cm-Pn-h-¨p-sImv apgp-h³ka-b-km-aq-lnI {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-te¡v Xncn-ªp.

ae-_m-dnse at©cn, s]m¶m\n {]tZ-i-§Ä tI{µo-I-cn-̈ m-bn-cp¶p kmaq-ln-I-\-thm-°m-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ At±lw {i²-tI-{µo-I-cn-̈ -Xv. A¶-s -̄ apÉow hnZym-̀ ym-k-coXnJpÀB³ sâ HmXepw AXnsâ AÀ°w ]d-bpI F¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. a{Z-k-IÄ, Fgp-̄ p-]Ån/Hm¯p-]Ån F¶nh tI{µo-I-cn-̈ m-bn-cp¶p hnZym-̀ ymkw \S-̄ n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. A¶s¯ apÉowaX-t\-Xm-¡Ä {_n«o-jp-Im-scbpw Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ym-k-s¯bpw FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶p. {_n«o-jp-Imsc

FXnÀ¯-Xn\v {][m-\-Im-cWw AhÀ Npa-¯nb \nIpXn hym]m-c-am-bn-cp¶p. ae-_mÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnse IÀjIÀ¡pw `qhp-S-a-IÄ¡p-an-S-bnÂ \nIp-Xn-Np-a-¯n-s¡mv km¼-̄ n-I-ambn NqjWw sN¿p-Ibpw \nIpXn-s-sIm-Sp-¡m- -̄h-cpsS `qan-I-p-sI-«p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ coXn-bnÂ {]tIm-]n-X-cmb AhÀ {_n«o-jp-Imsc FXnÀ¯p. sshtZ-in-I-amb F´n-s\bpw \ncm-I-cn-¨p. am{X-aÃ sshtZ-io-b-tcmSv i{Xp-Xm-a-t\m-̀ m-hhpw DS-se-Sp-̄ p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ apÉowP\X Cw¥ojv `mj ]Tn-¨n-Ã. ae-bm-fhpw ]Tn-¡m³ {ian-¨n-Ã. BsI-̧ msS ]Tn¨ `mj Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. ae-bm-ftam Cw¥otjm Adn-bm¯ apÉow aX-ØÀ¡v sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Äe`n-̈ n-cp-¶n-Ã. CX-hsc kmaq-ln-Ihpw km¼-¯n-I-hp-ambn ]nt¶m-«p-\-bn-¨p.

kmaq-ln-I-ambpw hnZym-̀ ym-k-]-c-ambpw km¼-̄ n-I-ambpw ]nt¶m-¡m-h-Øbn-se-¯nb apÉowk-ap-Zm-bs¯ ]p\-cp-²-cn-¡m³ apt¶m-«p-h¶ \thm-°m-\-\m-b-I-\mWv aàn-X-§Ä.At±lw ae-bm-f-̀ mj ]Tn-¡m³ P\-§sf \nc-́ cw Blzm\w sNbvXp. Nmen-e-I¯v Ipª-l-½-



Zvlm-Pn, apl-½-Zmen X§Ä F¶n-h-tcm-sSm¸w tNÀ¶v aàn-X-§Ä \S-¯nb kmaq-ln-I-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Cw¥o-jv`mj ]nim-Nnsâ `mj-bmWv, \c-I-¯n-te-¡pÅ ]mX-bmWv AXnsâ]T\w. F¶p-hn-iz-kn-̈ n-cp¶ A¡m-es¯ apÉow ]WvUn-X-·mcpsS ImgvN-̧ mSv amäm³ aàn-X-§Ä {ian-̈ p. a{Z-k-I-fnse ]T-\-co-Xn-Isf ]cn-jvI-cn¨ aàn-X-§Ä ]pXnb A[ym-]-\-co-Xn-IÄXs¶ \S-̧ n-em¡n. Jpdm³ HmXepw AÀ°w ]Tn-̈ p-]-d-bep-a-ÃmsX \nc-h[n ]pXnb Imcy-§Ä]T-\-tI-{µ-§-fnÂ \S-̧ n-em-¡m³ At±-l-¯n-\mbn. CÉm-an-\n-S-bnÂ Dm-bn-cp¶ ISp¯ AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw A\n-Ém-an-I-amb ImgvN-̧ m-Sp-I-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw FXnÀ¯ aàn-X-§Ä Ah-bvs¡-Xnsc P\-§sf DZvt_m-[n-̧ n-¨p.

apÉow Bâv FUyp-t¡-j³ C³ ae-bmfw (I-s¿-gp-¯p-am-kn-I), klvk-ZpÂAlvbmÀ hÂ lnZm-b¯Â AkvdÀ (]-cn-jvI-cn¨ Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw kv{In]vän-s\-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ ]T-\w), ]tcm-]-Imcn (am-kn-I), \_n-\-b\w, ]mÀ¡-enX t]mÀ¡fw F¶nh At±-l-¯nsâ {][m\Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. XpÀ¡n-k-am-Nmcw Fs¶mcp ]{Xhpw aàn-X-§-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ {]kn²wsNbvXn-cp-¶p. JpÀB³ ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp-Xp-S-§n-sb-¦nepw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡m-\m-bn-Ã.

_lp-̀ m-jm-]-WvUn-X³, apÉow \thm-°m-\ -\m-b-I³, Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bmfw en]n]cn-jvIÀ¯mhv XpS-§nb \ne-I-fnÂ {it²-b-\mb aàn-X-§Ä 1912 sk]väw-_À 18 \v ac-W-a-S-ªp.

h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀau-ehn (1873þ1932)tIc-f-̄ nse kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ Ae-sbm-en-IÄ apÉow

kap-Zm-b-¯nepw Ae-b-Sn-¨n-cp-¶p. apÉo-§Ä¡n-S-bnse Gähpw anI¨ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡-fnsemcm-fm-bn-cp¶p h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀau-e-hn. Ad-_n, t]Àjy³, Ddp-Zp, ae-bmfw F¶o `mj-I-fnÂ ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp¶ At±lw kz´w kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-tIm-¶-a-\-̄ n\pwkm·mÀKn-tIm-Öo-h-\-¯n\pw thn ITn-\-ambn {]b-Xv\n-̈ p. CÉm-an-\p- \n-c-¡m¯ BNm-c-§ÄDt]-£n-¡p-hm\pw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ymkw t\Sp-hm\pw B[p-\n-I-]p-tcm-K-a\{]Øm-\-§-fnÂ kPo-h-ambn ]s¦-Sp-¡p-hm\pw At±lw apÉowIfnÂ t{]c-W-sN-ep-̄ n.

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hp-ambn ASp¯ k¼À¡w -]p-eÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ h¡w auehnØm]n¨ cp kwL-S-\-I-fmWv CÉmw [À½-]-cn-]m-e\ kwLw , Pam-A-¯pÂ-CÀjmZv

F¶nh. 1903-Â kn.-]n. tKmhn-µ-̧ n-Å-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-̄ nÂ Bcw-̀ n¨ kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n bpsS{]km-[-I\pw aue-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw tZio-b-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-th-n-bpÅ{]hÀ -̄\-§Ä GtIm-]n-̧ n-̈ p-sIm-p-t]m-Ip-¶-XnÂ auehn Z¯{i-²-\m-bn-cp-¶p. aue-hn-bpsShnZym-̀ ym-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf tIcf apÉow Ub-d-IvS-dn-bnÂ C§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p¶p-þkap-Zm-b-¯nsâ hnZym-`ym-k-]p-tcm-K-Xnsb em¡m¡n auehn kutl_v \nÀh-ln¨ tkh\w ]qhn-«p-hn-cn-ªXv ASp- -̄Im-e-̄ m-Wv. `c-W-a-WvU-e-§-fnepw HutZym-Kn-I-amb aäp-cw-K-§-fnepw apÉo-§Ä¡v {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-¡m³ At±lw A£oWw {ian-̈ p. AXnsâ ^e-ambn 1914 apXÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Kh¬saâv kÀho-knÂ apÉow FUyp-t¡-j³ C³kvs]-IvS-dpw JpÀ-B³ A[ym-]-I-·m-cpw Ad-_n-ap³jn-am-cp-ap-m-bn. Kh¬saânsâ Ad-_n-]-co-£-bp-sSbpw Ad_n sSIvÌv _p¡vI½n-än-bp-sSbpw D -̄c-hm-Zn- -̄apÅ Øm\-§sf Ae-¦-cn-̈ p-sImv apÉow hnZym-̀ ym-k-̄ n\v]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶{X tkh\w sNbvXp. auehn kmtl_v Bcw-̀ n¨ apÉow



amkn-Ibpw AÂþCÉmw F¶ Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bm-f-am-kn-Ibpw kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Pnlz-I-fmbn¯s¶ \ne-sIm-p.

tIc-f-̄ nse ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ h¡w aue-hn¡v _lp-am-\y-amb Øm\-ap-v. apÉow , Zo]nI F¶n-§s\ cv B\p-Im-enI ]{X-§Ä kz´w ]{Xm-[n-

]-Xy-̄ nÂ At±lw {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n. sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp¶ kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-

bpw h¡w aue-hn-bpsS hI-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AÂ-CÉmw F¶ Ad_n ae-bmfamkn-I-bpsS {]kn-²o-I-c-Ww-sImv At±lw Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cug-hcpw \mb-·mcpwBcw-̀ n¨ P\-k-ap-Zm-b-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn¨v auehn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ apÉow alm-k-

` bpw Nnd-bn³Iogv Xmeq¡v apÉow kam-P hpw sFIy-apÉow kwL hpw Øm]n-̈ p. apÉo-§Ä¡v kmaq-ln-I--amb DbÀ¨ ssIh-cp-¯p-I, AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂ kzX-{´-Nn-́ m-KXn hfÀ¯pIF¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu kwL-S-\-I-fpsS Dt±-iyw. tIc-f-¯nÂ hnZym-̀ ym-k-cw-K¯pw kmaq-ln-I-cw-K¯pw apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bnÂ Gdn-b-Iqdpw auehn kmln-_nsâ {]mcw-̀ -{]-hÀ¯-\-§-tfmSv IS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³ (1889þ1968)kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯mhpw NnÍ\pw ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-\p-amb sI.-A-¿-̧ ³

ssh¸n³Zzo-]nse sNdm-bn-bnÂ P\n-̈ p. sNdm-bn, ]d-hqÀ, tImgn-t¡mSv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse hnZym-̀ ym-k-̄ n-\p-tijw D]-cn-]-T-\-̄ n\v a{Zm-knÂ t]msb-¦nepw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡msX aS-§n. tImgn-t¡mSvBß-hn-Zym-kw-L-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p {]hÀ¯n-̈ p. Xma-kn-bmsX Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-̄ nÂ thcq-¶nb AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw CÃm-bva-sN-¿p-hm-\pÅ {ia-hp-ambn cwK-̄ n-d-§n. Kpcp-k-tµ-i-§Ä {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-hm-\mWv Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n. tbmKhpw ktlm-Z-c-kw-LhpwBhnÀ`-hn-̈ -Xv. Fkv.-F-³.-Un.-]n. tbmK-¯n\v IqSp-XÂ cmjv{So-b-e-£y-§Ä A¡m-e-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xp-sImv PmXn-kw-_-Ô-amb D¨-\o-N-Xz-§fpw aäv A\m-Nm-c-§fpw Cugh kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ\n¶v amäWsa¶pÅ e£y-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n. tbmK-¯nsâ Hcp t]mj-I-kw-L-S\ F¶ \ne-bnÂ PmXn-\-io-Ic-W-sa¶ e£yw ap³\nÀ¯n 1917þÂ A¿-̧ ³ ktlm-Z-c-kwLwBcw-̀ n-̈ p.

PmXn-th-, aXw-th-, ssZhw-th a\p-jy\v F¶ Bibw {]N-cn-̧ n¨v Hcp]pXnb kaqlw krjvSn-¡m³ At±lw {ian-¨p. PmXn-X-IÀ¡pI F¶ e£y-hp-ambn 1917þÂAt±lw sNdm-bn-bnÂ \S-̄ nb an{i-t`m-P\w kz´w PmXn-¡m-cnÂ\n¶pw ]pe-b-\-¿-̧ ³ F¶]cn-lm-k-t¸cv At±-l-¯n\v t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-̄ p. ]pe-b-scbpw Cug-h-scbpw ]s¦-Sp-̧ n-̈ p-sImvan{i-t`m-P\w \S-̄ p-Ibpw an{i-hn-hmlw t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXv kap-Zm-b-¯nÂhenb tImfn-f¡w krjvSn-̈ p. PmXn-\-io-I-c-W-¯nsâ t]cnÂ bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-cpsS ià-ambFXnÀ¸v At±-l-¯n\v t\cn-tS-n-h-¶p.

ktlm-Z-c-kw-L-̄ n-eqsS kmaq-ly-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ Ae-I-fn-f-¡p-hm³ A¿-¸\v Ign-ªp. A§-s\-bmWv sI.-A-¿-̧ ³ ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-̧ -\m-b-Xv. 1919þÂ a«m-t©-cn-bnÂ\n¶v ktlm-Z-c³ F¶ ]{Xw At±lw {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ p. 1928þÂ Bcw-̀ n¨ bpàn-hmZn amkn-I-bpsS BZy-]-{Xm-[n-]cpw A¿-̧ -\m-bn-cp-¶p. sIm¨n cmPy¯v D¯-c-hm-Z-̀ -c-Whpw {]mb-]qÀ¯nthm«-h-Im-ihpw Øm]n-¨p-In-«m³ At±lw A£oWw {]b-Xv\n-̈ p. sIm¨n {]Pm-a-WvU-e-¯nÂGsd-¡mew AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. D -̄c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw Øm]n-̈ -Xn-\p-ti-j-apÅ P\-Io-b-a-{ń-k-̀ bnepwcp-{]m-hiyw AwK-am-bn. 1949þÂ Xncp-þ-sIm¨n cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v ]«w a{ń-k-̀ -bnepw



AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-nÂ tIcfw t\Snb kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bnÂ ktlm-Z-c³A¿-̧ sâ kw`m-h\ {it²-b-am-Wv.

ktlm-Z-c-{]-Øm\w tIc-f-̄ nsâ \m\m-̀ m-K-§-fnÂ krjvSn¨ Ae-sbmen sNdp-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. \qX-\-amsbmcp Nn´m-k-cWn sh«n-̄ p-d-¡p-hm\pw Cu {]Øm\w klm-bn-̈ p.A¿-̧ ³ A¶v Bcw-̀ n¨ ktlm-Z-c³ ]{XamWv tIc-f-¯nÂ BZy-ambn djy³ hn¹-h-s -̄¡p-dn¨pw se\n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw tkmjy-en-Ìm-ZÀi-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw P\-§Ä¡nS-bnÂ {]Nm-cWw \S-¯n-b-Xv.bpàn-]qÀÆambn F´n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw hni-I-e\w \S-¯p-hm-\pÅ Hcp kzX-{´-Nn-́ m-io-ehpwktlm-Z-c³ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-̄ p. aXw hyàn-Im-cy-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw PmXnsb D·q-e-\miw

hcp-̄ -W-sa¶pw ktlm-Z-c³ DZvt_m-[n-̧ n-̈ p. PmXn-cm-£-ksâ ssht¡mÂ{]-Xn-a-bp-m¡nZln-̧ n-¡p¶ ]cn-]mSn ]e-bn-S-¯p-h¨pw BtLm-j-]qÀÆw \nÀh-ln-̈ p. sImSp-§-Ãq-cnÂ irwK-]p-c-¯p-h¨v PmXn-cm£k-Z-l\w \S¯nb-Xv, AhÀWÀ¡v \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸« irwK-]pcw tdmUnÂIqSntLmj-bm{X \bn-̈ n-«m-bn-cp-¶p. A¶p-ap-XÂ B tdmUnÂ¡qSn \S-¡m³ AhÀWÀ¡v Ah-Imiw hop-In-«n. A§s\ PmXn-sbbpw PmXn-Ir-X-§-fmb Akzm-X-{´y-§-tfbpw [oc-ambnFXnÀ¯p-sIm-v, P\-§-fnÂ Bß-hocyw ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¯v, ktlm-Z-c-{]-Øm\w \m«nÂ Hcp]pXp-ssN-X\yw {]k-cn-̧ n-¨p.



samUyqÄ þ 2ka-c-§fpw apt¶-ä-§fpw

cmP-hm-gvN-bn-em-bn-cp¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm¨n-bnepw {_n«ojv Ime-L-«-¯nsâ Bcw-̀ w-sXmt« cmjv{Sob ka-c-§fpw {]t£m-̀ W-§fpw Dmbn-«p-v. kXv`c-Ww- Øm-]n-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p BZy-Ime {]t£m-̀ -W§-fpsS e£yw. `c-W-̄ nsâ ]e Xe-§-fp-ambn P\-§Ä¡v _Ô-ap-m-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw aäp-apÅ cmjv{So-bm-h-Im-i-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ kwL-Sn-¸n¡-s¸-«-h-bm-bn-cp¶p ]nÂ¡m-e-̄ pmb {]t£m-̀ -W-§Ä. 1947 Â Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm¨n-bnepw D -̄c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-]n-¶mse Chn-sS-bp-mb {]t£m-̀ -W-§-fmWv CubqWn-änÂ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

Cugh sat½m-dn-bÂae-bm-fn- sa-t½m-dn-bÂ {]t£m-̀ Ww P\-§-fpsS cm{ãobt_m[s¯ X«n-bp-

WÀ¯n. AXv Cugh sat½m-dn-b-en\v amÀK-ZÀi-I-am-bn. ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ F¶ òa-lÀPn-sImv Cugh kap-Zm-b-¯n\v {]tXy-In¨v t\«-sam¶pw Dm-bn-Ã. am{X-aÃ AXn\v Znhm³ cma-cm-b-cnÂ\n¶v e`n¨ adp-]Sn Al-́ -\n-d-ª-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-bs¯ ]cn-l-kn-̈ p-sImv, Cug-hÀ Ah-cpsS Ipe-hr-̄ n-bmb sX§p-sN-¯v, Ib-dp-]n-cn¸v apX-em-b-h-sImvXr]vXn-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw AhÀ¡v kÀ¡m-cp-tZym-K-¯nt\m DÂIr-jvS-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-¯nt\mXmev]-cy-an-sÃ¶pw, Ahsc lÀPn-¡mÀ X§-fpsS kwJy s]cp-̧ n¨p ImWn-¡m³ BIÀjn¨ptNÀ¯-Xm-sW¶pw ]d-ªn-cp-¶p. CXv icnbÃ F¶v sXfn-bn-t¡ Npa-Xe Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p.

Cughkap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ D²m-c-I-\m-bn-cp¶p tUm. ]ev]p-hnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ1896 sk]väw-_À 3þmw XobXn 13176 Cug-hÀ H¸n« Hcp òa-lÀPn alm-cm-Pm-hn\v kaÀ¸n-̈ p.kÀ¡mÀ kÀho-knse DtZym-K-§-fnÂ \m«pIm-cmb X§Ä¡pw AÀl-amb coXn-bnÂ \nb-a\we`n-¡W-sa-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ Bh-iyw. A©p-cq-]-bnÂ IqSp-XÂ i¼-f-apÅ DtZym-K-§-sfm¶pw Cug-hÀ¡v e`n-̈ n-cp-¶n-Ã. {InkvXp-a-X-¯n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sNbvX kzPm-Xo-bÀ¡pÅ]cn-K-W-\-sb-¦nepw X§Ä¡p-e-̀ n-¡-W-sa-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p \nth-Z-\-¯nse {][m\ Bh-iyw. Cug-h-sa-t½m-dn-b-en\v Kh¬saânÂ\n¶pw e`n¨ adp-]Sn \ncm-im-P-\-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw kap-Zm-bmw-K-§sf X§-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-hm-·m-cm-¡m³ Ah klm-b-I-ambn.

ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-nsâ Aý-Z-i-I-§-fnÂ \mbÀ, Cug-hÀ, kpdn-bm\n

{InkvXym-\n-IÄ, ]pe-bÀ XpS-§nb kap-Zm-b-§-fnÂ hnZym-k-¼-¶-cmb Bfp-I-fpsS kwJys]cpIn. Ch-cnÂ \mb-·m-scm-gnsI aäp-Å-hÀ¡v kÀ¡mÀ DtZymKw e`n-̈ n-cp-¶n-Ã. 500 cq]-bv¡p-taÂ i¼-f-apÅ DtZym-K-§-fm-Is« Xangv{_mÒ-WÀ¡v am{Xw kwh-cWw sNbvX ØnXn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-s\-Xnsc hnZym-k-¼-¶-cpsS {]Xn-tj[w hym]-I-am-bn. 1891 P\p-hcn H¶mw XobXn{_mÒ-WÀ HgnsI \m\m-PmXn aX-Ø-cmb ]Xn-\m-bn-c-¯n-e-[nIw t]À H¸n« Hcp òa-lÀPn{ioaqewXncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hn\v kaÀ¸n-̈ p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀ¡mÀ kÀho-knse DbÀ¶DtZym-K-§Ä hnZym-̀ ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bpÅ \m«p-ImÀ¡p- \-evI-W-sa¶Xmbn-cp-¶p -{]-[m\ Bh-iyw.CXm-bn-cp¶p ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ. PmXn-hy-Xymkw amän-h¨v Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-thn tIc-f-



¯nÂ \S¶ BZys¯ Iq«mb {ia-am-bn-cp¶p ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ. B[p-\nI hnZym-̀ ymkwkaq-l-¯nÂ hcp-̄ nb ]cn-hÀ -̄\-¯nsâ ê-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.

Cug-hsc kÀ¡mÀ kvIqfnÂ ]Tn-̧ n-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡m-¯Xpw AhÀ¡vDtZymKw \evIn t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-¡m-̄ Xpw A\ym-b-am-sW¶pw ae-bmfnsa-t½m-dn-b-enÂ hmZn-¨n-cp-¶p. sI.-]n. i¦-c-ta-t\m³, kn.-hn. cma³]n-Å, kn. IrjvW-]n-Å, Pn.-]n. ]nÅ F¶n-h-cmWv CXn-\mbn {]hÀ¯n-̈ -Xv. ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ A¡m-es¯ Hcp {][m\ cmjv{Sob kw`-h-am-bn-cp¶p. DS-\Sn A\p-Iqe D -̄c-shm¶pw Dm-bn-sÃ-¦nepw kÀ¡m-cnsâ at\m-̀ m-h-¯nÂhyXymkw h¶p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀ¡m-cn-s\-Xnsc DbÀ¶p-h¶ BZys¯ P\-ap-t¶äw F¶\ne-bnÂ ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-b-en\v kp{]-[m-\-amb Øm\-ap-v.

t{£{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_cwXncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pmhv {ioNn-̄ n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ _me-cm-a-hÀ½ 1936 \hw-_À

12þmw XobXn kp{]-kn-²-amb t£{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_cw {]Jym-]n-̈ p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-ÀkÀ¡mcnsâ \nb-{´-Wm-[o-\-X-bn-epÅ FÃm t£{X-§-fnepw P\-\-̄ mtem aX-hn-izm-k-̄ mtemlnµp-hmb GsXm-cmÄ¡pw {]th-i-\-a-\p-h-Zn-¡p¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Cu hnfw-_-cw. B[p-\nI `mc-X-

¯nse alm-ÛpXw F¶mWv alm-ßm-KmÔn {]kvXpX hnfw-_-cs¯ hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ -Xv.{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ Bßo-b-km-aq-ly-t\-Xr-Xz-¯n³Io-gnÂ Chn-Sps¯ A[-

Øn-X-hÀ¤w kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-¡p-thn ZoÀL-Im-e-ambn \S-̄ n-h¶ ka-c-§fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb]cn-k-am-]vXn-bm-bn-cp-¶p t£{X-{]-th-i\hnfw-_-cw. AhÀW PmXn-¡mÀ¡v t£{X-{]-th-i-\-a-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ hnhn[hi-§sf¸än lnµp-a-X-̄ nsâ BNm-c-]-²XnI-fpÄs¡m-Åp¶ B[n-Im-cnI{KÙ-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n¨v \nÀt±-i-§Ä kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ 1932þÂ hnZ-Kv²-k-an-Xnsb \nb-an-¨p. kan-Xn-bpsS A\p-Iq-e-amb \nÀt±-i-§fpw khÀW-ln-µp-¡-fpsS A\p-Iq-e-amb \ne-]mSpw t_m[y-s¸-«tXmsS Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ hnfw-_cw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-̈ p.

hnfw-_-c-̄ nsâ ]qÀ®-cq]w CXmWv: \½psS aX-̄ nsâ ]c-amÀ°-Xbpwkp{]-am-W-Xbpw KmV-ambn t_m[y-s¸-«pw, BbXp ssZhn-I-amb A\p-im-k-\-̄ nepw kÀh-hym-]-I-hp-amb k-ln-jvWp-X-bn-ep-amWv ASn-bp-d-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v hniz-kn¨pw AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ AXp iX-hÀj-§-fmbn Ime-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-̄ n\v A\p-tbm-Pn-̈ p-t]m-¶p-sh¶p [cn¨pw\½psS lnµp-{]-P-I-fnÂ BÀ¡pw Xs¶ Ah-cpsS P\-\tam PmXntbm kap-Zm-b-tam- Im-cWwlnµp-a-X-hn-izm-k-̄ nsâ imńbpw km´z-\hpw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sm³ ]mSn-sÃ-¶pÅ DXvI-Wv-T-bmepw \mw Xocp-am-\n-¡p-Ibpw CXn-\mÂ {]Jym-]\w sN¿p-Ibpw \ntbm-Kn-¡bpw BÚm-]n-¡bpw sN¿p-¶-sX-s´-¶mÂ, kap-Nn-X-amb ]cn-X-Øn-Xn-IÄ ]cn-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw {Inbm-]-²-Xn-Ifpw BNm-c-§fpw sh¨p \S-̄ p-¶-Xn\pw \mw \nÝ-bn-¡bpw Npa-¯p-Ibpw sN¿m-hp¶ \nb-a-§Ä¡pw \n_-Ô-\-IÄ¡pw hnt[-b-ambn, P\-\¯mtem aX-hn-izm-k-¯mtem lnµp-hmb bmsXm-cmÄ¡pw \½p-sSbpw \½psS Kh¬saân-sâbpw \nb-{´-W-̄ n-epÅ t£{X-§-fnÂ {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xnt\m Bcm-[\ \S-¯p-¶-Xnt\m C\n-taÂ bmsXmcp \ntcm-[-\hpw Dm-bn-cn-¡m³ ]mSn-sÃ-¶m-Ip-¶p.

Cu hnfw-_cw sslµ-h-k-ap-Zm-b-̄ nÂ \ni-_vZhpw cà-c-ln-X-hp-amb Hcphn¹-h-ap-m-¡n. sIm¨n-bnepw ae-_m-dnepw Cuhn[-samcp ]cn-jvIm-c-ap-m-Im³ ]ns¶bpw Hcp]Xn-äm-p-th-n-h-¶p. 1947 G{]n-enÂ sImö-cm-Pmhv {]Jym-]n¨ t£{X-{]-th-i-\m-h-Im-i-Zm-\-hn-fw-_cw sIm¨n-bnse t£{X-§-fnÂ PmXn-hy-Xym-k-an-ÃmsX FÃm lnµp-¡Ä¡pw {]th-i\w A\p-h-



Zn-̈ p. 1947se aZn-cm-in-t£-{X-{]-th-i\\nbaw Cu ]cn-jvIm-cs¯ ae-_mÀ {]tZ-i-t¯¡pw hym]n-¸n-̈ p.

]{X-{]-hÀ¯\wCw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ym-khpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb DÄ¡m-gvN-bp-amWv tIc-

f-̄ nse BZy-Im-e-]-{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ t{]c-I-i-àn. tIc-f-̄ nÂ BZy-ambn Hcp ]{Xw XpS-§n-bXv sN¦p-f¯v Ipªn-cm-a-ta-t\m-\m-bn-cp-¶p. IÂ¡-«-bnÂ\n¶v {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ n-cp¶ Aar-Xv-_-

kmÀ ]{Xn-I-bpsS {]tNm-Z-\-apÄs¡mv 1884þÂ ae-_m-dnse BZys¯ hr¯m-´-]-{X-amb

tIc-f-]-{XnI tImgn-t¡m-«p-\n-¶m-cw-̀ n¨p. 1886þÂ Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯p-\n¶v {]kn-²o-I-c-W-am-cw-

`n¨ ae-bmfn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ {]kn-²-amb ae-bm-fn-sa-t½m-dn-b-en\v t{]c-I-ambcmjv{So-b-þ-km-aq-ln-Im-h-t_m[w krjvSn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \nÀWm-b-I-amb ]¦p-h-ln-̈ p.

kn.-Fw.Fkp-Im-cpsS B`n-ap-Jy-̄ nÂ ]mÝm-Xy-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-̄ n\p XpS-¡-an«tIm«bw, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-̄ nsâ iàn-tI-{µambncp-¶p. 1887þÂ \n[o-cn-¡Â amWn-¡- -̄\mÀtIm«-b-̄ p-\n¶v hmcn-I-bmbn XpS-§nb \{km-Wn-Zo-]nI 1939 þÂ Zo]nI F¶ t]cnÂ Zn\-̧ -{X-ambn. tIc-f-̄ nÂ C-¶pÅ ]{X-Øm-]-\-§-fnÂ Gähpw ]g-¡-ap-Å-Xm-Wn-Xv. ae-bmf ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-cw-K¯v F¡m-e-s¯bpw amXr-I-bmb I-¯nÂ hÀKokv am¸nf 1888þÂ tIc-f-̄ nseBZys¯ tPmbnâv tÌm¡v I¼\n¡p-cq]w \evIn. AXnsâ B`n-ap-Jy-̄ nÂ hÀKo-kvam-̧ n-f-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ at\m-ca (1890) {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ p-Xp-S-§n. 1928þÂ at\m-c-a-Zn-\-̧ -{X-ambn]pd-̄ n-d-§n.

sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-̄ nÂ 1906þÂ Xncp-h-\-́ -]p-c-̄ p-\n¶v{]kn-²o-I-c-W-am-cw-̀ n¨ kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n, ]{X-kzm-X-{ý-̄ nsâ kap-Öz-e-am-Xr-I-bm-Wv. `c-W-cw-Ks¯ Agn-a-Xn-I-tfmSpw A[n-Im-c-{]-a¯XtbmSpw kÔn-bn-Ãm¯ kacw {]Jym-]n¨ Cu ]{XwA[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS P\-t{Zm-l- \-S-]-Sn-Isf \nÀ`-b-ambn hnaÀin-̈ p.

KmÔn-Pn-bpsS bMvC-ý sb amXr-I-bm¡n 1923þÂ sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m³

tImgn-t¡m-«p-\n¶v amXr-`qan {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ p-Xp-S-§n. BZyw BgvN-bnÂ aq¶p-Zn-hkw am{X-am-bn-cp¶p {]kn-²o-I-c-Ww. ]n¶o-SXv Zn\-̧ -{X-am-bn. km[m-cW Ah-Im-i-§sf kw_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfwFÃm a\p-jycpw ka-·m-cm-sW¶ hnizm-k-t¯msS kzmX-{ý-hÀ[-\-bv¡mbn \nÀ`bw s]mcp-

Xm³ amXr-̀ qan P\-§sf Blzm\w sNbvXp. ae-bm-fn-Isf tZio-b-X-bn-te¡v \bn-̈ -tXm-sSm¸wkzmX-{ý-k-a-c-̄ nsâ ]mX-bn-eqsS \S-̄ p-hm\pw amXr-̀ qan {ian-̈ p. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-¡p-th-n-bpÅ ka-c-§-fnepw amXr-̀ qan ap¶nÂ\n¶p.

khn-ti-j-amb {]hÀ¯-\-ssi-en-bpsS t]cnÂ {it²-b-cmb BZy-Ime ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-cm-bn-cp¶p th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³\m-b\mcpw tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpw.

tIc-f-̄ n-en-¶v ]{X-§-fpsS F®w Fgp-]-tXm-f-ap-s-¶mWv HutZym-KnI IW-¡p-IÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. amXr-`qan, ae-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a, Zo]n-I, tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn, tZim-̀ n-am-\n, P\-bp-Kw, awK-fw, am[y-aw, P·-̀ q-an, N{µn-I, ho£-Ww, FIvkv{]-kv XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw {]Nm-c-apÅ Zn\-̧ -{X-§fm-Wv. ae-bm-fn-I-fnÂ DbÀ¶-tXm-Xn-epÅ cmjv{So-b-km-aq-ln-Im-h-t_m[w krjvSn-¡p-¶-XnÂapJym-[m-cm-]-{X-§Ä \nÀWm-b-I-amb kzm[o\w sNep-̄ n-bn-«p-v. tZio-b-i-cm-i-cn-tb-¡mÄ hfscDbÀ¶-XmWv ae-bm-fn-bpsS ]{X-]m-cm-b-W-io-ew. ae-bm-fn-sb C¯-c-samcp {]_p-²-X-bn-te¡v\bn¨Xv ]{X-§-fmsW¶v \nkw-ibw ]d-bmw.



kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅh¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀ aue-hn-bpsS DS-a-Ø-X-bnÂ Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯p-\n¶pw

1906þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cWw Bcw-̀ n¨ kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n , ]{X-kzm-X-{ý-̄ nsâ kap-Özeam-Xr-I-bm-Wv. {ioaqewXncp-\m-fnsâ `c-W-Imew cmjv{So-bm-kzmØy§Ä \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Znhm³ kn.cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bpsS \b-§Ä P\-§-fnÂ AXr]vXn krjvSn-̈ p. kztZ-im-̀ n-am-\n-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cmb sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ Xsâ \nin-X-amb XqenI ]S-hm-fm¡n Znhms\ \nin-X-ambn \ncq-]Ww sNbvXp-sImv Hcp teJ-\-]-c-¼c {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-̄ n. A[n-Im-cn-hÀ¤w cma-Ir-jvW-]n-ÅsbA£-cmÀ°-̄ nÂ `b-s¸-«p. Cu teJ-\-§sf Kuc-h-_p²ym ho£n¨ kÀ¡mÀ 1910 sk]väw-_À26þmw XobXn sI.-cm-a-Ir-jvW-]n-Åsb Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ\n¶v \mSp-I-S-¯n-s¡mv Hcp cmP-Iobhnfw-_cw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-̈ p. Kh¬saâv kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n \ntcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw AXnsâ ap{Z-Wm-ebw Ip-sI-«p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kÀ¡m-cnsâ Cu {]hr-̄ n-bnÂ P\-§Ä kmÀh-{Xn-I-ambnFXnÀ¸p-tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n. cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ ZoÀL-Imew tcmK-i-¿-bnÂ InS-¶-Xn-\p-tijw 1916 þÂI®q-cnÂh¨v A´-cn-¨p. ]{X-kzm-X-{ý-̄ n-\p-th-n-bpÅ t]mcm-«-¯nÂ PohnXw Dgn-ªp-h¨kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Åsb [oc-\mb ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-³ F¶p-hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡mw.

D¯-c-hmZ {]t£m-`Wwkwbpà cmjv{Sobkan-Xn-bnÂ aäp-k-ap-Zm-b-§-sf-¡qSn DÄs¸-Sp¯n ]«w-Xm-Wp-

]n-ÅbpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ 1938 s^{_p-h-cnbnÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tÌäv tIm¬{Kkv cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse P\-§Ä¡v ]qÀW-amb D¯-c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p kwL-S-\-bpsS e£yw. Cu e£y-̄ n-se-̄ m³ {]Xy-£-k-acw XpS-§p-¶-Xn\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tÌävtIm¬{Kkv Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. {]Xy-£-k-a-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼v, kwØm-\-¯nse P\-§Ä¡v Ign-bp-¶Xpw thKw D¯-c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw A\p-h-Zn-̈ p-sIm-Sp-t¡--Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bpsS ASn-b-ń-c-kz-`mhw hni-Z-am-¡n-s¡mv tÌäv tIm¬{Kkv alm-cm-Pm-hn\v Hcp \nth-Z-\-]-{XnI kaÀ¸n-̈ p. AXnÂ Znhm³ kn.-]n. cma-kzm-an-A-¿Às¡-Xnsc Nne Btcm-]-W-§Ä D¶-bn-¡p-Ibpw At±-ls¯ ]ncn-̈ p-hn-S-W-sa-¶m-h-iy-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CX-dnª kn.-]n., tÌävtIm¬{K-kns\ \nb-a-hn-cp-²-kw-L-S-\-bmbn {]Jym-]n-̈ p. AtX-̄ p-SÀ¶v \nb-a-ew-L\ {]t£m-̀ -Whpw t\Xm-¡-fpsS AdÌpw P\-§fpw t]meokpw X½n-epÅ Gäp-ap-«-ep-saÃmw \S-¶p.

`c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb {]iv\-§-tfmSv tbmPn-̈ p-t]m-Im³ Ign-bmsX kwL-S-\-bnse Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fmb NneÀ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-]mÀ«n cq]o-I-cn-̈ p. CXn-\nsS 1946Â kn.-]n. `c-W-L-S\]cn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian-s¨-¦nepw \S-̧ m-bn-Ã. Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Znhm³`-c-W-a-h-km-\n-̧ n¨v D¯-c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw GÀs¸-Sp-̄ -W-sa¶ Bh-iy-hp-ambn A{I-am-k-à-amb kacw-Xs¶ \S-¯n. HSp-hnÂ, 1947BKÌv 19\v kn.-]n. Znhm-³ Øm-\samgn-ªp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Cý³bq-Wn-b-\nÂ ebn-¡p-¶-Xm-bpÅ Xocp-am\w Xma-kn-bmsX Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ cmPmhv KhÀWÀ P\-dÂ auv _mäs\ Adn-bn-̈ p. XpSÀ¶v 1948 amÀ¨v 24\v ]«w-Xm-Wp-]nÅ apJy-a-{ń-bmbn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZys¯P\-Iob a{ń-k` \ne-hnÂh-¶p.

\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-`WwCcp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw-̀ -̄ nÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-

§Ä¡p-th-n-bpÅ {]t£m-̀ -W-§Ä Bcw-̀ n-¨p. kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ A¶s¯Znhm³ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-s¡-Xnsc kztZ-im-̀ n-am-\n- ]-{X-¯n-eqsS \S-¯nb cq£-hn-aÀi-\-§-fmWv AXn\p XpS-¡w-Ip-dn-̈ -Xv. AXnsâ t]cnÂ 1910þÂ At±lw \mSp-I-S- -̄s¸-«p. \nb-a-k-̀ m-]-



cn-jvImcw e£y-am-¡n-bpÅ P\-Io-bm-̀ n-{]mbw am\n¨v 1922þÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ \nb-a-k` sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«-hÀ¡p `qcn-]-£-apÅ Hcp P\-{]-Xn-\n[n k`-bm-¡n. ]t£ thm«-h-Imiw Ic-sam-Sp-¡p-¶-hÀ¡p-am-{X-ambn ]cn-an-X-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ Cug-h, apÉow, {InkvXy³ kapZm-b-§Ä¡v XpÑ-amb {]mXn-\n-[yta e`n-̈ n-cp-¶p-Åp. 1932þ Â {ioNn-¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ {]Jym-]n¨ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-¯nepw, P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Cu kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡v \ymb-ambnInt« koäp-IÄ e`n-¡p¶ hn[-̄ n-em-bn-cp-¶nÃ \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-hn-̀ -P-\hpw thm«-h-Im-ihpw\nÀW-bn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. AÀl-amb Ah-Imiw Øm]n-̈ p-In-«p-hm³ aq¶p-k-ap-Zm-b-¡mcpw tbmPn¨vHcp kwbpà cmjv{So-b-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn-̈ p. kÀ¡m-cp-tZym-K-§-fnepw \nb-a-k-̀ -bnepw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb {]mXn-\n[yw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ -W-sa-¶m-h-iy-s¸«v kn. tIi-h³, ]n.-sI. Ipªv, F³.-kn. tPmk^v F¶n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ ià-amb {]t£m-̀ -W-am-cw-̀ n-̈ p. Ah-Im-i-§Ä AwKo-I-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc \nb-a-k-̀ -bn-te-¡pÅ sXc-sª-Sp¸v _ln-jvI-cn-¡p-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-̈ p.Cu _ln-jvI-c-W-¯n\v AhÀ \evInb t]cmWv \nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-̀ -Ww .

\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-̀ Ww FÃm Øe-§-fn-te¡pw Bfn-̧ -SÀ¶p. 1935 PqWnÂkn.-tI-i-h³ tImg-t©-cn-bnÂ sNbvX {]t£m-̀ -P\I-amb {]kw-Ks¯ ap³\nÀ¯n cmPy-t{Zm-l-Ipäw Npa¯n Ad-Ìp-sNbvXp cp-hÀjs¯ ITn-\-X-S-hn\v in£n-̈ p. CXv {]t£m-̀ -Ws¯IqSp-XÂ iàn-s¸-Sp-¯n. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX kÀ¡m-cnsâ `mK-¯p-\n¶v A\p-Iqe Xocp-am-\-§-fp-m-bn. kÀ¡m-cp-tZym-K-§-fnÂ ]n¶m¡ kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡v AÀl-X-bpÅ {]mXn-\n[yw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ m³ Hcp ]»nIv kÀÆokv I½o-js\ \nb-an-̈ p. k½-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Imiw hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-̄ n. Cug-h, apÉow kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw AÀl-amb hnlnXw kwh-cWw sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1936þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ]cn-jvI-cn¨ k½-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-{]-Imcw 1937 G{]nÂþsabv amk-§-fnÂ \S¶sXc-sª-Sp-̧ nÂ kwbp-à-cm-jv{So-b-k-anXn Øm\mÀ°n-IÄ an¡ aWvU-e-§-fnepw hnP-bn-̈ p.kan-Xn-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Sn.-Fw. hÀKokv {ioaqew Akw-»n-bpsS D]m-²y-£-\m-bn. At±lwPbnÂ hnap-à-\mb kn. tIi-hs\ ]c-ky-ambn kzmKXw sNbvXp. AXnsâ t]cnÂ Akw-»n-Zn-hm³ {]kn-Uânsâ \nÀt±-i-̄ mÂ Hc-hn-izm-k-{]-ta-bw-sImv Sn.-Fw. hÀKo-kns\ D]m-²y-£-]-Z-hn-bnÂ\n¶pw ]pd-̄ m-¡n.

\thm-°m-\-¯nsâ kmaq-lnIþkmw-kvIm-cnI ê-§ÄtIc-fob \thm-°m\w \nc-h[n ka-c-§fpsSbpw {]t£m-̀ -W§-fp-sSbpw ê-

ambn krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. \nc-h[n kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw \thm-°m-\-\m-b-Icpw Ah-cpsS{]hÀ -̄\-§fpw CXnÂ \nÀWm-bI ]¦p-h-ln-¨p. A\m-Nm-c-§sf XpS-̈ p-\o-¡p-hm\pw PmXn-Nn´ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Ipd-̈ p-sIm-p-h-cm\pw Ah-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Ign-ªp. kÀthm-]cnFÃm P\-§fpw kzmX-{ý-̄ n-te¡pw bYmÀ°-Po-hn-X-̄ n-te¡pw Itc-dn-bXv \thm-°m-\-¯nsâê-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p.

kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-cWw e£yw-h¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ At\Iw {]Øm-\-§Ä C¶vtIc-f-̄ n-ep-v. Cu P\-Iob {]Øm-\-§Ä tIc-f-̄ nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-ambD¶-Xn¡v henb kw`m-h-\-IÄ \evIn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. \thm-°m-\-¯n-\p-tijw tIc-f-¯nse P\-§Ä hnZym-̀ ymkw IqSp-X-embn t\Sn. AtXm-Sp-IqSn ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡pÅ A`n-hmRvOP\-§-fnÂ hÀ²n-¨p-h-¶p. Ht«sd Abn- -̄§Ä¡pw kmaq-ly- A-\o-Xn-IÄ¡pw hnt[-b-am-bn-cp¶tIc-fob P\-Xbv¡v \thm-°m-\-̄ nsâ ê-ambn ]p -̄\p-WÀhpw kzmX-{ýhpw e`n-̈ p. Abn-¯hpw ASn-a-̄ hpw CÃm-Xm-bn. CjvS-apÅ hkv{Xw [cn-¡p-hm\pw t£{X-§-fnÂ {]th-in-¡p-



hm\pw hnZym-̀ ymkw t\Sp-hm-\p-saÃmw km[n-̈ p. km¼-̄ nI taJ-e-I-fnepw ]p¯-\p-WÀhv {]I-S-am-bn. XXv^-e-ambn tIcfw hnI-k-\-̄ nsâ ]mX-bn-se-̄ n-t¨À¶p.

Cý-bnse atä-sXmcp kwØm-\-s -̄bpw-ImÄ tIc-fobP\X C¶v kwL-Sn-X-cm-Wv. sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw DtZym-K-Øcpw kw-L-Sn-X-i-àn-bn-eqsS Ht«sd Ah-Im-i-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯p. kv{Xoim-ào-I-c-W-cw-K¯pw ]pXnb DbÀ¨-bp-m-bn. tIc-fob {Kma-§-fnse kv{XoIÄ Hcp-an-̈ p-IqSn Iq«mb ]cn-{i-a-§-fn-eqsS hen-sbmcp apt¶-ä-¯n\p XpS¡w Ipdn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. \nc-h[nkzm{i-b-kw-L-§fpw skmssk-än-Ifpw cq]w-sIm--Xnsâ ê-ambn km¼-¯n-I-ta-J-ebpw \ho-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-]-²-Xn-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-Whpw C¯cw tkh-\-kw-L-§-fpsS {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä¡v t{]mÕm-l-\-am-bn- am-dn. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ Hmtcm hyàn¡pw kaq-l-̄ nÂXnIª {]m[m-\y-ap-s¶pw Pohn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw FÃm-hÀ¡p-ap-s¶pw DÅ t_m[y-¯n-te-¡pÅ shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ -em-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-̄ n-ep-m-b -km-aq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-ambapt¶-ä-§fpw AXnsâ ê-am-bp-mb \thm-°m-\-hpw.



samUyqÄ þ3sFIy-tI-cfw

`mj-bnepw kwkvIm-c-̄ nepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw H¶mb ae-bm-fn-IÄ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepwsIm¨n-bnepw {_n«ojv ae-_m-dn-ep-ambn `n¶n¨p InS-¶n-cp-¶p. ae-bm-fn-IÄ Hcp-an¨v Hcp `cW-¯n³Io-gnÂ Ign-bp¶XpIm-Wm³ {]_p-²-cmb P\-§Ä B{K-ln-̈ p. sFIy-tI-c-fs¯ Bkv]-Z-am¡n 1928 G{]n-enÂ Fd-Wm-Ip-f-̄ p-Iq-Snb \m«p-cm-Py-{]-Pm-k-t½-f\w sFIytI-c-f-{]-tabw]mkm-¡n-b-sXm-gn-¨mÂ 1940 hscbpw sFIy-tI-cfw F¶Xv Hcp kz]v\w am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.

1940 \ptijw Cý-bpsS kzmX-{ý-{]m]vXn kp\n-Ýn-X-am-b-t¸mÄ sFIy-tI-c-f-{]-Øm-\-¯n\pw iàn-hÀ²n-̈ p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm¨n-bnepw D¯-c-hm-Z-`-c-W-{]-t£m-̀ -W§Äh¼n¨ P\-Iob ka-c-§-fm-hp-Ibpw ae-_m-dnÂ kzmX-{ý-k-acw IqSp-XÂ Icp-̄ mÀÖn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS Cýbv¡v kzmX{ýw e`n-¡p-sa¶pw \m«p-cm-Py-hy-h-Øn-Xn¡v Adp-Xn-h-cp-sa-¶papÅ {]Xo£ P\-§-fn-ep-m-bn. 1946 Pqsse 29þmw XobXn A¶s¯ sIm¨n cmPmhv (tI-c-f-hÀ½) sIm¨n \nb-a-k-̀ -bv¡-b¨ Hcp ktµ-i-¯nÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw sIm¨nbpw ae-_mdpwtNÀ¶v tIc-f-kw-Øm\w cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p Xm³ A\p-Iq-e-am-sW¶v ]c-ky-ambn {]kvXm-hn-¨p. sFIy-tI-c-f-sa¶ Bi-b-¯n\v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn In«nb BZy-Aw-Ko-Im-c-ambn CXns\ IW-¡m-¡mw. 1946 HSp-hnÂ sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\msâ A[y-£-X-bnÂ sNdp-Xp-cp-̄ n-bnÂsh¨v IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-¡p-Ibpw Imte-Iq«n Hcp sFIy-tI-c-f-k-t½-f\w hnfn-̈ p-Iq-«m³ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-IbpwsNbvXp. CXnsâ ê-ambn 1947 G{]n-enÂ Xriq-cn-Â h¨v sI. tIf-̧ sâ A[y-£-X-bnÂ \S¶sFIy-tI-c-f-k-t½-f-\¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nsâ FÃm `mK-¯p-\n-¶p-apÅ {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ ]s¦-Sp-¯p.Cu kt½-f-\-¯nÂ sIm¨n-almcm-Pmhv t\cn-«p-h¶v A\p-Iq-e-ambn {]kw-Kn-̈ Xv P\-§-fnÂBth-i-ap-WÀ¯n. sFIy-tI-cfw F{Xbpw thKw \S-̧ n-em-¡-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp{]tabw kt½-f-\-̄ nÂ AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. tIm¬{Kkv t\Xm-hmb C. sambvXp-au-e-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p {]ta-bm-h-Xm-c-I³. sFIy-tI-c-f-sa¶ kz]v\w km£m-XvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-t¶m-Sn-bmbn 1949s^{_p-h-cn-bnÂ Bep-h-bnepw \hw-_-dnÂ ]me-¡m«pw kt½-f-\-§Ä \S-¶p.

Cu Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ Cý-bnÂ s]mXpsh `mjm-kw-Øm-\-§Ä¡p-th-n-bpÅ {]t£m-̀ W-§Ä iàn-bmÀÖn-̈ p. {]mtZ-inI `mjm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ kwØm-\-]p\:kwL-S\ \S¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ kwØm-\]p\:kwL-S-\m -I-½o-js\ \nb-an-̈ p. I½o-j³ dnt¸mÀ«v sFIy-tI-c-f-̄ n-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-¶p. tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ AXw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw ]mÀe-saânÂ kwØm-\-]p\:kwL-S-\m-_nÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p ]mkm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A§s\ 1956 \hw-_À H¶mwXobXn sFIy-tI-cfw \ne-hnÂh-¶p. sFIy-tI-cfw cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-tXmsS kwØm-\-¯nsâ Xe-h-\mbn cmP-{]-ap-J\p]Icw KhÀWÀ \nb-an-X-\m-bn. AtXmsS cmP-hmgvN Ah-km-\n-¨p.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ þ sIm¨n kwtbm-P\wCým-K-h¬saânsâ tÌävkvan\nkv{Sn kÀZmÀ hÃ-̀ mbn ]t«-ensâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ \m«p-

cm-Py-§-fpsS eb-\-̄ n\pw kwtbm-P-\-¯n\pw thn kzoI-cn¨ \b-]-²-Xn-Ifpw sFIy-tI-c-fcq]oI-c-W-¯n\v t{]mÕm-l-I-am-bn. 1949 Pqsse 1þmw XobXn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw sIm¨nbpwkwtbm-Pn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw A§s\ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm¨n kwØm\w P·-sa-Sp-¡p-IbpwsNbvXp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm¨n-bn-sebpw cmPm-¡-·mÀ kwtbm-P-\-{]-am-W-¯nÂ H¸p-h-¨p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pmhv ]pXnb kwØm-\-̄ nsâ cmP-{]-ap-J-\m-bn. sImö-almcm-Pm-



hm-Is« kz´w {]P-IÄ¡v IqSp-XÂ hnim-e-amb Hcp PohnXw ssIh-cm³ thn ka-kvXm-h-Im-i-§fpw XyPn-¡m³ kzbw k¶-²-\mbn. Ccp-cm-Py-§-fn-se-bpw \nb-a-k-̀ -Ifpw a{ń-k-̀ -IfpwGtIm-]n-̧ n¨v ]pXnb kwØm-\-¯nsâ \nb-a-k-̀ bpw a{ń-k-̀ bpw Dm-bn. kwØm-\-¯nsâBØm\w Xncp-h-\-́ -]p-c¯pw sslt¡m-SXn Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯pw Bbn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸-«p.

Xncp-þ-sIm¨n kwtbm-P\w \S-¡p-t¼mÄ Sn.-sI. \mcm-b-W-]n-Å-bm-bn-cp¶p Xncp-hn-XmwIqdnse apJy-a{ń. At±-l-¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm¨n kwØm-\-¯nse BZy-P-\-Iob a{ń-k-̀ . 1951 hsc Cu a{ń-k` A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ XpSÀ¶p. tIm¬{KkvkwL-S-\-bn-ep-mb ]nfÀ¸n-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v 1951 s^{_p-h-cn-bnÂ Cu a{ń-k` cmPn-h-̈ p. XpSÀ¶vkn.-tI-i-h³ apJy-a-{ń-bm-bpÅ a{ń-k` {lkz-Im-e-t¯¡v `cWw \S-¯n.

1951þ52 se s]mXp-sXc-sª-Sp-̧ nÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Xan-gv\mSvtIm¬{K-knsâ]n´p-W-tbmsS Fw.-sP. tPmWnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ Hcp tIm¬{Kkv a{ń-k` cq]w-sIm-p.Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Xan-gv\mSv tIm¬{K-kp-ImÀ ]n´pW ]n³h-en-̈ -t¸mÄ tPm¬ a{ń-k`XIÀ¶p. Xncp-þ-sIm¨n \nb-a-k-̀ -bn-te¡v 1954 s^{_p-h-cn-bnÂ \S¶ CS-¡me sXc-sª-Sp¸nÂIayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n a{ń-k` cq]-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶Xv Hgn-hm-¡m-\mbn Ipd-̈ p-ko-äp-IÄ am{Xw In«nbtIm¬{K-kp-ImÀ {]Pm tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n (]n.-F-kv.-]n.)bpsS a{ń-k-̀ bv¡p ]n´pW \evIn.A§s\ Ah-cpsS a{ń-k` 1954 amÀ¨v 17-þmw XobXn ]«w. F. XmWp-]n-Å-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ`c-W-ta-äp. C¡m-e¯v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Xan-gv\mSv tIm¬{Kkv sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Xan-gv{]-tZ-i-§Ä aZn-cmin kwØm-\-t¯mSv tNÀ¡-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sImv ià-amb {]t£m-`Ww Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. {]t£m-`-W- -̂e-ambn amÀ¯m-WvU-̄ n-\-Sp¯p \S¶ t]meokv shSn-sh-bv]nÂGgp-t]À sImÃs¸-«p. Cu kµÀ`-¯nÂ tIm¬{Kkv -I-£nbpsS ]n´p-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn \nb-a-k`]mkm-¡nb Hc-hn-izm-k-{]-tabw ]n.-F-kv.-]n. a{ń-k-̀ -bpsS ]X-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn.

1955 s^{_p-h-cn-bnÂ Xan-gv\mSv tIm¬{K-knsâ ]n´p-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]\-¼nÅntKmhn-µ-ta-t\msâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ Hcp tIm¬{K-kva-{ń-k` A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ h-¶p. tIm¬{KkvkwLS\-bnse ]nfÀ¸p-Im-cWw 1956 amÀ¨nÂ Cu a{ń-k-̀ bpw \new-]-Xn-̈ p. AtXm-Sp-IqSnkwØm-\¯v BZy-ambn {]kn-Uâv `cWw \ne-hnÂh-¶p.

tIc-f-kw-Øm-\-cq-]o-I-cWwXncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm-¨n-bnÂ {]knUâp-̀ -cWw \ne-hn-en-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv `mjm-Sn-

Øm-\-̄ nÂ kwØm-\-§sf ]p\:kwL-Sn-̧ n-¡m-\pÅ Cým-K-h¬saânsâ Xocp-am-\-ap-m-b-Xv.1956 se kwØm-\- ]p\:kwL-S-\m-\n-b-a-{]-Imcw tXmhm-f, AK-kvXo-iz-cw, IÂ¡-fw, hnf-h-t¦mSvF¶o \mep -sX-¡³Xmeq-¡p-Ifpw sNt¦m-«-¯m-eq-¡nsâ Hcp `mKhpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm-¨n-bnÂ\n¶p thÀs]-Sp¯n aZn-cmin kwØm-\-t¯m-Sp-tNÀ¯p. tijn¨ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm-̈ n-kwØm-\-t¯mSp ae-_mÀ PnÃbpw sX¡³ Im\-dm-Pn-Ã-bnse ImkÀtIm-Sp-Xm-eq¡pw tNÀ¡-s¸-«p. A§s\ 1956 \hw-_À 1þmw XobXn tIc-f-kw-Øm\w (sF-Iy-tI-c-fw) bmYmÀ°y-am-bn.

`q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-b-a-§Ä`q]-cn-jvI-c-W-¯nsâ e£yw km¼-̄ n-tIm-¶-a-\hpw kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-hÀ¯-\hpw

]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-am-Wv. C¡m-cy-̄ nÂ Gähpw ap³]-ń-bnÂ \nev¡p¶ kwØm-\-amWv tIc-fw. Chn-Sps¯ `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-b-Xv\-§sf cp-L-«-§mbn Xncn-¡mw. H¶v, tIc-f-̧ nd-hn-¡p-ap¼v cmP-̀ -



cWw \ne-hn-en-cp-¶-t¸m-gp-mb `q]-cn-jvI-c-Ww, cv, tIc-f-kw-Øm-\-¯nsâ BhnÀ`m-h-̄ n-\p-tijw P\m-[n-]-Xy-kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ sImp-h¶ `q]-cn-jvI-cWw.

`qhp-S-a-I-fmb P·n-amcpw IpSn-bm-·m-cmb Irjn-¡mcpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw {Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bpÅ Nne \nb-a-§Ä 19-þmw \qäm-nsâ D -̄cmÀ²-¯nÂ Xs¶-bp-m-bn-«p-v. kaq-l-¯nÂ {]_-e-cmb P·n-am-cpsS Aan-Xm-[n-Im-cs¯ \nb-{ń-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶pAXnsâ e£yw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZy-\n-b-a-§-fnÂ {][m-\-s¸« H¶mWv 1865 se ]m«-hn-fw-_cw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ {]tZ-is¯ Irjn-¡m-cpsS amám-¡mÀ«m F¶v Cu hnfw-_-cs¯ hnti-jn-̧ n-¡m-dp-v. {]kvXp-X-hn-fw-_cw kÀ¡mÀ hI ]m«-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS ssIh-im-h-Im-i-¡mÀ¡vAh-bpsS DS-a-Øm-h-Imiw Ønc-s¸-Sp-̄ n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-Ibpw \nbac-ln-X-amb Hgn-̧ n-¡-enÂ\n¶p]m«-¡p-Sn-bm-·mÀ¡v kwc-£Ww \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶v 1867þÂ Hcp cmP-Io-b-hn-fw-_cwDm-bn. CXnÂ P·n-bp-sSbpw IpSn-bm-sâbpw IS-a-Ifpw Ah-Im-i-§fpw \nÀh-Nn-̈ p. 1896þseP·n-þ-Ip-Sn-bm³ \nb-ahpw 1932þse \nb-ahpw Imem-Im-e-§-fnÂ P·n-¡cw sImSp-¡Ww F¶ hyh-Ø-bn-t·Â IpSn-bmsâ P·m-h-Imiw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-¯n.

sIm¨n-bnÂ 1863þÂ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ Xo«qcw 12 sImÃs¯ ssIh-im-h-Im-i-apÅImW-¡p-Sn-bm-·msc Hgn-̧ n-¡m³ ]mSnÃ F¶ hyhØ sNbvXp. 1915 se IpSn-bm³\n-baw 1885\pap¼p ImW-¡p-Sn-bm-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶-hÀ¡v P·m-h-Imiw \evIp-Ibpw IpSn-bm-·msc Hgn-̧ n-¡p-t¼mÄ tZlWvUw \evtI--Xm-sW¶v hyh-Ø-sN-¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1938þse sIm¨n IpSn-bm³\nbaw ImW-¡p-Sn-bm-·mcpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä Hcn-¡ÂIqSn Dd-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw Hgn-̧ n-¡-ens\ kw_-Ôn¨ hyh-Ø-IÄ IqSp-XÂ IÀi-\-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-_m-dnse `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-b-a-§Ä1880Ifn-emWv XpS§p¶-Xv. 1887 se ae-_mÀ tZlWvU\n-baw IpSn-sbm-gn-̧ n-¡Â 1880 Ifn-emWvXpS-§p-¶-Xv. 1887 se ae-_mÀ tZl-WvU-\n-baw IpSn-sbm-gn-̧ n-¡Â \ntcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ hyh-Ø-IÄ GÀs¸-Sp-̄ n. 1930þÂ ]mkm-¡nb ae-_mÀ IpSn-bm³ \nbaw IpSn-bm-·mÀ¡v `qan-bnÂØncm-h-Imiw Dd-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]e hyh-Ø-Ifpw GÀs¸-Sp-̄ n. acym-Z-̧ m«w \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\vtImS-Xn-Isf kao-]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v hyh-Ø-sN-bvXn-cp-¶p. 1945, 1951, 1954 F¶o hÀj-§-fnÂ Cu \nb-a-̄ n-\p-hopw t`Z-K-Xn-IÄ hcp-̄ n. t`Z-K-Xn-I-fpsS e£yw IpSn-bmsâ Xmev]-cy-§Ä IqSp-XÂê-{]-Z-ambn kwc-£n-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.

tIc-f-kw-Øm-\-]n-d-hn-¡p-tijw A[n-Im-c-¯nÂh¶ a{ń-k` Irjn-̀ q-an-bnseFÃm-hn[ Hgn-̧ n-¡epw XSªp-sImv HmÀUn-\³kv ]pd-s¸-Sp--hn-̈ p. ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-IÄ\nÀt±-in-̈ -X-̄ z-§Äs¡m¯v `q\n-baw ]cn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ka{K-amb {ia-am-bn-cp¶p1960þse ImÀjnI _Ô-\n-baw. CXnse hyh-Ø-IÄ ]eXpw tImSXn d±m-¡n-b-Xn-\mÂ Cu\nbaw ]pXp-t¡-n-h-¶p. 1963 Â ]mkm-¡nb `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-baw 1964 G{]nÂ 1 apXÂ \ne-hnÂh-¶p. F¦nepw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn \S-̧ n-em-bnÃ.A-Xn-\mÂ 1969þse `q\n-baw 1963þse \nb-a-¯nÂ kmc-amb t`Z-K-Xn-IÄ hcp-̄ n. AX-\n-k-cn¨v 1970 P\p-hcn 1\v tIc-f-̄ nÂ \qäm-p-I-fmbn \ne-hn-en-cp¶ P·n¯w ]qÀ®-ambn Ah-km-\n-¨p.

`q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-bawsImv {][m-\-ambpw aq¶p-{]-tbm-P-\-§-fm-Wp-m-b-Xv.kz´w InS-̧ mSw Ffp-̧ -h-gn-bnÂ hne-bvs¡-Sp-¡p-hm³ IpSn-In-S-̧ p-Im-c\v km[n-̈ p. `qan-bn-epÅØncm-h-Im-ihpw DS-a-Ø-Xbpw Irjn-¡m-c\v A\p-h-Zn-¨p-In-«n. ]cn-[n-\nÀWb N«-§-fn-eqsS an¨`qan Gsä-Sp¯v `qan-bn-Ãm¯ IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v hnX-c-Ww-sN-bvXp. 19þmw \qäm-nsâD -̄cmÀ²w apXÂ tIc-f-̄ nÂ ]e-X-hW `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-b-Xv\-§Ä \S-¶n-«p-v. Ah-bpsSBXy-́ n-I-êw P·n- -̄¯nsâ k¼qÀ®-\-io-I-c-W-am-Wv. tIc-f-̄ nsâ km¼-̄ n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb hnI-k-\-̄ n\v Cu bXv\-§Ä anI¨ kw`m-h\ \evIn-bn-«p-v.



{KÙ-im-em-{]-Øm\wae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kmwkvImcn-I-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ {]Xn- -̂e-\-amWv {KÙ-im-em-{]-Øm-

\w. Hcp-P-\-X-bpsS kmaqly-kmw-kvIm-cnI \thm-°m-\-̄ nsâ `mK-ambn cq]-s¸« tIc-f-{K-Ù-im-em-kwLw P\m-[n-]Xy ASn-̄ -d-bnÂ hfÀ¶p-hn-I-kn-̈ -Xm-Wv. tIc-f-̄ nse DbÀ¶ km£-c-Xbv¡pw kmwkvIm-cnI hfÀ¨bv¡pw P\-Iob ASn-̄ -dbv¡pw ASn-Øm-\-am-bXv kwL-SnX{KØim-em-{]-Øm-\-am-Wv.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ, sIm¨n, ae-_mÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ hf-sc-¡mew ap¼p-Xs¶ {KÙ-im-e-IÄ {]hÀ¯n¨p-Xp-S-§nbncp-¶p. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv 1829 Â Xncp-h-\-́ -]pcw]»nIv sse{_dn Øm]n-̈ -tXmsS Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ s]mXp-{K-Ù-imeIÄ¡p XpS-¡-ambn.1894þÂ Øm]n-X-amb h©n-bqÀ Ip¶n³]p-d¯p kpKp-W-t]m-jn-Wn-bmWv BZys¯ P\-Iob{KÙ-im-e. XpSÀ¶v 1910Â s\¿m-än³Ic Úm\-{]-Zm-bn\n {KÙ-im-ebpw 1913þÂ Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw {ioNn-̄ n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ {KÙ-im-ebpw Øm]n-X-am-bn. {KÙ-im-e-I-fpsS F®w IqSn-b-tXmsS{KÙ-im-em-k-t½-\-§Ä XpS§n. 1934 se Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ {KÙ-im-em-k-t½-f-\s¯ XpSÀ¶v{KÙ-im-e-IÄ¡v [\-k-lmbw sN¿m³ kÀ¡mÀ X¿m-dm-bn.

sIm¨n-bnÂ {KÙ-ime {]hÀ¯\w XpS-§p-¶Xv tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ cmw-L-«-¯n-em-Wv. 1914Â sNdm-bn, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ ]»nIv sse{_-dn-IÄ Øm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS sIm¨n-bnepw P\-Iob {KÙ-im-em-{]-Øm-\-¯n\v XpS-¡w-Ip-dn-̈ p. ae-_m-dnÂ P\-Iob{KÙ-im-em-{]-Øm-\w tZio-b-t_m-[-¯nsâ Xo¨q-f-bn-emWv cp]w-sIm--Xv. {_n«ojv `c-W-¯n³Iogn-em-bn-cp¶ ae-_m-dnse P\-X-bpsS kzmX-{´y-hmRvO AXn\p \nan- -̄am-bn.

1943þÂ ae-_mÀ hmb-\-imem kwL-̄ nsâ B`n-ap-Jy-̄ nÂ tIc-f-{K-Ù-im-em-

kw-L- sa¶ t]cnÂ Hcp kwL-S\ cPn-ÌÀ sNbvXp. C¶s¯ kwL-Sn-X-{K-Ù-im-em-{]-Øm\wcq]w-sIm-Xv 1945 sk]väw-_À 14þmw XobXn A¼-e-̧ p-g-bnÂ h¨m-Wv. Øm]-I-Zn-\-amb sk]väw-_À 14 FÃm-hÀjhpw {KÙ-im-em-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-̈ p-hcp¶p. ]n.-F³. ]Wn-¡À apJy-kw-Lm-S-I-\mbn 47 {KÙ-im-e-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ ]s¦-Sp¯ AJne Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmWv C¶s¯ tIcf {KÙ-im-em-kw-Lw. 1949 se Xncp-þ-sIm¨n kwtbm-P-\-t¯msS Xncp-s¡m¨n {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-ambn, F¶mÂ 1958þÂ am{X-amWv `c-W-k-anXn tbmK-Xo-cp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn¨v Xncp-s¡m¨n {KÙ-im-em-kwLw tIc-f-{K-Ù-im-em-kw-L-am-b-Xv.

1970þÂ {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-̄ nsâ Pq_nen Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v hn]p-e-ambnBtLm-jn-̈ p. AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨p-\-S¶ kmwkvIm-cn-I-PmY hmbn-̈ p-h-f-cp-I, Nn´n-¨p-hn-

thIw t\SpI F¶o- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-§-fp-bÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-¨p. 1977-þÂ {KÙ-im-e-kw-L-̄ nsâ `cWw HcpHmÀUn-\³kn-eqsS kÀ¡mÀ Gsä-Sp-¯p. 1994 G{]nÂ 27\v sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« tÌäv sse{_dnIu¬knÂ A[n-Im-c-ta-äp. AXnsâ IognÂ sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« PnÃm-sse-{_dn Iu¬kn-ep-Ifpw Xmeq-¡p-sse-{_-dn-bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fp-ap-m-bn. kwØm-\-̄ pÅ s]mXp-{K-Ù-im-e-I-fpsStI{µ-kw-L-S-\-bm-bn-«mWv {KÙ-im-em-kwLw {]hÀ¯n-̈ p-h-cp-¶-Xv.

s]mXp-P-\-§-fnÂ hmb-\m-ioew hfÀ¯p-I, htbm-P\ hnZym-̀ ym-ks¯ klm-bn-¡p-I, \nim-]m-T-im-e-IÄ Øm]n-¡p-I, \ne-hn-epÅ {KÙ-im-e-Isf ]pjvSn-s¸-Sp-̄ pI, {KÙ-im-em-{]-hÀ¯\s¯¡p-dn¨v {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fn-d-¡pI F¶n-h-bmWv {{KÙ-im-em-kw-L-̄ nsâ s]mXp-hmb e£y-§Ä. hnÚm\w hnI-k-\ -¯n\v F¶ ap{Zm-hmIyw DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-̈ p-sImv {KÙim-e-Isf kmaq-ly-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-̄ nsâ tI{µ-_n-µp-hm¡n P\Xsb apgph³ s]mXp-th-Zn-bnÂ AWn-\n-c-̄ m-\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kwLw Bhn-jvI-cn-¨p.



tIcf {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ n-emWv tIc-f-̄ nÂ km£-c-Xm-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v XpS¡wIpdn-̈ -Xv. km£-c-Xm-{]-Øm\w {KÙ-im-e-IÄ apJy-Np-a-X-e-bmbn Gsä-Sp-¯p. Cýbn-se-Xs¶ Gähpw henb kwL-SnX kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-Øm-\-amb {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-¯n\v 1975þÂ bp\kvtIm AwKo-Imcw t\Sm³ Ign-ªp. \nc-h[n \ho\ kwcw-̀ -§Ä tIcf{KÙ-im-em-kwLw \S-̧ n-em-¡n-h-cp-¶pv. {Kmao-W-cmb kv{XoI-fnepw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw hmb-\m-ioew hfÀ¯p-¶Xn\mbn hoSp-I-fnÂ ]pkvX-I-sa-¯n-¡p¶ ]²-Xn, ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb-\m-̀ n-cp-Nnbpw {]h-W-Xbpw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn-\p-thn hmb-\m-kÀth XpS-§n-bh Ah-bnÂ Nne-Xm-Wv.

tIcf {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-¯nsâ apJ-̧ -{X-ambn {KÙm-temIw amknI 1948 apXÂ{]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ p-h-cp-¶p. 1998 Â CXnsâ kphÀW-Pq-_nen BtLm-jn-̈ p.

]©-h-Õ-c-]-²XnIÄH¶mw]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1951-þ56)

]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn F¶ Bibw Cý IS-sa-Sp-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv bp.-F-kv.-F-kv.-BÀ.Â \n¶m-Wv. 1951 G{]nÂ H¶n-\mWv H¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn Bcw-̀ n-̈ -Xv. CXnsâ BapJwX¿m-dm-¡n-bXv sI.-F³. cmPv Bbn-cp-¶p. ImÀjn-I-]-²Xn F¶m-WnXv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Irjn,Pe-tk-N-\w, sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw F¶o taJ-e-IÄ¡m-bn-cp¶p H¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn {]m[m\yw\evIn-b-Xv. `{Im-\w-KÂ, lncm-¡pUv F¶n-h-bpsS \nÀ½m-Whpw Zmtam-ZÀhmen ]²-Xnbpw Bcw-`n-̈ Xv Cu Ime-̄ m-Wv. bqWnthgvknän {Kmâv I½o-j³ (bp.-Pn.-kn.)(1953) kmaq-lnI hnI-k-\-]-²Xn (I-½yq-Wnän Uh-e-]vsaâv t{]m{Kmw), \mj-WÂ FIvkvä³j³ kÀhokv F¶nh Bcw-̀ n-¨Xpw H¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-¡m-e-¯m-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-hn-I-k-\-]-²Xn 1952 HIvtSm-_À cn-\mWv Bcw-̀ n-̈ -Xv. {Kma-§-fnse ùXn-Ihpw am\p-jn-I-hp-amb hn`-h-§-fpsS ]cn-]qÀ®-amb hnI-k-\-am-bn-cp¶p e£yw. H¶mw ]²Xn e£y-an« hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡v 2.1% Dw ssIh-cn-̈ Xv 3.6% Dw Bbn-cp-¶p. temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S-\-bp-ambn tNÀ¶v inip-a-c-W-\n-c¡v Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bpÅ ]²-Xn-IÄ Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xpw C¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. \yqUÂln-bnÂ HmÄ Cým C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v saUn-¡Âkb³kv (F.-sF.-sF.Fw.Fkv.) Øm]n-̈ Xpw H¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-¡m-e-̄ m-Wv.

cmw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1956þ61)hyh-km-b-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯n\v IqSp-XÂ {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-s¡mv Bhn-jvI-cn¨

]²-Xn-bmWv cmw ]©h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn. hymh-km-bn-I-]-²Xn F¶pw CX-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS amXrI X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ]n.-kn. al-e-t\m-_n-km-Wv. tkmjy-enÌv kaq-ls¯ hmÀs -̄Sp-¡p-I F¶ Dt±iyw cmw-]-²-Xn-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p. sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva Ipd-bv¡p-I, tZio-b-h-cp-am\wDbÀ¯pI F¶nh Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS D]-e-£y-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. cmw ]²-Xn-bpsS Ime-̄ mWvCcp-¼p-cp-¡p-im-e-I-fmb ZpÀKm-]qÀ (]-Ýn-a-_w-KmÄþ {_n«ojv klm-bw), `nembv (O-¯o-kvK-Uv-þ-d-jy³ klm-bw), dqÀ¡e (H-Vo-j-þ-PÀa³ klmbw) F¶nh Øm]n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. cmw ]²Xn 4.27%hfÀ¨m-\n-c-¡mWv ssIh-cn-̈ -Xv. e£yw h¨Xv 4% hfÀ¨m-\n-c-¡m-bn-cp-¶p.

aq¶mw- ]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1961þ66)kzm{ibXzw BÀÖn-̈ p-sImv k¼-Zvhy-hØ hfÀ¯pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p

aq¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bpsS e£yw. `£y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vX-Xbv¡v Cu ]²Xn Du¶Â \evIn.1962 se Cý-þ-ssN\ bp²hpw 1965 se Cý-þ-]mIv bp²hpw ISp¯ hcÄ¨bpw ImcWw 5.6 %hfÀ¨ e£y-an-«n-cp¶ ]²Xnbv¡v 2.4% hfÀ¨ t\Smt\ Ign-ªp-Åp. 1966 apXÂ 69 hscbpÅ



aq¶p-hÀj-amWv ¹m³ tlmfntU F¶dn-b-s¸-«-Xv. £otcm-Xv]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn \mj-WÂ Ubdn sUh-e-]vsaâv t_mÀUv (1965) Øm]n-̈ Xpw Cý-bnÂ lcn-X-hn-¹-h-̄ n\v XpS¡wIpdn-̈ Xpw Cu Ime-b-f-hn-em-Wv. aq¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn Du¶Â \evIn-bXv k¼-ZvL-S-\-bpsSkzbw ]cym-]vX-X-bv¡m-bn-cp-¶p.

\memw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1969þ74)ZpÀ_-e-hn-̀ m-K-§-fpsS D¶-a-\-̄ n\v Du¶Â \evInb ]²-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p \memw

]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn. Ønc-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb hfÀ¨, kzm{i-bXzw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡Â F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶pCXnsâ e£yw. hyh-km-b-cw-K¯v 9% Dw ImÀjnI cwK¯v 5.6% Dw hfÀ¨ Cu ]²Xn e£y-an-«n-cp-¶p. 3.3% hfÀ¨ ssIh-cn-¡mt\ Cu ]²-Xn-¡m-bp-Åp. Cý-bnÂ BZy-ambn _m¦v tZi-kmÂ¡-c-Whpw (1969þÂ 14 _m¦p-IÄ) BZys¯ BW-h-]-co-£-Whpw (1974 sabv 18) \S-¯n-bXvCu ]²-Xn-¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. £otcm-Xv]m-Z\w hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn \mj-WÂ Ubdn sUh-e-]vsaâvt_mÀUnsâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ Hm¸-td-j³ ^vfUv Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xpw Cu ]²-Xn-¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. Ct´m-þ-]mIv bp²hpw (1971) _w¥m-tZ-inÂ\n-¶pÅ A`-bmÀ°n-{]-hm-lhpw Cu ]²Xn ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sm³Imc-W-am-bn.

A©mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1974þ79)Zmcn-{Zy\nÀamÀÖ-\-¯n-\m-bn-cp¶p A©mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn {]mapJyw \ÂIn-

b-Xv. Un.-Un. ZÀ Bbn-cp¶p Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS amXrI X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xv. 5.1% ambn-cp¶p Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS icm-icn hfÀ¨m-\n-c-¡v. Zmcn{Zy-\nÀamÀÖ-\-¯n-\mbn Cµn-cm-KmÔn 1975þÂ Ccp-]-Xn-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bXv A©mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. Kco_n lTmthm F¶ ap{Zm-hmIyw Cu ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. ImÀjn-tIm-Xv]m-Z\w e£y-am¡nIamâv Gcn-b-hn-I-k-\-]-²Xn Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xpw C¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. BZys¯ B`y-ć ASn-b-́ n-cm-hØ{]Jym-]-\hpw XpSÀ¶p-mb cmjv{So-b-am-ähpw A©mw-]-©-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-̄ n-¸n\v XS-Ê-am-bn. samdmÀPn tZimbn Kh¬saâv 1978Â Hcp-hÀjw apt¼ A©mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn Ah-km-\n-̧ n-̈ p.

Bdmw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1980þ85)Zmcn-{Zy-\nÀ½mÀÖ-\-am-bn-cp¶p Bdmw-]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bpsS e£yw. ImÀjn-I-

þ-hy-h-km-b-ta-J-e-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-ku-I-cy-§Ä sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶Xv D]-e£y-am-bn-cp-¶p.BÀ.-FÂ.-C.Pn.-]n., sF.-BÀ.-Un.-]n., F³.-BÀ.-C.-]n. XpS-§nb hnI-k-\-]-²-Xn-IÄ Bdmw-]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn¡me-̄ mWv XpS-§n-b-Xv. sUh-e-]vsaâv Hm^v hna³ Bâv NnÂ{U³ C³ dqdÂ Gcn-bmkv ({Km-ao-W-kv{Xo-I-fp-sSbpw Ip«n-I-fp-sSbpw hnI-k\w e£yw) ]²Xn Bcw-̀ n-̈ -Xpw C¡m-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv. 5.4 % hfÀ¨ t\Snb ]²-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p Bdmw-]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn.

Ggmw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1985þ90)sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä hÀ²n-̧ n-¡Â, `£y-[m-\y-D-ev]m-Z-\-hÀ²-\, B[p-\nIhXvI-c-

Ww, kzbw-]-cym-]vX-X, kmaq-ln-I-\oXn XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v {]m[m\yw \evIn-s¡m-pÅ ]²-Xn-bmWv Ggmw -]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-. Cý¡v hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-ab KXm-K-X-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ h³]p-tcm-KXnssIh-cn-¡m³ C¡m-e-b-f-hnÂ km[n-̈ p. tI{µ-¯nse cmjv{Sob A\n-Ýn-XXzw ImcWw 1990apXÂ 92 hsc hmÀjnI ]²-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ]²Xn 6% hmÀjn-I-h-fÀ¨ t\Sn.



F«mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1992þ97)F«mw -]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bpsS ASn-Øm\e£yw a\p-jy-hn-I-k\w (lyq-a³

sUh-e-]vsaâv) Bbn-cp-¶p. {]mY-an-I-hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw, ip²-P-e-hn-X-c-Ww, IqSp-XÂ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä, P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´Ww F¶nhbpsS hnIm-k-am-bn-cp¶p am\-h-hn-I-k-\-]-²-Xn-bpsS {][m\LS-I-§Ä. hyh-km-b-§-fpsS B[p-\n-I-hÂ¡-c-Whpw Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS e£y-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cý-tem-I-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bnÂ AwK-am-bXv (1995) Cu ]²-Xn-¡me-̄ m-Wv. \c-knw-l-dmhpKh¬saâv \yq C¡-tWm-anIv t]mfnkn \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bXpw, {][m-\-a{ń tdmkvKmÀ tbmP\Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xpw \mj-WÂ tÌm¡v FIvkvtN©v (1992) ]©m-b¯vcmPv (1993) F¶nh \ne-hnÂh-¶Xpw F«mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-¡m-e-¯m-Wv. Cu ]²Xn e£yw-h-̈ Xv 5.6% hfÀ¨m-\n-c-¡m-Wv.F¶mÂ 6.8 iX-am\w hfÀ¨ ssIh-cn-¡m³ km[n-̈ p.

H¼Xmw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1997þ2002)kzmX-{ý-̄ nsâ A¼-Xmw-hmÀjn-I-¯nÂ XpS-§nb Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS apJy-

e£yw kv{Xoim-ào-I-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p. Zcn-{ZÀ¡v `h-\-\nÀ½mW klm-bw, Ip«n-IÄ¡v t]mj-Im-lmcw e`y-am-¡Â, ip²-P-e-hn-X-cWw e`y-am-¡Â, {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-ku-Icyw hÀ²n-̧ n-¡Â,ss{]adn hnZym-`ymkw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-am-¡Â, {Kma-§sf apJy-[m-c-bp-ambn _Ôn-̧ n-¡Â XpS-§nbASn-Øm-\-ku-I-cy-§Ä¡v H¼Xmw -]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn- {]m[m\yw \evIn. k¼qÀ® {Kmao¬tdmkvKmÀ tbmP\ (F-kv.-Pn.-BÀ.-ssh.) ss{]w an\n-tÌgvkv {Kmw kU¡v tbmP\ (]n.-Fw.-Pn.-F-kv.ssh.) F¶nh {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-hn-I-k-\-̄ n-\mbn H¼Xmw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-¡m-e�

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