kerala desam samskaramsdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/190053... · 2020. 11. 15. ·...

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Fw.-F.-a-e-bmfw

H¶mw ska-ÌÀ

tIcfw: tZihpw kwkvIm-chpw

(Kerala : Region and Culture)

2019 Admission onwards

CORE COURSE: MALICO3

190053



(Kerala : Region and Culture) STUDY MATERIAL FIRST SEMESTER

2019 Admission onwards

STUDY MATERIAL FIVE UNITS


Fw.-F.-a-e-bmfw H¶mw ska-ÌÀ


Calicut University- PO, Malappuram,

Kerala, India - 673 635


Fw.-F.-a-e-bmfw H¶mw ska-ÌÀ

(2019 Admn Onwards)


tIcfw:

tZihpw kwkvIm-chpw (Kerala : Region and Culture)

PREPARED BY :

DR.RAJUKUTTAN.P.G ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ON CONTRACT

(MALAYALAM) SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION,

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT.

SCRUTINIZED BY :

DR.UMMER THARAMMEL, PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF MALAYALAM

AND KERALA STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT.

DÅ-S¡w

tIcfw : tZihpw kwkv¡m-chpw

bqWnäv þ 1

tIcfw : {]tZi Ncn-{Xw-þ-`q-{]-Ir-

Xn-þ-kw-L-Im-e-Ir-Xn-IÄ-þ-kq-N-\-

IÄ-þ-`-c-W-Iq-S¯nsâ Dev]-¯n-þ-

kw-L-Im-e-I-hn-IÄ-þ-kv{Xo-]-cp-j-

_Ôw

bqWnäv þ 2

kwL-Im-ew-þ-X-t±-i-Úm-\-§Ä-þ-

Xn-cp-¡p-dÄ-þ-]©alm-Im-hy-§Ä,

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS DÛ-hw-þ-hn-

hn[ \nK-a-\-§Ä

bqWnäv þ 3

ISepw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-hpw-þ-Xp-d-ap-

J-§-fpsS Ncn-{Xw-þ-a-X-§Ä-þ-an-j-

W-dn-amÀ-þ-{_m-Ò-W-{Km-a-§Ä-þP·n-

Xzw.

bqWnäv þ 4

sImtfm-Wn-b-en-khpw tIc-f-kw-

kvIm-c-hpw-þ-hn-Zym-`ym-kw-þ-A-[n-\n-

th-i-§Ä-þ-A-Sn-ahym]m-c-§Ä-þ-a-e-

_mÀI-em-]wþ ]gÈn-k-a-c-§Ä-þ-tZ-

io-b-{]-Øm-\wþI½yq-WnÌv

{]Øm-\wþ sFIy-tI-c-fwþ `q]-cn-

jv¡-c-Ww-þ-hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n-Ãv-þ-hn-

tam-N-\-k-a-cw-þ-A-Sn-b´n-cm-hØ

bqWnäv þ 5

tIc-fo-b-\-thm-°m-\w-þ-\-thm-

°m\ \mb-I-·mÀ kv{Xoap-t¶-ä-

§Ä-þ-\thm°m\-tI-c-fw-þ-\-thm-

°m\ {]Øm-\-§Äþ

]cn-ØnXn hnI-k-\w-þ-

s]mXphnZym-`ym-kw-þ-\-h-km-aq-

lnI {]Øm-\-§Ä-þ-D-]-t`m-K-kw-

kv¡m-cw-þ-k-a-Im-enItIc-fob

PohnXw

1

bqWnäv þ 1


(Kerala : Region and Culture)

tIcfw F¶ {]tZ-i-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw

Ing¡v ]Ýn-a-L-«-¯n\pw ]Sn-ªmdv Ad-

_n-¡-S-en\pw CS-bn-embn sX¡vþhS¡v InS-¡p¶

`qhn-`m-K-amWv tIc-fw. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Cu

{]tXy-IX aäv C´y³ kwØm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v

hyXy-kvX-amb X\na ssIh-cn-¡m³ tIc-fs¯

klm-bn-¨n-«p-−v. AXv kmaq-ln-I-þ-cm-jv{So-b-þ-kmw-

kvIm-cnIcwK-§-fnse A\n-tj-[y-amb hyàn-Xz-

¯n\v Imc-W-ambn¯oÀ¶p. ]Ýn-a-L-«-\n-c-I-fnse

Npc-§Ä hgn-bmWv Ichgn tIc-f-¯n\v ]pdw \mSp-

I-fp-am-bpÅ _Ô-¯n\v km[n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Ad-_n-

¡-SÂhgn {]mNo-\-Imew apXÂ¡p-Xs¶ hntZ-i-cm-

Py-§-fp-ambn hmWn-Py-_Ôw ]peÀ¯m³ tIc-f-

¯n\v Ign-ªp.

]Ýn-a-L«w tIc-f-s¯ ]ehntZi B{I-a-

W-§-fnÂ \n¶pw kwc-£n-¨p. Npcw IS¶v

A]qÀÆ-ambn am{Xta ssk\y-§Ä¡v tIc-f-¯nÂ

bp²-¯n-s\-¯m³ km[n-¨ncp¶p-Åp. ]Xn-\©mw

\qäm-−nÂ ChnsSh¶p-tNÀ¶ t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-

ImÀ¡v hfsc Ffp-¸-¯nÂ C´y-bpsS aäp-`m-K-§-

2

fn-te¡v B[n-]Xyw Øm]n-¡m³ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-¶-

Xn\pw {][m-\-Im-cWw ]Ýn-a-L«w Hcp tIm«-

t]mse ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ

]nÂ¡m-e¯v ASp¯ kwØm-\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-

ap-−m-¡m³ D]-I-cn-¨Xv kly-]ÀÆ-X-¯nse Npc-

§Ä hgn-bpÅ KXm-K-X-am-Wv. AXnÂ {][m-\-s¸-

«Xv ]me-¡m-«p-Np-c-am-Wv. Cu Npc-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ

tdmUpw Xoh-−n-K-Xm-K-Xhpw tIc-fs¯ Xan-gv\m-

Sp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ssakqÀ B{I-a-W-§Ä

D−m-bXv ]me-¡m-S³ Npcwhgn-bm-Wv. {]mNo-\-Im-

e¯v tNc-cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ sIm§p-\m-«n-te¡v B[n-

]Xyw hnI-kn-¸n-s -̈Sp-¯Xpw Cu KXm-K-X-amÀ¤w

D]-tbm-Kn-¨m-Wv.

tIc-fs¯ IÀ®m-S-Ihpambn _Ôn-¸n-

¡p¶ Npc-§-fp-−v. IpS-Ip-ambn tIc-fs¯ _Ôn-

¸n-¡p¶ Npc-amWv t]c-¼m-Sn-Np-cw. ssakq-cp-ambn

tIc-fs¯ _Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv Xma-c-tÈcnNpc-am-Wv.

Cu Npc-§Ä IqSmsX \mSp-Im-Wn-Np-chpw

t]cnbNpchpw ]Ýn-a-L-«-¯nÂ ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p.

tIc-f-¯n-tâbpw IÀ®m-S-I-¯n-tâbpw kmaq-ly-

kmw-kvIm-cnI _Ô-§-fpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v Cu Npc-

§Ä ]¦p-h-ln-¨n-«p-−v.

tIc-f-¯nsâ Ncn-{Xs¯ At§-bäw

kzm[o-\n¨ H¶mWv Ad-_n-¡-SÂ. C´y-bn-te-¡p-

3

h¶ t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-ImÀ 1498-þÂ BZyw I¸-en-d-§n-

bXv tImgn-t¡m-Sm-Wv. ]n¶oSv U¨p-Imcpw {^©p-

Imcpw Cw¥o-jp-Imcpw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n. AXn-

s\Ãmw apt¼ Ad-_n-IÄ tIc-f-¯nÂF¯nI -̈

hSw Bcw-`n-¨n-cp-¶p. Ch-scÃmw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-

bXv Ad-_n-¡-SÂh-gn-bm-Wv. Ad-_n-¡-SÂ hen-

sbmcp \mhn-I-]m-c-¼cyw tIc-f-¯n\v D−m-¡n-sIm-

Sp-¯p. Ipªm-en-a-c-bv¡mÀ¡v ap³]pw \mhn-Icpw

aäpw aäp-\m-Sp-I-fn-te¡p bm{X-sN-¿p-¶-Xnsâ hni-

Zmw-i-§Ä ]g-b-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶p e`n-¨n-«p-−v.

apÊn-co-kv, Xn−n-kv, _td-¡, s\Â¡n− F¶nh

{]mNo-\-Im-es¯ Xpd-ap-J-§-fm-Wv. B[p-\n-I-Im-

es¯ Xpd-ap-J-§Ä sImÃw, sIm¨n, tImgn-t¡mSv

F¶n-h-bm-Wv. Cu Xpd-ap-J-§Ä tIc-f-¯nsâ

KXn-hn-K-Xn-IÄ \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ henb ]¦p-h-

ln-¨n-«p-−v. {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apÉn-§fpw PqX-

·mcpw DÄs¸-sS-bpÅhpcpsS aX-§Ä Chn-tS¡v

F¯n-t¨À¶Xv Ad-_n-¡-SÂh-gn-bm-Wv. Ht«sd

t]À¡v aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n-eqsS Poh-t\m-]m[n

\ÂIp-¶Xpw Ad-_n-¡-S-em-Wv.

tIc-f-¯nse 44 \Zn-I-fnÂ 3 F®w Ing-

t¡m«v Hgp-Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv. 41 F®w ]Sn-ªm-tdm«v

Hgp-Ip-¶p. I_-\n, `hm-\n, ]m¼mÀ F¶nh Ing-

t¡m«v Hgp-Ip-¶p. Ch-bnÂ th\-enÂ H«p-an¡ ]pg-

4

Ifpw hc-−p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Gähpw hen-b-]p-g-bmb

`mc-X-¸pg B\-a-e-bnÂ\n¶v DÛ-hn¨v s]m¶m\n

Xoc¯v Ad-_n-¡-S-enÂ h¶p-tN-cp-¶p. Cu \Zo-Xo-

c-¯mWv amam¦w \S-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-

apÅ asäm-cp-\-Zn-bmWv s]cn-bmÀ. CXnsâ Xoc-

¯mWv Beph inh-cm{Xn BtLmjw \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

{ioi-¦-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS P·-\m-Smb ImeSn s]cn-bm-

dnsâ Xoc-¯mWv ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. asämcp \Zn-

bmb ]¼sb ]pWy-\-Zn-bmbn Icp-Xn-t¸m-cp-¶p.

{]mNo-\-Imew apXÂ tIc-f-¯nsâ DÄ\m-

S³ Pe-K-Xm-K-X-amÀ¤-amWv ]pg-IÄ. hym]m-c-km-[-

\-§Ä sIm−p-t]m-bn-cp-¶Xv ]pg-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

DÄ\m-Sp-I-fnÂ DXv¸m-Zn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ kpK-Ô-{Z-hy-

§fpw aäphnf-Ifpw Xpd-ap-J-s¯-¯n-¨n-cp-¶Xpw

\Zn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu \Zn-I-fpsS klm-b-

t¯msSbmWv t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Imcpw U¨p-Imcpw

{^©p-Imcpw Cw¥o-jp-Imcpw Ah-cpsS hym]mcw

kpK-a-ambn sIm−p-t]m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. tIc-f-¯nsâ

Hmtcm {]tZ-i-§-fn-te¡v sNs¶-¯m³ Cu \Zn-

IÄ Ahsc klm-bn-¨p. sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ aÕy-k-

¼¯v Cu ]pg-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. hf-]-«-Ww,

IÃm-bn, GeqÀ, ]p\-eqÀ F¶o-hy-h-km-b-tI-{µ-

§Ä \Zo-Xo-c-§-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Isf apX-se-Sp-

¯mWv hfÀ¶p-hn-I-kn- -̈Xv. ae-¼p-g, ]o¨n XpS-

5

§nb Pe-tkN\ ]²-Xn-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv

\Zn-I-fnse Pew D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-−m-Wv.

am{X-aÃ s\Ãv, sX§v XpS-§nb ImÀjn-I-hn-f-

IÄ¡v Cu \Zn-I-fnse Pew D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-Wv.

tIc-f-¯nse `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-

ap-Å-h-bmWv Imb-ep-IÄ sX¡³ tIc-f-¯nse

Imb-ep-IÄ KXm-K-X-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-bm-

Wv. IÂ\m-Sv, t_¡Â, Ip¼f XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv

D¯ctIc-f-¯nse Imb-ep-IÄ. th¼-\m-«p-Im-b-em-

WA tIc-f-¯nse Gähpw hen-b-Im-bÂ.Be-¸pg

apXÂ sIm¨n-hsc 52 ssaÂ BWn-Xnsâ \ofw.

CXnsâ Xoc¯v ssh¡w alm-tZ-h-t£{Xw

ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p. hen-¸-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ c−mw-

Øm-\-apÅ ImbÂ AjvS-ap-Sn-Im-b-em-Wv.

tIc-f-¯nsâ `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw Bhm-k-hy-h-

Øbpw

tIc-fs¯ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn ae-\m-Sv,

CS-\m-Sv, Xoc-\mSv F¶n-§s\ aq¶v hn`m-K-§-fmbn

hn`-Pn-¡mw. Ing-¡p-`m-K¯p ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ ]Ýn-

a-L-«-\n-c-bm-Wv ae-\m-SnÂ s]Sp-¶-Xv. h\-§-fmÂ

k¼-¶-amWv Cu `qhn-`m-Kw. ChnsS Gew, dºÀ,

tXbne, Im¸n XpS-§n-bh Irjn-sN-¿p-¶p. Xmgv¶-

{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ s\ÂIr-jn-bp-ap-−v. hf-¡q-dpÅ

6

a®-m-b-Xp-sIm−v FÃm-Ir-jn¡pw A\p-tbm-Py-am-

Wv Cu a®v. ae-\m-Sn\pw Xoc-\m-Sn\pw CSbv¡v

ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ CS-\mSv ka-X-e-{]-tZ-i-am-Wv. Cu

{]tZ-is¯ a®pw Irjnbv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv.

Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, aªÄ, Icn-¼v, C©n, AS-bv¡, ac-¨o-

\n, \mfn-tI-cw, s\Ãv XpS-§n-bh ChnsS Irjn-sN-

¿p-¶p. tIc-f-¯n-\p-]p-d-¯p-Å-hsc Gsd

BIÀjn-¡p-¶-XmWv Ch-nSps¯ Imb-ep-Ifpw hb-

ep-I-fpw. at\m-l-c-amb Cu Irjn-bn-S-§Ä C¶v

Npcp-§n-h-cp¶p F¶Xv Hcp-bm-YmÀ°y-am-Wv.

ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ henb s\Ãp-ev]m-Z\ tI{µ-§-fm-

bn-cp¶p Cu {]tZ-i-§-sf¶v ImWm³ km[n-¡pw.

ISÂ, ]pg-IÄ F¶n-h-bpsS Xoc-§-tfmSv

tNÀ¶ {]tZ-i-amWv aWÂ\n-dª Xoc-\m-Sv.

sX§pw s\Ãp-am-Wv Chn-Sps¯ {][m-\-Ir-jn-IÄ.

aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n-teÀs¸«v Hcp-]mSv a\p-jyÀ

ChnsS Ah-cpsS sXmgnÂ Is−-¯p-¶p. aÕy-hp-

ambn _Ô-s¸« hym]m-c-§fpw ChnsS \S-¡p-¶p.

IbÀhy-h-km-b-amWv ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn \ne-

\nÂ¡p¶ asämcp {][m-\-hy-h-km-bw. C´y-bnÂ

Gähpw IqSp-XÂ IbÀ\nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv tIc-f-¯n-

em-Wv. Ib-dp-sIm−v \ntXym-]-tbm-K-h-kvXp-¡fpw

Ae-¦m-c-h-kvXp-¡fpw hymh-km-bn-Im-Sn-Øm-\-

¯nÂ ChnsS \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p. Cu {]tZ-is¯ P\-

7

§-fpsS asämcp {][m-\-sXm-gn-emWv D¸p\nÀ½m-

Ww. ]pXn-b-Im-e¯v Ip¯-I-I-¼-\n-IÄ B

taJe Gsä-Sp-s¯-¦nepw ap³Im-e¯v AsXmcp

{KmaoW Dev]-¶-am-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nse Xpd-ap-J-

§Ä hnI-kn-¨p-h-¶-tXm-Sp-IqSn Xoc-\m-Snsâ hnIm-

khpw {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em-bn. tImgn-t¡mSpw sIm¨n-bp-

saÃmw Xpd-ap-J-§-tfm-sSm¸w hnI-kn¨ ]«-W-§-fm-

sW-¶Xv Ncn-{X-am-Wv. ap³Im-e¯v hym]m-cn-Ifpw

k©m-cn-Ifpw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-t¨À¶Xv Cu Xpd-

ap-J-§Ä hgn-bm-Wv. C¡m-e¯pw Cu KXm-KXw

tIcfw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-IÄ \ÂIp¶ kqN-\-IÄ

kwL-Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]Þn-X-·mÀ¡n-S-

bnÂ GIm-`n-{]m-b-an-sÃ-¦nepw {InkvXp-hÀjw H¶p-

ap-XÂ A©p-h-sc-bpÅ \qäm-−p-I-fmWv kwL-

Imew F¶-XmWv s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-

Å-Xv. {InkvXp-hÀjw BZy-Z-i-I-§-fnÂ Xan-g-I-

¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-fw. thWm-Sv, Ip«-\m-Sv,

IpS-\m-Sv, ]qgn-\m-Sv, IÀ¡-\mSv F¶n-§s\ A©p-

\m-Sp-I-fmbn tIcfw A¡m-e¯v hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-

¶p. A¡m-e¯v sX¡³ {]tZ-i-§Ä Bbv cmPm-

¡-·m-cpw, hS¡v Ggn-ae cmPm-¡-·mcpw Chbv¡v

CS-bn-epÅ {]tZiw tNc-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-am-bn-cp¶p

`cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

8

kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶mWv A¡m-

es¯ P\-Po-hn-Xs¯¡pdn¨pw cmPm-¡-·m-sc-¡p-

dn¨pw kaq-l-\n-b-a-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw kqN-\-IÄ

e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. kwLw F¶ i_vZ-¯n\v Iq«p-Iq-SÂ

F¶m-WÀ°w. ]Þn-X-·m-cpsS Iq«w C¡m-e¯v

\ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. "Xan-gvkwLw' hnZzm-·m-cp-sStbm

]Þn-X-·m-cp-sStbm kmln-Xy-k-an-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Cu kmln-Xy-Iq-«m-bva-bnse AwK-§Ä cNn-¨tXm

AhÀ AwKo-I-cn-¨tXm Bb IrXn-I-fmWv kwLw-

Ir-Xn-IÄ. G.-Un.-H³]Xmw \qäm-−nÂ "Cssd-b-

\mÀ AI-s¸m-cpÀ' F¶ {KÙ-¯n\v \¡o-c³ Fgp-

Xnb hymJym-\-¯nÂ \n¶mWv kwL-s¯-¸än

hnh-c-§Ä e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. apXÂkw-Lw, CssS-kw-

Lw, IssS-kw-Lw F¶p aq¶vkw-L-§-Ä D−m-bn-

cp-¶-Xmbn ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. kwL-Im-e- `-c-W-

kw-hn-[m-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw A¶s¯ kmaq-ln-Im-h-

Ø-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw hnhcw e`n-¡p-¶Xv kwL-

Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Ihn-IÄ¡v henb kmaq-

lymw-Ko-Im-c-amWv A¡m-e¯v e`n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

IssS-kw-L-Im-e¯v cNn- -̈h-bmWv C¶p-

kw-L-km-lnXyw F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ ap¸-¯n-bmdp

IrXn-IÄ Ch-sb-km-am-\y-ambn aq¶p-hn-`m-K-

¯nÂs¸Sp-¯p-¶p. F«p-s¯m-ssI, ]¯p-¸m-«v,

]Xn-s\¬IogvI-W¡v F¶n-h-bm-W-h. CtXm-

9

sSm¸w sXmÂIm-¸nbw F¶ hymI-c-W-{K-Ùhpw

Nne-¸-Xn-Imcw aWn-ta-Je F¶oImhy-§fpw IqSn-

t -̈cp-t¼mÄ kwL-Im-e-km-lnXyw GXm−v

]qÀ®-am-Ipw.

kwL-km-ln-Xy-¯n\v hnj-b-kz-`m-h-a-\p-k-

cn¨v AIwIhn-X-sb¶pw ]pdwIhnXsb¶pw c−p-

hn-`m-K-ap-−v. {]W-b-I-hn-X-I-fmWv AIwIhn-X-IÄ

F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. F«p-s¯m-ssI-bn-epÄs¸«

AI-\m-\q-dv, sF¦p-dp-\qdv, \än-ssW, Ipdp-s´m-

ssI, Ien-s¯mssI F¶n-h-sbÃmw AI-hn-`m-K-

¯n-epÄs¸-Sp¶ Ihn-X-I-fm-Wv. `q{]-Ir-Xn-bp-ambn

_Ô-s¸«pcNn-¡-s¸« A©v AIw-I-hn-X-I-fmWv

"sF´nssW' Hmtcm tZi-¯p-apÅ A\p-cm-K-I-Y-I-

fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-bpÅ ]m«p-I-fm-Wn-h. Ipdn-

ªn-¸m-«v, ]msse-¸m-«v, apssÃ-¸m-«v, acp-Xw-]m-«v,

s\bvXÂ]m«v F¶n-h-bm-W-h. ChnsS cq]w-sIm−

t{]a-Im-hy-§-sf-bmWv sF´nssW F¶p-hy-h-l-

cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

AIw-I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Xan-g-Is¯ {]mNo-\-P-\-

X-bpsS {]W-b-k-¦Â¸-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ]e

IuXp-I-§fpw {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p-−v. AXn-sem-

¶mWv "Ifhpw IÀ¸pw' bph-Xn-bp-hm-¡Ä ]c-kv]-

cm-\p-cm-K-¯n-em-bmÂ _Ôp-an-{Xm-Zn-I-fpsS k½-X-

t¯msS \S-¡p-¶-hn-hm-l-amWv IÀ¸v. k½-X-an-

10

ÃmsX Hfn-t¨mSn hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip-¶-XmWv If-hv.

t{]a-ss\-cmiyw _m[n¨ \mb-I³ ]\-a-SÂsIm−v

\nÀ½n¨ s]mbv¡mÂ IpXn-c-bpsS ]pd-t¯dn Fcn-

¡n³ ]qam-e-b-Wnªv \mbn-Im-`-h-\-¯n\p

ap³]nÂ aªpw agbpw hI-h-bv¡msX acWw

hsc \ncm-lm-a-\p-jn-Tn-¡p¶ NS-§mWv "aS-te-dÂ'.

]pdw-I-hn-Xbv¡v hnj-b-am-Ip-¶Xv hmWn-Pyw,

Zm\w, bp²w, cmPy-X-{´w, ssk\yw XpS-§n-b-h-bm-

Wv. cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS ka-c-N-cn-X-§Ä hocm-]-Zm-\-

§Ä XpS-§n-b-hbpw CXnÂ {]IoÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sm-dp-

−v. ]pdw-hn-`m-K-¯nÂ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« cN-\-

IÄ F«p-s¯m-ssI-bnÂ DÄs¸« ]pd-\m-\qdpw

]Xn-äp-]-¯p-am-Wv. kwL-Im-e-km-ln-Xy-¯nse

Gähpw ]g-¡-apÅ ]pd-\m-\qdv \½psS kwkv¡m-c-

¯nsâ Gähpw {]mNo-\-tc-J-bmbn Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.

tNc-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS Ncn{Xw cNn-¡m³ \ap¡v Ign-

ªXv ]pd-\m-\q-dnÂ \n¶m-Wv.

kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶v {]mNo-\-tI-c-f-

¯nsâ hyà-amb Nn{Xw e`n-¡p-¶p-−v. tNc-cm-Pm-

¡-·m-tcm-sSm¸w tNmf-þ-]m-Þy-cm-Pm-¡-·mcpw

kwL-Im-e-P-\-Xsb `cn-¨p. cmP-`-c-W-¯n³IognÂ

kwL-P-\X kam-[m-\-]-c-amb PohnXw \bn-¨p.

{]Xm-]m-Uw-_-c-§-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-am-bmWv kwL-

Im-e-P-\X cmPm-¡-·msc I−-Xv. cmÚn-amÀ¡pw

11

cmPm-hn-s\-t¸mse _lp-am\w e`n-¨n-cp-¶p. _lp-

`m-cyXzw A¡m-e¯v km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. hn[-h-

IÄ¡v ]p\Àhn-hmlw km[y-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ

Nne-k-µÀ`-§-fnÂ AhÀ kXn-b-\p-jvTn-¨n-cp-¶-

Xmbpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-«p-−v. P\-§-fpsS ]cm-Xn-

IÄ cmPmhv t\cn«p tIÄ¡p-Ibpw ]cn-lmcw

\nÀt±-in-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. s]cp-h-gn-I-fnÂ

]´-ta´n tdm´p-Np-äp¶ Imh-em-fp-IÄ P\-§-

fpsS kz¯n\pw Pohn-X-¯n\pw kpc-£n-XXzw

\ÂIn. bp²w \S-¡p-t¼mÄ P\-§sf kwc-£n-

t¡-−Xv cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS IS-a-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A¡m-

es¯ ]cm-{I-a-im-en-I-fmb cmPm-¡-·mcpw ]S-bm-

fn-Ifpw A¼pwhnÃpw thepw hmfpw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-

t]m-¶p. ImemÄ¸-Sbv¡v thÄ¸-S, hmÄ¸-S,

hnÂ¸S F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ ]e D]-hn-`m-K-§-fp-−m-

bn-cp-¶p. "sImässh' F¶-bp-²-tZ-h-Xsb FÃm-

hcpw Bcm-[n-¨n-cp-¶p. bp²w XpS-§p-¶-Xn-\p-ap³]v

cmPm-¡-·mÀ Cu tZh-Xsb {]oXn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-

¶p. kv{XoIÄ t\cn«v bp²-`q-an-bn-se¯n tbm²m-

¡-fnÂ ka-c-hocyw DWÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. bp²-`q-an-

bnÂh¨v hoc-N-caw {]m]n-¡pI F¶Xv GsXmcp

tbm²m-hn-sâbpw B{K-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. kz´w

ssk\ys¯ \nb-{´n-¡m³ cmPm-¡-·mÀ B\-¸p-d-

t¯-dn-bn-cp-¶p. cmPmhv h[n-¡-s¸-«mÂ bp²w Ah-

km-\n-¡pw. Ggp-cm-Pm-¡-·msc bp²-¯nÂ

12

tXmÂ¸n-¡p¶ cmPm-hn\v A[n-cmP ]Z-hn-t\-Sm³

Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. bp²-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ cmPm-hnsâ apXp-

InÂ apdn-th-ämÂ cmPmhv I¿nÂhmfp-ta´n hS-¡p-

Zn-¡n-te-¡p-t\m¡n \ncm-lm-c-{h-X-a-\p-jvTn¨v hcn-

¡p-¶-Xns\ "hS-¡n-cn-¡Â' F¶mWv Adn-b-s¸-«n-

cp-¶-Xv. bp²-¯nÂ cmPmhv ac-W-s¸-«mÂ bp²w

\nÀ¯n Ipc-ssh-¡q¯v F¶ bp²-\r¯w \S-

¯pw. bp²-\r-¯-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ \À¯-In-IÄ

hnd-en-IÄ F¶ t]cn-e-dn-b-s¸-«p. Hmtcm cmPm-

hn\pw A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-ambn Hmtcm

ImhÂacw \«p-h-fÀ¯pw. cmPmhv sImÃs¸«mÂ

FXn-cm-fn-bmb cmPmhv Abm-fpsS ImhÂacw \Sp-

Ibpw sImÃ-s¸« cmPm-hnsâ ImhÂacw apdn-¨p-am-

äp-Ibpw sN¿pw. tXmä-cm-Pm-hnsâ Inco-S-ap-cp¡n

ImÂ¯-f-bp-−m¡n hnP-bn¨ cmPmhv AWn-ªn-cp-

¶p. \À¯-IÀ¡pw Kmb-IÀ¡pw Ihn-IÄ¡pw ac-

W-`oXn IqSmsX bp²-¡-f-¯nÂ X§-fpsS cmPm-

hns\ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m-\pÅ Ah-k-c-ap-−m-bn-

cp¶p.

kwL-Im-e¯v IpSpw-_-Po-hXw Bcw-`n-¨p-I-

gn-ªn-cp-¶p. PmXn-]-c-amb thÀXn-cnthm kmaq-ly-

amb Gä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-Itfm A¡m-e-¯p-−m-bn-cp-¶n-

Ã. P\-§sf sXmgn-ensâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ hn`-Pn-

¨n-cp-¶p. A[zm-\-¯nsâ A´Êv AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-

13

«n-cp-¶p. kv{XoIÄ¡v D¶-X-am-b-]-Z-hn-bp-−m-bn-cp-

¶p. hnZym-`ymk kzmX-{ý-apÄs¸sS kv{XoIÄ¡v

FÃm kzmX-{ý-§fpw A\p-h-Zn-¨n-cp-¶p. ]pcp-j-

t\m-sSm¸w kaq-l-¯nÂ D¶-X-Øm-\-§Ä

kv{Xo¡pw D−m-bn-cp-¶p. kwL-Im-es¯ {]i-

kvX-I-hn-I-fnÂ ]ecpw kv{XoI-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

{]Ir-Xn, Ime-h-Ø, hn -̀h-§Ä F¶n-h-b-\p-k-

cn¨v hnI-kn-¨p-h¶ kaq-l-§Ä

kwL-Im-e-P-\Xsb `qansb a®nsâ tNcp-

h-bp-sSbpw {]Ir-Xn-ta-J-e-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-Øm-\-

¯n-em-bn-cp¶p hn`-Pn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. `q{]-IrXn A\p-k-

cn¨v \mSns\ Ipdn-©n, ]msse, apssÃ, acp-Xw,

s\bvXÂ F¶n-§s\ A©mbn hn`-Pn-¨p. "sFń-

W-IÄ' F¶mWv Ch Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv.

aebpwImSpw tNÀ¶ {]tZ-i-amWv Ipdn-©n. ChnsS

hkn-¨n-cp-¶Xv thScpw Ipdp-h-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. apcp-

Is\ ssZh-ambn Bcm-[n-¨n-cp¶ Ch-cpsS sXmgnÂ

\mbm«pw h\-hn-`-h-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡-ep-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Irjn¡v A\p-tbm-Py-a-Ãm¯ Xcn-im-bn-In-S-¡p¶

`qan-bmWv ]msse. ad-hcpw IÅ-·m-cp-am-bn-cp¶p

ChnsS hkn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. {]Xn-Iq-e-Im-em-h-Øbpw

Pe-¯nsâ ZuÀe-`yhpw aqew Chn-Sps¯ P\-Po-

hnXw ZpÊ-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ifhpw ]nSn-¨p-]-dnbpw

sXmgn-em-¡n-b-h-cm-bn-cp¶p ChnsS hkn-¨n-cp-¶-hÀ

14

Nne-À bp-²-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ tbm²m-¡-fm-bn-

cp¶p. "sImässh' F¶ bp²-tZ-h-Xsb ChÀ

Bcm-[n-¨p-h-¶p. apssÃ DbÀ¶ ]pÂ¯-In-Sn-I-

fpÅ {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp-¶p. BbÀ, CS-bÀ F¶o-hn-`m-

K-§-fmWv ChnsS hkn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Imen-h-fÀ¯-em-

bn-cp¶p Ch-cpsS {][m-\-sXm-gnÂ. I®-\m-bn-cp¶p

Ah-cpsS ssZhw. Irjn-sN-¿m³ km[n-¡p¶ ka-

X-e-{]-tZi-am-bn-cp¶p acp-Xw. Irjn-sXm-gn-em-¡nb

shÅm-fcpw Dg-h-cp-am-bn-cp¶p Chn-Sps¯ \nhm-kn-

IÄ. th´³ (C-{µ³) Bbn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS

ssZhw. s\bvXÂ F¶-dn-b-s¸-«Xv Xoc-{]-tZ-i-s¯-

bm-Wv. Da-WÀ, ap¡p-hÀ, he-bÀ, ao\-hÀ, ]c-hÀ

F¶n-h-cm-bn-cp¶p Chn-Sps¯ \nhm-kn-IÄ. aÕy-

_-Ô\w, D¸p-\nÀ½mWw F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p Ch-

cpsS {][m\sXmgn-ep-IÄ.

`c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ Dev]-¯n-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]g- -́an-

gv]m-«pIÄ \ÂIp¶ kqN-\-IÄ

kwL-Im-e¯p \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Hcp hn\n-a-b-

cq-]-amWv ]p\Àhn-X-c-Ww. hn`-h-§Ä Hcp tI{µ-

¯nÂ kam-l-cn¨v AhnsS\n¶pw ]p\Àhn-X-cWw

sN¿p¶ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. kaq-l-¯nsâLS\ \nÝ-

bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ ]p\Àhn-X-c-W-¯n\v \Ã]¦p-−v.

A[n-Im-chpw ]Z-hn-bpw DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶Xv ]p\Àhn-X-

c-W-¯nÂ \n¶m-sW¶v hyà-am-Ip-¶p-−v. ]g-´-

15

an-gv]m-«p-I-fnse kqN-\-I-f-\p-k-cn¨v ]p\Àhn-X-

cWw sNbvXn-cp-¶Xv sImÅ-sN-¿-s¸« apX-ep-I-fm-

bn-cp-¶p. s\Ãv, kzÀ®w, ap¯v, hkv{X-§Ä, I¶p-

Im-en-IÄ Ch-bm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ sImÅ-ap-X-ep-

IÄ. AI-\m-\q-dnÂ sImÅ-ap-X-ep-I-fpsS kw`-c-W-

s¯-¡p-dn¨pw ]p\Àhn-X-c-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw ]cm-

aÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. aqth-´À, Ipdp-\n-e-a-¶-·mÀ, Iogm-

·mÀ F¶n-h-cm-bn-cp¶p ]p\Àhn-X-c-W-¯nsâ

tI{µ-Øm-\¯p \n¶n-cp¶hÀ ImÀjn-tImÂ]-¶-

§-fpsS an¨hpw ]p\Àhn-X-c-W-¯n\v F¯n-bn-cp-

¶p. F¶mÂ `qan Hcp- ]p-\Àhn-X-c-W-hkvXp Bbn-

cp-¶nÃ F¶mWv Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

kwL-Im-e¯v, AXm-bXv {InkvX-hÀjw

BZy-aq-¶p-i-X-I-§-fnÂ kmaq-ly-L-S\ cq]-s¸-«Xv

tI{µo-Ir-X-amb ]p\Àhn-X-c-W-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-

¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. hn`-h-§Ä tiJ-cn-¨n-cp¶ tI{µ-§-

fpsS A[o-iXzw apSn-Nq-Sn-b-aq-th-´-·m-cnÂ Bbn-cp-

¶p. Ipdp-\nea¶-·mcpw aq¸-·m-cmbn Iogm-·mcpw

Ahsc klm-bn-¨p-t]m-¶p. ]p\Àhn-X-c-W-¯nsâ

A[n-Imcw I¿m-fnb aqth-´-·mÀ, tIma-¶³ F¶

hnti-j-W-§-fnÂ Adn-b-s¸« cmPm-hnsâ Øm\-

t¯-¡p-bÀ¶p. A§s\ tKm{X-k-aq-l-¯nÂ

\n¶pw cmPm-[n-Im-c-km-aq-ly-L-S-\-bn-te-¡pÅ

amäw Cu Ime-L-«-¯n-ep-−m-bn. ImÀjn-tIm-ev]-

16

¶-§-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-hn-X-c-W-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-

¯n-Â kaqlw {ItaW thÀXn-cn-¡-s¸-«p. DS-abpw

ASn-bm-f-·m-cp-sa¶ ØnXn-bn-te¡v Imcy-§Ä

h¶p-tNÀ¶p. ImÀjn-I-hr-¯n-bn-eqsS Dev]m-Z-\-{]-

{In-b-bnÂ t\cn-«p-]-¦m-fn-I-fm-Im³ Hcp-Iq-«cpw

Dev]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bnÂ GÀs¸-SmsX AXnsâ ]¦p-

]-än-Po-hn-¡p¶ asäm-cp-Iq-«cpw D−m-bn. C§s\

cmPm-hn\pw km[m-c-W-¡À¡p-an-S-¡pÅ I®n-I-

fmbn aq¸-·mcmb Iogm-·mÀam-dn. Ah-cpsS IognÂ

tPmen-sN-bvXn-cp¶ hnss\-h-eÀ, ASn-tbm³ XpS-

§nb Irjn-¸-Wn-¡mÀ kaq-l-L-S-\-bnÂ Xmsg-¯-

«n-te¡v XÅn-am-ä-s¸-«p. cmPm-hp-ambn ASp-¯-_-

Ôw-]p-eÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ Iogm-f-·mÀ asämcptaemf

hÀ¤-ambn amdn.

C{]-Imcw cmP-Io-b-ta-[m-hnXzw DS-se-Sp-¯-

tXmsS cmP-Iob `c-W-¯n\v {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-

amb ]n´p-W-\ÂIp-I-bmWv ]n¶mseh¶ {_mÒ-

WÀ sNbvX-Xv. Ime-{I-a-¯nÂ cmPm-hn-s\bpw adn-

I-S¶v kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bnÂ AhÀ D¶-X-Øm-\n-b-

cmbn X{´-]qÀÆw {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸-«p. cmPm-¡-·msc

]n´p-W-bv¡p¶Xn\p {]Xn-^-e-ambn `qanbpw ]ip-

¡fpw kzÀ®hpw {_mÒ-WÀ¡v {]Xn-^-ambn In«n-

¯p-S-§n. I]n-eÀ, ]c-WÀ, ]msse, KuX-a\mÀ

XpS-§nb {_mÒ-W-I-hn-IÄ tNc-cm-Pm-¡-·msc

17

hmgv¯n-¸m-Sn [mcmfw k¼¯v kz´-am-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. C§s\ k¼-¯vt\-Sm³ {_mÒ-WÀ¡v

km[n- -̈Xp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ AhÀ Irjn-¸-Wn-bnÂ

\n¶v hn«p-\n-¶p. AhÀ¡v Irjn-`q-an-bpsS DS-a-

Øm-h-Imiw e`n- -̈Xn-\mÂ kmaq-lnI ta[m-hnXzw

hÀ²n-¨p. AhÀ ]utcm-ln-Xy-¯n-te-¡p-bÀ¶p.

Ah-cpsS DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ `pan-bnÂ Irjn-¸Wn

FSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]pXn-sbmcp ASn-Øm-\-

hÀ¤hpw DS-se-Sp-¯p. Cu ]Wn-bm-f-hÀ¤-amWv

]nÂ¡m-e¯v kaq-l-¯nsâ Xmsg-X-«nÂ Pohn¨p

t]m¶-Xv. {_mÒ-WÀ, cmPm-hv, Iogm-f-·mÀ, ASn-bm-

fÀ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bn-te¡v

kwL-Im-e-tI-cfw amdn. D¯-tc-´y-bnÂ ImWp¶

NmXpÀhÀWy coXn-bn-epÅ kmaq-ly-L-S-\-þ-hÀ®-

k-{¼-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã {]mNo-\-X-an-g-I¯v

D−mbncp-¶-Xv. PmXn-I-fpsS t]cnÂ kaqlw

]qÀ®-ambpw hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. ]d-bÀ, Ipd-hÀ XpS-

§n-b-hn-`m-K-§Ä PmXn-bpsS t]cnÂ Xmgv¯-s¸-

«nÃ. F¶mÂ ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-bnse ASn-a-þ-D-Sa

_Ôhpw cmPm-[n-Im-chpw {ItaW PmXn-k-{¼-Zm-b-

¯n-te¡v {]mNo\ Xan-g-Is¯ \bn-¨p. {_mÒ-

WÀ kaq-l-¯nÂ ta[m-hnXzw ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw

cmPm-hv, FÃmk¼-¯p-¡-fp-sSbpw A[n-]-\m-bn-am-

dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Irjn-¸-Wn-bn-teÀs¸« ASn-bm-f-

hn-`m-Khpw D−m-bn. tKm{X-kw-kvIm-c-¯nÂ\n¶pw

18

^yqUÂhy-h-Ø-bn-te-¡pÅ Hcp-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-

ambncp¶p CsX-¶p-]-d-bmw.

kwL-Ime Ihn-IÄ, Ih-bn-{Xn-IÄ

kwL-Im-e¯v kv{Xo]p-cp-j-t`-Z-at\y FÃm-

hÀ¡pw Xpey-]-Zhn D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xp-sIm−v

kv{Xohn-Zym-`ymkw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. _p²n-]-

c-amb cwK-§-fn-seÃmw ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm¸w

kv{Xobqw Xsâ Ign-hp-sX-fn-bn-¨p.

IhnXzwsIm−pw ]mÞn-Xyw-sIm−pw X§-fpsS

Ign-hp-sX-fn-bn¨ Hcp-]mSp kv{Xoc-Xv\-§Ä A¡m-

e-¯p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. \s -̈Å-bmÀ, Imss¡-]m-Sn\n-

bmÀ XpS-§nb Ih-bn-{Xn-IÄ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-

Wv. ChÀ¡v kaq-l-¯nÂ kap-¶-X-Øm\w e`n-

¨p. Ihn-IÄ kaq-l-¯nse {]iv\-§-fnÂ CS-s]-Sp-

Ibpw AXnÂ hgn-Im-«n-Ifm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

bp², {]W-b-hÀ®-\-Ifpw cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS hoc-I-

Y-I-fp-am-bn-cp¶p {][m-\-sa-¦nepw kaq-l-Po-hn-

Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw sXfn-ªp-\nÂ¡p¶

Ht«sdIrXn-IÄ kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ImWmw.

cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS B{in-X-·m-cm-bn-«mWv {]i-kvX-

cmb Ihn-IÄ Pohn-¨p-t]m-¶-Xv. A§-s\-bpÅ

Ihn-IÄ¡pw aäpw `panbpw kzÀ®hpw sIm«m-c-

§fpw ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-ambn e`n-¨p-sIm-−n-cp-¶p.

AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ cmPm-¡-·msc ]mSn-¸p-I-

19

gv¯m³ Cu Ihn-IÄ aÕ-cn¨p F¶Xpw Hcp-bm-

YmÀ°y-am-Wv. Cf-t¦m-h-Sn-IÄ, Im¸n-b-\mÀ, ]c-

WÀ, I]n-eÀ, s]cp-wIâmÀ IogmÀ, Acn-inÂ

IogmÀ, I®-\mÀ F¶n-hÀ kwL-Im-es¯

{]ikvX Ihn-I-fm-Wv.

kv{Xoþ-]p-cp-j-_-Ô-§fpw kmaq-ly-_-Ô-§fpw

kwL-Im-e¯v kv{Xo ]p-cp-j-t\m-sSm¸w

FÃm-cw-K¯pw kPo-h-ambn \ne-sIm-−p. bp²-cw-

K¯pt]mepw tbm²m-¡sf t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m³

AhÀ kss[cyw F¯n-t¨À¶p. kv{XoIÄ¡v

DbÀ¶ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\pw sXmgnÂ kz´w

\nebv¡v sXc-sª-Sp-¡m-\p-saÃmw kzmX-{´y-ap-

−m-bn-cp-¶p. IpSpw-_-¯nepw kaq-l-¯nepw Xtâ-

S-t¯msS \ne-sIm-Åm³ kv{XoIÄ¡p Ign-ªp.

tbm²m-hmb `À¯m-hns\ bp²-`q-an-bnÂ ]cn-N-cn-

¡m\pw t{]X-_m-[-tbÂ¡p-¶Xv XS-bm\pw

kv{XoIÄ ImhÂ\n-¶p. _p²n-]-c-amb hym]m-c-§-

fnÂ ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm¸w kv{Xo CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw AtX-

k-abw Imbn-I-ambn Ipc-¯p-t\-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cmP-k-Z-Êp-I-fnÂ ]Þn-X-cmb kv{XoIÄ \ne-bp-d-

¸n-¨p-cp-¶Xv kv{XoI-fpsS Hu¶-Xy-¯nsâ DZm-l-c-

W-ambn ImWmw. Iem-cw-K¯pw kv{XoIÄ D¶-X-

amb \ne-hmcw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Ihn-IÄ¡pw

\À¯-IÀ¡pw kwKo-X-ÚÀ¡pw bp²-cw-K-¯p-

20

t]mepw IS-¶p-sN-Ãm\pw X§-fpsS cmPm-hns\

t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m-\p-apÅ Ah-Im-i-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p.

cmPm-¡-·mÀ¡v H¶n-e-[nIw `mcy-amÀ D−m-bn-cp-

s¶-¦nepw kaq-l-¯nÂ A]qÀÆ-ambn am{Xta

_lp-`m-cyXzw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p-Åp. `À¯mhv ac-W-

a-S-ªmÂ kXn-b-\p-jvTn-¡p-¶Xpw A]qÀÆ-am-bn-

cp¶p F¶m-Wv kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ImWm³

km[n-¡p-¶-Xv.

kwL-Im-e¯v PmXn-hy-hØ DS-se-Sp-¯n-cp-

¶n-Ã. sXmgn-ensâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Nne

Iq«wtNÀ¡Âam-{Xta A¡m-e-¯p-−m-bn-cp-¶p-Åp.

]n¶oSv `£y-h-kvXp-¡-fp-sSbpw aäpw hnX-c-W-ta-

sä-Sp¯ CS-\n-e-¡mÀ hfÀ¶p-h-cn-Ibpw s]mXp-P-\-

§-fp-sSbpw cmPm-hn-sâbpw CSbv¡v AhÀ henb

iàn-bmbn¯ocp-Ibpw {_mÒ-WÀ `pkz-¯n\v DS-

a-I-fm-bn-am-dp-Ibpw sNbvX-k-hn-tij kµÀ`-¯nÂ

sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶-hÀ Xmsg-¯-«n-te¡v amä-s¸-Sp-

Ibpw PmXn-bpsSXmb Nne aps¶m-cp-¡-§Ä

kwhn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-s−¶p ImWmw. kwL-

Im-e¯v sXmgn-en\pw A²zm-\-¯n\pw AwKo-Imcw

e`n-¨n-cp-¶p. sXmgnÂ sXc-sª-Sp-¡m³ {]tXy-I-

\n-_-Ô-\-I-sfm-¶p-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. cmPm-hp-ambn

t\cn«v kwkm-cn-¡m³ P\-§Ä¡v Ah-k-c-ap-−m-

21

bn-cp-¶p. ]cm-Xn-IÄ XoÀ¸p-IÂ¸n-¡m\pw cmPmhv

ap³ssI-s¿-Sp-¯p-h-¶p.

22

bqWnäv 2

Xt±-i-Úm-\-§Ä þ Xncp-¡p-dÄ, ]©-a-

lm-Im-hy-§Ä

kwL-Imew Úmt\m-ev]m-Z-\-¯nsâ

Imew IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Imhy-§Ä¡p-]p-dta XXz-

Nn-´m-]-c-ambn D¶-X-\n-e-hmcw ]peÀ¯p¶ IrXn-

Ifpw A¡m-e-¯p-−m-bn. Ah C¡m-e¯pw {]i-

kvX-am-Wv F¶Xv AXnsâ aqeys¯ ImWn-¡p-

¶p. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ BsI-Xp-Isb ZmÀi-\n-

I-ambn t\m¡n-¡m-Wm\pw \nÀÆ-Nn-¡m\pw Cu

IrXn-IÄ¡v km[n-¨n-«p-s−¶p ImWmw. Xncp-h-

Åp-hÀ BWv Xncp-¡p-dÄ F¶ ]pcm-X-\-amb

X¯z-Nn-´m-im-kv{X-{K-Ù-¯nsâ cN-bn-Xm-hv.

Xangv ]Zy-km-ln-Xy-̄ nse Cuc-Sn-I-fmWv IpdÄ

F¶ t]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Cu IrXn Xangv

kmln-Xy-¯nse A\-iz-c-Im-hy-§-fn-sem-¶mbn

IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. Imhy-`w-Kn-s¡m¸w auen-I-X,

kmÀÆ-P-\o-\-X, kmÀh-Im-enI {]k-àn, kc-f-X,

Kl-\X F¶o KpW-§Ä Cu Imhy-¯n-eS§nbn-

cn-¡p-¶p. Npcp-§nb hm¡p-I-fnÂ t{ijvT-amb

AÀ°-§Ä DÄs¡m-Ån-¨mWv Xncp-h-Åp-hÀ Xncp-

¡p-dÄ cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

""\µna-d-¡p-I-\-¶-Ã, \¶-Ãh

23

At¶ ad-¡pI \t¶''

F¶ hcn-I-fn-eqsS aäp-Å-hÀ sNbvXp-X¶

\·-IÄ¡v Ah-tcmSv Ft¸mgpw \µn-bp-Å-h-cm-bn-

cn-¡-W-sa¶pw AXv [À½-am-sW¶pw aäp-Å-hÀ

Xn·-IÄ sNbvXn-«p-s−-¦nÂ AXv A¸-t¸mÄ

Xs¶ ad-¶p-I-f-bp-I-bmWv \Ã-sX¶pw Xncp-¡q-dÄ

HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. C{]-Imcw Pohn-X-¯n-sâ kam-

[m-\-¯n\pw hnP-b-¯n\pw DX-Ip¶ im´n-a-{´-

WamWv Xncp-hp-Åp-h-cpsS Xncp-¡p-d-fnÂ ImWp-¶-

Xv. {]]-©-¯nse FÃm XXz-kw-ln-X-Ifpw Xncp-

¡p-d-fnse hcn-I-fnÂ hmb-\-¡m-c\v ZÀin-¡m³

Ign-bp-¶p. C¡m-e¯pw Bfp-IÄ FSp-¯p-]-tbm-

Kn-¡p¶ XXz-im-kv{X-ambn IpdÂ \n-e-sIm-f-fp-¶p.

\¡o-c³, amaq-eÀ, I]n-eÀ, ]c-WÀ F¶o kwL-

Im-e-I-hn-I-sfÃmwXncp-¡p-d-fns\ Ah-cpsS IrXn-I-

fn-eqsS {]IoÀ¯n-¨n-«p-−v. AXn-_r-l¯pw al-

¯pw, hnim-e-hp-amb kwkv-Im-c-¯n-\p-S-a-I-fm-bn-

cp¶p {Zmhn-UÀ F¶-Xn-\pÅ sXfn-hmWv D]-\n-j-

¯p-¡Äs¡m¸w \nÂ¡p¶ XmXznI-{K-Ù-amb

Xncp-¡q-dÄ. AÀ°-§-fpsS hnkva-b -{]-]-©-amWv

Xncp-¡p-dÄ F¶ Imhyw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. 133

A[n-Im-c--§-fn-embn 1330 Ipd-ep-IÄ AS-§nb

_rl-Zv{K-Ù-amWv Xncp-¡p-dÄ. Xangv ss__nÄ

F¶v CXns\ s]mXp-hmbn hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

24

{InkvXp-hÀjw c−mw \qäm-−p-ap-XÂ F«mw \qäm-

−p-h-sc-bpÅ Ime-L-«-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡Ww Xncp-¡p-

dÄ cNn-¡-s¸-«-sX-¶mWv ]Þn-X-·mÀ¡n-S-bnse

A`n-{]m-bw. AÀ°-im-kv{X-¯n-\p-ti-jhpw aWn-

ta-J-e, Nne-¸-Xn-Imcw F¶nh¡p ap¼p-amWv Xncp-

¡p-dÄ cNn- -̈sX¶v ImWmw. ImcWw aWn-ta-J-e-

bnepw Nne¸Xn-Im-c-¯nepw Xncp-¡p-d-fns\ ]cm-

aÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. GXp-aXw kzoI-cn- -̈h-cm-bmepw

GXp P\-X-bm-bm-bepw AhÀs¡ms¡ Pohsâ

kXyhpw e£yhpw ZÀi-\tbm-Ky-am¡n PohnXw

k^-e-am-¡m-\pÅ s]mXp-hmb \oXn-amÀ¤w IpdÂ

D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-_-Ônbmb [À½w, AÀ-

Yw, Imaw F¶o aq¶p XXz-§Ä F´m-sW¶pw

Ah F§s\ ssIh-cn-¡m-sa¶pw kmtcm-]-tZ-i-cq-

t]W CXnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.

kwL-Im-e-km-ln-Xy-¯nse ]©-a-lm-Im-

hy-§Ä F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Nne-¸-Xn-Im-cw, aWn-ta-

J-e, hf-bm-]-Xn, IpÞ-e-tI-in, Poh-I-Nn-´m-aWn

F¶n-h-bm-Wv. tNc-cm-P-hw-i-¯nse Hcp Cf-ap-d-cm-

Pm-hmb Cf-t¦m-h-Sn-I-fmWv Nne-¸-Xn-Imcw cNn-¨n-

cn-¡p-¶-Xv. aq¶v A[ym-b-§-fn-embn 5700 hcn-I-

fpÅ {]ikvX Imhy-am-Wn-Xv. aWn-ta-Je F¶

Imhyw CXnsâ XpSÀ -̈bmWv F¶ A-`n-{]m-b-ap-

−v. kwL-Im-es¯ tNmfX-e-Øm-\-amb Imthcn

25

]q¼-«-W-¯nÂ tIh-e-\p-ambn kam-[m-\-]-c-amb

PohnXw \bn¨ ]hn-{X-bmb I®In F¶ I\y-I-

bpsS PohnX Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amWv Nne-¸-Xn-Imcw.

tImh-e³ am[hn F¶ A\y-kv{Xo-bp-am-bp-−mb

_Ô-¯nÂ k¼¯v \jvS-am-¡p-¶Xpw `mcy-tbmSv

A\oXn sNbvsX¶ ]mÝm-¯m-]-¯nÂ tImh-e³

I®-In-bpsS ASp-¯p- Xn-cn-s -̈¯p-¶Xpw

sN¿m¯ sXän\v ac-W-in£ hn[n¨v tImh-es\

h[n¨ cmPm-hn-s\bpw cmPy-s¯bpw I®In Xsâ

iàn-sIm−v ]Icw ho«p-¶-XmWv Nne-¸-Xn-Im-c-

¯nsâ CXn-hr-¯w. CtXmsS I®In hoc \mbn-I-

bmbn amdn. Xan-gv\m-«nÂ I®In ]mXn-{h-Xy-¯nsâ

tZh-X-bmbn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Nne-¸-Xn-Imcw

ssP\-a-X-kn-²m-´-§sf hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶ IrXn

IqSn-bm-Wv.

aWn-ta-Je _p²-a-X-X-Xz-§-sf-bmWv {]Xn-

]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ Nne-¸-Xn-Im-c-¯nsâ

XpSÀ -̈bmWv Cu Imhyw. Cu c−p Imhy-§fpw

Htc ka-b¯p cNn-¡-s¸-«-XmWv F¶mWv Icp-X-

s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. tImh-e-sâbpw am[-hn-bp-sSbpw aI-

fmb aWn-ta-J-e-bmWv tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{Xw. tImh-

e³ IpSpw_w ]peÀ¯m³ klm-bn-¡m-¯-Xn-

\mÂ aWn-ta-Je \À¯-Inbpw thiy-bp-am-bn-¯o-

cp-¶p. aWn-ta-J-e-bnÂ A\p-cmKw tXm¶nb

26

]mÞy-cm-P-Ip-am-c-\mb DZ-b-Ip-am-c³ {]W-bm-

`yÀ°\ \S-¯n-sb-¦nepw AhÄ AXp \ncm-I-cn¨v

_p²-`n-£p-hm-bn-Xo-cp-¶-XmWv IY. koXssekn-

¯-\mÀ BWv aWn-ta-J-e-bpsS cN-bn-Xm-sh¶v

Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. A©mw \qäm-−n-emWv cN-\m-Im-

ew.

"Poh-I-Nn-´m-aWn' F¶ IrXn-bmWv

sFws]-cp-¦m-¸n-b-¦-fnse (]-©- a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä)

aq¶m-a-s¯-Xmbn ]d-bm-hp¶ IrXn. ]¯mw \qäm-

−nse ssP\-km-ln-Xy-ambn Icp-X-s¸-Sp¶ Cu

{KÙw cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv Xncp-S-¡-t«-hÀ BWv. Cu

IrXn-bpsS Hcp {]tXy-IX a\p-jym-Xo-X-i-àn-

bpsS `mh-\m-temIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv.

CXnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ cmPmhv {]tbm-Kn-

Isf hI-h-cp-¯p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w Aam-\p-jn-I-amb

\mb-I]-Z-hn-bn-te-¡p-bcp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. FÃm

Iem-cq-]-§-fnepwAbmÄ ]Þn-X-\m-Wv. FÃm

Ign-hp-Ifpw AbmÄ¡p-−v.FÃm Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw

AXn-\m-b-I-\mbn AbmÄ hncm-Pn-¡p-¶p.ssP\-

ku-µ-cy-im-kv{X-t¯mSv tNÀ¶p \nÂ¡p¶ Imhy-

amWv CXv.

Hcp ssP\-Ir-Xn-bmbn Icp-X-s¸-Sp¶ hf-bm-

]Xn ]©-a-lm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ \mem-a-Xmbn I−p-h-

cp¶ IrXn-bmWv. CXv ]qÀ®-cq-]-¯nÂ Is−-Sp-

27

¡m-\mbn-«n-Ã. AÚm-X-IÀXr-Xz-ambn XpS-cp¶

Cu IrXn H³]Xmw \qäm-−n-emWv Fgp-X-s¸-«-

sX¶v Icp-Xp-¶p. cXv\-hym-]m-cn-bmb hf-bm-]-Xn-

bpsS IY-bmWv DÅ-S-¡-sa¶v hniz-kn-¨p-t]m-cp-

¶p.

kwL-Im-es¯ ]©-a-lm-Im-hy-§-fn-sem-

¶mWv IpÞ-e-tI-in. Cu ]Z-¯n-\À°w _p²-a-

X-¡m-cn-bmb ]ÞnX F¶mWv. A¡m-e¯v

hnhn[ aX-]-Þn-XÀ X§-fpsS aX-¯nsâ t\«-

§Ä F®n-¸-dªv ]c-kv]cw hmZn-¡p¶ kZ-Êp-

IÄ km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. A¯-c-¯nÂ _p²-a-X-

¯nsâ t\«-§-sfbpw AXv a\p-jy-cn-ep-−m-¡p¶

kzm[o-\-t¯bpw hnh-cn-¡p¶ IrXnbmWv IpÞ-

e-tI-in. _p²-a-X-¡m-cpsS IpÞ-e-tI-in¡v

ssP\-a-X-¡mÀ \ÂIp¶ {]Xym-tcm-]-W-amWv \oe-

tIin F¶v tUm.Sn.-]n. ao\m£n kpµ-c³ Fgp-

Xnb Xangv kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-

«p-−v. A¡m-e¯v aX-]-c-amb NÀ -̈IÄ¡v sFXn-

lm-kn-I-am\w ssIh-cp-Ibpw C¯cw [mcmfw

IrXn-IÄ cNn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-

¡mw.{]kvXpX NÀ -̈I-fnÂ hnPbw ssIh-cn-¡p¶

kv{Xosb ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ "tIin' {]Xy-b-¯n-emWv

Cu IrXn-I-fpsS t]cp-IÄ Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv.

{_mÒ-Wo-I-c-Whpw PmXn-I-fpsS DÛ-hhpw

28

kwL-Im-e¯v kmaq-ly-L-S\ cq]-s¸-«Xv

tI{µo-Ir-X-amb ]p\Àhn-X-c-W-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-

¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. apSn NqSnb aqth-µ·m-cnÂ Bbn-

cp-¶p hn`-h-ti-J-cW-tI-{µ-§-fpsS Npa-X-e. Ipdp-

\n-e-a-¶-·mcpw aq¸-·m-cmb Iogm-·mcpw Ahsc

klm-bn-¨p-t]m-¶p. CtXmsS apth-´-·mÀ, tIma-

¶³ F¶ hnti-j-W-§-fnÂ Adn-b-s¸« cmPm-

hnsâ Øm\-t¯¡v DbÀ¶p. AtXmsS tKm{X-

hÀ¤m-[n-jvTn-X-amb kaqlw cmP-Io-bm-[n-Im-c-

¯nsâ kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bn-te¡v amdn. ImÀjn-tIm-

Xv]-¶-§-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-¯n-tâbpw hnX-c-W-¯n-

tâbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ kaqlw {ItaW thÀXn-

cn-¡-s¸-«p. DS-a-þ-A-Sn-bm-f-_-Ô-¯n-te¡v Imcy-

§Ä F¯n-t¨À¶p. AtXmsS Dev]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b¡v

am{X-ambn Hcp hn`mKw P\-§fpw B Dev]-¶-

¯nsâ ]¦p-]än kpJ-Po-hnXw \bn-¡m³ Hcp

A[o-i-hÀ¤hpw F¶ AhØ AhnsS DS-se-Sp-

¯p. CtXmsS cmPm-hn\pw km[m-c-W-P-\-

§Ä¡pw CS-bv¡pÅ I®n-I-fmbn aq¸-·m-cmb

Iogm-·mÀ amdn. Ah-cpsS IognÂ tPmen sNbvXp-

h¶ ASn-tbmÀ, hnss\-h-eÀ XpS-§nb Irjn-¸-

Wn-¡mÀ Xmgv¶-X-«n-te¡v XÅn-amäs¸-«p. cmPm-hp-

ambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xp-sIm−v

Iogm-·mÀ taem-f-hÀ¤-ambn cq]m-´cw {]m]n-¨p.

29

C¯-c-¯n-epÅ A[n-Im-c-t{iWn cq]o-I-cn-

¡-s¸-«-tXmsS cmP-`-c-W-¯n\v {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-

amb ]n´pW \ÂIn A[n-Im-c-t¯mSv tNÀ¶p

\nÂ¡p-I-bmWv {_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hnXzw sNbvX-Xv.

Ime-{I-a-¯nÂ AhÀ D¶X Øm\cmbn Xocp-

Ibpw cmPm-¡-·msc D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-]-I-c-ambn

AhÀ¡v kzÀ®hpw `qanbpw ]ip-¡fpw btYjvSw

Zm\-ambn In«p-Ibpw sNbvXp. X§Ä ssZh-

¯nsâ ASp¯ Bfp-I-fmWv F¶ \pW AhÀ

Dcp-hn-«p-sIm-−n-cp-¶Xv hniz-kn¨ cmPm-¡-·mcpw

aäpw Ahsc A\p-k-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-Xv.

AtXmsS cmPm-hn\pw apI-fnÂ kpc-£n-X-amb CS-

¯nÂ {_mÒ-W³ F¯n-t¨À¶p. CtXmsS

{_mÒ-W³, cmPm-hv, Iogm-·mÀ, ASn-bm-fÀ F¶

kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bn-te¡v kwL-I-e-tI-cfw amdn.

F¦nepw PmXn-I-fpsS t]cnÂ kaqlw ]qÀ®-

ambpw hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. ]d-bÀ, Ipd-hÀ XpS-§nb

hn`m-K§Ä kaq-l-¯nÂ D¶-X-Øm\w Xs¶

Ae-¦-cn-¨p.

B Ime-¯n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ ASn-a-þ-D-Sa

_Ôhpw cmPm-[n-Im-chpw {ItaW PmXn-k-{¼-Zm-b-

¯n-te¡v {]mNo\ Xan-g-Is¯ \bn¨p. tIc-f-

¯nÂ \S-am-Snb ^yqUÂ hyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS hn¯v

30

Cu kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bnÂ D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn

ImWmw.

C´y-bnÂ am{Xw ImWm³ k[n-¡p¶

kmaq-lnI Zpc-´-amWv PmXn-hy-h-Ø. sXmgnÂ

hn`-P-\-am-bn-cp¶p AXnsâ ASn-Øm\ Imc-Ww.

hnZ-Kv²-cmb sXmgn-em-fn-Isf D]-tbm-Kn¨v kaqlw

Dev]m-Z\w \S¯n k¼-¯p-−m-¡p-Ibpw AXn-\p-

tijw Dev]m-Z-I-cmb B sXmgn-em-fn-Isf tami-

¡m-cmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw AhÀ Xmgv¶-h-cm-

sW¶ A[-a-t_m[w krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-

sIm−mWv {_mÒ-WÀ PmXn-hy-hØ krjvSn-s -̈

Sp-¯-Xv. {_mÒ-WÀ Pb-am-\-\³amcpw ]qÀÆ-\n-hm-

kn-I-fmb kwL-Im-e-P-\X Zmk-·m-cp-sa¶ h\n-e-

bn-epÅ hn`-P-\-t¯m-sS-bmWv PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS

Bcw`w Ipdn-¡m³ AhÀ¡v Ign-ª-Xv. C§s\

{_mÒ-Wcpw Ah-cpsS aX-hp-amWv PmXn-hy-h-Ø-

bpsS BhnÀ`m-h-¯n\p Imc-W-sa¶ hkvXpX

tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-N-cn{X ]cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-

bnÂ hyà-am-Ip-¶p-−v. {_mÒ-WÀ kÀÆ-{]m-

_eyw t\Sp-Ibpw kaq-ls¯ ]qÀ®-ambpw Ah-

cpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-¯nÂ IognÂ sIm−p-h-cm³ {ian-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ta[mhnXzw \ne-\nÀ¯m³

th−n krjvSn- -̈XmWv tIc-f-¯nse PmXn-hy-

31

hØ F¶v ]e Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-

bn-«p-−v.

tIcf¯nÂ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-cq-]-s¸-«-XnÂ aX-

¯nsâ kzm[o-\hpw ImWmw, {_mÒ-WÀ tIc-f-

¯n-se-¯p-¶-Xn\p ap³t]-Xs¶ ChnsS _p²-

ssP-\-a-X-§Ä henb {]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-

\n-S-bn-te¡v h¶ Bcy-aXw aX-¯nsâ t]cnÂ

Hcp hn`-P\w \S-¯n. ssih-`-à-scbpw

sshjvWh `à-scbpw AhÀ lnµp-a-X-¡m-cmbn

X§-tfm-sSm¸w \nÀ¯n. Ahsc ho−pw hn`-Pn¨v

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fmb cmPm-¡-·msc £{Xn-b-X-cm-

¡n. lnµp-a-X¡m-cmb aäp-Å-hsc iq{Z-cm¡n,

ssih-ssh-jvW-a-X-§sf FXnÀ¯p-\n¶ _p²-

ssP-\-a-X-¡msc AhÀ®-cm¡n. NmXqÀhÀWy-

¯nse iq{ZÀ¡pw Xmsg-bmbn Cu AhÀ®À \ne-

sIm-−p. Ime-{I-a-¯nÂ _p²-ssP-\-a-X-§Ä

lnµp-a-X-¯nsâ IS-¶p-I-b-ä-¯nÂ \mam-h-ti-j-am-

hp-Ibpw lnµp-aXw IqSp-XÂ iàn {]m]n-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. lnµp-a-Xs¯ FXnÀ¯n-cp¶ _p²-ssP-

\-a-X-hn-izm-kn-IÄ lnµp-a-X-¯n-te-¡p-h¶p.

F¶mÂ ap³t]-bp-−m-bn-cp¶ aX-hn-tcm-[-¯mÂ

Ahsc Abn-¯-Pm-Xn-¡m-cm-b, NmXpÀhÀWy-

¯n\p ]pd-¯pÅ AhÀW-cm¡n AIän \nÀ¯n.

Cu AIew ]n¶oSv sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw Xo−n-Iq-

32

Sm-bvabpw hsc-sb-¯n-t¨À¶p. C´y-bpsS aäp

kwØm-\-§sf At]-£n¨v tIc-f-¯nse PmXn-

hy-hØ IÀ¡-ihpw k¼qÀ®-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

PmXn-IÄ X½nÂ D -̈\o-NXzw DS-se-Sp-¯p. {_mÒ-

W-\nÂ\n¶v Abn-¯-Pm-Xn-¡mÀ IrXy-amb

AIew ]men-¡-W-sa¶v A\p-im-kn-¨p. C§s\

{_mÒ-W³ PmXn-bpsS taÂ X«n-se-¯p-Ibpw aäp-

f-f-hsc X{´-]-c-ambn ASn- -̈aÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu ASn- -̈aÀ¯-en\v cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS au\-k-½-

Xhpw D−m-bn-cp-¶p.

in£m-hn-[-nI-fnÂ FÃm-bvt¸mgpw {_mÒ-

W³ kzbw {]Jym-]nX Cf-hp-IÄ t\Sn. bp²-k-

ab¯vt]mepw {_mÒ-Ws\ Bcpw B{I-an-¡m³

]mSn-sÃ¶pw t£{X-¯n-tâbpw aäpw k¼¯v

{_mÒ-W³ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xp-sIm−v AXv

bp²-k-a-b¯v A]-l-cn-¡m³ ]mSn-sÃ¶pw \nb-a-

ap-−m-¡n. bp²-k-a-b¯v s]mXp P\-§fpw {]`p-

¡fpw Ah-cpsS `qan-b-S-¡-apÅ k¼¯v {_mÒ-

Ws\ GÂ¸n-¨p. AtXmsS tIc-f-¯nse {_mÒ-

WÀ asä-hn-sSbpw ImWm-¯-hn[w k¼-¶-cmbn

XoÀ¶p. \nIp-Xn-bnÂ\n¶v {_mÒ-Wsâ hkvXp-h-

I-I-sfÃmw Hgn-hm-¡-W-sa¶ \nbaw krjvSn-s -̈Sp-

¯-Xn-\mÂ B k¼¯pw Ah-cpsS I¿n-en-cp-¶p.

33

kmaq-ln-I-amb Ak-aXzw \ne-

\nÀ¯m³th−n aäp PmXn-¡mÀ¡v FÃm kuI-cy-

§fpw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«p. s]mXp-\n-c-¯n-eqsS \S-

¡Â, \Ã hoSp-−m-¡Â, icn-bmbn hkv{Xw [cn-

¡Â, IpS-]n-Sn-¡Â, hnhm-l-kZy \S-¯Â, \Ã

B`-c-W-§Ä AWn-bÂ, t£{X-]-cn-k-c¯v {]th-

in-¡Â CsXm¶pw Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-sc¶v {_mÒ-

WÀ hnfn-¨hÀ¡v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

Xo−m-¸m-S-Ise amdn-t¸m-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ ITn-\-amb

in£-b-\p-`-hn-¡-W-sa-¶p-ÅXpw \nb-a-am-bn-cp-¶p.

C{]-Imcw kaq-l-Po-hnXw \c-I-Xp-ey-am-¡p-I-bmWv

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bn-eqsS {_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hnXzw

sNbvX-Xv.

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS DÛhw kw_-Ôn¨ Cfw-

Ipfw Ipª³]n-Å-bpsS \nco-£-W-§Ä

Xan-g-Is¯ AYhm ]pcm-X-\-tI-c-f-¯nse

{Zmhn-U-P-\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-¯nsâ {][m\ khn-

ti-jX PmXn-bn-Ãm-bva-bm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn-hy-h-

Øsb Hcp Bcy³ kw`m-h\ F¶ \nen-bn-

emWv C´y³ Ncn-{X-Im-c³amÀ hnebncp¯p-¶-Xv.

Xan-g-I¯v thtcm-Sn-bn-cp¶ _p²-þ-ssP-\-a-X-§sf

XIÀ¯p-sIm−pw Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§Ä

]nSn- -̈S-¡n-s¡m-−p-amWv {_mÒ-W-aXw hÀ®-hy-h-

Ø-bp-ambn apt¶-dn-b-Xv. Bcy-[À½hpw

34

NmXpÀhÀ®yhpw G.-Un. A©mw \qäm-−n-\p-ti-j-

apÅ A©mdp \qäm-−p-I-fn-emWv thcp-d- -̈sX¶v

Cfw-Ipfw Is−-¯n. am{X-aÃ ]mWÀ, ]d-bÀ

XpS§n kaq-l-¯nse D¶-X-]-Z-hn-bnÂ hncm-Nn-¨n-

cp¶ PmXn-Isf Iogm-f-Pm-Xn-I-fm¡n amän-s¡m−v

ssih-þ-ssh-jvWh {]Øm\w t£{X-hy-hØ D]-

tbm-Kn¨v hÀ®-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Bi-b-{]-Nm-cWw

ià-am-bn-Xs¶ \S-¯n F¶v Cfw-Ipfw Nq−n-¡m-

«p−p-¶p-−v. A[n-Im-c-ap-Å-hÀ¡v £{Xn-b-]-Z-

hnbpw I -̈h-S-¡mÀ¡v sshiy-]-Z-hnbpw AXn-\p-

ti-j-apÅ Xmgv¶-hÀ¡v iq{Z-s\¶ \mahpw

AhÀ \ÂIn. AXn\pw ]pd-¯pÅ apgp-h³ P\-

§-sfbpw AhÀ®-cm¡n {_mÒ-WÀ hÀ®-hy-

hØ \S-¸n-em-¡n.

"\nÀ½-Xcpw kÀÆ-a-Xcpw' Bbn-cp¶

{ZmhnU-P-\-Xsb hnhn[ hÀ®-§-fmbpw PmXn-I-

fmbpw Xncn-¨v, Abn¯w Iev]n¨v hnth-N\w

krjvSn-¨Xv {_mÒ-W-a-X-am-Wv F¶ Imcyw Cfw-

Ipfw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. kwL-Im-e¯v Iogm-f-Pm-

Xn-I-fpsS DS-a-Ø-X-bn-em-bn-cp¶ tIcfw {_mÒ-W-

h-Xv¡-c-W-¯n-eqsS, t£{X-tI-{µo-Ir-X-`-c-W-kw-hn-

[m-\-§-fn-eqsS, Ac-£n-X-amb kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bn-

eqsS {_mÒ-W-cpsS kzIm-cy-kz-¯m¡n XoÀ¯p.

tNc-¡m-es¯ inem-im-k-\-§fpw enJn-X-§fpw

35

CXn\v sXfn-hmbn Cfw-Ipfw Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p.

tIc-f-¯nÂ kz¯p-S-am-k-{¼-Zmbw kwL-Im-e-

¯n\p apt¼ Bcw-`n-¨n-cp-¶p-sh¶pw \mSp-hm-gn-

Ifpw tZi-hm-gn-Ifpw IÀj-I-cp-sam-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶

]pe-bÀ (tN-c-aÀ) CSbÀ, hnÃ-hÀ apX-em-b-h-cnÂ

\n¶pw `qkz¯p apgp-h³ C¶s¯ P·n-am-cnÂ

sN¶-S-§n-b-Xn-s\-¸-än-bpÅ Ncn-{X-amWv Cfw-Ipfw

Ah-X-cn-¸n- -̈sX¶v {io sN´m-c-tÈcn Cfw-Ip-f-

¯nsâ P·n-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ DÛ-h-s¯-¡p-dn-

¨pÅ ]T-\s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p-−v. \qäm-−p-bp-

²-]-cn-k-c-¯nÂ {_mÒ-WÀ IpSn-e-X-{´-§-fn-eqsS

Iogm-f-Pm-Xn-I-fpsS `qkz¯p apgp-h³ {_Ò-kz-

am¡n XoÀ¯p F¶ \nK-a-\-¯nÂ Cfw-Ipfw

F¯n-t -̈cp-¶p.

Cfw-Ip-f-¯nsâ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS DÛ-

hs¯ kw_-Ôn¨ At\z-j-W-§-fnÂ tZio-b-X-e-

¯nepw {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-¯nepw C´y³ PmXn-hy-

hØ Bcy³kw-`m-h-\-bmWv F¶

bmYmÀ°ys¯ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. amIvk-ap-

Ådpw alm-cm-jv{S-bnÂ ^qsebpw D¯À{]-tZ-inÂ

ANyp-Xm-\µpw ]©m-_nÂ am³tKm-amdpw Xan-gv\m-

«nÂ C.-hn. cma-kzm-anbpw DbÀ¯nb {_mÒ-W-hn-cp-

²-{]-Øm-\-§Ä PmXnsb Bcy³ krjvSn-bmbn

36

hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xnsâ XpSÀ -̈bmWv Cfw-Ip-f-

¯nsâ Is−-¯epw F¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv.

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS DÛhw kw_-Ôn¨v ]n.-sI.

_me-Ir-jvWsâ \nco-£-W-§Ä

ImÀjn-I-{Km-a-hy-hØ hnIm-k-¯nsâ ]e

coXn-IÄ ]n³Xp-SÀ¶ tKm{X-k-aq-l-§sf `n¶-co-

Xn-I-fnÂ DÄsIm−v hyXy-kvX-cq-]-§Ä BÀPn-¡p-

¶-Xnsâ khn-ti-j-ssh-cp-²y-§-fmWv ]pcm-X\

C´y³k-aq-l-§-fpsS kwkvIm-c-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nÂ

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv F¶ sImkmw-_n-bpsS \nco-£-

W-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWv ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvWâ

tIc-fob ImÀjn-I-hy-h-Ø-bpw- AXn-t\mSp

tNÀ¶p-\nÂ¡p¶ PmXn-hy-h-Øbpw ]-T-\-hn-t[-b-

am-¡p-¶-Xv. tIc-f-¯nÂ F§s\ ImÀjn-I-hy-h-

ØnXnbpambn _Ô-s¸«v PmXn {]hÀ¯n¨p

F¶pÅ Kuc-h-]qÀ®-amb ]T-\-amWv ""PmXn-hy-h-

Ø-nXnbpw tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw' F¶ IrXn-bn-eqsS

]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW³ apt¶m«v hbv¡p-¶-Xv.

tIc-f-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-am-\-§Ä tXSp-t¼mÄ

ImÀjn-I-{Km-a, PmXn-cq-]o-I-c-W-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fn-

emWv ]n.-sI.-bpsS hyXn-cn-à-amb ImgvN-sN¶p

]Xn- -̈Xv. Cfw-Ipfw Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ P·n-Xz-¯nsâ

DÛ-h-hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-k-¦-ev]-§sf ]qÀ®-ambpw

37

XÅn-¡-f-ªp-sIm−v XnI¨pw hn`n-¶-a-sbmcp

kmaq-lnI-]-cn-Wm-a-N-cn-{X-amWv _me-Ir-jvW³

Ah-X-cn-¸n- -̈Xv. ]s¯m³]-Xmw-\q-äm-−p-hsc ASn-

Øm-\-]-c-amb amä-§-sfm¶pw IqSmsX \ne-\n¶

\¼q-Xn-cn-kz-¯p-S-a-Ø-X-bpsS DÛ-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw

AhÀ \ne-sIm-−-Im-es¯ tKm{X-Po-hnX

kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw IrXy-

amb At\z-jWw ]n,-sI. _me-Ir-jvW³ \S-¯n.

hnIm-k-an-Ãm¯ ImÀjn-I-cw-Kw, D]m-[n-I-fn-Ãm¯

k¼-¯nsâ DS-a-Ø-X, PmXn-I-fpw, D]-Pm-Xn-Ifpw

\ndª hnNn-{X-amb PmXn-hy-h-Ø, A]-Iz-amb

BNm-c-hn-izm-k-§Ä, {]mIr-X-Po-hn-Xm-hØ

ssIam-dm-\pÅ Zmb-{I-aw, A[n-Im-c-an-Ãm¯

cmPØm-\-§Ä CXm-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-¯nsâ `qX-

Im-ew. arK-{]-b-Xv\w-t]mepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-¯,

Pe-tk-N-\-ku-I-cy-§-fn-Ãm-¯, Aeva-]-am-{XwD-

ev]m-Z\w \S-¶n-cp¶ H¶m-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-¯nsâ

ImÀjn-tIm-Xv]m-Z-\-cw-Kw.

kaq-l-¯nse PmXn-hy-hØ sXm®qdv iX-

am\w P\-§-sfbpw imco-cnI A[zm-\-¯nÂ\n¶v

Gsd AIän \nÀ¯n A[y-b\w sN¿n-¡p-I, Zm\w-

sN-¿n-¡p-I, bmKw sN¿pI F¶o IÀ½-§Ä \S-

¯m-\mbn P\n¨ \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ Cu IÀ½-§Ä¡-

¸p-d-t¯¡p IS-¶n-cp-¶n-Ã. NmXpÀhÀWy-a-\p-k-

38

cn¨v Hmtcm-cp-¯À¡pw \nÝ-bn-¡-s¸« sXmgn-en-

emWv GÀs¸-«-Xv. {_mÒ-W-tcm-Nm-XpÀhÀWy-

¯nse aäp PmXn-Itfm aäp-sXm-gn-ep-I-fn-sem¶pw

GÀs¸-S-cp-sX¶v \nb-aw-Xs¶ D−m-bn-cp-¶p. DZm-

l-c-W-¯n\v s\ÂIrjn ]Wn-bnÂ FÀs¸-«n-cp-

¶Xv ]pe-bÀ am{X-am-Wv. ]pew F¶mÂ \new

]pe-¯nÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-h³ ]pe-b³ F¶

AÀ°-¯n-eqWv B PmXn-t¸-cp-Xs¶ DS-se-Sp- -̄

Xv.

C§s\ Hmtcm PmXn¡pw sXmgnepw aäpw

IrXy-ambn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. B hn`-P-\-¯n\v

FXn-cmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v in£bpw e`n-¨n-

cp-¶p. C§s\ ImÀjnI hyh-Øn-Xn-bp-ambn

_Ô-s¸«v cqV-aq-e-amb Hcp-PmXn k{¼-Zmbw kaq-

l-¯nÂ thcp-d-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. \qäm-−p-I-fn-eqsS AXn-

s\-Np-än-¸än BNm-c-§fpw A\pjvTm\-§fpw

D−mbn. Ah-km\w AsXmcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-Ø-

bmbn cq]m-´-c-s¸«p F¶mWv ]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-

jvW³ \S-¯nb ]T-\-¯nsâ Npcp-¡w. PmXn-hy-h-

Øsb {]iv\-hÂ¡-cn-¡m³ km[n- -̈XmWv Cu

]T-\-¯nsâ hen-b-t\-«w.

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS DÛhw kw_-Ôn¨v sI.-sI.-

sIm-¨nsâ \nKa\-§Ä

39

sI.-sI.-sIm-¨nsâ tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw kaq-l-

cq-]o-I-c-Whpw F¶ Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-¯nÂ PmXn,

enwKw, kmwkvIm-cnI kmaq-ly-t_m-[-§sf

hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn kao-]n-¡p-¶p. ZenXv hnaÀi-

I\pw Ncn-{X-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-amb sI.-sI.-sIm¨v tIc-f-

N-cn-{X-c-N-\-Isf hnI-kn-¸n¨pw s]mfn-s -̈gp-Xnbpw

hnaÀin-¨p-amWv Xsâ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ F¯n-t -̈cp-

¶-Xv. CXp-hsc D−mb Ncn-{X-§-sf-Ãmw-Xs¶

khÀ®aqey-§sf ]n³]-äp-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Iogm-

f-cpsS PohnXw AXv ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶n-Ã. tIc-f-

¯nse PmXn-hy-h-Øsb ]e-t¸mgpw kmaq-ln-I-

amb DXv]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b¡v A\p-Kp-W-am-bXv F¶

coXn-bn-emWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ hnti-jn-¸n-¨p-t]m-¶-

Xv. NmXqÀhÀWyw kmaq-ln-I-amb DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-

Xbv¡v th−n-bm-bn-cp-s¶¶pw B Ncn-{X-§Ä ]d-

ªp-h-¨p. F¶mÂ sI.-sI.-sIm-¨nsâ tIc-f-N-

cn{Xw Zen-XvIm-gvN-¸m-Sn-epÅ BZys¯ tIc-f-N-cn-

{X-am-Ip-¶p. Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅtbbpw

sN´m-c-tÈ-cn-tbbpw hnI-kn-¸n¨pw s]mfn-s -̈gp-Xn-

bp-amWv At±-l-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-c-N-\-ap-t¶m«p

t]mIp-¶-Xv. ZenXv hnaÀi-\w, ZenXv _lp-P-\-N-

cn{X cN-\-bpsS kq£va-cm-jv{So-bw, P\m-[n-]-Xy-

km-[y-X-IÄ Ch-sbÃmw Cu Ncn-{X-c-N\ ]n³]-äp-

¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

40

Iogm-fsâ Ncn{Xw \mS³]m-«p-I-fntem Nne-

k-a-c-§-fpsS t]cntem Xf-¨n-S-s¸-Sp-¶-XmWv \mw

km[m-c-W-Im-Wp-¶-Xv. ChnsS Ncn-{Xs¯ Iogmf

Ah-t_m-[-ambn amän-sb-gp-Xp-¶p. am{X-aÃ Ncn-{X-c-

N-\-bnÂ kaq-l-bm-YmÀ°y-§sf hni-I-e-\-§-

fpsS ASn-¯-d-bnÂ At\z-jn¨v Is−-¯p-¶p.

ZenXv kphÀ® `qX-Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Nne-scÃmw -

{K-Ù-§-fnÂ ]d-ªn-«p-−v. AXv khÀ®-am-Xr-I-

bn-epÅ Hcp-hmÀ¸v BIm³ _m[y-X-bp-Å-Xn-\mÂ

B coXn-bnÂ CXp-hsc \nÀ½n-¡-s¸« Ncn-{Xs¯

sI.-sI.-sIm¨v A]-\nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw AXn-eqsS

]pXnb bmYmÀ°y-§-fn-te¡v F¯n-t -̈cm³ {ian-

¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. GI-in-em-ß-I-ambn hmbn-¡-

s¸« ap³N-cn-{X-§sf ]n³Xp-S-cmsX P\-Io-b-ambn

hmbn-¡-s¸-tS− Ncn-{X-amWv sI.-sI.-sIm¨v

\nÀ½n-s -̈Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ZanX Ncn-{X-§Ä¡pw

hna-X-N-cn-{X-§Ä¡pw kam-´-c-kw-kvIm-c-§Ä¡p-

saÃmw CShpw i_vZhpw Cu Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bnÂ

ImWmw.

sI.-sI.-sIm¨v Xsâ Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-¯nÂ ]n.-

sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvWs\ hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn kzoI-cn-

¡p-¶p. Bbn-c-¯-ªq-dp-sImÃw \o− tIc-f-

¯nse _p²-]m-c-¼-cys¯ XÅn-¡-f-bp-I-hgn

A[o-i-N-cn-{X-¯n-t\m-sSm¸w \nÂ¡p-I-bmWv ]n.-

41

sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW³ sNbvX-sX¶v sIm¨v hni-I-e-

\m-ß-I-ambn hnaÀin-¡p-¶p. AXp-t]mse tIc-f-

¯nse A¡m-Z-an-¡v, Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cmb cmP³Kp-

cp-¡fpw cmL-h-hm-cycpw Fw.-Pn.-F-kv.-\m-cm-b-Wsâ

sslµ-h-t£{X tI{µn-X-amb Ncn-{X-c-N-\sb

]n³Xp-SÀ¶v kmwkvIm-cnI ka-\zbw F¶-hm-

Zs¯ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-sX¶v sIm¨v

hnaÀin-¡p-¶p. am{X-aÃ ]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW-s\-

t¸mse Cu aq¶p A¡m-Z-an¡v Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw

tIc-f-¯nse _p²-þ-ssP\ ]mc-¼-cy-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw

Ah-bpsS Ah-ti-jn-¸p-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw AÀ°-KÀ`-

amb au\w]men-¡p-¶p. Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ

_p²-]m-c-¼-cy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Gsd Fgp-Xn-sb-¦nepw

injy-\mb Fw.-Pn.-Fkv AXv I−n-sÃ¶p \Sn-¡p-

I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv F¶pw Xsâ Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-¯nÂ

sIm¨v hnaÀi\w D¶-bn-¡p-¶p.

_n.-kn.-aq-¶n¶pw F.-Un.-c-−n¶panS-bv¡pÅ

Ime-s¯-bmWv sIm¨v kwL-Im-e-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-

¡p-¶-Xv. kwL-Im-e-¯nse BZy-\q-äm-−p-I-fnse

kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw NmXpÀhÀWy-¯nsâ D -̈\o-N-Xz-

an-Ãm-¯Xpw Bbn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ kwL-Im-e-

¯nsâ Ah-km-\-\q-äm-−p-I-fnÂ kmaq-ly-amb

hn`-P-\-§Ä {]Xy-£-s¸-«p-Xp-S-§n. {_mÒ-W-cpsS

aqey-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ DÄs¸-Sm-Xn-cp¶ tKm{X-hn-`m-K-

42

§Ä Iotgm-cm-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw ]o¶oSv NmXpÀhÀW-

hy-h-Øbv¡p ]pd-¯pÅ sXm«p-Iq-Sm-¯-h-cmb

AhÀW-cm-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bp-am-Wp-−m-bXv F¶v PmXn-

bpsS DÛ-hs¯ sIm¨v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. kwL-

Im-e-¯n-s¶m-Sp-hn-emWv bmK, bÚ, _en-b-\p-

jvTm-\-§-fpsS Bi-b-aÞe-¯n-eqsS FÃm kmaq-

ly-hn-`m-K-§-sfbpw ]n´Ån {_mÒ-WÀ Hcp

kmaq-ly-kmwkvIm-cnI A[o-i-i-àn-bmbn

{]mNo\ Xan-g-I¯v amdn-a-dn-bp-¶-Xv. {_mÒ-W-cpsS

Cu ]utcm-lnXy B¬tIm-bva-bpsS A[o-i-

Xzs¯ aqSn-sh-¨p-sIm−v A\Àl-amb Ncn-{X-]-

Zhn {_mÒ-WÀ¡v \½psS A¡m-Z-anI Ncn{X]-

Þn-XÀ \ÂIn F¶v sI.-sI.-sIm¨v hnaÀin-¡p-

¶p.

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS DÛhw kw_-Ôn¨v sI.-

F³.-K-tW-jnsâ \nK-a-\-§Ä

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS DÛhw kw_-Ôn¨v

sI.-F³.-K-tWjv ]d-bp-¶Xv {]tXy-I sXmgnep-

IÄ ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn sNt¿-−n-h¶ Ipe-§fpw

tKm{X-§-fp-amWv {ItaW PmXn-I-fmbn cq]m-´-c-

s¸-«-sX-¶m-Wv. ]g-b-tKm-{X-k-aq-l-§Ä¡v XIÀ¨

kw`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sXmgn-ep-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ

tKm{X-hn-`m-K-§Ä H¶n-¨p-tN-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. DZm-

l-c-W-¯n\v sX§p-Ir-jn

43

hym-]Iambb-tXmsS ]e-tKm-{X-hn-`m-K-§fpw AXp-

ambn _Ô-s¸-«p-Xp-S§n _nÃ-hÀ, Xo¿À, tNI-hÀ,

Cug-hÀ apX-em-b-hÀ. {ItaW AhÀ IqSn-t¨À¶v

Hcp-Pm-Xn-bm-bn. Hmtcm sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶-hÀ AtX

sXmgnÂ sN¿p¶ hn`m-K-¯nÂ \n¶v hnhmlw

Ign-¡m³ XpS§n. CtXmsS PmXn Ipd-¨q-IqSn

{]_-e-am-bn. C§s\ DÂ¸m-Z-\-hy-hØ hfÀ¶p-h-

cn-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn¨v ]pXnb sXmgn-ep-Ifpw Ah-

Im-i-§fpw cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿-p-t¼m-gmWv PmXn-

h-fÀ¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Xmsg-¯-«n-

ep-ÅXv A[zm-\n-¡p¶ hÀ¤-§-fm-sW-¶Xv {][m-\-

am-Wv. \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS ]S-bm-fn-Ifpw ]d-

bcpw ]pe-bcpw th«p-h-cp-apÄs¸-sS-bpÅ hn`m-K-

§sf ASn- -̈aÀ¯n. ImcWw BZy-Ime `qhp-S-a-

IÄ Ch-cm-bn-cp-s¶¶pw ]n¶oSv \mb-·mÀ `qan

It¿dn ASn-a-I-fm¡namäp-I-bmWv sNbvX-

sX¶papÅ hnizkw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-Xm-

sW¶pw sI.-F³.-K-tWjv hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v.

PmXn-IÄ X½n-epÅ _Ô-§-fnÂ {][m\w

"Xo−m-¸m-Sn'sâ Bi-b-ambncp¶p. kaq-l-¯nse

hnhn[ hn`m-K-§-fpsS ]Z-hn-b-\p-k-cn¨v \¼q-Xn-cn-

amÀ X§Ä¡p-−m-Ip¶ Aip-²n-bpsS kz`mhw

\nÀ®n-bn-¨p. AXp-{]-Imcw £{Xn-b\v 12 ASn,

\mbÀ¡v 24 ASn, I½m-f\v 36 ASn, Cug-h\v 48,

44

]d-b\v 60þC§s\ Hmtcm hn`m-K-¯n\pw Xo−m-

¸m-Sp-−m-bn. PmXn-IÄ X½nÂ kmaq-ly-A-Iew

krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sm\pw A[zm-\n-¡p¶ hn`m-K-§Ä

kaq-l-¯nsâ ASn-¯-«nÂ hcm\pw Xo−m-¸m-S-I-

ew Imc-W-am-bn. C§s\ \¼q-Xncn kmaq-ly-

ambpw km¼-¯n-I-ambpw cmjv{So-b-am-bpw tIc-f-

¯nsâ `qX-Im-es¯ A_-²-¯n-te¡p \bn-¨p.

PmXn-k-{¼-Zmbw hfÀ¶p-h-¶Xv \mSp-I-fn-em-

Wv. kz¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡pw PmXnk{¼-Zm-b-

¯n\pw X½nÂ _Ô-ap-−v. \mSp-hm-gn-IÄ¡pw

t£{X-§Ä¡pw {_mÒ-WÀ¡pw th−n aäp-Å-hÀ

sNt¿− tPmen-Isf PmXn-k-{¼-Zmbw cq]-s¸-Sp-

¯n. AtXmsS IpSn-bm-·m-cpsSbpw ASn-bm-·m-cp-

sSbpw IS-a-IÄ PmXn-I-fpsS Iogva-cymZ F¶coXn-

bnÂ Btcm-]n-¡-s¸-«p. DXv]m-Z-I-cmb IogvPm-Xn-

¡m-cnÂ \n¶v AhÀ DXv¸m-Zn-¸n-¨Xv apgp-h³

ssI¸-än-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw Ahsc t£{X-§-

fnÂ\n¶pw {_mÒ-W-{Km-a-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯p-

\nÀ¯n ASn-a-I-fm¡n amän.

PmXn-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶Xv

]nÂ¡me tNc-Im-e-¯n-\p-ti-j-am-Wv. \mSp-I-fpsS

hfÀ¨bpw kzcq-]-§-fpsS DZ-bhpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

I-fpsS ]pXnbhn`m-Ks¯ krjvSn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ

{_mÒ-W-cpsS BioÀhm-Z-t¯msS "£{Xnb'\mbn-

45

¯o-cp¶p CXm-bn-cp¶p A¡m-es¯ hyh-Ø.

tNc-·m-cpsS Ime-¯n-\p-tijw tIc-f-¯nse

DXv¸m-Z-\-_-Ô-§-fnÂh-¶-amäw PmXn-hy-h-Øsb

kzm[o-\n- -̈Xmbn ImWmw.

tIc-f-¯nse PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ hyà-amb

tKm{X-hÀ¤]mc-¼-cy-ap-−v. AtXm-sSm¸w AXv

cqV-aq-e-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v {_mÒ-Wcpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw

hgn-sbm-cp-¡n. PmXn-I-fpsS hn`-P\w `qhp-S-am-h-Im-

i-¯nsâ hn`-P-\-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-^-e-\-am-

Wv.

kaq-l-¯nse PmXn-\nÀ®-b-¯n\v km¼-

¯n-I-hp-ambn _Ô-an-Ã. hyàn-I-fpsS sXmgn-en-

s\bpw kaq-l-ho-£-W-s¯bpw kzm[o-\n-¡p¶

Bi-b-]-c-amb LS-I-amWv PmXn, PmXn-]-c-amb

D -̈\o-N-Xzw, iq²n-bp-sS-bp-sSbpw Aip-²n-bp-sSbpw

k¦-ev]-§Ä, BNm-c-hn-izm-k-§Ä apX-em-bh aäp-

Pm-Xn-Ifpw kaq-l-hn-`m-K-§-fp-am-bpÅ _Ôs¯

kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p. km¼-¯n-I-amb D -̈\o-NXzw

PmXn-bpsS t]cnÂ kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. ^yqUÂ DÂ¸m-Z-\-_-Ô-§sf \nÀW-bn¨

km¼-¯n-tI-Xc LS-I-am-bn-cp¶p PmXn F¶mWv

sI.-F³.-K-tWiv PmXn-bpsS DÛ-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \S-

¯p¶ {]kvXm-h-\.

46

PmXn ImÀjnI/sXmgnÂ cwK-ambn _Ô-

s¸-«mWv hfÀ¶p-h-¶-sXt¶m hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯-

sXt¶m DÅ hyà-amb Znim-t_m-[-amWv

CXnÂ\n¶pw sXfn-ªp-h-cp-¶-Xv. t_m[-]qÀÆw

\mSp-hm-gn-I-sf-¡mÄ, cmPm-¡-·m-sc-¡mÄ Db-c-

¯nÂ \nÂ¡m³th−n {_mÒ-WÀ krjn-Sn-s -̈

Sp¯ I]-S-_p-²n-hym-]m-c-am-bn-cp¶p PmXn.

PmXnbpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-chpw

\qäm-−p-IÄ ]n¶n-«n«pw PmXn-hy-hØ

krjvSn¨ BLmX-§Ä \½psS kwkvIm-c-¯nÂ

\ne-\nÂ¡p-I-bm-Wv. PmXn-hy-hØ XpS-cp¶ Hcp

kaq-l-¯nÂ AXnsâ Dt]mÂ¸-¶-amb kwkvIm-c-

¯nÂ AXv\ng-en¨p ImWp-¶-Xv kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-

Wv. PmXn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ sXmgn-ep-IÄ

tI{µo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v

BNm-c-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw hfÀ¶p hnI-kn-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lnµp F¶ aX-¯n-\-I¯v \nc-

h[n PmXn-Ifpw D]-Pm-Xn-Ifpw AXp-Iq-SmsX

NmXpÀhÀWy-¯n\v ]pd-¯pÅ AhÀ®cpw Ah-

cpsS PmXn-Ifpw D]-Pm-Xn-Ifpw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p

PmXn-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X. Hmtcm PmXn-

¡mÀX-½nepw Xo−m-¸m-S-Iew kq£n¨ hnNn-{X-am-

b, temI-s¯m-cn-S¯pw ImWm¯ Zpcm-Nm-c-§-fm-

bn-cp¶p PmXn-bpsS t]cnÂ ChnsS \ne-\n-¶-Xv.

47

Hmtcm-Pm-Xn¡pw hyXy-kvX-amb BNm-c-hn-izm-k-{I-

a-§-fm-bn-cp¶p D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm−vXs¶

kwkvIm-cn-I-amb ZpÀ_-eX tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-¯nâ

{]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. _lp-P-\-§sf DÄs¡m-

Åm\m-ImsX NnX-dn-s¯-dn-¨p-t]mb Hcp-kmw-kvIm-

cnI CS-amWv ChnsS hnI-kn-¨p-h-¶-Xv. HutZym-

KnI DZm-l-c-W-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ

sI«n-sb-Sp-¸p-IÄ DbÀ¯n-s¡m-−p-h-s¶-¦nepw

kmam-\y-P-\-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn AXn\v henb _Ô-

§-fp-−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. NmXpÀhÀWy-¯n\v ]pds¯

P\-k-aq-l-§sf AXv DÄs¡m-Åp-¶n-Ã. s]mXp-

hmb Hcp kmwkvIm-cnINn{Xw Ds−-¶p-tXm-¶n-¡p-

sa-¦nepw \½psS kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-`q-anI ]e-

t¸mgpw GI-ap-J-amWv F¶pw ImWmw.

PmXnbpw tIc-f-¯nsâ Úm\-hy-h-Øbpw

A¿m-bn-c-¯nÂ IqSp-XÂ hÀj-§Ä

NmXpÀhÀWy-¯nse iq{ZÀ¡pw AXn\p Xmsg-

bpÅ AhÀ®À¡pw hnZy-\n-tj-[n¨ Hcp kaq-l-

amWv \½p-tS-Xv. PmXn-t{i-Wn-bnÂ ap¶nÂ\n¶

{_mÒ-WÀ¡pw £{Xn-bÀ¡pw sshiyÀ¡pw am{X-

amWv hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v Ah-k-c-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.

hnZy-A-`y-kn-¡m³ {ian¨ aäp-Å-hÀ¡v ac-W-in-£-

bm-bn-cp¶p e`n- -̈Xv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ DXv¸m-Zn-

¸n-¡-s¸« Úm\-hy-hØ {_mÒ-W-\p-th-−n-bm-

48

bn-cp-¶p. kaq-l-¯nsâ A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s -̈Sp-

¡m³th-−n-bm-WXv krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. cmPm-hn-

sâbpw apI-fnÂ Úm\-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Aw_m-kn-

UÀam-cmbn AhÀ \ne-sIm-−p. ImÀjn-I-amb

Adn-hp-Ifpw hmsam-gn-b-dn-hp-Ifpw am{X-amWv

km[m-cW a\p-jy-cpsS Úm\-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ

DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. thZ-§-fp-sSbp D]-\n-j-¯p-

¡-fp-sSbpw hymJym\w F¶-t]-cnÂ DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-

s¸-«-Xm-bn-cp¶p Úm\-hy-h-Øn-Xn, AXm-sW-

¦nÂ P\-Po-hn-Xs¯ sa -̈s¸-«-Xm-¡m³ {]m]vXn-

bpÅ H¶m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ImÀjnI Adn-hp-Itfm

F©n-\o-b-dnt§m Iem-\n-]p-W-Xtbm AXv {]I-Sn-

¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã. `mj-bnse Fgp-¯p-cq-]-§Ä \ntj-[n-

¡-s¸«XpsIm−v C¯-c-¯n-epÅ _lp-P-\-§-

fpsS Úm\-hy-h-Ø-IÄ \jvS-s¸-«p-t]m-hp-I-bm-

Wp-−m-b-Xv. PmXntbmsSm¸w hfÀ¶p-hn-I-kn¨

Úm\-hy-h-Ø-bmWv \½p-tSXv F¶Xv Hcp-bm-

YmÀ°y-am-Wv.

Ifcn, sshZyw, ssIs¯m-gn-ep-IÄ, KWn-Xw,

hmkvXp-hn-Zym-hn-Úm-\-§Ä Ahbv¡v PmXn-hy-

h-Ø-bp-am-bpÅ _Ôw.

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bn-Ãm¯ kwL-Im-e¯v

Hmtcm sXmgn-ep-Ifpw sNbvX-hÀ¡mWv B sXmgn-

ep-ambn _Ô-s¸« PmXn-t¸-cp-IÄ e`n- -̈Xv. kwL-

49

Im-e-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-L-«-¯nÂ PmXn-hy-hØ

Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xp-Xs¶ Cu hn`-P-\-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-

Wv. ]n¶oSv Hmtcm-sXm-gnepw Hmtcm PmXn-bp-sS-

Xmbnamdn. PmXn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ sXmgn-

enÂ\n¶pamdn aäp-sXm-gnÂ sN¿p-¶-hÀ¡v in£-

t]mepw GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶

Hmtcm PmXn-bp-ambpw _Ô-s¸-«p-am-{Xta Hmtcm

sXmgnepw hnImkw {]m]n-¨n-cp-¶p-Åp. kzmX-{´ym-

\´cw am{X-amWv A¯-c-¯n-epÅ kmaq-lym-h-

Ø¡v amäw kw`-hn-¨n-«p-Åp. Ifcn Bbmepw

sshZyw Bbmepw CXp-X-s¶-bmWv ØnXn. _p²-

a-X-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ \n¶mWv sshZyw DS-se-Sp¯v

hnI-kn-¨p-h-¶-sX-¦nepw _p²-a-X-t£-{X-§Ä ]nSn-

s -̈Sp-¡p-Ibpw _p²-a-X-¡mÀ¡p-t\sc B{I-aWw

Agn-¨p-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ Ah-cpsS NnIn-

Õm-hn-[n-I-sfÃmw aäp-Å-hÀ I¿-S¡n ]n¶oSv

PmXn-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ AXv {]tXy-I-Pm-Xn¡v am{X-

am-bp-Å-Xm-bn-am-dn. ssIs¯m-gn-ep-IÄ¡v \qäm-−p-

I-fpsS ]mc-¼-cy-ap−v AXv PmXn-hy-h-ØnXn

DXv¸m-Zn-¸n¨ Hmtcm-Pm-Xn-bp-sSbpw Ipe-s¯m-

gnÂIq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. KWnXw ssIImcyw sNbvXn-

cp-¶Xv PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bnse D¶-X-Øm-\nbÀ Bbn-

cp-¶p. hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« IW-¡p-IÄ

km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb hnZKv[ sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw

Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Ncn{Xw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p-−v.

50

tIc-f-¯nse hmkvXp-hn-Zy-hn-Úm-\-§Ä ASp¯

\qäm-−p-IÄ hsc ZpÀ_-e-am-sW¶p ImWmw. ]e-

t£-{X-§-fp-sSbpw sIm«m-c-§-fp-sSbpw \nÀ½n-

Xn¡v AbÂ kwØm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v hnZKv²

sXmgn-em-fn-Isf sIm−p-h-¶-Xmbn Ncn{Xw tcJ-

s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. ]n¶oSv AXv tIc-fob hmkvXp-

hn-Zy-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¨n-cn-¡m\pw CS-bp-−v. F´m-

bmepw Hmtcm-sXm-gnepw ss\]p-Wyhpw PmXn-bp-

ambn _Ô-s¸-«mWv ChnsS \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv.

_u²-þ-ssP\ km¶n-²y-§Ä-þ-ssh-Úm-\nI

kw`m-h-\-IÄ

tIc-f-¯nse _p²-a-X-s¯-¸än Adn-hp-X-cp-

¶Xv Atim-I-N-{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS KnÀWÀim-k-\-

amWv. AXnÂ a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw arK-§-fp-sSbpw

NnIn-Õ-¡p-th− BXp-c-im-e-IÀ \nÀ½n- -̈Xmbn

]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-tcmSpw ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-tfm-

Sp-apÅ Icp-Wbpw BXp-c-ip-{iq-j-bn-epÅ XmXv]-

cyhpw _p²-a-X-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-X-Xz-§-fm-Wv.

Atim-I³ Xsâ cmPy-¯n-se-¶-Xp-t]mse

]mÞyw, tNmfw, tIc-f-]p-{Xw, Xm{a-]ÀWn XpS-

§nb cmPy-§-fnÂ BXp-c-im-e-IÄ \nÀ½n- -̈Xmbn

imk-\-¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶p-−v. CXp-sIm−v Ahn-S-§-

fn-sem-s¡bpw _p²-a-X-km-¶n²yw sXfn-bp-¶p-−v.

am{X-aÃ ]Xn-aq¶mw \¼À inem-en-Jn-X-¯nÂ

51

Atim-I³ "[Àa-{]-Nmcw' \S-¯n-sb¶v A`n-am-\-

]qÀÆw {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p-−v. Cu [À½-{]-Nmcw

_p²-a-X-{]-Nmcw Xs¶-bm-Wv. _p²-a-X-ktµiw

tIc-f-¯n-em-Zy-ambn F¯n-¨Xv Atim-Isâ

Ime¯p (_n.-kn.-aq-¶mw-i-X-Iw) aX-{]-Nmcw \S-

¯nb _p²-k-\ym-kn-am-cm-Wv.

]{´−mw \qäm-t−msS _p²-aXw ChnsS

£bn-¨p. lnµp-aXw kzoI-cn¨ _p²-a-X-¡mÀ¡v

kmaq-ly-t{i-Wn-bnÂ A[:ØnX-cmbn Ign-tb-−n-

h-¶p. _p²-aXw ChnsS \mam-h-ti-j-am-sb-¦nepw

AXnsâ ià-amb kzm[o\w tIc-f-¯nsâ

kmwkvIm-cn-I, sshÚm-\nI aÞ-e-§-fnÂ

hyà-ambn {]Xn-^-en¨p ImWp-¶p-−v. tIc-f-

¯nse t£t{Xm-Õ-h-§-fnÂ ImWp¶ sI«p-Im-

gvN-Ifpw ctYm-Õ-hhpw B\-sb-gp-¶-Å¯pw

_p²-a-X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. _p²-a-X-

¯nsâ asäm-cp-kw-`m-h\ km£-c-Xbpw AXp-sIm-

−p-−mb hnZym-t]m-j-W-hp-am-Wv. _p²-hn-lm-c-§-

tfm-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v hnZym-im-e-Ifpw BXp-c-im-e-Ifpw

\S-¯p¶ k{¼-Zmbw hf-sc-t\-c-s¯-bp-−v. lnµp-

aXw CX-\p-I-cn-¨mWv t£{X§tfmSp-tNÀ¶v ime-

IÄ¡v cq]w-\ÂIn. \½psS "Fgp-¯p-]Ån'bpw

]Ån-¡q-Shpw _p²-a-X-t¯m-SpÅ _Ôw kqNn-¸n-

52

¡p-¶p. _p²-a-X-tI-{µ-§sf "]Ån' F¶mWv hnfn-

¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

BbqÀtÆ-Z-Nn-In-Õm-]-²-Xn-¡v tIc-f-¯n-

epÅ hen-b-{]-Nmcw _p²-a-X-¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-bm-

Wv. _p²-a-X-¡m-cmb hmKv`-S³ cNn¨ AjvSmw-K-

lr-Z-b-¯n\v tIc-f-¯n-ep-Å{X {]Nm-cWw asäm-cn-

S¯pw e`n-¨n-«n-Ã. Xncp-hngm inh-t£-{X-¯nepw

XI-gn-im-kvX-t£-{X-¯nepw \ÂIn-h-cp¶ NnInÕ

_p²

hn-lm-c-§-fnÂ \S-¯n-h¶ NnIn-Õ-bpsS XpSÀ -̈

bm-sW-¶mWv \nK-a-\w. i_-cn-a-e, A¨³tIm-hnÂ,

Bcy-¦m-hv, Ipf-¯q-¸pg XpS§n ImSnsâ DÄ`m-K-

§-fnÂ I−p-h-cp¶ imkvXm-t£-{X-§Ä _p²-a-

X-¯nsâ ]qÀÆ-Im-e-kw-`m-h-\-bmbn Icp-Xn-h-cp-¶p.

A¿-¸-k-¶n-[n-bn-te-¡pÅ XoÀ°-bm-{X-bnÂ

_p²-a-X-X-Xz-§Ä A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

A¿-¸³am-cpsS {hXhpw ic-Ww-hn-fnbpw _p²-

aXw kw`m-h-\-sN-bvX, Alnw-km-kn-²m-´-s¯bpw

ic-W-{X-b-§-sfbpw HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. C´y-

bnsehnsSbpw ImWm-¯-hn[w A¿-¸s\ Bcm-[n-

¡p-¶-Xn-\p-]n-¶nÂ _p²-a-X-kzm-[n-\-amWv ImWp-

¶-Xv. arK-_en [mcmfw \S-¯-s¸-«n-cp¶ Bcm-

[\m k{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ \n¶p-amdn Alnw-kbv¡v

53

t{]c-W-sN-ep-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXXv _p²-a-X-¯nsâ

kzm[o\w aq-e-am-Wv.

N{µ-Kp-]vX-au-cy³ (_n.-kn.321-þ297) Xsâ `c-

W-¯nsâ 25-þmw hÀj-¯nÂ knwlm-k\w

shSnªv `{Z-_mlp F¶ ssP\-k-\ym-kn-tbm-

sSm¸w ssakq-cn-se-¯n. Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-IÄ

{]im-´-amb [ym\-Øew At\z-jn¨v Is−-¯n-

bXv tIc-f-am-Wv. A§s\ ssP\-aXw tIc-f-¯n-ep-

sa-¯n-t¨À¶p. km[m-c-W-¡m-scbpw cmPm-¡m-·m-

scbpw ssP\-a-Xm-i-b-§Ä Hcp-t]mse kzm[o-\n-

¨p. Ht«sd cmPm-¡-·mÀ ssP\-a-X-{]-Nm-c-I-cm-bn-

XoÀ¶p. Bbv cmPm-hmb hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-h-c-Kp-W³

Xncp-¨m-cW-t¯¡p hkvXp-¡Ä Zm\w sNbvX-

Xns\ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-im-k\w (F.-Un.926) CXn-\p-

sX-fn-hm-Wv.

a[ym-Im-e-L«w hsc ssP\-aXw tIc-f-

¯nÂ {]N-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ

Ipgn-¯-d-bv¡-Sp-¯pÅ Xncp-¨m-c-Ww, tIm«-bw-Pn-Ã-

bnse Infn-cqÀ Fd-Wm-Ipfw PnÃ-bnÂ s]cp-¼m-hq-

cnse IÃnÂ Kplm-t£-{Xw, ]me-¡m-Sp-Pn-Ã-bnse

Be-¯qÀ, hb-\mSv PnÃ-bnse ]\-a-cw, Iev]-ä,

]pÂ¸Ån XpS-§nb Øe-§-fnÂ ssP\-a-Xm-h-in-

jvS-§Ä C¶pw ImWm-\p-−v. ]pdw \mSp-I-

fnÂ\n¶v `àcpw k\ym-kn-amcpw Xncp-¨m-c-W-

54

t¯bv¡pw Chn-sS-\n-¶pÅ k\ym-kn-amcpw

`àcpw ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fn-epÅ ssP\-tI-{µ-§-fn-

te¡pw F¯n-bn-cp-¶p.

]me-¡mSv PnÃ-bnÂ ]e-Ø-e¯pw ssP\-a-

Xm-h-in-jvS-§Ä ImWp-¶p-−v. \K-c-a-[y-¯nse

ssP\-taSv N{µ-\m-Y-t£{Xw Ct¸mgpw \ne-

\nÂ¡p¶ ssP\-t£-{X-am-Wv. Chn-Ss¯ ]qPm-cn-

IÄ ssP\À Xs¶-bm-Wv. tIc-f-¯nse H«p-an¡

ssP\-t£-{X-§fpw lnµp-t£-{X-§-fm¡n ]pXp-¡n-

]-Wn-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ssP\-aXw A]-N-b-¯n-se-

¯n-b-t¸mÄ A¯-c-¯n-sem-cp\o¡-¯nÂ

AhÀ¡p-t]mepw {hWn-Xm-hØ D−m-bn-sÃ¶v

Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.

ssP\-aXw im´nbpw kam-[m-\-hp-amWv

X§-fpsS ktµ-i-ambn DbÀ¯n-Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.

`qan-bnse Hmtcm AWp-hn-t\bpw kwc-£n-¡m-

\pÅ hy{KX ssP\-a-X-hn-izm-kn-I-fnÂ ImWmw.

kzØ-amb Øe-§-fnÂ [ym\-¯nÂ apgp-Ip-I-

bmWv ssP\-cpsS coXn. hnZym-`ym-kw, NnInÕ

XpS-§n-b-cw-K-§-fnÂ ssP\-a-X-¯nsâ kw`m-h\

FSp-¯p-]-d-bmw.

55

bqWnäv þ 3

ISepw tIcfkwkvIm-chpw

"C{µ-\o-e-¡-S-ense ]hngw' F¶mWv

tIcfw ]pcm-X-\-Im-e¯v hntZ-i-§-fnÂ Adn-b-s¸-

«n-cp-¶-Xv. Hcp-Im-e¯v tIcfw IS-en-\-Sn-bn-em-bn-

cp¶p F¶ \nK-a-\-¯nÂ F¯n-t -̈cm³ kly-

]ÀÆ-X-¯nÂ \n¶p Is−-Sp¯ ISÂPo-hn-I-fpsS

Ah-in-jvS-§Ä klm-bn-¡p-¶p-−v. {InkvXp-hn\p

ap³]p-ap-XÂ tIc-f-Xo-chpw hntZ-i-cm-Py-§-fp-ambn

hmWn-Py-_Ôw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶v ]pcm-X\

CuPn-]vXnse t]¸n-dkv tcJ-I-fnÂ \n¶pw

saskm-s¸m-t«m-an-b-bnse IyqWnt^mw enJn-X-§-

fnÂ \n¶pw ss__nÄ ]gb \nb-a-¯nse ]cm-

aÀi-§-fnÂ \n¶pw sXfn-bp-¶p-−v. AXp-t]mse

{]mNo-\-tdmapw tIc-fhpw X½nÂ hmWn-Py-_-Ô-ap-

−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v ]pcm-X\ {Ko¡v k©m-cn-I-fm-bn-

cp¶ ¹n\nbpw tSmf-anbpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.

GXp-co-Xn-bn-epÅ sXfn-hp-Isf B{i-bn-¨mepw

]mÝm-Xy-cm-Py-§-fpsS cmjv{Sob CS-s]-S-en\pw

hmWnPy _Ô-§Ä¡pw kuI-cy-sam-cp-¡n-bXv

IS-ensâ km¶n-²y-amWv F¶p ImWmw.

tIc-f-¯nÂ BZy-sa-¯nb ]mÝmXy iàn

t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv. AXn-\p-tijw U¨p-Imcpw

56

{^©p-Imcpw Cw¥o-jp-Imcpw ISÂhgn tIc-f-¯n-

se¯n AXn-s\Ãmw ap³]p-Xs¶ Ad-_n-IÄ

ChnsSsb¯p-Ibpw tIc-f-hp-ambn hmWn-Py-¯nÂ

GÀs¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-s¯bpw

IS-en-s\bpw Ipdn¨p Nn´n-¡p-t¼mÄ \½psS I -̈

h-S-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw Irjnbpw hnZym-`ym-khpw \nb-

ahpw FÃmw BZy-Im-e¯v ]ptcm-Kn-X-bn-te¡v

t]mIm³ Cu iàn-IÄ klm-bn-¨n-«p-s−¶p

ImWmw. ]e-t¸mgpw \½psS cmPy-¯nsâ

cmjv{Snb Imcy-§-fnÂ CS-s]-s«-¦nepw ]ecwK-§-

fnepw Ah-cpsS kw`m-h-\-IÄ \½psS kaq-l-Po-hn-

¯n\v ]nÂ¡m-e¯v KpW-I-c-am-bn-«p-−v. DZm-l-c-W-

¯n\v hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ km[m-c-

W-¡m-c\v AXp e`n-¡m³ Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ \S-¸n-em-

¡nb hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zmbw Imc-W-am-bn-

¯oÀ¶p. AhÀ¡v ¢mÀ¡p-amsc krjvSn-¡m-\mWv

A§s\ sNbvXXv F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°y-sa-

¦nepw hnZq-c-`m-hn-bnÂ AXv \½psS hnZym-`ym-k-

¯n\v henb KpWw sNbvXp. ]mÝmXy anj-W-dn-

amÀ hnZym-`ym-k, aX, sshZy-cw-K¯v henb kw`m-

h-\-IÄ \ÂIn-bXpw \ap¡v HmÀ¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

ChnsS {]Nm-c-¯n-en-cn-¡p¶ s\Ãv XpS§n ]e-

Xcw Irjn-Ifpw U¨p-Im-cpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-sW¶p

ImWmw. s\ÂIrjn ChnsS D−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw

hmWn-Pym-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Dev]m-Z\w XpS-§n-bXv

57

U¨p-Im-cm-Wv. Ad-_n-I-fnÂ \n¶p-Xp-S§n Hcp-

hn[w `mj-I-fnÂ \ns¶Ãmw Hcp-]mSv ]Z-§Ä

\½psS `mj-bn-se-¯n-t¨À¶n-«p-−v. D]-

tbmKwsIm−v AsXÃmw ae-bmf ]Z-§-fmbn

cq]m-´-c-s¸-«-Xmbn \ap¡v ImWm-\m-hpw. CÉmw

aXhpw {InkvXp-a-Xhpw blq-Z-a-X-hp-saÃmw Chn-sS-

sb-¯n-t¨À¶Xv ISÂhgn h¶ Cu k©m-cn-I-fn-

eq-sS-bm-Wv. Cu aX-§-fpsS BNm-c-§fpw A\p-

jvTm-\-§fpw \½psS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ `mK-

ambn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. C§s\ \½psS kwkvIm-c-

¯nsâ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ISepw AXnsâ

Xoc-tZ-ihpw AXp-h-gn-bpÅ sImSp-¡Â hm§-ep-

Ifpw ebn-¨p-tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶p F¶p-Im-Wmw.

tIc-f-¯nse Xpd-ap-J-§-fpsS Ncn{Xw

k©m-cn-I-fmb ¹n\nbpw tSmf-anbpw s]cn-

¹kv IÀ¯mhpw {]mNo\ tIc-f-¯nse Xpd-ap-J-§-

sf-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-amb hnh-c-W-§Ä \ÂIp-¶p-−v.

AXnÂ ]eXpw C¶n-Ã. Cu Xpd-ap-J-§-fnÂ apJy-

am-bXv apkn-cn-kmWv (sIm-Sp-§-ÃqÀ) apkn-cnkv

AXp−mbn-cp-¶-Im-e¯v C´y-bn-te-¡pÅ {][m\

Ihm-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. hmWn-Py-tI{µw F¶-Xn\p

]pdta hnhn[ kwkvIm-c-§-fpsS kwK-a-Øm\w

IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p apkn-cn-kv. {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡pw

blq-ZÀ¡pw apl-½-Zo-bÀ¡pw A`bw \ÂIp-Ibpw

58

Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§Ä Øm]n-¡m\pw I -̈

hSw \S-¯m-\p-apÅ Ah-kcw \ÂIn-bXpw apkn-

cnkv BWv. 1341-þse s]cn-bm-änse shÅ-s¸m-¡-

amWv Cu Xpd-ap-J-\-K-cs¯ \mtim-ßp-J-am-¡n-b-

Xv.

Xn³Un-kv, _dm-t¡, s\ÂIn³Um F¶n-h-

bmWv {]mNo\ k©m-cn-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p¶ aäp Xpd-

ap-J-§Ä. _dmt¡ Xpd-apJw ]pd-¡mSv BsW¶

Imcy-¯nÂ Ncn{X ]Þn-XÀ¡n-S-bnÂ tbmPn-¸p-

−v. Xn³Unkv s\ÂIn³Um Xpd-ap-J-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v

hyà-amb Is−-¯-ep-IÄ D−m-bn-«n-Ã. s]cn-¹-

knÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ _enX F¶ Xpd-apJw

Xncph-\-´-]p-c-¯pÅ hngnªw BtWm F¶v

kwi-b-ap-−v. \ud F¶ t]cn-e-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶

{]mNo\ Xpd-apJw I®qÀ Bbn-cn-¡m-sa¶v

s]mXpth ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xangv IrXn-I-fnÂ ]cm-

aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ]´À, hmssI, amss´

CsXms¡ GXv Xpd-ap-J-am-sW¶v \nÀ®-bn-¡m³

BÀ¡pw km[n-¨n-«n-Ã.

sImÃ-hpw sIm¨nbpw tImgn-t¡mSpw

]nÂ¡m-e¯p {]m[m\yw t\Snb Xpd-ap-J-§-fm-Wv.

Cu Xpd-ap-J-§Ä hmWn-Pys¯ hf-sc-b-[nIw

kpK-a-am-¡p-Ibpw km¼-¯n-I-ambn Icp-¯mÀPn-

¡p-hm³ klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-−v. F.-Un.831-

59

þÂ kpsse-am³ `mcXw kµÀin- -̈t¸mÄ sImÃw

ssN\okv hym]m-c-¯nsâ tI{µ-am-bn-cp-s¶¶v

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. amÀt¡m-t]m-tfmbpw (13-þmw

\qäm-−v) C_v\v_-Xq-Xbpw (14-þmw \qäm-−v) CXv

icn-sh-bv¡p-¶p-−v. hmkvtIm-U-Kma I¸-en-d-§p¶

ka-b¯v (1498) tImgn-t¡mSv hfsc {]i-kvX-amb

Xpd-ap-J-am-bn-cp-¶p.

s]cn-bm-dnse shÅ-s¸m¡w aqew apk-cnkv

Xpd-apJw a®-Snªv \in¨p t]mb-t¸m-gmWv

ASp¯ {]tZ-i-amb sIm¨n ]pXnb Xpd-ap-J-ambn

DbÀ¶p hcp-¶-Xv. ]Xn-\©mw \qäm-t−m-Sp-IqSn

sIm¨n FÃm hntZ-in-bcpw hym]mcw \S-¯p¶

henb Xpd-ap-J-ambn amdn-¡-gn-ªp.

kpKÔhyÚ\ hym]mcw sIm¨nsb temI-{]-i-

kvX-am-¡n-bXv ]n¶o-SpÅ Ncn-{X-am-Wv. Cu Xpd-ap-

J-§-fpsS Ncn{Xw bmYmÀ°-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nsâ

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Ncn{Xw IqSn-bm-

Wv.

tIc-f-¯nsâ hmWn-Py-_-Ô-§Ä

]e {]mNo\ hntZ-i-{KÙ IÀ¯m-¡fpw

Ah-cpsS {KÙ-§-fnÂ tIc-f-s¯-¡p-dn¨p ]d-bp-

¶p-−v. {Ko¡v {]Xn-]p-cp-j-\mb saK-kvX-\okv

Xsâ "C³UnIm' F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ tNc-cm-Py-s¯-

60

¡p-dn¨p ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. tIc-fhpw tdma³

km{am-Pyhpw X½n-epÅ hym]m-c-_-Ô-s¯-¡p-dn¨v

¹n\nbpw (1-þmw \qäm-−v) tSmf-anbpw (2-þmw \qäm-−v)

]d-bp-¶p-−v. apkn-cn-kv, Xn−n-kv, _dms¡ F¶o

Xpd-ap-J-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw AhÀ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.

kpsse-am³

(9-þmw \qäm-−v) amÀt¡m-t]mtfm (13-þmw \qäm-−v)

tPm¬ B^v tam³Un-ImÀhnt\m (13-þmw \qäm−v),

{^bmÀ tPmÀUm-\kv (14þmw \qäm−v), C_v\p-_-

¯q¯ (14-þmw \qäm−v), amlzm³ (15-þmw \qäm−v),

\nt¡m-tfm-tIm−n (15-þmw \qäm−v), A_vZpÄ

dkm¡v (15-þmw \qäm−v) XpS-§n-b hntZi k©m-cn-

IÄ tIc-fob Pohn-X-¯n-tâbpw tIc-fhpw hntZ-i-

cm-Py-§fpw X½n-epÅ hym]m-c-_-Ô-¯n-tâbpw

IuXp-I-I-c-amb ]e-hn-h-c-§fpw \ÂIp-¶p-−v.

hntZ-i-cm-Py-§-fnÂ tIc-fw {InkvXp-hn\v

aqhm-bncw hÀj-§Ä¡p ap¼p-Xs¶ {]i-kvXam-bn-

cp-¶p. kpK-Ô-{Z-hy-§-fpsS \mSv F¶ Bscbpw

BIÀjn-¡p-¶, {`an-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp-{]-tZiw F¶

JymXn Ft¸mgpw tIc-f-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ]Ýn-

ta-jy³cm-Py-§-fnÂ tIc-f-¯nse kpKÔ {Zhy-

§Ä¡v hf-sc-b-[nIw {]Nmcw e`n-¨n-cp-¶p. Ah-

bnÂ {][m-\-s¸-«Xv Idp-h-¸-«, C©n, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv,

{Km¼q, PmXn-¡, Gew F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ch-

61

bnÂ Idp-h-¸-«bpw Gehpw khn-ti-j-amb

kpKÔ{Zhy-§-fmbn Icp-Xn-h-¶p. hntZ-i-§-fnÂ

Ch Blm-cw, Huj-[w, ]qPm-{Zhyw F¶o \ne-I-

fnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-¶p. _m_n-tem-Wn-b-¡mÀ¡pw

AÊo-dn-b-¡mÀ¡pw CuPn-]vXp-ImÀ¡pw Chn-

Sps¯ kpK-Ô-{Z-hy-§-fnÂ Xmev]-cy-ap-−m-bn-cp-

¶p. CuPn-]vXp-ImÀ Idp-h-¸« D]-tbm-Kn¨v cmPm-¡-

·m-cpsS arX-i-co-c-§Ä tI-Sp-h-cmsX kq£n-¨p.

kpKÔ{Zhy-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]cm-aÀi-§Ä

]g-b-th-Z-]p-kvX-I-¯nÂ [mcmfw ImWmw. C{km-

tb-ep-ImÀ¡v Cu hkvXp-¡-tfm-SpÅ Xmev]cyw

AXv ImWn-¡p-¶p-−v. Ad-_n-Ifpw ^n\o-jy-cp-

amWv tIc-f-¯nÂ \n¶v kpK-Ô-{Z-hy-§Ä BZy-

ambn ]Ýn-ta-jy-bn-te¡p sIm−p-t]m-b-Xv. kpK-

Ô-{Zhy I -̈h-S-¯nÂ ^n\o-jy-cpsS ap³Km-an-I-

fmWv Ad-_n-IÄ. kpK-Ô-{Zhy hym]m-c-¯nÂ

\n¶v t\Sn-b-k-¼-¯mWv Ad-_n-I-fpsS kwkvIm-c-

¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v hgn-sX-fn-bn- -̈Xv. bqtdm-¸nÂ

kpK-Ô-{Zhy hym]mcw \S-¯nb Ad-_n-IÄ

AsX-hn-sS-\n¶p e`n-¡p¶p F¶p-t]mepw shfn-

s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-Ã. Atd-_y-bn-se-bpw FtXym-]y-bn-

sebpw BÀ¡pw F¯m³ Ign-bm¯ Øe-§-fnÂ

IqSp-h-bv¡p¶ ]£n-I-fpsS ]mÀ¸n-S-§-fnÂ

\n¶mWv Idp-h-¸« tXSn-¸n-Sn¨p sIm−p-h-cp-¶-

62

sX¶ IÅ-¡Y AhÀ ]d-ªp-]-c-¯n. h³em-`-

¯n\v I -̈hSw \S-¯m³ CX-hÀ¡v Ah-kcw

\ÂIn.

F.-Un.45-þÂ ln¸m-ekv Ime-hÀj-¡m-äp-I-

fpsS KXn I−p-]n-Sn- -̈tXm-Sp-IqSn tIc-fhpw ]mÝm-

Xy-cm-Py-§-fp-am-bpÅ hym]m-c-_Ôw ià-am-bn.

tIm¬Ìâ-bo³ N{I-hÀ¯n F.-Un.4-þmw \qäm-

−nÂ Øm]n¨ tIm¬Ìmân-t\m-¸nÄ \Kcw kpK-

Ô-hy-Ú\ hym]m-c-¯nsâ tIµ-ambncp¶p.

Aem-dnIv cmPmhv F.-Un.5-þmw \qäm-−nÂ tdmans\

B{I-an- -̈t¸mÄ \Kcw \in-¸n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³

\ÂIn-bXv aqhm-bncw dm¯Â Ipcp-ap-f-Im-bn-cp-¶p.

Ipcp-ap-f-Insâ tdmanse e`y-Xbpw kzÀ®-¯n¶pw

shÅn¡pw H¸w AXn\v hne-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xn¶pw

CXv sXfn-hmbn ImWmw. AXp-t]me bqtdm-]y³

hn]-Wn-I-fnÂ {Km¼phpw PmXn-¡bpw kpe-`-am-bn-

cp-¶p. sh\n-knse hym]m-cn-IÄ CXp-aqew henb

k¼¯v t\Sn.

e−-\nÂ F.-Un.12-þmw \qäm-−nÂ Ipcp-ap-

fIp hym]m-cn-I-fpsS Hcp kwL-S\ D−m-bn-cp-¶p.

CXv temI-sa-¼m-Sp-apÅ Ipcp-ap-fIp hym]m-c-¯nÂ

tIc-f-¯n-\p-−mb _Ôs¯ ImWn-¡p-¶p-−v.

temI-cm-Py-§-fpsS kpKÔ hyÚ-\-hym-]mcw

tIc-fs¯ B{i-bn-¨mWv apt¶m-«p-t]m-bn-cp-¶-

63

sX¶v CXnÂ \n¶p hyà-am-hp-¶p-−v. A¡m-

e¯v Ipcp-ap-f-In-sâbpw Idp-h-¸-«-bp-tSbpw hne

Xm§m-\m-Im-¯-hn[w DbÀ¶-Xn-\mÂ AXn-k-¼-

¶À¡p am{Xta AXp-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-cp-¶p-

Åp.

]Sn-ªm-d³ bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fmb

t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Imcpw U¨p-Imcpw {^©p-Imcpw

Cw¥o-jp-Imcpw kpK-Ô-hy-Ú\ hy]m-c-¯n-te¡v

Cd§n Xncn-¨p. AXnÂ BZyw h¶Xv t]mÀ¨p-Ko-

kp-Im-cm-bn-cp¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ A¶s¯

hym]m-cn-I-fm-bn-cp¶ Ad-_n-I-fp-ambn AhÀ FXn-

cn-Sm³ XpS-§n. F¦nepw Ipcp-ap-fIpw Idp-h-¸-«bpw

Gehpw tIc-f-¯n\v th−p-thmfw hntZ-i-\mWyw

t\Sn-¯-¶p.

ISÂ IS-s¶-¯nb aX-§ÄþPq-X-a-Xw, {InkvXp-

a-Xw, CÉmw-aXwþCu aX-§Ä tIc-f-¯nÂ

krjvSn¨ kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-¼-cy-§Ä

C{km-tb-enÂ \n¶mWv blq-Z-aXw (Pq-X-a-

Xw) tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-b-Xv. F.Un 1þÂ Xs¶ Cu

aXw ChnsS {]N-cn-¨p. tIc-f-¯n\v C{km-tb-ep-am-

bp-−m-bn-cp¶ hmWn-Py-_-Ô-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv PqX-

·mÀ Chn-tS¡v F¯p-¶-Xv. bqtdm-¸nÂ {InkvXp-a-

X-hp-ambn D−mb kwLÀj-¯nsâ ^e-ambn

64

]em-b\w sNbvX ]Xn-\m-bn-c-t¯mfw PqX-·mÀ

F.-Un.68-þÂ apkn-cn-knÂ (sIm-Sp-§-ÃqÀ) I¸-en-

d§n F¶mWv hnizm-kw. {InkvXp-aXw bqtdm-¸nÂ

iàn {]m]n- -̈tXmsS PqX-·mÀ¡v henb ]oU-\-a-

\p-`-hn-t¡−n h¶-tXmsS AhÀ henb kwL-§-

fmbn tIc-f-¯nse¯nt¨À¶p. apkn-cn-knÂ AhÀ

]Ånbpw I -̈h-S-tI-{µ-§fpw Øm]n-¨p. I -̈h-S-

¯n-emWv PqX-·mÀ {i²-]p-eÀ¯n-t¸m-¶-Xv. ]d-

hqÀ, amf, ]pÃqäv XpS-§nb Øe-§-fn-te¡v Ah-

cpsS Pohn-Xhpw ]Ån-Ifpw h¶p-tNÀ¶p. tIc-f-

¯nse cmPm-¡-·m-À AhÀ¡v th− klm-b-§Ä

sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-¯p. sImÃ-hÀjw 175-þÂ tNc-N-{I-

hÀ¯n-bmb `mkv¡c chn-hÀ½ H¶m-a³ ]pd-s¸-Sp-

hn¨ PqX-im-k\w CXn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. `mkv¡c

chn-hÀ½ atlm-Z-b-]p-c-¯p-h¨v PqX-{]-am-Wn-bmb

tPmk^v dºm\v A©p-h-®-¯nsâ Ah-Im-ihpw

aäp kuP-\y-§fpw A\p-h-Zn¨p sImSp¯Xmbn-

cp¶p Cu imk-\w. tIc-f-¯nse cmPm-¡-·mÀ

]pdta\n¶pÅ aX-§sf AwKo-I-cn- -̈Xnsâ sXfn-

hmWv Cu imk-\w.

F.-Un.1498-þÂ t]mÀ¨p-Kokv {InkvXym-\n-

IÄ tIc-f-¯nÂ F¯n-b-tXmsS PqX-·mÀ¡v Chn-

sSbpw henb ]oU\w GÂt¡-−n-h-¶p. 1565-þÂ

AhÀ apkn-cnkv Dt]-£n¨v sIm¨n-bn-te-¡p-t]mbn

65

sIm¨n-bnse a«m-t©-cn-bnÂ C¶pw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶

PqX-¸Ån AhÀ Øm]n-¨p. 1948-þÂ blq-ZÀ C{km-

tbÂ cmPyw Øm]n- -̈tXm-Sp-IqSn tIc-f-¯n-ep-−m-

bn-cp¶ \sÃmcp hn`mKw At§m-«p-t]m-bn. C¶v

tIc-f-¯nÂ ]e-bn-S-§-fn-embn \qtdmfw blq-ZÀ

am{Xta Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p-Åp. ]e ]Ån-Ifpw

Ncn{X Ah-ti-jn-¸p-IÄ F¶ \ne-bn-emWv \ne-

\nÂ¡p-¶-Xp-X-s¶.

{InkvXp-aXw

F.-Un. H¶mw-\q-äm-−nÂ Xs¶ {InkvXp-

aXw tIc-f-¯nÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. tdmanÂt¸mepw

{InkvXp-aXw F¯p-¶Xv CXn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv

F¶hmZw ]e-N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw Ct¸mÄ XÅn-¡-

f-bp-¶p. F.-Un.52-þÂ apÊn-cn-kn-\-Sp-¯pÅ amen-b-

¦-c-bnÂ skâvtXm-akv I¸-en-d-§p-Ibpw AhnsS

Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ GXm\pw IpSpw-_-§sf {InkvXp-a-

X-¯nÂ tNÀ¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶mWv sFXn-

lyw. CXn\v hyà-amb sXfn-hp-I-fn-sÃ¶v C¶v

Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ Xncn- -̈dn-bp-¶p-−v. skâvtXm-akv

F«p-]-Ån-IÄ Øm]n- -̈Xmbn ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. tIc-f-

¯nse {InkvXym-\n-IÄ skâvtXm-akv h¶-IY

hniz-kn-¨p-h-cp-¶p. ]mÝm-Xy-cm-Py-§-fp-ambn tIc-f-

¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp¶ I -̈h-S-_-Ô-amWv Cu hnizm-k-

¯n-\m-[m-cw.

66

aäp-a-X-§-sf-t¸mse {InkvXp-a-Xhpw

hfscthKw tIc-f-¯nÂ {]N-cn-¨p. tImkvtamkv

Cân-tIm-¹q-kvXÊv F¶ ss_kân-b³ k\ymkn

F.Un 6þmw \qäm-−nÂ sImÃs¯ {InkvXy³]-Ån-

sb-¡p-dn¨v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. I -̈h-S-¡m-cmb

{InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡v tIc-f-¯nse cmPm-¡-·mÀ \Ã

klmbw \ÂIn. c−mw tNc-km-{am-Py-¡m-e¯v

(F.-Un.800-þ1200) AhÀ aX-{]-Nm-c-W-¯n\pw I -̈h-

S-¯n¶pw henb B\p-Iq-ey-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯p.

ØmWp-c-hn-hÀ½-bpsS Ime¯v thWm-«nse \mSp-

hm-gn-bm-bn-cp¶ "A¿-\-Sn-IÄ' ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ Xcn-

km-¸Ån imk-\-¯nÂ (F.-Un.849) sImÃs¯

{InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡v e`y-am-¡nb B\p-Iq-ey-§-sf-

¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. A©p-h-®w, aWn-

{Kmaw F¶o hmWn-Py-kw-L-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v

hym]mcw \S-¯m-\pÅ {InkvXy³ I- -̈h-S-¡m-cpsS

Ah-Im-i-§sf Xcn-km-¸Ån imk\w tcJ-s¸-Sp-

¯p-¶p-−v. CsXÃmw {InkvXp-a-Xt¯mSpÅ tIc-f-

¯nse cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS A\p-Iqe at\m-`m-hs¯

ImWn-¡p-¶p-−v.

BZy-Im-es¯ {InkvXym-\n-Isf kpdn-bm\n

{InkvXym-\n-IÄ F¶mWv hnfn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. AhÀ

aXm-Nm-c-§Ä¡v kndn-b³ `mj-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-

cp-¶-Xv. t]Àjy-bnse ss{IkvX-h-tI{µw kndn-b³

67

`mj D]-tbm-Kn- -̈Xns\ ]n³Xp-SÀ¶-Xp-sIm-−m-Wn-

§s\ kw`-hn- -̈Xv. F.-Un.6-þmw \qäm-−p-ap-XÂ 16-

þmw \qäm-−p-h-sc-bp-Å-Imew tIc-f-¯nse kndn-

b³ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ Cu tI{µ-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-

«mWv aXm-Nm-c-§fpw aäpw \nÝ-bn-¡p-Ibpw \S-¸n-

em-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. ]nÂ¡m-e¯v aX-hn-[n-

IÄ¡v e¯o³ `mjbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Xp-S-§n. 1498-

þÂ t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-ImÀ ChnsS hs¶-¯n-b-tXm-sS-

bm-Wv AhÀ e¯o³`mj ChnsS IqSp-X-embn D]-

tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS-§n-b-Xv. e¯o³`mj aX-N-S-§p-

IÄ¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS-§n-b-tXmsS B

hn`mKw e¯o³ It¯m-en-¡À F¶-t]-cnÂ Adn-

b-s¸-Sm³ XpS-§n. ChÀ t]m¸n-s\bpw k`-sbbpw

AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Imsc

XpSÀ¶v U¨p-ImÀ h¶-t¸mÄ t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-

cpsS B[n-]Xyw CÃm-Xm-¡p-Ibpw e¯o³

It¯m-en-¡-cnÂ Hcp-hn-`mKw t]m¸nsâ B[n-]-Xy-

¯nÂ \n¶v kzmX{´yw {]Jym-]n-¡pIbpw

sNbvXp. Ch-cmWv bmt¡m-_mb hn`m-Kw.

{_n«o-jp-ImÀ B[n-]Xyw Øm]n- -̈t¸mÄ

e−-\nse NÀ¨v anj³ skmsskän tIc-f-¯nÂ

{]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. BZy-Im-e¯v

kndn-b³]Ån-Ifpw kn.-Fw.-Fkv anj-\-dn-amcpw

tbmPn-¨mWv {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv ]n¶o-S-hÀ thÀ]n-

68

cn-ªp. "Bw¥n-¡³]Ån' kn.-Fw.-Fkv anj-W-dn-

amÀ Øm]n- -̈Xm-Wv. kn.-Fw.-F-knsâ kzm[o-\w

sIm−v kndn-b³ ]mXn-cn-amÀ kndn-b³ `mj-¡p-]-

Icw ae-bm-f-`mj D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Xp-S-§n. CXv henb

`n¶-X¡v hgn-sX-fn-bn-¨p. ]cn-jv¡-c-W-hm-Zn-IÄ

amcm-a-®nse F{_lmw a³Êmsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ

"amÀt¯m-am-kn-dn-b³ k`' Fs¶mcp ]pXnbk`

Øm]n-¨p. A§s\ tIc-f-¯nÂ ]pXn-sbmcp

{InkvXy³k-`bpw krjvSn-¡-s¸-«p. Ch-scÃmw \nc-

h[n Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§fpw hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-

§fpw Øm]n-¨p. PmXn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb kaq-l-

hy-h-Ø-bnÂ \n¶pw Xpd-Êmb Hcp aX-t_m-[-¯n-

te¡v tIc-f-¯nse P\-§sf BIÀjn-¡m³ Ign-

ª-XmWv {InkvXp-aX {]N-c-W-¯n\v Imc-W-am-b-

Xv. tIc-fob Pohn-X-¯nse thjhpw Bcm-[-\m-co-

Xn-Ifpw {InkvXp-a-X-¯nsâ tIc-f-¯nse Bcm-[-

\m-co-Xn-I-fnÂ ImWm³ Ign-bpw.

CÉmw aXw

tIc-fhpw Ad-_n-Ifpw X½nÂ {]mNo-\-

Imew apXÂ \ne-\n¶ hmWnPy _Ô-¯n-eq-sS-

bmWv CÉmw-aXw tIc-f-¯nÂ F¯n-b-Xv. F.-Un.8-

þmw \qäm-−nÂ apkn-cn-knÂ F¯nb AhÀ

AhnsS BZys¯ apÉnw-]Ån Øm]n-¨p. \m«p-cm-

Pm-¡³amcpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw Ad-_n-IÄ¡v I -̈h-S-

69

¯n\pw ]Ån Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw `qanbpw aäp-k-

lm-b-§fpw \ÂIn. HSphn-es¯ tNc-N-{I-hÀ¯n

tNc-am³ s]cp-amÄ CÉmw-aXw kzoI-cn¨v a¡-¯p-

t]mbn Fs¶mcp sFXnlyw \ne-hn-ep-−v. CXn\v

hyà-amb sXfn-shm¶pw CsÃ-¦nepw Nne am¸n-f-

¸m-«p-I-fnÂ Cu IY ]d-bp-¶p-−v. tIc-f-¯nÂ

CÉmw-aXw thK-¯nÂ {]N-cn-¨p.

ae-_m-dn-emWv apÉo-§Ä IqSp-X-em-bn-«p-Å-

Xv. tImgn-t¡ms« kmaq-Xncn cmPm-¡-·m-cmWv apÉo-

§Ä¡v IqSp-XÂ klm-b-§Ä \ÂIn Ah-cpsS

Pohn-X-¯n\v hgn-IÄ sh«n-Xp-d-¶-Xv. CÉmw-a-X-

¡mÀ tImgn-t¡ms« {][m\ hn`m-K-ambn amdn-bXv

C¡m-e-¯m-Wv. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS ]S-\m-b-I-\m-bXv

apÉn-amb Ipªm-en-a-c-¡mÀ Bbn-cp-¶p. t]mÀ¨p-

Ko-kp-ImÀs¡-Xnsc tImgn-t¡ms« am¸n-f-amÀ \S-

¯nb ka-c-¯n\v kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS ]n³Xp-W-bp-−m-

bn-cp-¶p. Ad_n I -̈h-S-¡m-cp-ambn apÉn-§Ä¡p-

−m-bn-cp¶ _Ô-amWv t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-ImÀ Ad-_n-

Isf B{I-an- -̈t¸mÄ t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-ImÀs¡-Xnsc

tImgn-t¡m-«p-ImÀ Xncn-bm³ Imc-Ww. C§s\

tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ t]mcm« Ncn-{X-§-fnÂ

apÉn-§-fpsS t]cv Fgp-Xn-tNÀ¡m\pw AhÀ¡v

km[n-¨p. tIc-fob kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯nse Ahn-`m-

Py-I-®n-I-fmb apÉn-§Ä kwkvIm-c-¯n-\p-

70

\ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.

kvt\lhpw ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôhpw Ah-cpsS apJ-ap-{Z-

bm-Wv. Ad-_n-`mj Ah-cpsS aX-t¯m-sSm¸w

ChnsS {]N-cn-¨p. B `mj-bnÂ ae-bmfw tNÀ¶v

"Ad_n ae-bmfw' Fs¶mcp k¦-c-`mj Xs¶

ChnsS hfÀ¶p-h-¶p. am¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ Fgp-X-s¸-«Xv

Cu `mj-bn-em-Wv. tambn³Ip«n sshZy-sc-t¸m-

epÅ A\p-{K-lnX Ihn-Ifpw Iem-Im-c-·mcpw

apÉn-§-fnÂ \n¶p-−m-bn.

tIc-f-¯nse FÃm PnÃ-I-fnepw ImW-s¸-

Sp¶ apÉnw tZhm-e-b-§-fnÂ Znhy-·m-cpsS Pmdw

ImWmw. A¯-c-¯n-epÅ Pmd-§Ä kµÀin-¡m³

XoÀ°m-S-I-cpsS Xnc¡v ImWm-dp-−v. XrÈqÀ PnÃ-

bnse Ibv]-aw-K-e-¯pÅ Icow-lm-Pn-bpsS Pmdw

kµÀin-¡m³ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v XoÀ°m-S-I-cmWv

hÀjw-tXmdpw F¯n-t -̈cp-¶-Xv. \qäm-−p-IÄ ]g-

¡-apÅ Pmd-§fpw ]Ån-Ifpw tIc-f-¯nÂ

Ct¸mgpw ImWmw. ]eXpw ]pXp-¡n-]-WnXv ]g-a-

bpsS kuµ-cyhpw ]mc-¼-cyhpw \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯p-

Ibpw Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-ti-jn-¸p-Isf

CÃm-bva-sN-¿p-Ibpw sN¿m-dp-−v. s]m¶m-\n-bnÂ

Xma-kn-¡p¶ aJvZpw X§-fmWv FÃm tIc-fob

apÉn-§-fp-sS-bpw aX-hn-izm-kmZn Imcy-§-sf

kw_Ôn¨n-S-t¯mfw ]c-am-[n-Im-cn. C¡m-c-W-

71

¯mÂ tIc-fob apÉn-§-fpsS a¡-bmWv

s]m¶m\n F¶p-]-d-bmw.

tIc-f-¯nse apÉn-§-fnÂ kp¶n-IÄ¡mWp

`qcn-]-£w. im^n \nb-a-§Ä¡v A\p-k-c-W-amb

A\p-jvTm-\-§-fmWv AhÀ¡p-Å-Xv. aX-X¯z

kwln-X-bpsS ]mcm-bWw \nXy-hp-apÅ A©p-

{]mÀ°-\-IÄ, dwkm³ BN-c-Ww, ]mh-§Ä¡p-

Zm\w \ÂIÂ, a¡-bn-te-¡pÅ XoÀ°m-S\w

F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ ]©-[À½-§-fnÂ AhÀ hniz-

kn-¡p¶p. Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb {]mÀ°-\-I-sfÃmw

Ad-_n-`m-j-bn-emWv \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\hpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xnbpw

tIc-f-N-cn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ Fhn-

sSbpw aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ hni-Zmw-i-§Ä

ImWm³ Ignbpw. kwL-Im-e¯v PmXn-hy-hØ

cq]-s¸-«n-«n-sÃ¶v FÃm-hÀ¡p-a-dn-bmw. kwL-Im-e-

¯nsâ Ah-km\ \qäm-−p-I-fn-emWv {_mÒ-W-

cnÂ NmXpÀhÀWy Bi-b-tem-Ihpw PmXn-hy-h-

Øbpw \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶-Xv. AXns\ XpSÀ¶ F.-

Un. \mev, A©v \qäm-−p-I-fnÂ ChnsS _p²

ssP\-a-X-§Ä {]N-cn-¡-s¸«p F¶p ]d-ªmÂ

lnµp-a-X-¯nÂ \n¶v AYhm PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ

\n¶v Bfp-IÄ Iq«-t¯msS _p²-þ-ssP\ aX-§-fn-

72

te¡v tNt¡dn. F.-Un. ]{´−mw \qäm-−p-hsc

Cu aX-§Ä tIc-f-¯nÂ henb km¶n-²y-am-bn-cp-

¶p. AXn-\p-tijw _p²-ssP-\-a-X-§Ä £bn-¡p-

Ibpw hnizm-kn-IÄ lnµp-a-X-¯n-te¡v ebn-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. A§s\ ebn- -̈hÀ AhÀ®-cm-¡-

s¸«p F¶Xv Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-bmbn \ne-\nÂ¡p-

¶p-−v. hntZ-i¯p \ns¶-¯nb {InkvXp-a-Xhpw

PqX-a-Xhpw CÉmw-a-Xhpw btYjvSw ChnsS {]N-

cn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-ªp. Chn-Sps¯ cmPm-¡-·mcpw

aäpw AXn-\p-th− klm-b-§Ä sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-

¯p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v Ipªmen ac-¡mÀ \mhn-I-

tk-\-bn-te¡v Bfp-Isf Bh-iy-s¸-«-t¸mÄ cmPm-

hmb kmaq-Xncn Xoc-tZ-is¯ ap¡ph hoSp-I-

fnÂ\n¶v HcmÄhoXw CÉmw-aXw kzoI-cn¨v

tk\m-\m-b-I-\mb Ipªm-en-a-c-bv¡mÀs¡m¸w

tNc-W-sa¶v D¯-c-hn-«p. AXp-\-S-¸m-b-Xnsâ ^e-

amWv C¶v tImgn-t¡mSpw ae-¸p-d¯pw C¶p-Im-

Wp¶ apÉnw P\-kw-Jy. AXp-t]mse PqX-{]-am-

Wn-amÀ¡pw I -̈h-S-¡mÀ¡pw ]Ån¡pw I -̈h-S-

¯n\pw Øehpw aäp hkvXp-h-I-Ifpw sImSp¯

tcJ-IÄ \ne-hn-ep-−v. CtX-t]mse {InkvXp-a-X-

¯n-te¡v aX-]-cn-hÀ¯\w \S-¯mt\m ]Ån-IÄ

Øm]n-¡mt\m Chn-Sps¯ cmPm-¡-·mÀ \ÂInb

klm-b-§Ä imk-\-§-fnÂ\n¶pw aäp-tc-J-I-

fnÂ\n¶pw hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v.

73

C{]-Imcw GXp-a-X-¯n\pw IS-¶p-h-cm\pw

{]Nm-cWw \S-¯m\pw tIc-f-¯nsâ kln-jvWp-X-

bp-sSbpw kulmÀ±-¯n-tâbpw A´-co£w klm-

bn-¨p. C{X-b-[nIw aX-§fpw PmXn-Ifpw D−m-

bn«pw C´y-bnse aäp-kw-Øm-\-§-fnÂ D−m-hp-¶-

Xp-t]m-epÅ aX-I-em-]-§Ä ChnsS D−m-bn-Ã.

PmXn¡pw aX-¯n-\p-a-¸p-d-¯pÅ a\p-jy-Xz-¯n-

te¡v hnI-kn¨ Hcp kmaqly kmwkvIm-cnI A´-

co£w Cub-Sp¯ Imewhsc tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-\n-

¶p-cp-¶p. aX-§sf cmjv{So-bm-bp-[-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-

¡m\pw {]oWn-¸n-¡m\pw XpS-§n-b-tXm-sS-bmWv

\man¶p ImWp¶ A]-I-S-§-fn-te¡v AXv F¯n-

s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-

¯nÂ \ne-\n¶ kmaq-ly-\o-Xnbpw hyàn-kzm-X-

{´yhpw C¡m-e¯p \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶pt−m F¶Xv

Btem-N-\bv¡v hnt[-b-am-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶p.

lnµp-aXw Ign-ªmÂ C¶v kÀÆ-km-[m-c-

W-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ {InkvXp-a-Xhpw CÉmw-a-Xhpw

C¶v \nc-h[n k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-am-bn-s¡m-

−n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]pXn-b-Im-e¯v aXw-amäw henb

kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-§-fn-te¡v hgn-sh-bv¡p¶p.

cmjv{Sob k½À±-§sf AXn-Po-hn-t¡-−n-h-cp¶p

F¶p-ÅXpw henb bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv.

74

aXw-am-ä-¯n¶p hnt[-b-cm-Ip¶ a\p-jysc

]e-t¸mgpw aX-ta-[m-hnXzw Xe-sb-®p-¶-tXmsS

Is¿m-g-nbp¶ Ah-Øbpw C¶p-\n-e-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

ZenXv aäv]n-¶m¡ hn`m-K-§-fnÂ\n¶v {InkvXp-aXw

kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ "ZenXv {InkvXym\n' F¶-t]-cnÂ

amän-\nÀ¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. AhÀ Xe-ap-d-I-gn-ªmepw

apJy-[m-c-bn-se-¯msX A\y-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-

¶Xpw \ap¡v ImWm³ Ign-bpw. CÉmw aX-¯n-em-

sW-¦nÂ aXw-am-dn-h-cp¶ Bfp-Isf "]pbnÉmw'

(]p-Xnb CÉmw) F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-sa-¦nepw Ht¶m

ct−m Xe-ap-d-I-tfmsS AhÀ¡v apJy-[m-c-bn-te¡v

hcm³ Ig-bp-sa¶ km[yX \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶Xv Hcp

KpW-am-sW¶p ImWmw.

{InkvXy³ anj-W-dn-amcpw tIc-fo-bm-[p-\n-I-

Xbpw

{InkvXy³ anj-W-dn-amÀ tIc-fs¯ B[p-

\n-I-bp-K-¯n-te¡pw ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-

te¡pw \bn¨p F¶Xv kvXpXyÀl-amb Imcy-am-

Wv. hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ hnhn[ aÞ-e-§-fnÂ

AhÀ A\p-jvTn¨ tkh\w kp{]-[m-\-am-Wv. A¼-

g-¡m«pw hcm-¸p-g-bnepw Xma-kn¨ {InkvXy³an-j-\-

dn-amÀ hymI-c-Whpw \nL-−p-¡fpw cNn-¨p. 1699-þÂ

tIc-f-¯nÂ h¶ PÀ½³ anj-W-dn-bmWv

AÀtWmkv ]mXn-cn. At±lw ae-bm-f-\n-L-−phpw

75

ae-bmf hymI-c-Whpw Fgp-Xn. ^mZÀ¢-aâv ]Xn-

s\«mw \qäm-−nsâ Ah-km\w hntZ-i-an-j-W-dn-

amÀ¡p-th−n Hcp ae-bmfw \nL−p \nÀ½n-¨p.

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ A -̈Sn¨ BZys¯ k¼qÀ®-{K-Ù-

amb kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°w cNn-¨Xp ¢aâv ]mXn-cn-

bm-Wv. 1772-þÂ tdmanÂ \n¶mWv CXv {]kn-²o-I-cn-

-̈Xv.

hnZym-{]-N-c-W-¯n-\p-th−n anj-\-dn-amÀ

ITn\ {]b-Xv\-amWv \S-¯n-b-Xv. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS

{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v aIpSw NmÀ¯p¶ {]hÀ¯\w

\S-¯n-bXv tUm.-slÀa³Kp-−À«v BWv. hSt¡

ae-_m-dn-emWv At±lw {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. 1872-

þÂ At±lw AXn-{]-i-kvX-amb ae-bm-fw-þ-Cw-¥ojv

\nL−p kz´wt]cnÂ {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n. hymI-c-

Ww, Ncn{Xw, thZ-imkv{Xw XpS-§nb sshhn-²y-

amÀ¶ hnj-b-§-fnÂ At±lw \nc-h[n {KÙ-§Ä

cNn-¨p. At±lw Xe-tÈ-cn-bnÂ \n¶p {]kn-²-s¸-

Sp-¯nb cmPy-k-am-Nmcw (1847), ]Ýn-tam-Zbw (1847)

ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime ]{X-§-fm-Wv.

{InkvXy³an-j-W-dn-am-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

Xt±-in-b-cmb ]Þn-X-·msc {]tNm-Zn-¸n-¨p. ae-bm-

f-¯nÂ anI¨ {KÙ-§-fpsS cN-\-bnÂ Ahcpw

GÀs¸-«p. C¡m-e¯v tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-

¼p-cmsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ sSIvÌv_p¡v I½än cq]o-

76

I-cn¨p {]hÀ¯n-¨p. ChÀ hne-s¸« tkh\w

\ÂIn. tIc-f-¯nÂ ]mÝm-Xy-hn-Zym-`ymkw Bcw-

`n-¡p-¶Xv {InkvXy³an-j-W-dn-am-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-

§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. dn¦nÄ«m_v F¶ anj-\dn 1806

apXÂ 1816 hsc Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw \mKÀtIm-hnÂ

`mK-§-fnÂ Ht«sd kv¡qfp-IÄ Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw

PmXn-a-X-t`-Zat\y ]mh-s¸-«-Ip-«n-Isf kuP-\y-

ambn ]Tn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ

Imcy-¯nÂ al-\o-b-tk-h\w A\p-jvTn-¨Xv

e−³an-j³ skmssk-än-bnÂs¸« tUmIvSÀ aoUv

BWv. 1817-þÂ BWv At±lw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯p-

¶Xv 1873-þÂ At±lw acn¡p¶-Xp-hsc hnZym-

`ymk {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ apgp-In. sXmgnÂ hnZym-

`ym-khpw kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-khpw tUm.-aoUv

t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p.

{InkvXy³an-j-\-dn-amÀ XpS-§n-h¨ hnZym-

`ymk {]hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv B cwK-t¯¡v IS¶p

sNÃm³ kÀ¡m-cns\ t{]cn-¸n- -̈Xv. dmWn e£van-

`mbn tIWÂ a¬tdm-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS

kuP-\yhpw \nÀ_-Ôn-X-hp-amb hnZym-`ymkw

{]Jym-]n-¨p. \m«n-se-Ãm-bn-S¯pw ae-bmfw

ss{]adn kvIqfp-IÄ Øm]n-X-am-bn. A[ym-]-

IÀ¡v i¼fw \ÂIn tPmen-bnÂ {]th-in-¸n-¨p.

AtXmsS hnZym-`ymkw kÀ¡m-dnsâ Npa-X-e-bm-bn.

77

PmXn-t_m-[-¯mÂ Abn¯w ]men¨v AI-

¶p-\n¶ a\p-jysc aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n-eq-sSbpw

hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eq-sSbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te¡v \bn-

¨Xpw anj-W-dn-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ^e-am-Wv.

hnZym-`ymkw e`n¨ ae-bmfn B[p-\n-IX F¶

{]{In-b-bn-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸«p F¶Xv

hen-sbmcp t\«-am-bn-Im-Wmw.

tIc-f-¯nse t£{X-]m-c-¼-cyhpw Imhp-]m-c-¼-

cyhpw

F.-Un.-F«mw iX-I-¯n-emWv tIc-f-¯nÂ

t£{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-¨p-Xp-S-§n-b-Xv. atlm-Zb]pcw

`cn¨ Ipe-ti-J-c-N-{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS Ime¯v Cu

t£{X-\nÀ½mWw hÀ²n-¨p-h¶p (800-þ1102). tIc-f-

¯n-ep-−mb hmWnPy ]ptcm-KXn t£{X-§Ä¡v

kw`m-h\ \ÂIp¶ ØnXn-bn-te¡v hfÀ¶Xpw

t£{X-§Ä D−m-hm³ Imc-W-am-bn. cmP-ti-J-c-

hÀ½³ Ipe-ti-J-csâ Ime-¯m-Wv (823) I−n-

bqÀ inh-t£{Xw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«Xv F¶-Xn\v imk-

\-§Ä sXfnhp \ÂIp-¶p. lnµp-a-Xs¯ BIÀj-

I-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v _p²-a-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw DÕ-hw,

tLmj-bm-{X, hnZym-`ymk {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä,

NnInÕ XpS-§n-bh kzoI-cn-¨p. an¡-hmdpw FÃm-

t£-{X-§Ä¡pw BhnÀ`m-hhpw hnIm-khpw kqNn-

¸n-¡p¶ Øe-]p-cm-W-ap-−v. Ncn{X kw`-h-§-

78

tfmSpw hyàn-I-tfmSpw Ah _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿pw. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cs¯ {io]-ß-\m-`-kzman

t£{X-¯n\v hfsc {]mNo-\-X-bp-−v. F.-Un.-

H³]Xmw iX-I-¯nÂ Pohn-¨n-cp¶ \·mÄhmÀ

{io]-ß-\m-`s\ hmgv¯n-bn-«p-−v. 1729-þ1758 Ime¯v

cmPyw `cn¨ amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½ Xsâ cmPyw {io]-

ß-\m-`\v Xr¸-Sn-Zm\w \ÂIn-bXv Hcp khn-ti-j-

kw-K-Xn-bm-Wv.

sXt¡ C´y-bpsS aäp-`m-K-§sf At]-

£n¨v tIc-f-¯nÂ {_mÒ-WÀ¡v B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-¸n-

¡m³ Ign-ª-Xn\v Hcp-Im-cWw Ah-cpsS kwJym-

_ew IqSp-X-em-b-Xm-Wv. Ch-cpsS {]hÀ¯\

aÞew t£{X-§sf tI{µo-I-cn-¨p-sIm-−m-bn-cp-

¶p. tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI kmaq-ly-cw-K¯v

t£{X-§Ä henb Øm\w t\Sn. Cu Ime-L-«-

¯nÂ t£{X-§Ä Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§Ä am{X-am-bn-

cp-¶n-Ã. NmXpÀhÀWy-¯nsâ tbmK-Ø-ehpw

A`b-Øm-\hpw hnZym-tI-{µhpw Iem-tI-{µ-hp-sam-

t¡-bm-bn-cp¶p Ah. NmXpÀhÀWy-¯n\p Xmsg-

bpÅ P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡v t£{X-§-fntem t£{X

]d-¼p-I-fntem {]th-i-\-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Cu

t£{X-§-fpsS kwc-£-W-¯nepw t{]mÕm-l-\-

¯nepamWv hnZym-`ym-khpw aXhpw Iebpw kmln-

Xy-hp-saÃmw hfÀ¶-Xv. ]mÀYn-h-]p-cw, Xncp-h-\-´-

79

]p-cw, Xncp-h-Ã, XrÈqÀ, Xncp-h-©n-¡pfw XpS-§nb

\K-c-§-sfÃmw cq]w-sIm-−-Xp-Xs¶ t£{X-§sf

tI{µo-I-cn-¨m-Wv. _p²-a-X-¯nsâ coXn ]n³Xp-

SÀ¶v t£{X-§-tfm-Sp-tNÀ¶v hnZym-im-e-IÄ

Øm]n-¨p. hen-b-im-e, Xncp-h-Ãm-im-e, aqgn-¡p-fw-

im-e, ]mÀYn-h-]p-cw-im-e, Im´-fqÀime Ch-

sbms¡ A§-s\-bpÅ hnZym-im-e-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

]mÀYn-h-]pcwime D]-cn-]-T-\-¯n-¶p-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.

XÀ¡w, hymI-c-Ww, aoamw-k, thZm-´w,

tPymXnjw Ch Adn-bp-¶-hÀ¡p am{Xta D]-cn-]-T-

\-¯n¶p km[n-¨n-cp-¶pÅp. Chn-sS-sbÃmw

{_mÒW hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡p am{X-amWv {]th-i-\-a-

\p-h-Zn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. NmXqÀhÀWy-¯nse £{Xn-b-

s\bpw sshiy-s\bpw iq{Z-s\bpw hnZy A`y-kn-

¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶v Bdv ASnbpw 12 ASnbpw

Abn¯w IÂ¸n¨v AI-än-\nÀ¯n.

tZh-Zmkn k{¼-Zm-b-amWv Cu t£{X-§-

fpsS asämcp khn-ti-j-X. ]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf D]-Po-

hn¨v \r¯w sN¿p-¶-Xn\pw aäpw tZh-sâ If-{X-

sa¶ \ne-bnÂ kaq-l-¯nÂ am\y-ambØm\w

XpS-¡-¯nÂ t\Snb C¯cw kv{XoIsf t£{X-\-

S-¯n-¸p-Imcpw cmPm-¡-·mcpw {]`p-¡fpw ]n¶oSv

ZpÀ\-S-¯-¡m-cm-¡n-am-än. A\m-Nm-c-¯n-tâbpw Zpcm-

80

Nm-c-¯n-tâbpw DZm-l-c-W-ambn tZh-Zmkn k{¼-

Zmbw amä-s¸-«p.

t£{X-§sf `cn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶ {_mÒ-WÀ

kzbw D¶-X-cm-sW¶p {]Jym-]n- -̈Xn-\mÂ `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-Isf sIm−pw aäpw X§-fpsS ta[m-hnXzw

AwKo-Icn-¸n-¡m³ km[n-¨p. t£{X-k-¼¯v

I¿nÂh-bv¡p-Ibpw `cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXv Hcp kaq-

l-¯nsâ \nb-a-§-sfbpw BNm-c-§-sfbpw AhÀ

hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯p. AhÀ krjvSn-s -̈Sp¯ A\m-

Nm-c-§fpw Nncn¡p hI-\ÂIp¶ k{¼-Zm-b-§fpw

Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ Pohn-Xs¯ \nb-{´n-¨p. DZm-l-

c-W-¯n\v PmXn k{¼-Zmbw sImSn-b-hn-j-ambn

C¶pw \½psS kaq-l-¯nÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶Xv

Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡mw. hnZym-`ymk \ntj-[w-sIm−v

Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ ]ptcm-KXn XS-b-s¸-«-XmWv hen-

sbmcp hogvN-bmbn amdn-b-Xv. t£{Xm-Nm-c-§Ä

FÃm-bvt¸mgpw PmXn-hy-h-Øsb Ac-¡n-«p-d-¸n-¨p.

P\-Xsb AÔ-hn-izm-k-¯n-te¡pw Aim-kv{Xo-b-

X-bn-te¡pw sIms−-¯n-¨p. CsXÃmw t£{X-]m-c-

¼-cyw-sIm-−p-−mb hn]-¯p-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-

−n-h-cp-¶p.

tIc-f-¯nse t£{Xm-cm-[-\-bnÂ henb

kzm[o\w sNep-¯p¶ H¶m-bn-cp¶p Imhp-IÄ.

{]Ir-Xnsb kwc-£n-¡pI AYhm hr£-§Ä¡pw

81

kky-§Ä¡pw Pnh-Pm-e-§Ä¡pw CSw-\ÂIpI

F¶ e£yhpw ImhpI-fpsS \ne-\nÂ¸nÂ

A´Àeo-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sn-W§n Pnhn¨

Hcm-c-[-\m-k-{¼-Zmbw CXnÂ ImWmw. hmbp,

shÅw, shfn-¨w, `qan F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw

ssZhs¯ ZÀin-¡p¶ Hcp ]mc-¼cyw Imhp-I-fpsS

\ne-\nÂ¸nÂ ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ Pohn¨ ae-bm-

fn-bpsS Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnÂ km[m-cW ]m¼n³ Imhp-

IÄ ImWmw. kÀ¸-§Ä `qan-bpsS \mY³am-cmWv

F¶ hnizm-k-¯nÂ \n¶mWv Ahsb IpSn-bn-cp-

¯m\pw \qdpw ]mepw sImSp¯v Bcm-[n-¡m\pw

XpS-§n-b-Xv. AXnsâ XpSÀ -̈bmWv C¶pw Ah-ti-

jn-¡p¶ kÀ¸-¡m-hp-IÄ. h\-¯nepw aäpw Ign-

ªn-cp¶ {]mIr-X-a-\p-jy-cpsS Bcm-[-\bv¡v

ImcWw `b-am-bn-cp-¶p. Im«p-Xobpw \ne-bv¡m-¯-a-

gbpw Imäpw CSn-an-¶epw Ahsc `b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-

¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ AsXÃmw Ah-cpsS

ssZh-§-fmbn amdn. A¡q-«-¯nÂs¸-«-XmWv

]m¼pw. ]m¼n³hnjw ac-W-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-

¶XpsIm−v AXns\ Znhy-amb H¶mbn Icp-Xp-

Ibpw ]n¶oSv `b-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ Bcm-[\

BhnÀ`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXm-bn-cn-¡Ww

]m¼n³ Imhp-I-fpsS DZ-b-¯n-te¡v \bn- -̈Xv.

82

t£{Xm-Nm-c-§Ä¡v ]pd-¯p-\nÂ¡p¶

H¶m-bn-cp-¶nÃ \mKm-cm-[\. ]e t£{X-§-fnepw

\mKs¯ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p-−v. t£{X-hn-izm-k-§-

fpsS ]cn-k-c-§sf Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Imhp-I-

fpsS \ne-\nÂ¸v klm-bn-¨n-«p-−v. Imhp-I-fnÂ

kÀ¸-¡-f-§Ä FgpXn AhnsS If-sa-gp¯v ]m«p-

kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡m-dp-−v. C§s\ t£{X-]m-c-¼-cy-

¯nsâ, hnizm-k-¯nsâ D]-hn-`m-K-amWv Imhp-]m-c-

¼cyw F¶p-Im-Wmw.

83

\mSp-hm-gn-¯hpw {_mÒ-W-{Km-a-§fpw

]Xn-s\m¶mw \qäm-−nÂ P·nk{¼-Zmbw

cq]-s¸-«p-h-¶-t¸mÄ apXÂ tIc-f-¯nsâ cmjv{So-b-

amb sFIyw XIÀ¶p XpS-§n. H³]Xv ]¯v

\qäm−pI-fnÂ Ipe-ti-J-c³amcpw Ah-cpsS {]Xn-

]p-cp-j-·m-cmb \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw kpc£n-X-ambn

Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-cs¯ ]men-¨p-t]m-¶p. ]Xn-

s\m¶mw \qäm-−nÂ Ipe-ti-J-c-·mÀ¡p ]cm-Pbw

kw`-hn- -̈tXmsS \mSp-hm-gn-IÄ Ah-cpsS kzmX-

{´yhpw A[n-Im-chpw {]Jym-]n-¡m³ XpS-§n.

t]mÀ¨p-Kokv BK-a-\-Im-e¯v tImgn-t¡mSv,

thWmSv cmP-hw-i-§-fn-em-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-¯nsâ

cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-cw. CXp-Iq-SmsX \nc-h[n \mSp-hm-

gn-I-fn-em-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-¯nsâ A[n-Im-cw.

CXn\pw ]pdta tZi-hm-gn-Ifpw NmthÀ ssk\y-

§fpw ChnsS D−m-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ Akzm-Øy-

¯nsâ A´-co£w \nc-´cw krjvSn-¨p.

tIc-f-¯nse \mSp-hm-gn-¯-¯n\v aX-]-c-amb

kzm`m-h-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-§Ä i{Xp-¡-fnÂ

\n¶v c£-t\-Sm-\pÅ tI{µ-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. "cmPy-

¯n-\-Is¯ cmPy'ambn-cp¶p t£{Xw. \¼q-Xn-cn-

amÀ AS¡n`cn-¨n-cp¶ t£{X-§-fnse A`-bmÀ°n-

I-fmbn \mSp-hm-gn-IÄ amdn. cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-c-

¯n\p hnt[-b-a-Ãm¯ Hcp hn`m-K-sa¶ \nebv¡v

84

\¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ t\Snb {]mamWyw Ah-cpsS aXm-[n-

Im-cs¯ Dd-¸n¨p X§sf in£n-¡m³

Bgvhmt©cn X{¼m-¡Ä¡p am{Xta Ah-Im-i-

apÅp F¶`mh-¯n-emWv AhÀ Pohn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

IpSn-bm-·msc sIme-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw kz´w

CjvSw \S-¸n-em-¡m\pw \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ¡v btYjvSw

CXp-sIm−v km[n-¨p. \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ krjvSn¨

"{_mÒW {Kma'§fn-te¡v Ah-À®À¡v {]th-i-\-

ap-−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. 16-þmw \qäm-−nÂ Cu {Kma-§-fnÂ

henb k¼¯pw aXm-[n-Im-chpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³

AhÀ¡p-km-[n-¨p. \mSp-hm-gn-bpsS A[n-Imcw

C¯cw {Kma-§Ä¡p ]pd-¯m-bn-cp¶p D−m-bn-cp-

¶-Xv. Cu aXm-[n-Im-chpw \mSp-hm-gn-¯hpw Hcn-

¡epw Ah-km-\n-¡m¯ kmaq-Zm-bnI `n¶-X-

IÄ¡pw kam-[m-\-an-Ãm¯ A´-co£w krjvSn-

¡p-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn.

P\-§-fnÂ \n¶v ]e-Xcw \nIp-Xn-Ifpw

ASn-b-´-c-L-«-§-fnÂ hn`-h-§Ä ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡m\pw

\mSp-hm-gn¡v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-Im-in-I-fn-

Ãm¯ k¼¯pw \mSp-hmgn ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡p-am-bn-cp-

¶p. A\-´-cm-h-Im-in-IÄ t]mepw kz¯v kz´w

t]cn-em-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ \mSp-hm-gn¡v "]pcp-jm-´cw'

F¶ hnlnXw \ÂI-Ww. hnhm-lw, {]k-hw, ac-

Ww, Krl-{]-thiw F¶n-h-bvs¡Ãmw \mSp-hm-gn¡v

85

kw`m-h\ \ÂI-Ww. ]c-]p-cp-j-kw-Kaw sNbvX

kv{XoIsf \mSp-hm-gn¡v hn«p-\ÂIWw \mSp-hmgn

Ahsc hntZ-i-hym-]m-cn-IÄ¡p hnäv {]Xn-^ew

hm§p-am-bn-cp-¶p. kzÀ®w hm§-W-sa-¦nÂ \mSp-

hm-gn¡v hnlnXw \ÂI-Ww. C§s\ Acm-P-I-Xz-

¯nsâ At§-b-äw-hsc t]mIp¶ \ne-bn-em-bn-

cp¶p \mSp-hm-gn¯w tIc-f-¯nÂ sImSn-Ip-¯n-hm-

Wn-cp-¶-Xv. Ah-cpsS ]n·p-d-¡m-cm-sW¶p ]d-bm³

C¶pw Bfp-IÄ aÕ-cn-¡p-¶Xv ImWmw.

c−mw tNc cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS Imes¯ kmln-

Xyw, Ie, imkv{Xw

c−mw tNc-km-{amPyw F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶

Ipe-ti-J-c-·m-cpsS Imew F.-Un.800 apXÂ 1102

hsc-bm-Wv. {]mNo-\-tI-c-f-¯nse {][m\ Xpd-ap-J-

am-bn-cp¶ apÊn-cnÊntem (sIm-Sp-§-ÃqÀ) AXn-\-

Spt¯m Bbn-cp¶p Ipe-ti-Jc Xe-Øm-\-amb

atlm-Z-b-]pcw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-sX-¶mWv s{]m^-

kÀ Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]n-Å-bpsS A`n-{]mbw

]{´−mw \qäm-t−msS c−mw tNc-km-{amPyw

\mam-h-ti-j-am-b-t¸mÄ atlm-Z-b-]p-c-¯n\v Xe-

Øm-\-]-Zhn \jvS-s¸-«p. atlm-Z-b-]pcw sIm«m-c-h-

f-¸nÂ \£{X _w¥mhpw aä-t\Iw sI«n-S-§fpw

D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xn\v sXfn-hp-IÄ e`n-¨n-«p-−v. AhnsS

tPymXn-im-kv{X-Ú-·m-cpsS Hcp k`-Xs¶ D−m-

86

bn-cp-¶p. hoc-cm-Lh sNt¸-Sp-I-fnÂ \K-c-¯nse

DbÀ¶ tKm]p-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀi-ap-−v.

"s]cnb ]pcmW'¯nepw atlm-Z-b-]p-c-hÀ®-\-bp-

−v. tImI-k-tµ-i-¯nÂ atlm-Z-b-]pcw \in-¸n-¡-

s¸-«-Xmbn hÀ®n-¡p-¶p-−v. Ipe-ti-J-c-·m-cpsS

Ime¯v imkv{X-]p-tcm-KXn ssIh-cn- -̈Xn\v Ah-

cpsS tKmf \nco-£-W-ime DZm-l-c-W-ambn

ImWmw.

kmln-Xy-¯n\v henb {]m[m-\y-amWv

c−mw-tN-c-Im-e¯v e`n-¨Xv `àn {]Øm-\-¯nse

{][m\ IrXn-bmb "s]cp-amÄ Xncp-samgn' cNn-¨Xv

c−mw tNc-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ Øm]-I-\mbn IcpXn

hcp¶ Ipe-ti-J-c-hÀ½-\mWv (F.-Un. 800þ820)

kwkvIr-X-¯nse `àn Imhy-amb apIp-µ-ame

cNn-¨Xpw Ct±-l-am-sW-¶mWv Icp-Xp-¶-Xv. {]kn-

²-\mb tXme-Ihn Ipe-ti-J-c-hÀ½sâ ka-Im-en-

I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. IqSn-bm-«-¯n-\p-th−n {Ia-Zo-]n-I-bpw

B«-{]-Im-chpw cNn-¨Xpw tXme-I-hn-bm-Wv.

Ipe-ti-J-c-·m-cnse c−mw cmPm-hmb cmP-

ti-J-c-hÀ½sb am[-hm-Nm-cy-cpsS "i¦-c-hn-P-b-

¯nepw' i¦-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS "inhm-\-µ-e-lcn'bnepw

]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. cmP-ti-J-c-hÀ½-bpsS hmg-

¸Ån imk-\-amWv tNc-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS-Xmbn tIc-

f-¯nÂ \n¶pw In«nb BZys¯ imk-\w.

87

cmP-ti-J-c-hÀ½ Ipe-ti-J-cs\ ]n³Xp-

SÀ¶ tNc N{I-hÀ¯n-bmb ØmWp-c-hn-hÀ½ (F.-

Un. 844-þ855) Cu cmP-hw-i-¯nse anI¨ `c-Wm-[n-

Im-cn-bm-bn-cp¶p Ct±-l-¯nsâ `c-W-Im-e-¯mWv

thWm-Snsâ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp¶ A¿-\-Sn-IÄ

Xncp-h-Sn-IÄ Xcn-km-¸Ån sNt¸Sv (F.-Un.849)

Fgp-Xn-sIm-Sp-¯-Xv. tPymXn-im-kv{X-{K-Ù-amb "i¦-

c-\m-cm-b-Wobw' Fgp-Xnb i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W³

ØmWp-c-hn-hÀ½-bpsS kZ-ky-\m-bn-cp-¶p.

XpSÀ¶p cmPyw`cn¨ cma-hÀ½ Ipe-ti-J-c-

\mWv (F.-Un. 855-þ917) kmln-Xym-Zn-I-e-IÄ¡v

anI¨ t{]mÕm-l\w \ÂIn-b-Xv. iucn-I-tYm-Z-bw,

{Xn]p-c-Z-l-\w, bp[n-jvTn-c-hn-Pbw XpS-§nb

alXvImhy-§-Ä cNn¨ hmkp-tZ-h-`-«-¯ncn Ct±-l-

¯nsâ kZ-ky-\m-bn-cp-¶p.

C§s\ c−mw tNc-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ A[n-

]-·m-cm-bn-cp¶ Ipe-tiJc·m-cpsS Imew tIc-f-

¯nsâ kphÀ®-L«w F¶mWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ

hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. anI- -̈`-c-Whpw A`n-hr-²nbpw

\ne-\n-¶-Xp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ kmlnXyw Ie-IÄ

imkv{Xw F¶nh hn]p-e-amb hnImkw t\Sn-bn-cp-

¶p.

\m«p-cm-Py-§-fpsS DZbw

88

tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸«

kw`-h-amWv Ipe-ti-J-c-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ ]X-\w.

AXn-\p-tijw 850 hÀj-§Ä, 1956-þÂ sFIy-tI-

cfw cq]o-Ir-X-am-Ip-¶-Xp-hsc Im¯n-cn-t¡-−n-

h¶p. tIcfw Hcp \nb-a-¯n\pw \nb-{´-W-¯n\pw

IognÂh-cm³. A{Xbpw Imew tNc-km-{am-Py-

¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-cp¶ ]e-\m-Sp-Ifpw kzX-{´-cm-Py-

§-fm-bn. \mSp-hm-gn-¯-¯n-eqsS C{X-Imew IS-¶p-

t]m-bn. A¡q-«-¯nÂ {]mam-Wy-ap-−m-bn-cp¶ \mSp-

IÄ tIme-¯p-\m-Sv, s\Sn-bn-cn-¸v, s]cp-¼-S-¸v,

thWmSv F¶n-h-bm-Wv.

tIme-¯p-\mSv

Ggn-ae tI{µ-am¡n `cn-¨n-cp¶ aqj-I-hw-i-

¯nÂ \n¶mWv tIme-¯p-\mSv cmP-hw-i-¯nsâ

DZ-bw. tNc-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ ]X-\s¯ XpSÀ¶v

Xe-tÈ-cnbpw hb-\mSpw ssIh-i-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv

aqj-I-cmPyw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu cmPy-s¯-¸-än-

bpÅ BZy-]-cmaÀiw AXpe Ihn-bpsS "aqj-I-

hwiw' F¶ kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-¯n-em-Wv. amÀt¡m-

t]m-tfm-bpsS hnh-c-W-§-fnÂ CsXmcp kzX-{´-cm-

Py-am-bn-cp-s¶¶p ImWp-¶p-−v. 14-þmw \qäm-−n-

emWv aqj-I-cmPyw tIme-¯p-\mSv F¶-dn-b-s -̧

Sm³ XpS-§n-b-Xv. Chn-Sps¯ cmPmhv tIme-¯ncn

F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-ImÀ hcp-¶-Xn\p

89

apt¼Xs¶ kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS kma-´-\m-bn-cp-¶p.

tIme-¯n-cn. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS kma-´-]-Z-hn-bnÂ

\n¶v c£-t\-Sm-\m-bn-cp¶p tIme-¯ncn t]mÀ¨p-Ko-

kp-I-mcp-ambn ASp-¯-Xv.

s\Sn-bn-cp¸v (tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv)

kmaq-Xncn `cn¨ s\Sn-bn-cp¸v kzcq-]-¯n-

\mWv tNc-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ ]X-\s¯ XpSÀ¶v

IqSp-XÂ {]Xm-]-apÅ cmPy-ambn amdm³ Ign-ª-

Xv. tImgn-t¡m-Sn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]cm-aÀi-§Ä

amÀt¡m-t]m-tfm-bp-sSbpw C_v\p-_-¯q-¯-bp-

sSbpw hnh-c-W-§-fnÂ ImWmw. _¯q¯ tImgn-

t¡m-Sns\ temIs¯ {][m\ Xpd-ap-J-§-fn-se-

¶mbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. kmaq-Xncn hÅp-h-

\mSv ssIh-i-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-tXmsS amam-¦-¯nsâ

c£m-]p-cp-j-\mbnamdn.

s]cp-¼-S¸v (sIm-¨n)

s]cp-¼-S¸v kzcq-]-amWv sIm¨n-cm-P-hw-i-

ambn amdn-b-Xv. tNc-·m-cpsS ]X-\-¯n-\p-tijw

sImSp-§-ÃqÀ {]tZiw s]cp-¼-S¸v kzcq-]-sa¶

t]cn-epÅ kzX-{´-cm-Py-ambn amdn. kmaq-Xncn

s]cp-¼-S-¸ns\ B{I-an- -̈Xn-\mÂ AhÀ Xe-

Øm\w sIm¨n-bn-te¡p amän. kmaq-Xn-cnsb \ne-

90

¡p-\nÀ¯m-\mWv t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-ambn sIm¨n

\Ã-_Ôw Øm]n- -̈Xv.

thWmSv

tNc-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ sXt¡ Aä-¯p-−m-

bn-cp¶ thWmSv AtX-t]-cnÂ HcpkzX-{´-cm-Py-

ambn amdn. \qäm-−p-bp-²-¯n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ sImÃ-t¯-

¡p-am-dnb cma-hÀ½ Ipe-ti-J-csâ XpSÀ -̈bmWv

thWm-«p-cm-P-hw-iw. sImÃ-am-bn-cp¶p Xe-Øm-\w.

]n¶oSv thWmSv `cn¨ Pb-knw-lsâ Ime¯v Pb-

knw-l-\mSv F¶ t]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-«p. ]n¶o-SXv

tZin-§-\m-Sm-bn. ]Xn-\©mw \qäm-−nÂ thWmSv

Xr¸m-¸qÀ, tZin-§-\mSv F¶p c−mbn ]ncn-ªp.

Xr¸m-¸qÀ kzcq-]-¯nse cmPmhv Xncp-hn-Xmw-tImSv

sIm«mcw ]Wn-bn¨v At§m-«p-am-dn. AXv Xncp-hn-

Xmw-tImSv cmPy-am-Ip-Ibpw Ime-{I-a-¯nÂ Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C¸-dª kzX-{´-cm-Py-§sf IqSmsX ]e-

\m-Sp-hm-gn-Ifpw ià-cmbn amdn. Ah-cpsS \m«p-cm-

Py-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw ap³]-dª kzX-{´-cm-Py-§-

tfmSv Iqdp-]p-eÀ¯n-\n-¶p.

P·n-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

91

F.-Un.-F«mw \qäm-t−msS Bcy-{_m-Ò-W-

cpsS tIc-f-¯n-te-¡pÅ IpSn-tbäw hÀ²n-¨p. tIc-

f-¯n-ep-S-\ofw t£{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«Xpw

lnµp-a-X-{]-Nm-c-W-hp-am-bn-cp¶p ^ew. t£{X-§Ä

\nÀ½n-¡m³ t\XrXzw sImSp-¯Xv {_mÒ-W-cm-Wv.

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw km[m-c-W-P-\-§fpw t£{X-\-S-

¯n-¸n\pw \nÀ½m-W-¯n\pw H«-t\Iw hkvXp-h-I-

IÄ Zm\w-sN-bvXp. {_mÒ-W-{]oXn sFiz-cy-Zm-b-I-

am-sW¶ hnizmkw {]N-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-Xp-sIm−v Zm\-

¯nsâ Afhv IqSn-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]qP-bv¡-[n-

Im-cn-I-fmb {_mÒ-WÀ¡pw [mcmfw k¼¯v

Zm\w sN¿-s¸-«p. {_mÒ-WÀ ssZh-¯nsâ {]Xn-]p-

cp-j-·m-cmbn kzbw {]Jym-]n-¨p.

t£{X-§-fnÂ kzÀ®hpw `qkz¯pw Ip¶p-

Iq-Sn-b-t¸mÄ Ah-bpsS taÂt\m-«-¯n\pw `c-W-

¯n\pw Imcy-£-a-amb Hcp kwhn-[m\w Bh-iy-

ambn h¶p. A§s\ cq]-sa-Sp-¯-XmWv Ducm-f-k-

an-Xn. Ducm-f-k-an-Xn-bnse AwK-§Ä {_mÒ-WÀ

Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. BZyw Hcp hÀj-t¯¡v Imem-

h[n \nÝ-bn-s -̈¦nepw k¼-¯nÂ BÀ¯n-]q−

{_mÒ-WÀ AtX Ducmf kan-Xn-bnÂ XpSÀ¶p.

{ItaW Ducm-f-k-an-Xn-bnse AwKXzw Pohn-X-

Imew (P-·w) apgp-h³ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xm-bn.

A§s\ {_mÒ-W³ t£{X-k-¼¯v ssIh-iw-

92

hbv¡p¶ \ne-bn-te¡v Imcy-§Ä hcp-¯n-

XoÀ¯p. AtXmsS k¼¯v ]mc¼-cy- h-gn¡v

Bbn-Xo-cp-¶-Xn\v hgn-sX-fn-ªp.

\qäm-−p-bp-²-sa-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ tNc-tNm-f-

bp²w P·n k{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ BhnÀ`m-h-¯n\p

Imc-W-am-bn. bp²-k-a-b¯v {_mÒ-W-c-Ãm¯ P\-

hn-`m-K-§-fnse ]pcp-j-·mÀ bp²-Im-cy-§-fnepw

\nÀ_-ÔnX ssk\nI tkh-\-¯nepw GÀs¸-«p.

Ah-cpsS {i² t£{X-§-fnse `c-W-Im-cy-§-fnÂ

]Xn-bp-¶n-sÃ¶p a\-Ên-em-¡nb {_mÒ-WÀ

kzmÀ°-X-tbmsS X¶njvSw {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ XpS-

§n. sNe-hn-\-§Ä \nÀ¯n-sh¨v Imcm-fÀ sImSp-

t¡− tasemSn hÀ²n-¸n¨p hcp-am\wIq«n.

A§s\ k¼¯v Ip¶p-IqSn CXv sNe-hn-Ãm¯

BZm-b-ambn amdn.

]{´−mw \qäm-t−msS \qäm-−p-bp-²-¯n-

¶p-tijw t£{X-kz-¯p-¡Ä Ducm-f-cmb {_mÒ-

W-cpsS tkzOm-`-c-W-¯n\p hnt[-b-am-bn. bp²-

¯nsâ _l-f-¯nÂ Nne t£{X-§-fpsS tcJ-IÄ

\in-¡p-Ibpw ]eXpw k¼¯v X«n-sb-Sp-¡m³

\in-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]{´-−p-hÀjw Ign-

ªmÂ Imcm× tcJ-IÄ s]mfn-s -̈gp-X-W-sa¶v

Ducm-f-cmb {_mÒ-WÀ A\p-im-kn-¨p. kzmÀ°-a-

Xn-I-fmb Ducmf {_mÒ-WÀ tcJ-I-fnÂ Ir{Xnaw

93

ImWn-¨p. BZyw "tZh-kz-am\ {_Òkzw' hkvXp

F¶pw ASp¯ s]mfn-s -̈gp-¯nÂ BZy-`mKw hn«v

"{_Òkzw' F¶p am{X-hp-am-¡n. Ducmf {_mÒ-

Wsc hniz-kn¨ \nc-£-c-cmb Imcm-fÀ CsX¶pw

Adn-ª-tX-bn-Ã. AtXmsS {_mÒ-W-c-Ãm-¯-hÀ

ssZh-¯n-\p-th−n t£{X-¯n-te¡p \ÂInb

kz¯p-¡Ä {_mÒ-W-cpsS kz¯m-bn. Hcp t£{X-

¯n-\pÅ h¼n¨ `qkz¯p¡Ä Hcp-k-anXn `cn-¡p-

¶Xp Imcy-£-a-a-sÃ¶p ]dªv Ducmf kan-Xn-

bnse {_mÒ-WÀ t£{X-h-kvXp-¡Ä Btfm-

lcnhoXw h¨p. HcmÄ Xs¶ ]e-t£-{X-§-fp-

sSbpw Ducm-f-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm−v h¼n¨ `qkz-

¯n-\p-S-a-I-fm-bn-XoÀ¶p. A§s\ {_mÒ-W-c-

Ãm¯ P\-§-fpsS k¼-¯n-\-h-Imin {_mÒ-W-\m-

bn-XoÀ¶p. am{X-aÃ bp²-Im-e¯v {_mÒ-Ws\

hniz-kn¨v ]ecpw `qan-tb-ev]n-¨Xpw {_mÒ-Wsâ

k¼¯v X«n-sb-Sp-¡m³ ]mSn-sÃ¶ \nb-a-ap-−m-

bXpw k¼¯v Ah-cnÂ Xs¶ Ip¶p-Iq-Sm³ Imc-

Wm-bn.

amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½-bpsS Ime¯v Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq-dnÂ `q\n-IpXn GÀs¸-Sp¯n (1739) sIm¨n-bnÂ

(1762) epw CXv Bcw-`n-¨p. Cu c−p-cm-Py-§-fnepw

tZh-kz-§Ä¡pw {_Ò-kz-§Ä¡pw Icw Npa-¯n-

bn-Ã. C§s\ \nIp-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw c£-s¸«

94

{_mÒ-Ws\ hniz-kn¨v km[p-¡-fmb ]ecpw Ic-

¯nÂ \n¶v c£-t\Sm-\mbn hkvXp-¡Ä {_mÒ-

Wsâ t]cn-em-¡n. tcJ-bnÂ am{X-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.

]t£ ]n¶oSv Hme-¸-Whpw H¸p-kq-Nnbpw

sImSp¯v {_mÒ-W\p Xs¶ AXv s]mfn-s -̈gpXn

sImSp-t¡-−n-h-¶p. B hgn¡pw {_mÒ-W³ P·n-

bm-bn-am-dn.

Cu `qkz¯v ]m«-¯n\p sImSp¯pw aäp-Å-

h-sc-s¡m−v Irjn-\-S-¯nbpw {_mÒ-WÀ Bbm-k-

c-ln-Xhpw kpJ-]qÀ®-hp-amb PohnXw \bn-¨p.

"IpSn-bm-·mÀ P·n-bpsS \mSp-hm-gn-ta-[m-hn-Xz-¯n¶p

ASn-a-s¸-«p'. Ah-c-\p-`-hn¨ km¼-¯nI Nqj-

Whpw hep-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. IÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ

ASn-a-Itfm ASn-a-Isft¸mse Pohn- -̈htcm Bbn-

cp-¶p. Ah-cpsS A[z-\-¯n\v \ma-am-{X-amb `£-

Ww-am-{X-am-bn-cp¶p Iqen. Cu P·nXz k{¼-Zmbw

\qäm-−p-I-tfmfw \o−p-\n-¶p. ]s¯m³]Xmw

\qäm-−p-hsc ]e t`Z-K-Xn-I-tfmsS P·nXzw \ne-

\nÂ¡p-I-Xs¶ sNbvXp. tIc-f-¯nsâ km¼-

¯nI kmaq-ly- ]ptcm-K-Xnsb CÃm-Xm-¡n-sb-¶-

XmWv P·n-Xz-¯nsâ Hcp khn-ti-j-X.

95

bqWnäv þ 4

sImtfm-Wn-b-enkhpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-

chpw

tIc-f-¯nsâ s]mXp-a-Þ-e-§-fnepw hnZym-

`ym-k-¯nepw s]mXp-hy-h-lm-c--§-fnepw sImtfm-

Wn-b-enkw _m[n-¨n-«p-s−¶p am{X-aÃ AXnsâ

XpSÀ -̈bmWv \mw C¶v ImWp¶ apgp-h³ kaq-l-

hy-h-lm-c-§fpw F¶v ImWm³ km[n-¡pw.

\½psS tImS-Xn-Ifpw `c-W-\nÀÆ-l-W-kw-hn-[m-\-

§-fp-saÃmw AXnsâ ]nSn-bnÂ\n¶v apà-a-sÃ¶p

ImWmw. sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Imes¯ hnZym-`ym-k-

amWv \½psS C¶s¯ hnZym-`ym-k-hn-I-k-\-

¯n\pw AXp-hgn s]mXp-a-Þ-e-§-fpsS cq]o-I-c-

W-¯n\pw Imc-W-am-b-Xv.

iXm-_vZ-§-fmbn \mw hn]pen-I-cn-¨p-sIm-

−p-h¶ ImÀjnIhyh-Øn-Xnbpw AXns\ tI{µo-

I-cn¨v hfÀ¶p h¶ km¼-¯nI hfÀ -̈tbbpw

sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw XIÀ¯p. DbÀ¶ \nIpXn

CuSm-¡nbpw Nc-¡p-IÄ IS-¯n-s¡m-−p-t]mbpw

\nb-a-§Ä ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨pw P\-Po-hnXw ASn-a- k-

am-\-am-¡n-b-Xp-sIm−v Cu cmPy-¯nsâ ]X\w

]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn kw`-hn-¨p. {_n«o-jp-ImÀ ChntS¡v

hcp-t¼mÄ \½psS Pn.-Un.-]n. 23% Bbn-cp-¶Xv

96

AhÀ t]mIp-t¼mÄ 3% BbXv F§s\ Cu

\mSns\ _m[n¨p F¶v iin XcqÀ At±-l-¯nsâ

"AÔ-Im-c-bpKw' F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ hnh-cn-¡p-

¶p-−v. Irjn am{X-aÃ hmWn-Pyhpw hyh-km-

bhpw XI-cp-¶-Xn\pw sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw Imc-Wm-

bn-XoÀ¶p, I¸Â\nÀ½mW hyhkm-bhpw AXp-

t]mse ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn hfÀ¨ {]m]n¨ \nc-h-[n-

hy-h-km-b-§fpw sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw XIÀ¯p.

C§s\ aäp-Å-h-cpsS hkvXp¡fpw k¼¯pw

a\Êpw Iog-S-¡pI F¶-XmWv sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-

¯nsâ kz`mhw Fgp-¯nÂ Iogm-f-{]-Xn-\n-[m-\-

§Ä BZyw D]-tbm-Kn¨ Btâm-Wn-tbm-{Kmw-jn-

bmWv A[o-iXzw F¶ {]tbmKw sIm−p-h-¶-Xv.

C´y¡v ]pcm-X-\-Imew apXÂ {Ko¡p-Im-À,

tdmam-¡mÀ, Ad-_n-IÄ, CuPn-]vXp-ImÀ XpS-§n-b-

h-cp-ambn hmWn-Py-_-Ô-§Ä D−m-bn-cp-¶p. 1498-

þÂ hmkvtIm-U-Kma tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-b-tXmsS

bYmÀ° A[n-\n-thiw Bcw-`n-¨p. t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-

ImÀ, U¨p-ImÀ, {^©p-ImÀ, Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ XpS-§n-

b-hÀ Chn-sS-sb-¯n Ah-cpsS tImf-\n-IÄ

Øm]n¨v hmWn-Pyhpw aX-{]-Nm-c-Whpw \S-¸n-em-

¡n. Ime-{I-taW AhÀ tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-

cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb CS-§-fnÂ ssII-S-¯n.

Chn-sS-bpÅ k¼-¯n-emWv AhÀ BZyw t\m«-an-

97

«--sX-¦nepw {ItaW ]qÀ® A[n-\n-thiw cmPm-¡-

·m-scbpw {]`p-¡-sfbpw hcp-Xn-bnem¡n AhÀ

t\Sn. shfp-¯-hsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§-sf, A`n-cp-

Nn-I-sf, temI-t_m-[-s¯-sbÃmw kzoI-cn-¡m³

Idp-¯-hs\ C¡m-e¯pw AhÀ t{]cn-¸n-̈ p-sIm-

−n-cn-¡p-¶p.

tIc-f-¯nse PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ImTn\yw

Ipdªp F¶Xv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Ime-L-«-¯nsâ

{]tXy-I-X-bmWv. {InkvXp-a-X-{]-Nm-c-W-¯n-\p-

th−n {ian- -̈Xn-eqsS sXm«p-Iq-Sm-¯-h\pw Xo−n-

¡q-Sm-¯-h\pw {InkvXym-\n-bmbn c£-{]m-]n-¡p-¶-

Xn-\pÅ {ia-§Ä A¡m-e¯v \S-¶p. hnZym-`ym-

k-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bmWv sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-¯nsâ

asämcp KpWw. sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-¯nsâ ]pXnb

apJ-amWv BtKm-fo-I-c-Ww. B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-fnsb

cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ `c-W-¯n-eqsS

h¶p-tNÀ¶ hnZym-`ym-k-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v {]ikvX

ZenXv Nn´-I\pw {]`m-j-I-\p-amb k®n Fw. I]n-

¡mSv A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. X\n¡v k\ymkw

X¶Xv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ `c-W-am-sW¶v {io\m-cm-b-

W-Kp-cphpw ]d-ªn-«p-−v. C§s\ t\«-§Ä

Ipdhpw \jvS-§Ä IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv. sImtfm-Wn-b-en-

k-¯nÂ F¶p -Im-Wm³ Ign-bpw.

98

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ hnZym-`ymkw Adn-hn-t\m-SpÅ

kao-]-\-¯nÂ h¶ amäw

tIc-f-¯nÂ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Ime-¯n\v

ap³]v hnZym-`ymkw PmXn-bn-e-[njvTnXam-bn-cp¶p

PmXn-t{i-Wn-bnÂ DbÀ¶-hÀ¡v am{Xta hnZym-

`ymkw A\p-h-Zn-¨n-cp-¶p-Åq. aäpÅhÀ AXm-bXv

\mbÀ hn`mKw XpS§n Xmtgm-«p-ÅhÀ AXn\v

{ian-¨mÂ in£ ITn-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. kwkvIr-Xw,

KWnXw Ch ]Tn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p {][m-\-ambpw

IpSn-¸Ån IqS-§-fnse coXn, sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw

aX-{]-Nm-c-W-¯n-\p-th-−n-bm-sW-¦nÂ IqSn hnZym-

`ymkw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-am-¡m³ {ian-¨p. anj-W-dn-{]-

hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eqsS hnZym-e-b-§Ä Øm]n-¡m\pw

Cw¥ojv ]Tn-¸n¨v Kpa-kvX³amsc krjvSn-¡m\pw

AhÀ¡v Ign-ªp. C§s\ hntZ-in-I-fpsS Bh-

iy-§Ä \nd-th-äm³ th−n IqSn-bm-sW-¦nepw tIc-

f-¯nÂ \ne-\n¶ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bme-Sª hnZym-

`ym-k-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ\n¶v ]pXnb shfn- -̈¯n-

te¡v a\p-jysc sIm−p-h-¶Xv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ

hnZym-`ym-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fm-sW¶p ImWmw.

\f-´, X£-ine F¶o temI-{]-ikvX

kÀÆ-I-em-im-eIÄ \ne-\n¶ cmPyambncp¶p

99

C´y. A¯-c-samcp cmPy¯v Cw¥o-jp-Im-c\v

H¶pw ]Tn-¸n-¡m-\nÃ F¶Xv bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv.

]t£ A[n-\n-th-i-i-àn-IÄ Chn-Sps¯ kmaq-

ly-hy-h-Øn-Xnsb DS-¨p-hmÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-

¨Xv hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A[n-\n-th-i-

Imew Ign-ªn«pw PmXn-bnÂ Xmgv¶-hÀ¡v hnZym-

`ymk Ah-Imiw e`n-¨nÃ F¶Xv Ncn-{X-k-Xy-am-

sW-¦nepw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn hnZym-`ymkw F¶

Bi-bs¯ DbÀ¯n-sIm-−p-h-¶Xv sImtfm-Wn-b-

en-k-am-sW¶p ImWmw. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶

Adnhv F¶mÂ Cw¥ojv `mj ]Tn-¡pI F¶ {Ia-

¯n-te¡v Imcy-§Ä amdn-a-dn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kv, U¨v, {^©v, {_n«ojv A[o-i-Xz-

§Ä tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-¯nÂ sNep-¯nb kzm[o-

\w.

\qäm-−p-IÄ \o−p-\n¶ ]mÝm-Xy-cpsS

A[o-i-Xz-§Ä tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-¯n\v Hcp]mSp

amä-§Ä D−m-¡n. X\-Xmb ]eXpw \½psS

kwkvIm-c-¯nÂ\n¶v tXªp-cªp \jvS-am-sb-

¦nepw ]eXpw h¶p-tN-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. BZy-sa-

¯nb t]mÀ«p-Kokv _Ôw tIc-f-¯nsâ cmjv{Sob

100

kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-K-§-fnÂ {]Xn-^-en-¡p-

¶p-−v. Ah-cpsS hc-hn-\p-apt¼ Chn-sS-bpÅ

cmjv{Sob AØn-c-Xbpw Acm-P-I-Xzhpw AhÀ¡v

hfÀ¶p hnI-kn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡n. tIc-

f-¯nsâ kzmX-{´y-kw-c-£-I-\mbn Icp-X-s¸-«n-

cp¶ kmaq-Xncn t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-ImÀ¡p-ap-¼nÂ iàn

£bn- -̈h-\mbn amdn. CtXmsS tIc-fo-tbmÂ¸-¶-

§-fpsS hym]m-c-Ip-¯I t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-ImÀ I¿-S-

¡p-Ibpw tIcfw km¼-¯nI amµy-¯n-te¡v

t]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]e-Xcw ImÀjnI DXv]-¶-§Ä t]mÀ¨p-Ko-

kp-ImÀ tIc-f-¯nÂ sIm−p-h-¶p. ]mÝm-Xy-hm-

kvXp-inÂ¸-ssien t]mÀ¨p-Kokv Ime-L-«-¯n-

emWv Chn-sS-sb-¯p-¶-Xv ]Ån-I-fnepw aäpw AXv

Ct¸mgpw ImWmw. t]mÀ¨p-Kokv `mj-bmb

e¯o³`mj ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Iptd-t¸À¡v Ahkcw

e`n-¨p. Nhn-«p-\m-SIw F¶ Zriy-I-em-cq]w

t]mÀ¨p-Kokv kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. {InkvXp-a-X-{]-Nm-

cWw Ah-cpsS Hcp {][m\ ZuXy-am-bn-cp-¶p. "Hcp

I¿nÂ Ipcnipw atä I¿nÂ hmfpw' F¶ coXn-bn-

emWv AhÀ aXw amäw \S-¯n-b-sX¶v kÀZmÀ

sI.-Fw. ]Wn-¡À Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-−v. CsXÃmw \qäm-

−p-Imew XpSÀ¶-t¸mÄ AXv \½psS kaq-l-þ-

kmw-kvIm-cnI Pohn-X-¯n-te¡v Aen-ªp-tN-cp-

101

Ibpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb Hcp eb\w kw`-hn-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

U¨p-ImÀ tIc-f-¯n-¶p-am-{X-aÃ temI-¯n\v

\ÂInb kw`m-h-\-bmWv tlmÀ¯qkv ae-_m-dn-

¡qkv (a-e-_m-dnse kky-k-¼-¯v) F¶

_rl¯pw al-¯p-amb {KÙw. sIm¨n DÄs¸-sS-

bpÅ Øe-§-fnÂ t]mÌÂ kwhn-[m\w sIm−p-

h-¶Xpw U¨p-Im-cm-Wv. \m«pIm-cpsS aX-\n-jvT-

Isf FXnÀ¡m-sXbpw kmwkvIm-cnI-amb Xncp- -̄

ep-IÄ Bh-iy-s¸-Sm-sX-bp-am-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS CS-

s]-S-ep-IÄ. t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-sc-¡mÄ \oXn

]peÀ¯m³ AhÀ¡v km[n-¨p. aX-kw-LÀjw

Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶Xv aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bn-te¡v U¨p-

ImÀ F¯n-t¨À¶-Xnsâ ^e-am-bn-cp-¶p. {Inbm-

ß-I-amb `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\hpw AhÀ ImgvN-h-¨p.

ImÀjn-I-cw-Ks¯ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te¡p \bn-¨p.

A§s\ ImÀjn-I-cw-K¯pw hyhm-km-bn-I-

hmWnPycw-K¯pw BXp-c-ip-{iq-jm-cw-K¯pw Ncn-

{X-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-cw-K-§-fnepw `c-W-cw-K-§-fnepw

AhÀ tim`n-¨p. sIm¨n-bnÂ t_mÄKm«n

]mekpw a«m-t©-cn-sIm-«mchpw ]pXp¡n ]WnXv

U¨v sIm«m-c-am-¡n-bXpw Ah-cpsS hmkvXp

hnZybv¡v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. C§s\ \½psS

102

kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb D¶-a-\-¯n\v henb kw`m-h-\-

I-fmWv U¨p-ImÀ \ÂIn-b-Xv.

{^©p-ImÀ amln BØm-\-am-¡n-bmWv

`cWw \S-¯n-b-Xv. {^©v A[o-\-{]-tZiw F¶

\ne-bn-emWv amln C¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-ImÀ¡pw U¨p-ImÀ¡pw kam-\-ambn

Hcp-]mSp kmwkvIm-cnI kzm[o\w tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-

¯nÂ Ahcpw sNep¯n F¶Xv Hcp bmYmÀ°y-

am-Wv. hnZym-`ym-kw, Irjn hmWnPyw, aXw XpS-

§nb taJ-e-I-fnÂ {^©p-ImÀ \S-¯nb {]hÀ¯-

\-§Ä henb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te¡p t]mIp-Ibpw

AXp tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-Po-hn-X-

¯nÂ kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cw¥ojv CuÌv C´ym-I-¼\n tIc-f-¯nÂ

h¶-Xp-ap-XÂ C¶p-hsc kmam-\y-P\w Ah-cpsS

kmaq-ly-kmw-kvIm-cnI ASna F¶ coXn-bn-emWv

Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv. AhÀ ChnsS D−m-bn-cp¶ Imew

apgp-h³ `b-`àn _lp-am-\-t¯m-sS-bmWv \mw

Ahsc t\m¡n-I-−-Xv. Ah-cpsS `mj C¶pw

\½psS `mjsb adn-I-S¶v \½psS hyh-

lmc§fnÂ hncm-Nn-¡p-¶p. kzmX{´yw t\Sn

Fgp-]-Xp-hÀjw Ign-ªn«pw temI-`mj F¶ \ne-

bn-em-sW-¦nÂ IqSn Cw¥ojv \½psS FÃm CS-s]-

S-ep-I-fnepw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. C§s\ Cw¥o-jp-Im-

103

cpsS apgp-h³ kwkvIm-chpw \s½ BIÀjn-¡p-

Ibpw AXv A\p-I-cn-¡m³ \mw aÕ-cn-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. `mj am{X-aÃ thjw, `£-Ww,

kwkvImcw CsXÃmw \½psS Pohn-X-¯n-te¡v

IS-¶p-h-cn-Ibpw henb kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. AhÀ Øm]n¨ kn.-Fw.-Fkv {]kpw

Cw¥ojv kvIqfp-Ifpw tImS-Xn-Ifpw \½psS Pohn-

Xs¯ amän-a-dn¨p F¶Xv bmYmÀ°y-am-sW-¦nepw

Chn-S-sS-bpÅ hne-]n-Sn¨ hkvXp-¡Ä I -̈h-S-

¯nsâ t]cnepw AÃm-sXbpw IS-¯n-s¡m-−p-

t]mbn \s½ Zcn-{Z-\m-cm-b-W-·m-cm¡n amän-sb-¶Xv

Hcp kXy-am-Wv.

sImtfm-Wn-b-en-khpw ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c-

§fpw

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Imes¯ hyh-lm-c-§Ä

]n³Xp-S-cp¶ Hcp kaq-l-amWv tIc-fw. tImS-Xn-hy-

h-lm-c§Ä sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Ime-¯nsâ kw`m-h-

\-bm-bn-cp¶p. `mj-bnÂt¸mepw amäw hcp-¯msX

Cw¥o-jp-Im-csâ Ah[n kwhn-[m-\-t¯msS tIkp-

IÄ sI«n-In-S-¡p-t¼mgpw AXv AtX coXn-bnÂ

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. ae-bm-fn-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-

lm-c-§-fnepw sImtfm-Wn-bÂ ioe-§Ä \ap¡v

ImWm³ km[n¡pw AXv cmhnse IpSn-¡p¶

Nmb-bnepw Im¸n-bnepw Bcw-`n¨v cm{Xn-bnse aZym-

104

k-àn-bnÂ hsc Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI kzoI-c-W-

ambn ImWmw. \½Ä [cn-¡p¶ B[p-\nI

hkv{X-§-sfÃmw ]cn-N-b-s¸-«Xv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ

Pohn-X-¯nÂ\n¶m-Wv. `£-Whpw A{]-Imcw

Xs¶. \½psS BtLm-j-§-fnÂ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ

Ah-in-jvS-§Ä C¡m-e¯v sXfnªp ImWmw.

]pXnb Ime¯v BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯nsâ ^e-

ambn ^mÌv ^pUpw BtLmj§fpw bm{X-Ifpw

\nb-{´-W-an-ÃmsX km[-\-§Ä hm§n-¡q-«p-¶Xpw

FÃmw ]gb sImtfm-Wn-bÂ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ

XpSÀ -̈bm-Wv. tIc-fo-bsâ Pohn-X-¯nÂ apgp-h³

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ kzm[o\w ImWm³ km[n-¡pw.

tIc-f-¯nse ASn-a-¯w þ ASn-a-hym-]m-c-§Ä

C¶v tIcfw F¶dnb-s¸-Sp¶ {]tZ-i-§-

fnÂ {]mNo-\-Im-e¯v PmXntbm aXtam D−m-bn-cp-

¶n-Ã. sXmgn-ensâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ hÀ¤-hn- -̀

P\w am{Xta D−m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. A[zm-\-¯nsâ

alXzw FÃm-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-¨p. AXp-sIm-−p-

Xs¶ ka-Xz-¯nepw kzmX-{´y-¯nepw A[n-jvTn-

X-amb Hcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-ØnXn \ne-\n-¶p.

F.Un. BZy-\q-äm-−p-I-fnÂ {_mÒ-Wm-[n-\n-th-i-

t¯msS Cu Ah-Øbv¡v amä-ap-−mbn AhÀ

NmXpÀhÀWy hyhØ krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw a\p-

jysc {_mÒ-W³, £{Xn-b³, sshiy³, iq{Z³

105

F¶n-§s\ \mep hn`m-K-ambn Xncn-¡p-Ibpw

{_mÒ-W³ cmPyw `cn-¡p¶ £{Xn-b-s\-¡mÄ Db-

c-¯nÂ kzbw \ne-sIm-Åq-Ibpw sshiy³

hym]mcw \S-¯p-Ibpw ip{Z³ Cu aq¶v hn`m-K-§-

fp-sSbpw ]mZ-tk-h-I-cmbn Ah-cpsS sIm«m-c-§-

fnepw hoSp-I-fnepw `rXy-th-e-IÄ sN¿p-Ibpw

sNbvXp CXn-s\-bmWv NmXpÀhÀ®yw F¶v hnti-

jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu P\-hn-`m-K-§-fnÂs¸Sm¯

A[x-Øn-X-P-\-hn-`m-K-§sf AXm-bXv C-¶s¯

H.-_n.kn apXÂ Xmtg-¡p-Å-h-sc-sbÃmw AhÀ®À

F¶ t]cnÂ amän-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp Cu

kwhn-[m\w {ItaW \mw C¶p ImWp¶ ià-

amb PmXn-hy-h-Øbv¡p Imc-W-ambn AYhm C{]-

Imcw {_mÒ-WÀ PmXn-hy-hØ krjvSn-¨p.

Cu PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bmWv ASn-a-k-{¼-Zmbw

krjvSn- -̈Xv. PmXn-bnÂ Xmgv¶-h-scÃmw ImÀjnI

ASn-a-I-fmbn amdn. `qan-bpsS ssIam-d-en-s\m¸w

Cu ASn-a-I-sfbpw ]«-b-¯nÂ Fgp-Xn-t¨À¯v

]pXnb DS-abv¡v ssIam-dn. F.Un 849se Xcn-Êm-

¸Ån imk-\-¯nÂ ]Ån ]Wn-bm³ A\p-hmZw

sImSp-¡p¶ttXmsSm¸w ASn-a-I-sfbpw \ÂIp-¶p-

−v. ]Ån-¡mÀ hm-§p¶ ASn-a-IÄ¡v ASna-

¡miv CuSm-¡m³ ]mSnÃ F¶v {]kvXpX imk-\-

¯nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. CXnÂ \n¶v ASn-a-

106

Isf hnÂ¡p-Ibpw hm§p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ hyhØ

\ne-\n-¶n-cp-s¶¶pw "ASn-a-¡miv' kÀ¡mÀ hm§n-

bn-cp-s¶¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw. tIcfw kµÀin-¨n-

hÀt¯-abpw (F.-Un. 1505) _mÀt_m-kbpw Chn-

Sps¯ ASn-a-k-{¼-Zm-b-s¯-¸än ]cmaÀin¡p-¶p-

−v.

{InkvXp-a-X-¯n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿-

s¸« ASn-a-IÄ Xe-ap-d-IÄ¡ptijw c£-s¸-Sm³

Nne ]gp-Xp-I-fp-−m-bn. U¨p-Imcpw Cw¥o-jp-

Imcpw ASna hyh-Øsb t{]mÕm-ln-¸n- -̈tX-bp-

Åq. ImcWw Btcm-Ky-apÅ ASn-a-Isf I¸-ensâ

Ccp-«-d-bnÂ IS¯n AhÀ A\y-\m-Sp-I-fnÂ

sIm−p-t]mbn hnäp. tIc-f-¯nse N´-I-fnÂ

IpSpw-_-t¯sS ASn-a-Isf sIm−p-h-cn-Ibpw AÑ-

s\bpw A½-sbbpw a¡-sfbpw hnäp em`-ap-−m-¡n-

b-hÀ ssIIp-ªp-§sf N´-bnÂ Dt]-£n-¡p-

Ibpw Bcpw FSp-¡m-\n-ÃmsX Ddp-¼-cn¨v acn-¡p-

Ibpw sN¿p¶ Zpc-hØ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ ]d-bp-¶p-

−v. a\x-km£n F¶Xv ae-bm-fnsb kw_-Ôn¨v

I]-Stam Cub-Sp-¯p-Im-e¯v krjvSn-¡-s¸-«tXm

BWv F¶v CXn-eqsS a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww.

1800Â ae-_mÀ kµÀin¨ _p¡m-\-\³

]me-¡mSpw hb-\mSpw P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ A©n-sem-

cp-`mKw ASn-a-I-fm-sW¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.

107

1758-þ1798 Ime¯v Znhm³ Sn am[-h-dmhp ]pd-s¸-Sp-

hn¨ {]iv\m-h-en¡v Ab¨ adp-]-Sn-bnÂ ASn-a-k-

{¼-Zm-b-¯n-te¡v shfn¨w hoip-¶p-−v. AXv C{]-

Im-c-amWv ""ASn-asb sImÃm-\pÅ A[n-Imcw

DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ FÃm Ah-Im-ihpw Xodm-[m-c-{]-

Imcw DS-a-bv¡p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-s\-Xnsc bP-am-\-

\³amcpsS t]cnÂ Bh-em-Xntbm hnNm-cWtbm

D−m-bn-«n-Ã. ASn-a-I-fpsS Ipªp-§sf hn«p-]n-cn-

bp-¶-Xn-s\-¸än DS-a-bpsS Xmev]cyw F¶p-Å-X-

ÃmsX Hcp N«hpw \n_-Ô-\bpw CÃ F¶pw tcJ-

s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xn-eqsS ASn-a-hy-hØ F´m-bn-

cps¶¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

tI-c-f-¯nse P·n¯ hncp-²-k-a-c-§Ä

{_mÒm-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâbpw t£{X-kw-kvIm-c-

¯n-sâbpw XpSÀ -̈bm-bn-cp¶p P·n-k-{¼-Zm-bw.

ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ cmPm¡-·m-cnÂ\n¶pw {]`p-¡-·m-

cnÂ\n¶pw Zm\-ambn t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ `qan-bmWv

\¼q-Xn-cn-amsc P·n-I-fm-¡n-b-sX-¦nÂ Ip¯-gnª

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ `mK-ambn {]`p-¡-

fnÂ\n¶pw \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cnÂ\n¶pw kw_Ô hI-

bnepw Akw-_-Ô-h-I-bnepw Ic-Ø-am-¡n-b-XmWv

aäp P·n-I-fpsS `qan. P·n¯w ]m« k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-

eqsS IpSn-bms\ ]ngnªp IpSn¨p Zmcn-{Zyhpw

108

A]-am-\hpw IS-hp-am-bn-cp¶p AXv IpSn-bm\v

\ÂIn-b-Xv.

ae-_mÀ Iem-]w(1921)

alm-ßm-KmÔn tIm¬{Kkv t\XrXzw

Gsä-Sp-¯-tXmsS Bcw-`n¨ \nÊ-l-I-c-W-{]-Øm-

\w ae-_m-dnÂ ]pXnb cmjv{Sob Ne-\-§-fp-−m-

¡n. KmÔn-Pnbpw ju¡¯v Aenbpw tImgn-

t¡mSv kµÀin¨v Kh¬saâp-ambn \nÊ-l-I-cn-

¡m³ Blzm\w sNbvXp. Gd-\m-Sv, hÅp-h-\mSv

{]tZ-i-§-fnÂ Jnem-^¯v I½n-än-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-

¯nÂ \S¶ kt½-f-\-§fnÂ am¸n-f-am-cmb IpSn-

bm-·mÀ [mcmfw ]s¦-Sp-¯p. AtXmsS Jntem-

^¯v kt½-f-\-§Ä kÀ¡mÀ \ntcm-[n-¨p.

XpSÀ¶v C´y³ in£m-\n-b-a-¯nse 144-þmw hIp¸v

\S¸m-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {_n«ojv t]meokv am¸n-f-

am-cmb IpSn-bm-·mÀs¡-Xnsc `oI-c-aÀ±\w Agn¨p

hn«p. Gd-\mSp Xmeq-¡nÂs¸« ]qt¡m-«qÀ F¶

Øes¯ {]mtZ-in-I-Jn-em-^¯v I½n-än-bpsS

Imcy-ZÀin-bm-bn-cp¶ hS-t¡-ho-«nÂ apl-½-Zns\

\ne-¼qÀ tImhn-e-Is¯ tXm¡v \jvSs¸-«-Xp-ambn

_Ôn-¸n¨v Ad-ÌvsN-¿m³ {ian- -̈Xv Gd-\m-«nepw

hÅp-h-\m-«nepw am¸n-f-amcpw t]meokpw X½nÂ

Ht«sd kwL-«-\-§Ä¡p Imc-W-am-bn. kwLÀj-

¯nÂ t]meokv tÌj-\p-I-Ä B{I-an-¡p-Ibpw

109

JP-\m-hp-IÄ sImÅ-b-Sn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw kÀ¡m-cm-

ô-kp-IÄ \in-¸n-¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. el-f-

¡mÀ X§-fpsS {]_-e-tI-{µ-§-fmb ae-¸p-dw,

Xncq-c-§m-Sn, at©cn, s]cn-´Âa® F¶n-hn-S-§-

fnÂ {_n«ojv A[n-Im-cs¯ XpS-¨p-\o-¡p-Ibpw

kz´w `cWw Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

hmcn-b³ Ip¶¯v Ipª-l-½Zv lmPn,

]p¯qÀ koXn-t¡mb X§Ä, Ben-ap-Én-bmÀ

F¶o t\Xm-¡m-fmWv kacw \bn- -̈Xv. {_n«o-jp-

ImÀ ]«m-f-s¯bpw KqÀJm-tk-\-sbbpw an¶Âth-

K-¯nÂ ka-c-Ø-et¯-¡-b-¨p. ]«m-f-\n-baw

{]Jym-]n-¨p. òI-c-amb aÀ±-\-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ Agn-¨p-

hn-«p. el-f-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Zpc-´-kw-`-h-am-bn-

cp¶p hmK¬ {SmPUn. 1921 \hw-_À 10-þmw XnbXn

Xncq-cnÂ \n¶v tImb-¼-¯qÀ¡v sIm−p-t]mb XS-

hp-Im-cmb 90 am¸n-f-am-cnÂ 60 t]À KpUvkv hmK-

WnÂ hgn at[y izmkw ap«n acn-¨p. C¯-c-¯n-

epÅ Zpc-\p-`-h-§Ä ae-_mÀ el-f-bpsS Ań-a-

L-«-¯nÂ am¸n-f-amÀ Ht«sd A{I-a-{]-hr-¯n-IÄ

\S-¯m³ Imc-W-am-bn. Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-ta-

t\m³, sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m³, sI. tIf-¸³, apl-

½Zv A_vZpÄ dÒm³ XpS-§nb tIm¬{Kkv

t\Xm-¡Ä Cu A{I-as¯ XS-bm³ {ian-s -̈¦nepw

km[n-¨n-Ã. HSp-hnÂ {_n«o-jp-ImÀ \njvTq-c-ambn

110

Iem]w ASn- -̈aÀ¯n. t\Xm-¡sf _Ôn-¡p-

Ibpw shSn-sh¨p sImÃp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ben

apÉn-bmsc ]nSn¨p sIm−p-t]mbn tImb-¼-¯q-

cnÂ Xq¡n-te-än. \qdp-I-W-¡n-\m-fp-Isf Pbn-en-S-

¨p. AkwJyw t]sc \mSp-I-S-¯n. 10,000 t]À¡v

Poh-lm\n kw`-hn- -̈Xmbn Is−-¯n-bn-«p-−v.

{_n«ojv A[n-Im-c-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn DbÀ¶p-h¶

iàn-a-¯mb t{]m£m-`-W-am-bn-cp¶p 1921se ae-

_mÀ el-f.

H¶mw ]g-Èn-hn-¹hw (1793 þ 1797)

{_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS sXämb \nIpXn \b-

¯nÂ {]Xn-tj-[n¨v tIm«bw cmP-Ip-Spw-_-¯nse

tIc-f-hÀ½ ]g-Èn-cm-Pmhv ae-_m-dnse {_n«o-jp-

ImÀs¡-Xn-cmbn cq£-amb hn¹-h-§Ä kwL-Sn-¸n-

¨p. ssakqÀ cmPm-¡-·m-cnÂ \n¶p hyXy-Ø-

ambn P\-§-fpsS ImÀjn-I-\n-IpXn cmPm-hnÂ

\n¶p ]ncn-¡p¶ kwhn-[m-\-amWv {_n«o-jp-ImÀ

kzoI-cn- -̈Xv. A\ym-b-\n-IpXn \m«p-ImÀ cmPm-hn\v

\ÂIm-Xm-b-t¸mÄ cmPmhv {_n«o-jp-ImÀs¡Xnsc

Xncn-ªp. AXn\v asämcp Imc-W-hp-ap-−m-bn-cp-

¶p. tIm«bw cmP-Ip-Spw-_-¯nse Cf-b-cm-Pm-hmb

tIc-f-hÀ½ Sn¸p-hn-s\-Xn-cmb bp²-§-fnÂ Cw¥o-

jp-Imsc klm-bn-¨n-cp-¶p. Sn¸p- ]n³hm-§n-b-

t¸mÄ I¼\n amXp-e-\mb Ipdp{¼-\m«p cmPm-hn\v

111

1793-þÂ tIm«bw {]tZiw ]m«-¯n\p sImSp-

¡pIbpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-hÀ½-tbmSv kvt\l-_-

lp-am-\-§Ä D−m-bn-cp¶ P\-§Ä Cw¥o-jp-Im-

cpsS Cu \S-]-Sn-bnÂ AaÀj-ap-Å-h-cm-bn.

I¼\n GÀ¸m-Sm-¡nb \nIp-Xnsb

FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw I¼-\n¡pw Xsâ A½m-h-\p-sa-Xn-

cmbn {]t£m`Ww XpS§n hbv¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

am{X-a-Ã tIm«-bs¯ FÃm \nIpXn kw`-c-Whpw

At±lw \nÀ¯n-sh-¸n-¨p. ]gÈn cmPm-hns\ X§-

fpsS sNmÂ¸-Sn¡v \nÀ¯m³ {_n«o-jp-ImÀ FÃm

AS-hp-Ifpw ]b-än. ]t£ cmPmhv XoÀ¯pw P\-

{]n-b-\m-b-Xn-\mÂ \nIpXn ]ncnhv Hcp hÀj-t¯¡v

\nÀ¯n-sh-bv¡m³ kÀ¡mÀ \nÀ_-Ôn-cm-bn.

F¶mÂ Ipdp-{¼-\m-«p-cm-Pm-hnsâ ]m«w A©v

hÀj-t¯¡p ]pXp¡n sImSp¯v ]g-Ènsb AhÀ

{]tIm-]n-¸n-¨p. XÂ^-e-ambn {]t£m-`Ww A{I-

am-k-à-am-bn. 1795 Pq¬ 28-þmw XnbXn ]g-Èn-cm-

Pmhv FÃm \nIpXn ]ncnhpw \nÀ¯nhbv¸n¨v

{_n«ojv A[n-Im-cs¯ ]c-ky-ambn shÃp-hn-fn-¨p.

]g-Èn-bpsS kaÀ°-amb AS-hp-Isf XpSÀ¶v

\nIpXn ]ncnhp \S-¶n-Ã. 1795 G{]n-en-Â e^v\âv

tKmÀUsâ IognÂ {_n«ojv ]«mfw cmPm-hns\

At±-l-¯nsâ sIm«m-c-¯nÂ h¨p ]nSn-Iq-Sm³

{ian-¨p. ]t£ At±lw A{]-Xy-£-\mbn. AhÀ

112

sIm«mcw sImÅ-b-Sn¨v hne-s¸-«-sXÃmw A]-l-cn-

¨p.

]g-Èn-cm-Pmhv hb-\m-S³ ae-I-fn-

te¡pt]mbn. {_n«ojp-ImÀs¡-Xnsc Hfn-t¸m-cnÂ

GÀs¸«p. 1796þÂ Ipän-bm-Sn-bn-eq-sS-bpÅ KXm-KXw

\nÀ¯n-¨Xv {_n«o-jp-ImÀ¡v £oW-am-bn.

AtXmsS ]g-Èn-bnse sIm«m-c-¯n-te¡p aS-§n-h-

cm³ At±-ls¯ AhÀ A\p-h-Zn-¨p. F¶mÂ

I¼\n-bp-ambn At±-l-¯n\v ho−pw [mc-W-¸n-i-

Ip-I-fp-−m-bn. At±lw ho−pw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-

ambn ImSp-I-b-dn. CXn-\n-S-bnÂ Sn¸p-hnsâ Bfp-I-

fp-ambn ASp-¡p-Ibpw aäp ]S-bm-fn-Isf Iq«n

ssakq-dnsâ klm-b-t¯msS {_n«o-jp-Imsc

t\cn«p H«-[nIw Cw¥ojv ]S-bm-fn-IÄ sImÃ-s¸-«p.

{_n«ojv tk\ AhnsS \n¶p ]n³hm-§m³ \nÀ_-

Ôn-X-cm-bn.

1797-þÂ Hcp {_n«ojv ssk\yw tIWÂ

tUmhnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ t]cnb Npcw hsc-sb-

¯n. e^vä-\âv aoen-bpsS IognÂ asämcp hn`mKw

At±-l-t¯mSp tNÀ¶p. ]n¶oSp \S¶ bp²-

¯nÂ, ]gÈn cmPm-hnsâ IognÂ \mbÀtk-\bpw

Ipdn-¨y-tk-\bpw {_n«o-jp-Imsc XfÀ¯n If-ªp.

tUmhnsâ 1100 t]c-S-§nb ]Ssb ]gÈn On¶-`n-

¶-am-¡n-¡-f-ªp. AtXmsS ]g-Èn-bp-ambn AhÀ

113

kÔn-sN-bvXp. Ipdp{¼ \m«p-cm-Pm-hp-am-bp-−mb

IcmÀ d±p sNbvXp. Nnd-bv¡Â cmPm-hnsâ a²y-

Ø-X-bnÂ Iem-]-¯n\v ia-\-ap-−m-bn. ]gÈn

cmPmhv B−p-tXmdpw 8000 cq]¡Sp¯q kzoI-cn-

¡p-Ibpw I¼-\n-bp-ambn kam-[m-\-¯nÂ Ign-bm-

sa¶p k½-Xn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

114

c−mw ]g-Èn-hn-¹hw (1800 þ 1805)

1797-þÂ ]g-Ènbpw Cw¥o-jp-Imcpw X½n-ep-

−mb kÔn Gsd Ime-t¯¡p \o−p-\n-¶n-Ã.

1800Â cmPmhv ho−pw {_n«o-jp-ImÀs¡-Xnsc

{]t£m-`Ww XpSÀ¶p. 1799Â {iocw-K-]-«-W-

¯nsâ ]X-\s¯ XpSÀ¶p-−mb DS-¼-Sn-b-\p-k-

cn¨v Sn¸p-kpÂ¯m³ Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ¡p hn«p-sIm-

Sp¯ hb-\mSv AhÀ ssIh-i-am-¡m³ {ian- -̈

XmWv Cu {]t£m-`-W-¯nsâ ASn-b-´nc Imc-

Ww. hb-\mSv kz´w PnÃ-bm-sW¶v ]gÈn Ah-

Im-i-s¸-«p. hb-\mSv ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡m-\pÅ {_n«o-jp-

Im-cpsS \o¡s¯ FXnÀ¯p. \mb-·mÀ Ipdn-

¨yÀ, am¸n-f-amÀ F¶n-h-cpsS henb kwL-§sf

kwL-Sn-¸n¨v {_n«o-jp-ImÀs¡-Xnsc kpi-à-amb

Hcp ssk\ys¯ At±lw kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p. Xe-

bv¡Â N´p, i¦-c³ \¼ymÀ, ssItXmcn A¼p-

\m-bÀ F¶o tk\m-\m-b-IÀ At±-l-¯n-\p-th−n

]S \bn-¨p. ]g-Èn-Xs¶ Xsâ ]Sbv¡v Hfn-t¸mÀ

]Tn-¸n-¨p.

1800þÂ BÀXÀ shÃÉn kÀÆ ssk\ym-[n-

]-\mbn {_n«ojv ]«mfw hb-\m-«n-se-¯n. AhÀ

At\Iw tdmUp-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw ImhÂ¯m-h-

f-§Ä Hcp¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hfn-t¸m-cp-Imsc

t\cn-Sm³ Cu Xmh-f-§-fnÂ\n¶v hnhn[ `mK-§-

115

fnte¡v sNdnb ssk\nI kwL-§sf shÃÉn

\ntbm-Kn-¨p. 1840 Pq¬ Pqsse ag-¡m-e¯v {_n«o-

jp-ImÀs¡-Xnsc ]gÈn B{I-a-W-§Ä Bcw-`n-¨p.

]g-Èn-¸S {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS kpK-Ô-hy-RvP-\-§Ä

Irjn sN¿p¶ tXm«-§fpw {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS ]S-

¯m-h-f-§fpw B{I-an-¨p. 1801-þÂ tIWÂ

Ìoh³k¬ ssakq-dnÂ \n¶v Hcp henb ssk\y-

hp-ambn h¶v hb-\m-«nÂ IS¶p. ssakqÀ

AXnÀ¯n sXm«v Xma-c-tÈ-cn-¨pcw hsc tIm«-I-

fpsS Hcp irwJe \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw tImgn-t¡m-Sp-

ambn KXm-K-X-_Ôw ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-

hns\ sXs¡ ae-_m-dn-epÅ ]S-bm-fn-I-fnÂ\n¶v

Hä-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw tijw FÃm `mK-§-fnÂ \n¶pw

cmPm-hnsâ ]g-Èn-sIm«mcw hf-bp-Ibpw sN¿pI

F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p tIWÂ Ìoh¬knsâ e£yw.

XpSÀ¶p-−mb Gäp-ap-«-enÂ {_n«ojv ]«m-f-¯n\p

Pb-ap-−m-bn. hb-\m-«nse X{´-{]-[m-\-amb FÃm

Øe-§fpw AhÀ ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¯p. cmPmhv `mcy-k-

taXw h\m-´-c-§-fnÂ Aeªp Xncn-tb-−n-h-¶p.

At±-l-¯nsâ A\p-N-c-·mÀ {_n«o-jp-Im-cmÂ

\mbm-S-s¸-«p. tk\m-[n-]-·m-cmb Npg-en-\-¼ymcpw

s]cp-h-bnÂ \¼ymcpw XS-hp-Im-cm-bn. s]cp-h-bnÂ

\¼ymsc I®-h-¯p-sh¨p Xq¡n-s¡m-¶p.

{]t£m-`Ww XI-cp-Ibpw cmPmhv Iog-S-§p¶

AhØ hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp.

116

1801 \hw-_-dnÂ {_n«ojv ]S-bm-fn-IÄ

FtUzÀUnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ cmPm-hnsâ Hcp

{][m\ tk\m-\m-b-I-\mbncp¶ I®-h¯p i¦-c³

\¼ymsc ]nSn¨v At±-l-¯nsâ hkXn¡-Sp¯v

Xq¡n-s¡m-¶p. ]g-Èn¡v henb BLm-X-am-bn-

cp¶p CXv. F¶n«pw {]t£m-`Ww sI«-S-§n-bn-Ã.

{]t£m-`-Im-cn-IÄ FS-t¨\ Ip¦-sâbpw Xe-

bv¡Â N´p-hn-tâbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ ]\-acw

tIm« ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡p-Ibpw AhnsS D−m-bn-cp¶ 70

Hmfw {_n«ojv ssk\n-Isc sIme-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. CtXmsS {_n«ojv ssk\yw hb-\m-«n-

te¡p h¶p. AtXmsS t{]m£m-`-Im-cn-IÄ h\m-

´-c-§-fn-te¡p t]mbv ad-ªp.

tXmakv lmÀth _m_À F¶ {_n«ojv

DtZym-K-Ø³ 1804Â Xe-tÈcn kºv If-IvS-ä-dmbn

NmÀsÖ-Sp-¯p. ]g-Èn-hn-¹hw ASn- -̈aÀ¯m³

At±lw Npa-Xe hln-¨p. Nnd-bv¡Â {]tZ-i¯p

tImÂ¡m-cpsS klm-b-t¯msS {]mtZ-in-I-I-em-]-

§Ä ASn- -̈aÀ¯n. 1804-þÂ hn¹-h-IImcn-Isf

ImWn¨p sImSp-t¡-−Xv P\-§-fpsS IS-a-bm-

sW¶ \b-¯n\p cq]w sImSp-¯p. P\-§Ä AX-

\p-k-cn-t¡-−-Xmbn h¶p. ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hn-s\bpw

At±-l-¯nsâ tk\m-\m-b-I-·m-scbpw ]nSn¨p

sImSp-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v k½m\w {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸-«p. ]g-

117

Èn-¸-Sbpw tImÂ¡mcpw (t]m-eo-kp-Im-cpsS

kwLw) X½nÂ Gäp-ap-«-ep-I-fp-−m-bn. AXnÂ

Xe-bv¡Â N´p XS-hp-Im-c-\m-¡-s¸-«p.

_m_À ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hnsâ h\-k-t¦-X-¯n\p

IÀi-\-amb \ntcm-[\w GÀs¸-Sp-¯n. cmPm-hn-

s\bpw A\p-bm-bn-I-sfbpw ]n³Xp-SÀ¶v Is−-

¯nb {_n«ojv ssk\yw 1805 \hw-_À 30\v At±-

ls¯ tXm¡n-\n-c-bm-¡n. tk\m-\m-b-I-·mcpw

h[n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw NneÀ XS-hn-em-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. _m_À ]gÈn cmPm-hnsâ arX-tZlw

]Ã-¡nÂ sIm−p-h¶v am\-´-hm-Sn-bnÂ BNm-c-_-

lp-a-Xn-I-tfm-sS-bmWv kwkvI-cn- -̈Xv. tZio-b-hn-

tam-N-\-¯n-\p-th-−n-bpÅ Hcp P\-Iob {]t£m-

`tam P\-Iob bp²tam Bbn-cp¶p bYmÀ°-

¯nÂ ]g-Èn-hn-¹-hw.

Iayq-WnÌv {]Øm\w

tIm¬{Kkv kwL-S-\-bnse tIm¬{Kkv

tkmjy-enÌv hn`mKw F¶-dn-b-s¸« CS-Xp-]-£-

¡mÀ 1939Â ae-_m-dnse Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bmbn

amdn. 1939Â tIm¬{Kkv a{´n k`-IÄ cmPn-sh-

¨Xpw hyàn-k-Xym-{Klw Bcw-`n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-

¨Xpw tIcf {]tZiv tIm¬{K-Ênse Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-

fnÂ DÕm-l-ap-−m-¡n-bn-Ã. AXp-sIm−pXs¶

118

sk]vXw-_À 15\v km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-²-Zn-\-ambn BN-

cn-¡m³ sI.-]n.-kn.-kn. P\-§sf Blzm\w

sNbvXp. Cu Xocp-am\w tIm¬{Kkv AwKo-I-cn-

¨n-Ã. ae-_m-dnÂ tI{µ-t\-Xr-Xzs¯ Ah-K-Wn-¨p-

sIm−v {]I-S-\-§fpw kt½-f-\-§fpw kwL-Sn-¸n-

¡-s¸-«p. t]meokpw P\-§fpw X½nÂ cq£-amb

Gäp-ap-«-ep-−m-bn. Bfp-IÄ h[n-¡-s¸-«p. I¿qÀ

ka-c-hpambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n \mep IÀj-Isc ac-

W-in-£bv¡p hn[n-¨p. Cu kw`-h-§sf XpSÀ¶v

sI.-]n.-kn.-kn. ]ncn-¨p-hn-«p. Cu Ah-k-c-¯nÂ

CS-Xp-]-£mw-K-§Ä H¶mbn tIm¬{Kkv hn«v

Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bnÂ tNÀ¶p.

1938Â sI.-]n.-kn.-kn. sk{I-«-dn-bmbn C.-Fw.-

F-kv. sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«p. ae-_m-dnÂ CXnsâ

{]hÀ¯\w kPo-h-am-bn. tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n,

{]`mXw F¶ t]cpÅ ]{Xw Cd-¡n. tkmjy-

enÌv Bi-b-§Ä {]N-cn-¸n-¨p. 1939Â ]nW-dmbn

{Kma-¯nÂ tNÀ¶ tIc-f-¯nse tIm¬{KÊv

]mÀ«n {]hÀ¯-I-cpsS tbmK-¯nÂ tkmjy-enÌv

]mÀ«n I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«nbmIm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p.

CtXmsS tIc-f-¯nÂ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n cq]w

sIm−p.

Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n P\-§sf kwL-Sn-¸n¨v

{_n«ojv kÀ¡m-cn-s\-Xnsc ka-c-§Ä \S¯n

119

Akw-L-Sn-Xcmb sXmgn-em-fn-I-tfbpw IÀj-I-

tcbpw kwL-S-\-bnÂ tNÀ¯v AhÀ¡v cmjv{Sob

t\XrXzw \ÂIn. {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS \nIpXn ]ncn-

hn-s\-Xn-cmbpw P·n-am-cpsS Nqj-W-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbpw

IÀj-I-kw-L-§Ä cq]o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw henb

{]t£m-`-W-§Ä kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cà-cq-£n-X-amb t]mcm-«-§-fmbn B ka-c-§Ä

amdn. kJmhv IrjvW-]n-Å, sI.-]n. tKm]m-e³,

tIc-fo-b³, hnjvWp-`m-c-Xo-b³ XpS-§nb t\Xm-¡-

fpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ IÀj-I-kw-L-¯nsâ

{]hÀ¯\w DuÀÖn-X-am-bn. 1938Â AJn-e-a-e-

_mÀ IÀj-I-kwLw cq]o-I-cn-¨p. IÀj-I-kwLw

\S-¯nb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eq-sS, ka-c-§-fn-eqsS

Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n hfÀ¶p. XpSÀ¶v hyXy-kvX-ta-

J-e-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ¡v kwL-S-\-cq]w

sIm−p. 1934Â ae-_m-dnÂ _oUn-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-

sSbpw s\bv¯p sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw bqWn-b-\p-

IÄ {]hÀ¯-\-am-cw-`n-¨p. 1935Â hnhn[ sXmgn-

em-fn-bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fpsS kwbp-à-tbmKw tImgn-

t¡mSv tNÀ¶p. kwL-S\m {]hÀ¯\w iàn-s¸-

Sp-¯n-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn P·n-Xz-¯n\pw {_n«ojv `c-W-

¯n\pw FXnsc Bª-Sn-¡p¶ {]Øm-\-ambn

tIc-f-¯nse¼mSpw I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm\w hfÀ¨

t\Sn.

120

sFIy-tI-cfw þ tI-c-f-¯nse BZy

Kh¬saâpw `q]-cn-jv¡-c-Whpw

1956 \hw-_À H¶n\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ þ

sIm¨n þ ae-_mÀ F¶o {]tZ-i-§sf Iq«n-t¨À¯v

sFIy-tI-cfw \ne-hnÂ h¶p. 1957-þÂ BZy

Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n a{ń k` C.-Fw.-F-kv. \¼q-Xn-

cn-¸mSv apJy-a-{ń-bmbn \ne-hnÂ h¶p. `q]-cn-jvI-

c-W-\n-baw \S¸n-em-¡m³ {ian-¨p-sh-¦nepw A©p-

hÀjw XnI¨v `cn-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. {]Xn-]-£-þ-km-ap-Zm-

bnI I£n-IÄ kÀ¡m-cn-s\-Xnsc {]t£m`w

Bcw-`n-¨p. ImÀjn-I-\n-b-a-¯n-eqsS X§-fpsS

ssIhiw DÅ IW-¡n-Ãm¯ `qan ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡p-

sa¶p `b¶v k¼-¶-hÀ¤w hntamN\ kacw

F¶ t]cnÂ \S¶ {]t£m-`s¯ ssI¿-b¨v

klm-bn-¨p. Iayq-WnÌv CXc I£nIsfÃmw

Xs¶ B ka-c-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-I-fm-bn. AtXmsS

a{ń-k` ]ncn-¨p-hn-S-s -̧«p. F¦nepw 1957-þse Cu

Kh¬saâv kXy-{]-XnÚ Ignªv HcmgvN XnI-

bp-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼p-Xs¶ Ncn{X {][m-\-amb Hcp

HmÀUn-\³kv ]pd-¯n-d-¡n. ]m«-`q-an-I-fnÂ\n¶pw

IpSn-bn-cp-¸p-I-fnÂ\n¶pw IpSn-In-S-¸p-I-fnÂ\n¶pw

Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw Hcm-sfbpw Cd-¡n-hn-S-cp-sX-

¶m-bn-cp¶p B HmÀUn-\³kv. Kh¬saâv X¿m-dm-

121

¡n-sIm-−n-cp¶ `q]-cn-jvI-cW-\n-b-a-¯nsâ

apt¶m-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv. `c-W-L-S-\m-hy-h-Ø-b-

\p-k-cn¨v Cu HmÀUn-\³kv ASp¯ \nb-a-k-`m-k-

t½-f-\-¯nÂ ]mkm-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

AtXmsS ]m«-_m¡n ]ncn-¡epw IpSn-bn-d-¡epw

\nb-a-hn-cp-²--am-bn. X§-fpsS ssIh-i-apÅ `qan-

bnepw ]pc-bn-S-¯nepw `b-an-ÃmsX Irjn-bn-d-

¡m\pw Xma-kn-¡m\pw Bfp-IÄ¡v km[n-¨p.

aäp kwØm-§-fnÂ `qhp-S-a-IÄ \nbaw \ne-

hnÂ hcp-t¼m-tg¡pw IpSn-bm-·msc Cd-¡n-hn-«p.

Cu HmÀUn-\³tkmsS AXv XS-bm³

Kh¬saân\p Ign-ªp. CXv BZys¯ tIc-f-tam-

U-embn temI-¯n\p ap¶nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p.

"DÅ a®nÂ Dd-¨p-\nÂ¡m³' {KmaoW Zcn-{ZÀ¡v

Ah-Imiw \ÂIp¶ Cu hyhØ tIc-f-¯nse

kmaq-ly-am-ä-¯n\v ASn-¯d ]mIn. ]n¶oSv A[n-

Im-c-¯nÂ h¶ he-Xp-]£ Kh¬saâv cmjv{S-]-

Xn-bpsS AwKo-Imcw hm§m-sXbpw tImSXn Ibdn

\nb-a-¯nse hyh-Ø-Isf tNmZyw sNbvXpw `c-

Wm-[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn¨v \nb-a-¯nÂ ]gp-Xp-IÄ

D−m-¡nbpw `q]-cn-jvI-c-Ws¯ A«n-a-dn-¡m³

{ian-¨p. CXp-sIm−v D−m-bn-cp¶ an -̈`qan

Ipdªp. am{X-aÃ CjvS-Zm-\-¯n-\pÅ hIp¸v

CXnÂ Iq«n-t¨À¡-s¸-«p.

122

CXn-s\-Ãmw Ah-km\w 1957-þÂ Ah-X-cn-

¸n¨ ImÀjn-I-_Ô_nÂ 12 hÀj-¯n-\p-tijw

1969Â Ah-km-\-cq]w {]m]n¨p AXv \S¸nÂ hcp-

¯p-¶-Xn-\p-th−n IÀj-I-kw-L-¯n-sâbpw IÀj-

I-s¯m-gn-emfn bqWn-b-tâbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ

\S¶ "an -̈`qan' ka-c-¯n-tâbpw ê-ambn ]pXnb

\nbaw {]m_-ey-¯nÂ hcp-¯m³ tIc-f-K-

h¬saâv \nÀ_-Ôn-¡-s¸-«p. CXn-\À°w `qan-bp-

ambn _Ô-s¸«v tIc-f-¯nÂ Hcp {]iv\-hp-anÃ

F¶Ã Hcp-]mSv hn`m-K-§Ä `qan-bn-ÃmsX C¶pw

\c-I-bm-X\ A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶p-−v.

BZys¯ hnZym-`ym-k-_nÃv

C.-Fw.-F-kv. a{ń-k-`-bnÂ hnZym-`ym-k-a-{ń-

bm-bn-cp¶ tPmk^v ap−-tÈ-cn-bmWv ]nÂ¡m-

e¯v henb XÀ¡-§Ä¡v hgn-sbm-cp-¡nb hnZym-

`ym-k-_nÂ 1957 Pqsse 13-þmw XnbXn Akw-»n-

bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n- -̈Xv. 1957 \hw-_À 28\v Cu _nÃv

]mkm-bn. ]t£ {]kn-U-−nsâ AwKo-Imcw e`n-

¡p-¶-Xn\v ap³]mbn CXv kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn-se-

¯n. tImSXn hn[n-b-\p-k-cn¨v amäw hcp-¯nb

tIcf FUyp-t¡-j³ BIväv 1958 \hw-_-dnÂ

Ah-Xcn¸n¨v ]mkm-¡n. CXnÂ {][m\ambpw

kvIqÄ A[ym-]-I-cpsS tPmensb kw_-Ôn¨pw

amt\-Pvsaâv kv¡qfp-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§sf

123

Ipdn¨pw DÅ \nÀt±i§fm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ

{]Xn-]-£hpw aäp k`m-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw khÀ®-]-

£-]m-Xn-Ifpw AXn-s\-Xnsc \nc-´-c-amb ka-c-

§fpw {]iv\-§fpw krjvSn-¨p. bYmÀ°-¯nÂ 14

hb-Êp-h-sc-bpÅ Ip«n-I-fpsS D -̈`-£Ww sSIvÌv-

_p-¡p-IÄ Fgp-¯p-km-a-{Kn-IÄ Ch-sbÃmw hnX-

cWw sN¿m\pw kuP\y {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw

Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯m\pw _nÃv hyhØ sNbvXn-cp-¶p.

F¶mÂ _nÃnsâ km¦Â¸nI Zpcp-]-tbmKw ka-c-

¡mÀ Nq−n¡m«n. _nÃp-sIm−v tkh-\-th-X-\kp-

c-£nXXzw A[ym-]-IÀ¡v e`n¨p F¶Xv A[ym-]-

I-k-aq-ls¯ kw_-Ôn¨v henb t\«-am-Wv.

hntam-N-\-k-acw

tIc-f-kw-Øm-\-¯nse BZys¯ a{´-nk- -̀

s¡-Xn-cmbn 1958-þÂ cmjv{So-b-{]-t£m-`-am-bn-cp¶p

hntam-N-\-k-a-cw. C.-Fw.-F-kv. \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ

t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ a{´n-s¡-Xnsc \S¶ Cu

{]t£m`¯n\-h-km\w 1959Â a{´n-k-`-bpsS ]pd-

¯m-¡-enÂ Iem-in-¨p.

kwØm-\s¯ `£y-¡-½nän \nI-¯m³

kzoI-cn¨ \S-]-Sn-I-fnÂ Agn-aXn Btcm-]n¨pw

ImÀjn-I-_-Ô-_n-Ãn-s\-Xn-cmbpw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-{]-

Xy-b-im-kv{X-t¯m-SpÅ Bi-¦bpw Cu {]t£m-`-

124

¯nsâ Imc-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu {]t£m-`-¯nÂ

]s¦-Sp¯ ]ecpw ]n¶oSv X§Ä¡v sXäp-]-än-

sb¶v Gäp-]-d-¨nÂ \S-¯n-bn-«p-−v. kotdm ae-

_mÀ Imt¯m-en-¡m-k-`, \mbÀkÀÆokv

skmssk-än, apÉnw-eoKv F¶o kwL-S-\-I-fm-bn-cp-

¶ Cu ka-c-¯nse {][m\ iàn-IÄ. Imt¯m-

en-¡-k-`bv¡v \nc-h[n hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-\-§Ä

D−m-bn-cp-¶p. hnZym-`ym-k-_nÃv hcp-¶-tXm-Sp-IqSn

hnZym-e-b-§Ä kÀ¡m-dnsâ A\p-a-Xn-¡p-th-

−ntbm atäm Im¯p-\nÂt¡−n hcp-sa¶ `bw

Ahsc hntam-N\ ka-c-¯ntes¡-¯n-¨p. F³.

Fkv. Fkn\v `qhp-S-a-{]-iv\hpw DtZym-K-§Ä kwc-

£n-t¡− _m[y-X-bp-ap−mbn. AXp-aqew Ahcpw

hntam-N-\-k-a-c-¯n\v ap¶n-«n-d§n `qanbpw A[ym-]-

I-tPm-enbpw \jvS-s¸-Sptam F¶pw AhÀ IW-¡p-

Iq-«nbt¸mÄ apÉnw-eoKv BsW-¦nÂ {]Xy-b-im-

kv{X-]-c-amb hntbm-Pn¸pw cmjv{Sob {]Xn-Im-chpw

ap¶nÂh¨v ka-c-¯nÂ \ne-sIm−p.

kmaq-ln-I-a-X-kw-L-S-\-IÄ¡p]p-dta FÃm

{][m\ {]Xn-]-£-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw hntam-N-\-k-a-c-

¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯p. C´y³ \mj-WÂ tIm¬{K-

kv, ]«w XmWp-]n-Å-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ {]Pm

tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n, BÀ.-F-kv.-]n. apÉnw eoKv,

sI.-F-kv.-]n. F¶n-hÀ a{´n-k-`sb ]pd-¯m-¡Ww

125

F¶m-h-iy-s¸«v ka-c-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯p. B{Ô

Acn Ipw`-tIm-W-¯nÂ kÀ¡mÀ {]Xn-tcm-[-¯n-

embn t]meokv shSn-sh-¸nÂ A¦-am-en, ]pÃp-hn-f,

sh«p-Im-Sv, sNdn-bXpd F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ ka-c-¡mÀ

acn-¨p-ho-W-tXmsS ]{X-§Ä P\m-[n-]Xyw am\n¨v

kÀ¡mÀ cmPn-h-bv¡-W-sa¶v Fgp-Xp-Ibpw a{ń-

k` cmPn-h-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ

Cý³ ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ (1975 þ 77)

kzX{´ Cý-bpsS cmjv{So-b-N-cn-{X-¯nse

Gähpw hnhmZ ]qÀ®-amb Ime-am-bn-cp-¶p. {][m-

\-a{ń Cµn-cm-Km-Ôn-bpsS D]-tZ-im-\p-k-cWw

cmjv{S-]Xn ^{Ip-±o³ Aen Al-½Zv Cý³ `c-

W-L-S-\-bnse 352-þmw hIp¸v A\p-k-cn¨v cmPy¯v

ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ {]-Jym-]n-¨p. sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ

d±m-¡m\pw ]uc-h-Im-i-§Ä \nP-s¸-Sp-¯m-\p-apÅ

A[n-Imcw CXv Cý³ Kh¬saân\v \ÂIn.

cmPy-kp-c-£-bpsS Imcyw ]d-ªmWv {][m-\-

ambpw ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸-«-Xv.

ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ \ne-hnÂ hcp-t¼mÄ kn.

ANyp-X-ta-t\m-\m-bn-cp¶p apJy-a-{ń. Cµn-cm-Km-

Ôn-bpsS A\p-bmbn Bb sI. Icp-Wm-I-c-\m-bn-

cp¶p B`y-´-c-a{ń. ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ Imes¯

126

òI-c-amb t]meokv hmgvN-bnÂ tIc-f-¯nse

I½yq-WnÌv t\Xm-¡fpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Pbn-enÂ

AS-¡-s¸-«p. tZiob t\Xm-¡-fpsS Ah-Øbpw

hn`n-¶-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ip{]-kn-²-amb cmP³tIkv

ASn-b-ń-cm-Ø-Im-e-¯mWv kw`-hn- -̈Xv. \nb-a-hn-

cp-²-amb t]meokv \mbm«v C¡m-e¯v Cý-sbm-

«msI kw`-hn-¨p. ]m¡n-Øm-\p-am-bpÅ bp²w

Ah-km-\n¨v A[nIw hÀj-§Ä Ign-bm-¯-Xp-

sIm−v cmPy-kp-c-£-bpsS Imc-W-amWv ASn-b-ń-

cm-h-Ø-Im-e¯v Na-bv¡-s¸-«-Xv. Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-

b-W³, samdmÀPn-tZ-im-bn, Nc¬knw-Kv, cmP-\mcm-

b-W³, sP.-_n. Ir]-em-\n, ASÂ_n-lmcn hmPvt]-

bn, emÂIrjvW AZzm\n XpS-§nb {]Xn-]-£-t\-

Xm-¡Ä DS³ AdÌv sN¿-s¸-«p. {]Xn-]-£-]mÀ«n-

Ifpw BÀ.-F-kv.-Fkpw Pam-As¯ CÉm-an-bp-

saÃmw \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-«p. F¶mÂ `c-W-L-S-\-

bnÂ amäw hcp-¯p-¶Xv kp{]ow-tIm-SXn XS-ªXv

hen-sbmcp hgn-¯n-cn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp-]mSv a\p-jy-

cpsS Poh\pw {Ia-k-am-[m-\hpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw

_en-I-gn-¨mWv ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ Ah-km-\n- -̈Xv.

127

bqWnäv þ 5

tIc-fob \thm-°m\w

tIc-fob \thm-°m\w ]e-hn-[-¯n-epÅ

]p\:cmtem-N-\-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-am-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-

¡p¶ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ {]Xn-k-

Ôn-IÄ F´m-bn-cp-s¶¶pw shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ

F{Xt¯m-f-ap-−m-bn-cp-s¶¶pw \thm-°m\w

BcpsS Pohn-X-¯n-emWv amä-ap-−m-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-

sX¶pw AXnsâ ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ Fs´-Ãm-am-bn-cp-

s¶¶pw hni-Z-amb At\z-j-W-§fpw Fgp¯pw

hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯v XpS-cp-¶p.

1888-þÂ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp \S-¯nb Acp-hn-

¸p-ds¯ inh-{]-Xn-jvT-bmWv tIc-fo-b-\-thm-°m-\-

¯n\v B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Hcp XpS-¡-ambn Icp-Xn-h-

cp-¶-Xv. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ, AXnsâ AÔ-X-bnÂ

Pohn¨ Hcpk-aq-l-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-fw. tIc-fs¯

AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fnÂ \n¶pw A\m-Nm-c-§-

fnÂ\n¶pw PmXn-a-X-{`m-´nÂ \n¶pw tamNn-¸n-¡m-

\mWv \thm-°m-\hpw \thm-°m-\-\m-b-I-·mcpw

{ian- -̈Xv.

kap-Zm-b-§sf ]cn-jv¡-cn-¡m³, \qäm-−p-I-

fmbn kap-Zm-b-§Ä apt¶m-«p-h¨ BNmc

A\pjvTm\-§sf am\-hn-I-X-bn-te-¡p-bÀ¯m³

128

\thm-°m-\-\m-b-I-·mÀ {ian-¨p. Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n,

F³.-F-kv.-F-kv, tbmK-t£-a-k-`, km[p-P-\-]n-c-]m-

e-\-kwLw XpS-§nb kwL-Sn-X-cq]w {]m]n¨

{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \thm-°m\s¯ apt¶m-«p-\-bn-¨p.

]mÝm-Xy-_-Ô-§fpw Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-khpw

hnim-e-amb AÀ°-¯nÂ \thm-°m-\s¯ klm-

bn-¨p. AXnsâ XpSÀ -̈bmbn \thm-°m-\hpw

B[p-\o-I-c-Whpw ]c-kv]cw tNÀ¶p-\n¶v hnI-kn-

¨p-h-cp-¶Xv tIc-f-¯nÂ ImWm-\m-bn. apX-em-fn-¯-

h-fÀ¨, kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS hnIm-kw, P\m-[n-]-

Xy-hn-¹-h-§Ä F¶n-h-bpsS ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ Ah-

bnÂ \ns¶Ãmw Dcp-¯n-cn-ªp-h-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p ]Sn-

ªm-d³ bqtdm-¸nse B[p-\o-I-c-Ww. F¶mÂ

ChnsS tImf-\o-I-c-W-hp-am-bn-_-Ô-s¸-«mWv

B[p\oI-cWw \thm-°m-\-¯n-\p-k-lm-b-I-am-

bXv.

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb tIc-fk-aq-

ls¯ B[p-\n-I-h-Xv¡-cn-¨Xv \thm-°m-\-am-Wv.

kmwkvIm-cn-I-\-thm-°m\ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§fpw

kmaq-ly-a-X-]-cn-jv¡-cW {]Øm-\-§fpw cq]-s¸-

Sp-¯nb ]pXnb Pohn-X-k-¦Â¸-\-§fpw t_m[-cq-

]-§-fp-amWv B[p-\n-I-tI-cf cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v hgn-

sbm-cp-¡n-b-Xv. P·nþPm-Xn-þ-aX ta[m-hn-Xz-t¯mSpw

AXnsâ Bi-b-tem-I-t¯mSpw Xncp-¯-ep-IÄ

129

{]Jym-]n¨ \thm-°m\{]Øm-\-amWv tIc-fs¯

]pXnb P\m-[n-]-Xy-a-X-\n-c-t]£ kaq-l-ambn

hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯-Xv. kzmX-{´y-¯nÂ hniz-kn-

¡p¶ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶Â¸pw

kmwkv¡m-cnI apt¶-ä-§fpw IÀj-I-cp-tSbpw ASn-

Øm-\-hÀ¤-¯n-sâbpw ka-c-§fpw \thm-°m-\-{]-

{In-bsb kzm[o-\n-¡p-Ibpw Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp (1854þ 1928)

kmap-Zm-bnI ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-hn-tâbpw B-

²ym-ßn-Im-Nm-cy-tâbpw ka-\z-b-am-bn-cp¶p {io\m-

cm-b-W-Kp-cp. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v sN¼-g-´n-bn-emWv

At±lw P\n- -̈Xv. sIm¨p-hn-f-bnÂ amS-\m-i-\m-bn-

cp¶p ]nXm-hv. hbÂhm-c-¯vIp-«n-bm-bn-cp¶p amXm-

hv. IpSn-¸-Ån-Iq-S-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p hnZym-`ym-kw.

ssZh-Nn-´-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb PohnXw \bn-¨n-cp¶

\mcm-b-W³ t£{X-ZÀi-\w, [ym\w, P]w F¶nh

apS¡wIqSmsX \S-¯n-h-¶p. B²ym-ßn-I-amb Cu

ASn-¯d At±-ls¯ lnµp-]p-cm-W-§fpw thZ-

§fpw ]Tn-¡m-\pÅ BÀÖ-h-¯n-te-s¡-¯n-¨p.

kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ At±lw D]-cn-]-T\w \S-¯n.

aq¶v hÀjw-sIm−v hymI-c-Ww, thZm-´w, XÀ¡w,

Imhy-\m-S-I-§Ä F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw At±lw

]mÞnXyw t\Sn. IpSn-¸-Ån-¡q-S-¯nse A[ym-]-I-

130

\mbnamdnb At±lw _Ôp-¡-fpsS \nÀ_-Ô-¯n-

¶p-h-g§n "Imfn'sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ

Cu _Ôw A[nIw sshIpw-ap³t] Ah-km-\n-

¡p-Ibpw At±lw `mc-X-¯n-ep-S-\ofw k©-cn-¡p-

Ibpw ]e-bn-S¯pw [ym-\-¯nÂ Ign-bp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. thZm-´-]-Þn-X\pw tbmKn-bp-amb

ssX¡mSv A¿-mhnsb I−v injy-\mbn amdnb

\mcm-b-W³ At±-l-¯nÂ \n¶pw tbmK-hn-Zy-h-i-

am-¡n-b-tXmsS "kzman' F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sm³Xp-S-§n.

acp-Xzm-a-e-bnÂ ZoÀL-Imew GIm-´-X-bnÂ [ym\-

\n-c-X-\m-bn. B Ime¯v Pohn-X-¯nsâ AJ-Þ-

Xbpw a\p-jy-cpsS GI-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ah-

t_m-[hpw Kpcp-hnÂ ZrV-am-bn. Cusbmcp \nd-hp-

am-bmWv At±lw Acp-hn-¸p-d-t¯¡v t]mb-Xv.

Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X{´yw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸«

A[:ØnXÀ¡v {]mÀ°n-¡p-hm-\mbn Bcm-[-\m-

ebw D−m-t¡-−Xv Bh-iy-am-sW¶ Xocp-am-\-hp-

ambn s\¿m-dnsâ Xoc¯v Acp-hn-¸p-ds¯ Kpl-

bnÂ [ym\-\n-c-X-\mbn Ign-ªp. 1888-þÂ Hcp-in-h-

cm-{Xn-Zn-hkw Kpcp BänÂap§n Hcp ]md-¡-sÃ-

Sp¯v inh-enw-K-ambn {]Xn-jvTn-¨p. tIc-f-¯nsâ

kmaq-ly, cmjv{So-b, kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-§-fnÂ

Hcp ]pXp-bp-K-¸n-d-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p Bkw-`-hw.

131

{_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hnXzw \ne-\n-¶-Im-e-¯m-bn-

cp¶p {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp- Acphn¸pdw {]Xn-jvT-\-S-

¯nb-Xv. A[:ØnX\v {]Xn-jvT-\-S-¯m-\pÅ Ah-

Im-is¯ tNmZyw-sNbvX {_mÒ-W-]u-tcm-ln-Xy-

t¯mSv ""\mw Cugh inh-s\-bm-WtÃm {]Xn-jvTn-

¨Xv'' F¶ adp-]Sn A[:ØnX-cpsS Ah-Im-i-

§sf t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. am{X-aÃ

XpSÀ¶v tIc-f-¯nsâ ]e-`m-K-§-fnepw Kpcp-t£-

{X-§Ä Øm]n¨v Cu Ah-Im-i-§sf Øm]n-s -̈

Sp-¯p. PmXn-b-amb hnth-N-\-§Ä Gähpw {]I-S-

amb Hcp-Im-e-am-bn-cp¶p AXv F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-

t¼m-gmWv Kpcp F{X-am{Xw hn¹-h-I-c-amb apt¶-ä-

amWv \S-¯n-b-sX¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m-\m-hp.

AhÀWsc, kaq-l-¯nse D¶-X-sc¶v kzbw Icp-

Xp¶ khÀ®À s]mXp-hgn \S-¡mt\m hnZym-

`ymkw t\Smt\m k½-Xn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. AhÀWÀ

khÀWsc kv]Àin-¡p-Itbm kao-]n-¡p-Itbm

sN¿m³ ]mSn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-§-fnÂ {]th-in-

¡mt\m sNcn-¸v, IpS, hnti-j-h-kv{X-§Ä, B`-c-

W-§Ä Ch-sbm¶pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mt\ ]mSn-Ãm-bn-

cp-¶p. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ Abn-¯m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xn-

sc-bm-bn-cp¶p Kpcp-hnsâ Acp-hn-¸pdw {]Xn-jvT.

]me-¡mSv Hcp IS-bnÂsN¶v "D¸v' F¶v tNmZn- -̈

Xn\v Hcp-bp-hm-hns\ XÃn-s¡m¶ Ncn{Xw tIc-f-

¯n-\p-ap-¶n-ep-ÅXv \ap¡v HmÀ¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

132

kmaq-ln-I, kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv¡-cWw e£y-

am¡n 1903-þÂ {io\m-cm-bW [À½]cn-]m-e-\-

tbmKw (SNDP) cq]o-I-cn-¨p. A\m-Nm-c-§sf

D·qe\w sN¿p-I, hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v {]m[m\yw

\ÂIpI CsXms¡ Fkv.-F³.-Un.]n bpsS e£y-

§-fm-b-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw inh-Kn-cn-bnepw Xe-tÈ-cn-

bnepw tImgn-t¡mSpw DÄs¸sS \nc-h-[n-t£-{X-

§Ä {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ

Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. t£{X-§Ä Øm]n-¡p-¶Xpw

AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯n-

bXpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb ]ptcm-K-a-\-¯n\v th−n-

bm-bn-cp-¶p. A[:ØnXsc am\-hn-I-X-bn-te¡v

\bn-¡m³ A¡m-e¯v t£{Xm-Nm-c-§-fn-te¡v

Ah-sc-sIm-−p-h-cp-¶Xv Xs¶ henb kmaq-ly-{]-

hÀ¯-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Hcp-L«w Ign-ª-

t¸mÄ t£{X-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Kpcp C§s\ ]d-ªp.

""t£{X-\nÀ½m-Ws¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡-cp-Xv. C\n-

P-\-§Ä¡v hnZym-`ymkw sImSp-¸m³ {i²n-¡-Ww.

AhÀ¡dn-hp-−m-Is« AXp-X-s¶-bmWv Ahsc

\¶m-¡p-hm-\pÅ acp¶v'' Cu ktµiw DÄs¡m-

−mWv ]n¶oSv Fkv.-F³.{SÌv cp]o-I-cn-¨Xpw

AXn-\p-Io-gnÂ kvIqfp-Ifpw tImtf-Pp-Ifpw

DÄs¸sS \nc-h[n hnZym-`ymkØm]-\-§Ä

Øm]n-¡-s¸-«Xpw. tIc-f-¯nsâ hnZym-`y-k-]p-tcm-

133

K-Xn-bnÂ Cu Øm]-\-§Ä henb ]¦p-h-ln-¨Xv

Ncn-{X-am-Wv.

AssZz-X-ZÀi-\-amWv \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnse

Bßo-b-hm-Znsb Gsd kzm[o-\n- -̈Xv. AssZz-X-

ZÀi-\-¯nÂ Bßm-hnsâ GI-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn¨v

am{X-aÃ a\p-jy-k-ap-l-¯nsâ GI-Xz-s¯-¡p-

dn¨pw At±lw Nn´n-¨p. Bep-h-bnÂ Øm]n¨

AssZz-Xm-{i-a-¯n-Â "" a\p-jyÀ¡v Hcp-Pm-Xnbpw

Hcp-a-Xhpw Hcp-ssZ-hhpw AÃmsX Hmtcm-cp-

¯À¡pw shtÆsd PmXnbpw aXhpw ssZhhpw

CÃ'' F¶v kzman Ipdn-¨n-«p. Hcp-]mSv t£{X-§-

fnÂ hn{K-l-{]-XnjvT \S-¯n-bn-«pÅ Kpcp-tNÀ¯-e-

bnÂ Ifhw tImSw t£{X-¯nÂ I®mSn {]Xn-

jvT-\-S-¯n-b-Xn-eqsS Cuiz-cm-cm-[-\-bpsS ]c-a-amb

e£yw Bß-ZÀi-\-am-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶ ktµ-i-

amWv \ÂIn-b-Xv. Cusbmcp e£yw ap¶nÂ¡−v

1928-þÂ hÀ¡e inh-Kn-cn-bnÂ "{io\m-cm-bW [À½-

kwLw' cq]o-I-cn-¨p. 1925-þÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ

BZys¯ kÀÆ-a-X-k-t½-f\w Bep-h-bnÂ hnfn-¨p-

Iq-«n-bXv Kpcp-hm-bn-cp-¶p. kap-Zmb ]ptcm-KnXn

e£y-am-¡n-s¡m−v Hcp-]mSv Imcy-§Ä At±lw

]d-ªph¨p. B XpS-¡-amWv \mw Ct¸mÄ

ImWp¶ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw t\«-§-fp-sSbpw Imc-

Ww.

134

"hnZy-sIm−v kzX-{´-cm-hpI', "kwL-Sn¨p

ià-cm-hpI', "aX-ta-Xm-bmepw a\p-jy³ \¶m-

bmÂ aXn', 'aZyw hnj-am-Wv, AXp-−m-¡-cp-Xv,

hnÂ¡-cp-Xv, IpSn-¡-cpXv', ""Hcp-Pm-Xn, Hcp-a-Xw, Hcp-

ssZhw a\p-jy\v'' F¶n§-s\-bpÅ Kpcp-hnsâ

hN-\-§Ä \nc-h-[n-km-aq-ly-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v

t{]c-W-\ÂIn. CXnÂ ""Hcp-Pm-Xn, Hcp-a-Xw, Hcp-

ssZhw a\p-jy\v'' F¶hN\w hf-sc-b-[nIw sXän-

²m-cW aX-t\-Xm-¡Ä¡n-S-bnepw aäp-{]-[m\

hyàn-Xz-§Ä¡n-S-bnepw D−m-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXv kpIp-

amÀ Ago-t¡mSv "aXhpw aX-§fpw' F¶ teJ-\-

¯nÂ hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v. kz´w aXs¯ am{Xw

]pI-gv¯n-Po-hn-¨n-cp¶ C¡q-«À Hcp-PmXn F¶Xv

kz´w PmXn-bm-sW¶pw Hcp-aXw kz´w aX-am-

sW¶pw Hcp-ssZhw kz´w ssZh-am-sW¶pw kwi-

bn- -̈Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. Kpcp a\p-

jy\v Hcp-PmXn F¶XvsIm−v a\p-jy-PmXn F¶m-

WÀ°-am-¡n-b-sX¶pw Hcp-aXw F¶-Xp-sIm−v

FÃm-a-\p-jyÀ¡pw aX-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Hc-`n-{]m-b-am-bn-

cn-¡-W-sa¶pw Hcp-ssZhw F¶-Xp-sIm−v ]e-ssZ-

h-§-fnÂ At\z-jWw \S¯n ]e-hn-`m-K-§-fmbn

Xncnªv {]iv\-¯n-em-ImsX ssZhw Ht¶-bpÅp

AXv FÃm-hÀ¡pw ka-amWv F¶ hfschnim-e-

amb AÀ°-¯n-epÅ hN-\-amWv Kpcp-]-d-ªp-h- -̈

sX¶v Ago-t¡mSv kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. "]e aX-km-c-

135

hp-taIw' F¶p-]-dªv FÃm-a-X-§-tfbpw Hcp-

t]mse ImWm³ Kpcp A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-

s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kwkvIr-Xw, ae-bm-fw, Xangv F¶o aq¶p-`m-

j-I-fn-embn A¼-Xn-e-[nIw KZy-]-Zy-Ir-Xn-IÄ Kpcp-

c-Nn-¨p. kvt{Xm{X-§Ä, shfn-]m-Sp-IÄ, B[ym-

ßnI XXzm-hn-jv¡m-c-§Ä F¶n-§s\ Ahsb

Xncn-¡mw. Ah-bnÂ ]©-I-§fpw AjvS-I-§fpw

Zi-I-§fpw iX-I-§fpw D−v.

kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv¡m-cWw ap³\nÀ¯n tUm.-

]Â¸p, Ipam-c-\m-im³ XpS-§n-b-h-cp-ambn Kpcp-\-S-

¯nb Btem-N-\-Isf XpSÀ¶mWv Fkv.-F³.-

Un.]n cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. BPoh-\m´ A[y-£³

Kpcp-hm-bn-cp¶p sk{I-«dn Ipam-c-\m-im\pw Cug-h-

cpsS Ipe-s¯m-gn-emb "sN¯v' \ndp-¯-W-sa¶pw

]Icw hymh-km-b-kw-cw-`-§-fnepw _p²n-]-c-amb

{]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw GÀs¸-S-W-sa¶pw Kpcp kap-

Zm-b-t¯mSv Bh-iy-s¸-«p. CXv ]n¶oSv kap-Zm-b-

¯nsâ km¼-¯n-Ihpw kmap-ln-I-hp-amb

hfÀ¨bv¡pw hnZym-`ym-k-t\-«-§Ä¡pw klm-bn-

¨p. tUm.-]Â¸p, Ipam-c-\m-im³, kn.-hn.-Ip-ªn-cm-

a³, aqÀt¡m¯v Ipam-c³, \S-cm-P-Kpcp Sn.-sI.-am-[-

h³, kn.-Ir-jvW³ XpS-§n-b-hÀ {io\m-cm-bW

136

ktµ-i-{]-Nm-c-I-cpsS ap³]-´n-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨

BZy-Ime t\Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

A¿-¦mfn (1863-þ1941)

tIc-fob \thm-°m-\-\m-b-In-cÂ ]ecpw

Bi-b-§ÄsIm−mWv AhcpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

apt¶m-«p-sIm-−p-t]m-b-Xv. F¶mÂ A¿-¦mfn Bi-

b-§Ä sIm−p-am-{X-aÃ Gäp-ap-«-ep-I-fpsS Hcp

\o−-N-cn{Xw krjvSn-¨mWv \thm-°m\

{]hÀ¯\-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-«-Xv. cà-cq-£n-X-am-bn-

cp¶p ]e-t¸mgpw B Gäp-ap-«Â. ]«n-Wn-¡m-cmb

P\-k-©-bs¯ t]mcm-fn-I-fm¡n amäpI F¶

henb IÀ¯-hy-amWv At±lw \S-¸n-em-¡n-b-Xv.

hgn-\-S-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-¯n-\p-th−n hnÃp-

h−nkacw (1893) \S-¯n-b-t¸mÄ khÀ® {]am-

Wn-amÀ A¿-¦m-fn-tbbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-tfbpw XS-

bp-Ibpw henb Gäp-ap-«-ep-−m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Gäp-ap-«m³h-¶-h-tcmSv AtX-\m-W-b-¯nÂ Xncn- -̈

Sn-¡m³ At±-l-¯n\v Ign-ª-XmWv hnÃp-h-−n-k-

acw hnP-b-am-Im³ Imc-Ww. AsÃ-¦nÂ s]mXp-h-gn-

137

bnÂ {]th-in-¡m-\m-hmsX Hcp-P-\X s]m´-I-

fnepw ]mS-§-fnepw Ign-tb-−n-h-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. hnZy-

`ym-k-¯n-eqsS am{Xta C\n A[:ØnX-cmb a\p-

jy-cpsS D¶-a-\-¯n\v km[n¡q F¶v a\-Ên-em-

¡nb A¿-¦mfn hnZym-`ykw t\Sm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw

t\Sn-sb-Sp-s¯-¦nepw At±lw Øm]n¨ kvIqfp-

IÄ Xoh¨p \in-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. Ahn-sSbpw t]mcm-«-

¯nsâ Ncn{XwIpdn-¡-s¸-«p. khÀ®À Ig-¡q-«w,

Imhm-ew, s]cn-\m-Sv, _me-cm-a-]p-cw, sN¶n-¯-e,

IWn-bm-]pcw F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse ZenXv hnZym-e-b-

§-fnÂ Ibdn hnZymÀ°n-Isf `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-

Ibpw aÀ±n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pe-b-s]¬Ip-«n-

IÄ¡pÅ ]Ån-¡qSw CXn-\n-S-bnÂ khÀ®À

B{I-an-¡p-Ibpw Xosh-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-

N-cn-{X-¯nse Cu Idp-¯-Zn-\-§sf 90-þmwam−v

hn¹-h-sa-¶mWv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ

[n¡m-c-§Äs¡-Xnsc \nc-´cw t]mcm-S-nbmWv

A¿-¦mfn ]mh-§-fpsS ]S-¯-e-h-\m-b-Xv.

1907þÂ (1905 F¶pw Icp-Xp-¶p) km[p-P-\-]-

cn-]m-e-\-kwLw Øm]n¨ A¿-¦mfn Xsâ

{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯n. ]pe-b-k-ap-Zm-bmw-

K-am-bn-cp¶ A¿-¦m-fn-bpsS amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä

A¿\pw ame-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. A[:ØnX kap-Zm-b-

sa-¶-\n-e-bnÂ \qäm-−p-I-fmbn A\p-`-hn-¨p-t]m¶

138

A\o-Xn-Ifpw bmX-\-Ifpw I−pw-tI-«p-amWv A¿-

¦mfn Hcp-am-ä-¯n-\p-th−n {]hÀ¯-\-\n-c-X-\m-Ip-

¶-Xv. Zen-XÀ¡v hgn-\-S-¡m\pw IÃp-ame apX-emb

{]mIrX B`cW-§Ä Dt]-£n-¡m\pw ]cn-jvIr-X-

h-kv{X-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡m\pw hnZym-`ymkw

t\Sm\pwaäpw At±lw \S-¯nb t]mcm-«-§Ä

tIc-f-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Xs¶ hnkva-cn-¡m-\m-

hm-¯-Xm-Wv. kwLÀj-]q-cn-X-am-bn-cp¶p At±-l-

¯nsâ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xw. "ImÀjn-I-tPmen _ln-

jv¡-cWw' \S-¸n-em-¡nb A¿-¦mfn ZenXv

hnZymÀ°n-Isf kvIqfnÂ {]th-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc

Hcp hÀj-¯nÂ IqSp-XÂImew khÀW-cpsS ]mS-

§-fnÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡msX kacw sNbvXp. Ah-

km\w khÀWÀ H¯p-XoÀ¸n\p X¿m-dmbn. kacw

hnP-b-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A[:ØnX P\-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS A\n-tj-[y-

t\-Xm-sh¶ \ne-bnÂ A¿-¦mfn {]kn-²-\mbn 1914-

þÂ {ioaqew{]Pm-k-`-bnÂ AwK-amb At±lw 25

hÀj-¡mew BØm\¯p XpSÀ¶p. A¿-¦m-fn-

bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-^-e-ambn t£{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-

c-¯n-\-\p-Iq-e-amb A´-co£w cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-

Xnepw DtZym-K-Ø-\n-b-a-\-¯n\pw \nb-a-k-`m-{]m-Xn-

\n-[y-¯n\pw B\p-]m-Xn-I-hy-hØ A\p-h-Zn-¸n-¡p-

¶-Xnepw hnP-bn-¨p. km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-kw-L-

139

¯nsâ Iq«mb bXv\hpw CXn-\p-]n-¶p-ep-−m-bn-cp-

¶p.

BcpsS ap¶nepw Xe-Ip-\n-¡m¯ \nÀ`-

b\pw \nkzmÀ°-\p-am-bn-cp¶p A¿-¦m-fn.

A[:ØnX P\-hn-`m-K-¯nsâ DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶Â¸v

km[y-am-bXv At±-l-¯nsâ hntcm-Nn-X-amb

{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä aqe-am-Wv. \qäm-−p-I-fmbn kmaq-

ly-aÀ±-\-§fpw Npj-Whpw A\p-`-hn-¨n-cp¶

A[:ØnXsc kzmX-{´y-¯n-te¡pw kmaq-ly-A-h-

Im-i-§-fn-te¡pw \bn¨ [oc-\mb hn¹-h-Im-cn-bm-

bn-cp¶p A¿-¦m-fn. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cphpw tUm.-

]Â¸phpw ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸\pw sshIp-WvT-kzm-

anbpw apt¶m-«p-\-bn¨ tIc-fob \thm-°m-\-{]-

Øm-\-¯nsâ ]S-\m-b-I-\mbn A¿-¦m-fnsb hnti-

jn-¸n-¡m-sa¶v hn.-bp.-kp-tc-{µ³ ""tIc-fob \thm-

°m\w {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ shÃp-hn-fnIÄ F¶ {KÙ-

¯nÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v.

hmKv -̀Sm-\-µ³ (1885-þ1939)

I®qÀ PnÃ-bnÂ Iq¯p-]-d-¼n-\-Sp-¯pÅ

]mSyw {Kma-¯n-emWv hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ P\n- -̈Xv.

tImc³Kp-cp-¡-fp-tSbpw Nocp-A-½-bp-sSbpw aq¯-

]p-{X-\mb At±-l-¯nsâ _mey-Im-e-\maw

Ipªn¡-®³ F¶m-bn-cp-¶p. BZy-Kpcp kwkvIr-

140

X-]-Þn-X-\m-bn-cp¶ AÑ³ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

]mc-¼cy hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eqsS Imhy-\m-S-Im-e-¦m-c-

§-fnepw ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-fnepw Úm\w t\Sn.

hmb-\-bnÂ AXn-bmb XmXv]cyw D−m-b-tXmsS

B²ym-ßnI hnj-b-§-fnÂ Adnhp k¼m-Zn-¨p.

{]kw-K-I-e-bnÂ ]mÞn-Xyhpw hmKzn-em-khpw

H¯p-tNÀ¶tXmsS At±lw hn.-sI.-Kp-cp-¡Ä

F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. {_mÒm-\-µ-in-h-tbm-Kn-bmWv At±-

l-¯n\v hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ F¶-t]cp \ÂIn-b-Xv.

_me-Kpcp F¶pw At±lw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v.

kpIp-amÀ Ago-t¡mSv hmKv`-Sm-\-µs\ C{]-

Imcw kvacn-¡p¶p ""\ho-\-tI-cfw F¶Xv Bi-b-

N-{I-hm-f-¯nÂ Aev]-kv^p-cn-X-amb Hcp-kz]v\w

am{X-am-bn-cp¶ Ime-¯v, AXnsâ ]qÀ®-kv^p-

cWw km[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th−n Nn´m-a-Þ-e-§-fn-

eqsS {]hÀ¯n¨ \me-©p-tI-c-fo-bm-Nm-cy-·m-cnÂ

Hcm-fmWv hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³. aX-¯nse AÔ-hn-izm-k-

§-tfbpw kap-Zm-b-¯nse A\m-Nm-c-§-tfbpw

DÑm-S\wsN¿m³ tIc-f-¯nsâ PoÀ®m-´-co-£-

¯nÂ hoinb ssNX-\y-§-fm-bn-cp-¶tÃm N«-¼n-

kzm-an-IÄ, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, {_Òm-\-µ-in-h-tbm-

Kn, hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ F¶n-hÀ.... aX-]-c-amb AÔ-X-

IÄ¡pw kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb A\m-Nm-c-§Ä¡pw

AXo-X-amb Hcp B²ym-ßnI ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ

141

kq£va-k-¯- `mcXobÀ¡p-−v. AXt{X AssZzX

kn²m-´w. taÂ]-dª BNm-cy-·m-cnÂ an¡-hcpw

AssZz-X-¯nsâ B[m-c-in-e-bn-t·-emWv X§-fpsS

{]hÀ¯\ ku[-§Ä sI«n-bp-bÀ¯n-bp-«p-Å-sX-

¦nepw hmKv`-Sm-\-µ-Kp-cp-hn-s\m¸w \nkvX-{µ-am-bn,

\njvI-f-¦-ambn AssZz-X-t_m-[s¯ {]N-cn-¸n-

¡m³ Xsâ kakvX kn²n-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-

¯nb thsdm-cm-Nm-cy³ A¡q-«-¯n-en-Ã.''

tImgn-t¡m-s«-¯nb hmKv-`-Sm-\-µ³ AhnsS

X¯z-{]-Im-inI Fs¶mcp kwkvIrX hnZym-ebw

Bcw-`n-¨p. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§fpw thZhpw D]-\n-

j-¯p-¡fpw `K-h-XvKo-X-bp-sams¡ D²-cn-¨p-

sIm−v B²ym-ßnI kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§-sf-¡p-dn-

¨pÅ hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§fpw {]`m-j-W-§fpw hmKv`-

Sm-\-µs\ {]i-kvX-\m-¡n.

cmPmdmwtaml³tdmbnbpsS {_Ò-k-am-P-¯nsâ

kn²m-´-§fpw At±-l-¯nÂ henb kzm[o\w

sNep-¯n. "Bß-hnZy' F¶ ZmÀi-\nI {]_-Ô-

¯nsâ Bap-J-¯nÂ cmPmdmwtaml³tdmbnsb

\h-`m-c-X-¯nsâ ]nXm-hmbn At±lw hnti-jn-¸n-

¨p. PmXn-Nn-´-tbbpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-tbbpw

FXnÀ¯p-sIm−v {_Òm-\-µ-in-h-tbmKn cNn¨

"tam£-{]-Zo]w' hmKv`-Sm-\-µsâ bpàn-Nn-´bv¡v

iàn-]-IÀ¶p. {_Òm-\-µ-in-h-tbm-Knsb Kpcp-

142

hmbn ImWm³ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ X¿m-dm-bn. Cugh

kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ ]nd¶ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ Xsâ kap-

Zmbw A\p-hÀ¯n-¨p-t]m¶ Xnc-−p-I-Ãym-Ww,

Xmen-sI-«p-I-ÃymWw XpS-§nb A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-

Xnsc {]hÀ¯n¨v kmap-Zm-bnI \thm-°m-\-¯n\p

{ian-¨p. hn{K-l-§sf ]qPn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS a\p-jy\v

DXv¡Àjw km[y-a-sÃ¶v {]Jym-]n-¨p-sIm−v

{_mÒ-W-in-h-t\bpw Cugh inh-t\bpw Xnc-kvI-

cn-¨p. PmXn-hy-h-Øsb XIÀ¡m\pw Abn-¯s¯

CÃm-Xm-¡p-hm\pw an{i-hn-hm-lhpw an{i-t`m-P-\hpw

t{]mÕmln-¸n¨v kmaq-lnI ka-Xz-sa¶ Bibw

{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡n. Bß-hn-Zym-kwLw aptJ\

PmXn-hy-Xym-kw, aZy-]m\w F¶n-h-bvs¡-Xnsc

iàn-bpàw {]hÀ¯n¨ kmaq-lnI ]cn-

jv¡À¯m-hm-bn-cp¶p hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³. Bß-hn-Zym-

kwLw Øm]n¨ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ [À½-{]-Nm-cWw

A\m-Nm-c-§-fp-tSbpw AÔ-hn-iz-k-§-fpw-tSbpw

[zwk\w F¶n-h-bv¡p-th-−n-bpÅ t_m[-h-Xv¡-

cWw \S-¯n. CXnsâ imJ-IÄ D¯-c-tI-c-f-

¯nepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw Øm]n-X-am-bn. Bß-

hn-Zym-kw-L-¯nsâ am\n-s^tÌm F¶ \ne-bn-

emWv BZy-Ir-Xn-bmb "Bß-hnZy' {]kn-²o-I-cn- -̈

Xv. ""AÔ-§fpw {`m´-§-fp-amb hnizm-k-§sf

DÑm-S\w sN¿p-hm\pw kXy-§fpw kvXpXy-§-fp-

amb BNm-c-§-fnepw hnNm-c-§-fnepw ]Zw hn\y-

143

kn-¡p-hm\pw \½psS \m«p-ImÀ¡v kzev]-sa-¦nepw

kuI-cy-s¸-Sm³ Cu {KÙw klm-bn-¡pw. ("Bß-

hn-Zy-' BapJw ]p.7) F¶v {KÙ-Im-c³ {]Xo-£n-

¡p-¶p.

h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀ auehn (1873-þ1932)

tIc-f-apÉow \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ ]nXmhv

F¶mWv h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀ auehn Adn-b-s -̧

Sp-¶Xv. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw h¡w BWv At±-l-

¯nsâ kztZiw. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hp-ambn

ASp¯ _Ô-ap-−m-bn-cp¶ At±lw Fkv.-F³.-

Un.-]n-bpsS amXr-I-bnÂ CÉmw [À½-]-cn-]m-e\

kwLw XpS-§n. CXp-Iq-SmsX sFIy-

apÉowkwLw, AJn-e-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ apÉow alm-

P-\-k-`, Nndn-b³Iogv Xmeq¡v apÉow kamPw

F¶o kwL-S-\-Ifpw At±lw Øm]n-¨p. kztZ-

im-`n-am\n ]{X-¯nsâ Øm]-I³ F¶ \nebv¡v

At±lw Gsd {]k-à-\mb Hcp-hy-àn-Xz-am-Wv.

kztZ-im-`n-am\n ]{Xw \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw kztZ-

im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ \mSp-I-S-¯-s¸-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXXv tIcf\thm-°m\ Ncn-{X-¯nse \mgn-I-

I-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. {]km-[-I-cw-K¯v hen-b-kw-`m-h-\-I-

fmWv h¡w tIc-f-¯n\p k½m-\n- -̈Xv. CÉm-aob

]»n-jnwKv lukv Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw apÉow(1906)

AÂ CÉmw(1918) Zo]nI(1931) F¶o amkn-I-IÄ

144

{]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zo]nI amkn-I-bn-

emWv Jpdmsâ ae-bmf ]nc-`mj BZy-ambn {]kn-

²o-I-cn-¨p-h-¶-Xv. "CÉmw-a-X-kn-²m´ kw{K-lw',

"ZuD-k-_mlv' F¶nh At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-I-fm-

Wv. tUm.-P-amÂ apl-½Zv "kztZ-im-`n-am\n h¡w

auehn' F¶ IrXn At±-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v cNn-¨n-«p-

−v.

tIcf apÉo-§Ä¡n-S-bnse anI¨ kmaq-ly-

]-cn-jv¡À¯m-¡-fnÂ Hcm-fm-bn-cp¶p h¡w

A_vZpÄJmZÀ aue-hn. Ad-_n, t]Àjy³, Ddp-Zp,

ae-bmfw F¶o`mj-I-fnÂ ]Þn-X-\m-bn-cp¶

At±lw apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ D¶-a-\-¯n\pw

kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\-¯n\pw th−n ITn-\-ambn

{]b-Xv\n-¨p. CÉm-an-\p-Ånse AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-

tfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-tfbpw Dt]-£n-¡p-hm\pw

B[p-\n-I-]p-tcm-K-a\ {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ kPo-h-ambn

]s¦-Sp-¡p-hm\pw Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-

hm\pw At±lw apÉo-§-fnÂ t{]c-W-sN-ep-¯n.

aue-hn-bpsS hnZym-`ymk{]hÀ¯-\-§sf tIc-f-

apÉow Ub-d-IvS-dn-bnÂ C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.

""kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-K-Xnsb

em¡m¡n auehn kmtl_v \nÀÆ-ln¨ {]hÀ -̄

\-§Ä ]qhn«v hncn-ªXv ASp¯Ime¯m-Wv `c-

W-a-Þ-e-§-fnepw HutZym-Kn-I-amb aäp-cw-K-§-

145

fnepw apÉo-§Ä¡v {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-¡m³

At±lw A£oWw {ian-¨p. AXnsâ ^e-ambn

1914 apXÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Kh¬saâv kÀÆo-knÂ

apÉow FPyq-t¡-j³ C³kvs]-IvSdpw Jpdm³

A[ym-]-I-·mcpw Ad_n ap³jn-amcpw D−m-bn''.

Kh¬saânsâ Ad-_n-]-co-£-bp-tSbpw Ad-_n-

sSIvÌv _p¡v I½-än-bp-tSbpw Øm\-§-fnÂ Ccp-

¶p-sIm−v apÉow-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n\v ]ptcm-KXn

ssIh-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-co-Xn-bnÂ At±lw

{]hÀ¯n-¨p.

s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kpcp (1879-þ1939)

{]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k` cq]w sIm−n«v

AYhm s]mbvI-bnÂ {ioIp-am-c-Kpcp k`m-{]-Jym-

]\w \S-¯n-bn«v \qdv hÀjw Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.

A[:ØnX P\-X-bpsS D¶-a-\-¯n-\p-th-−n-bmWv

k` (]n.-BÀ.-Un.-F-kv) cq]o-I-cn- -̈Xv. sNdpXpw

hep-Xp-amb \nc-h[n kwLÀj-§-fn-eq-tSbpw

shÃp-hn-fn-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv Cu {]Øm\w tIc-f-

¯nÂ hfÀ¶Xpw hnI-kn- -̈Xpw. 1879-þÂ Cc-hn-t]-

cq-cnÂ P\n¨ Ipam-c³ F¶ _me³ {InkvXp-aXw

kzoI-cn¨v tbml-¶m³ Bbn. amÀt¯ma k`mw-K-

am-bn-cp¶ At±lw \sÃmcp {]mkw-Kn-I\pw k`m

146

kwLm-S-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-

IÄ¡v aXwamdn-h¶ {]tXy-In¨v A[:ØnX-cmb

{InkvXym-\n-I-tfm-SpÅ at\m-`m-h-¯nÂ Zp:JnX-

\mb tbml-¶m³ AXns\ hnaÀin¨v {]kw-Kn-¡p-

Ibpw k` hn«p-t]m-Im³ \nÀ_-Ôn-I-\m-hp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw {_ZÀan-j-\nepw thÀ]mSv

k`-bnepw tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨p-sh-¦nepw kz´w

ZÀi-\-§-fpw {InkvXp-a-Xhpw X½nÂ s]mcp- -̄

s¸«p t]mhn-sÃ¶p a\-Ên-em-¡nb Ipam-c-Kpcp Hcp-

h-enb Iq«w A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-ambn k`-hn-«p-t]m-bn.

CXn-\p-aq-e-Im-cWw A[:ØnX P\X {InkvXp-

aXw kzoI-cn¨v h¶-t¸mÄ AhÀ {]Xo-£n-¡p-

Ibpw hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ Imcy-§-fnÂ

\n¶pw Ah-cpsS A\p-`hw hn]-co-X-am-bXmbncp-

¶p. PmXn kw_-Ô-amb Ah-tl-f-\-¯n\v AhÀ

ho−pw hnt[-b-cm-bn. {InkvXp-aXw ASn-a-hÀ¤-

¯n\v A`-b-am-In-sÃ¶v Xncn- -̈dnª tbml-¶m³,

Ipam-c³ F¶ Xsâ ]g-b-t]cv kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw

{InkvXp-a-X-hpw tbml-¶m³ F¶t]cpw Dt]-£n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv At±lw

{]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k` Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xv.

A[:ØnX-cpsS thZ-\-IÄ¡v ]cn-lmcw ImWm³

At±lw \nc-´cw {]b-Xv\n-¨p. ]n.-BÀ.-Un.-Fkv

\pth−n Kpcp-¡-·m-tcbpw D]-tZ-jvSm-¡-tfbpw

At±lw \nb-an-¨p. 1921-þÂ {ioapew Akw-»n-

147

bnepw 1931-þÂ {]Pm-k-`-bnepw At±lw AwK-am-bn-

cp-¶p.

\thm-°m\ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ sXän-²m-c-

W-IÄ¡pw hf-s¨m-Sn-¡-ep-IÄ¡pw hnt[-b-amb

{]Øm-\-amWv {]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k-`. ]e-

t¸mgpw AXv ZfnXv hncp-²-am-sW¶v {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-

«p. AXnsâ `mK-ambn k` ss{IkvXh hnizm-k-

¯nsâ `mK-am-sW¶v Ip{]-N-cWw D−m-bn.

s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kpcp Hcp-Z-fnXv ss{IkvXh D]-

tZin B-bn-cp¶psh¶pw ac-Wm-\-´cw At±-

ls¯ A\p-bm-bn-IÄ s]mbvI-bnÂ {io Ipam-c-Kp-

c-tZ-h-\mbn Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw kwh-cW X«n-

¸nsâ `mK-ambn {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p.

1921-þse {]Pm-k-`m-{]-kw-K-¯nÂ Ipam-c-Kpcp

C§s\ ]d-bp-¶p ""B²ym-ßnI c£-bv¡pÅ

amÀ¤-sa¶ [mc-W-tbmsS ]d-bÀ, ]pe-bÀ apX-

emb [mcmfw Bfp-IÄ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¨p.

F¶mÂ {InkvXym-\n-I-fmb kI-ecpw GI-k-ap-Zm-

b-ambn F¶p [cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv sXäm-bn-t¸m-bn.

GsXÃmw PmXn-bnÂ \n¶pw AhÀ aX-]-cn-

hÀ¯\w \S-¯ntbm AtX PmXn-I-fm-bn-Xs¶

an{i-hn-hm-ltam an{i-t`m-P-\tam IqSmsX thÀXn-cn-

¡-s¸-«p. Kh¬saâv B\p-Iq-ey-§Ä A\p-h-Zn-¡p-

t¼mÄ Chsc FÃm-h-tcbpw HtcImgvN-bnÂ

148

ho£n-¡-cp-Xv. kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ ASn-¯-«nÂ InS-

¡p-¶-hÀ¡v {]tXy-I-k-lm-bhpw t{]mÕm-l-\hpw

Bh-iy-am-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ kap-Zm-b-s¯ At]-

£n¨v t\m¡p-t¼mÄ hf-sc-tbsd ]nt¶m-¡m-h-Ø-

bn-em-Wv. AXp-sIm−v Kh¬saânÂ \n¶pw

{]tXy-I-k-lm-b-¯n\v AhÀ AÀl-cm-Wv. AhÀ

\mSns\ ^e-`p-bn-jvT-am-¡nb ]pcm-X-\-hÀ¤-§-fm-

bn-cp-¶p. Hcp-Im-e¯v AhÀ Chn-Ss¯ ASn-a-I-fm-

bn-`-hn-¨p. ({]-Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k-` Ncn-{Xhpw

ap³hn-[n-I-fpw, C.-hn.-A-\nÂ) Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hnsâ Cu

hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS aXw-am-dn-bmepw PmXn Ah-km-\n-

¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw ASn-a-Pm-Xn-IÄ¡v c£-e-`n-¡p-¶n-

sÃ¶pw hyà-am-Ip-¶p. {]ikvX {InkvXy³ anj-

W-dn-bmb U»yp.-F-kv.-l−v 1933-þÂ Ipam-c-Kp-c-hn-

s\-¡p-dn¨v Nne-Im-cy-§Ä tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.

s]mbvI-bnÂ A¸-¨\v AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Hcp-A-\p-

bmbn kwL-ap-−v. CXnÂ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ASn-

a-Pm-Xn-I-fm-Wv. h\m-´-c-§-fnÂ BgvN-I-tfmfw

\o−p-\nÂ¡p¶ tbmK-§Ä ChÀ \S-¯m-dp-−v.

F¶n-§s\ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.

sImÃ-hÀjw 1083 hrÝnIw 22-þ\v Ipam-c-

Kpcp tIm«-b-¯n-\-Sp-¯pÅ hmI-¯m-\s¯ ZfnXv

A[n-hm-k-ta-J-e-bmb ap¡m-en-¡p-¶nÂ henb

tbmK-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw CXnsâ HmÀ½ ]pXp-

149

¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn ]n.-BÀ.-Un.-Fkv hmI-¯m\w imJ

B−p-tXmdpw tbmK-§Ä \S-¯n-h-cp-¶p-−v. C¯-

c-¯n-epÅ Hcp-tbm-K-¯nÂ h¨mWv s]mbvI-bnÂ

Ipam-c-Kpcp ss__n-fp-IÄ Iq«n-bn«v I¯n- -̈Xv. Cu

kw`-t¯msS D−mb ASn-e-l-f-bmWv hmI-¯m\w

elf F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \thm-°m\ tIc-f-

¯nse Hcp Ahn-kva-c-Wob kw`-h-ambn CXns\

s]mXpsh \nco-£n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v. Awt_-Zv¡À 1927

Unkw-_À 24-þ\v a\p-kvarXn I¯n- -̈Xn\v Xpey-

amb kw`-h-ambn CXv hmbn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

tIc-f-¯n-ep-S-se-Sp¯ \thm-°m\

{]hÀ¯-\-§sf AtX-]Sn ]n³Xp-S-cmsX kmaq-

lnI hyXn-bm-\-§sf A[:ØnX-cpsS ]£-¯p-

\n¶p ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-¯m\pw {ian¨p F¶p-

Å-XmWv Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hnsâ t\«w. tIc-f-¯nÂ

s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-I-fn-eqsS k©m-c-kzm-X-{´yw-

t]mepw Iogm-fÀ¡v \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ ka-b¯v

temI-k-am-[m-\-bm-{X(1914) \S-¯m³ {]Xy-

£c£m-ssZ-h-k-`bv¡v Ign-ªXv Ah-À hniz-am-\-

hn-IX F¶ Bi-b-¯nÂ ASn-bp-d¨p \n¶-XvsIm-

−m-Wv. A[:ØnXÀ ASn-a¯w hen-s -̈dnªv

temI¯v \S-¡p¶ kw`-h-§-fnÂ CS-s]-«-Xnsâ

DZm-l-cWw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. Ipam-c-Kpcp kpJ-k-ar-²-

amb Hcn-S-ap-s−¶ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn-eq-sS-bÃ

150

apt¶m«v t]mb-Xv. ]Icw Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ASn-a-I-fm-

¡-s¸« A[:ØnX-P-\-X-bpsS Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-I-

tfbpw bmYmÀ°y-§-tf-bp-amWv A`n-kw-t_m-[\

sNbvX-Xv. A¯-c-¯n-epÅ Pohn-X-¯nÂ \n¶v

tamNn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sm³ ]cn-lmcw \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶-Xn\v

At±lw XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p.

N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ (1853-þ1924)

Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v I®³aq-e-bn-epÅ

sImÃqÀ {Kma-¯nÂ hmkp-tZ-h-iÀ½-bp-tSbpw Xncp-

\-¦-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn P\n-¨p. A¿-¸³ F¶m-bn-

cp¶p icn-bmb t]sc-¦nepw Ipª³ F¶ hnfn-

t¸-cmWv ]n¶oSv Adn-b-s¸-«-Xv. Zmcn{Zyw aqew

hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\p {]Xn-_Ôw t\cn-«p.

kwkvIrXw ad-ªp-\n¶p tI«p-]-Tn-¨p. t]«-bnÂ

cma³]nÅ Bimsâ ]mT-im-e-bnÂ tNÀ¶p ]Tn-

¡p-t¼mÄ kz`m-h-ip-²n-bnepw ]T-\-¯n-ep-apÅ

anI-hp-sIm−v "N«¼n'bmbn Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«p.

ssX¡mSv A¿m-hn-bnÂ \n¶v lTtbm-Khpw kzman-

\m-Y-tZ-in-I-cnÂ \n¶v Xangpw XXz-im-kv{Xhpw

hi-am-¡n. kpº-P-Sm-]m-Tn-IÄ F¶ ]c-tZi thZm-

´-]-Þn-X³ "Úm\-{]-Pm-cI k`-bnÂ thZm-´-

{]-`m-jWw tIÄ¡m-\n-S-bmb Ipª³N-«¼n At±-

l-¯nsâ injyXzw B{K-ln-¨p. At±-l-¯nÂ

\n¶v kwkvIr-X-¯nsâ D]-cn-]m-T-§fpw thtZm-]-

151

\n-j-¯p-¡Ä, imkv{X-§Ä, tbmK-hnZy F¶Ã

kakvX hnÚm-\hpw \mep-hÀjw-sIm−v

DÄs¡m-−p. A½-bpsS ac-W-tijw \m«nÂ\n¶v

euIo-I-_-Ô-§Ä Dt]-£n¨v At±lw tZim-S-\-

¯n-\n-d-§n. Z£n-W-`m-cXw apgp-h³ kµÀin-¨p.

acp-Xzm-a-e-bnse Hcp-Kp-l-bnÂ Aev]-Imew X]-k-

\p-jTn-¨p. _lp-ap-J-amb ]mÞnXyw t\Sn-bn«pw

Adn-tb-−-X-dn-ªnÃ F¶ tXm¶Â At±-ls¯

Akz-Ø-\m-¡n. A¡m-e¯v \mKÀtIm-hn-enÂ

h¨v AÚm-X-\mb Hcp-tbm-Knsb I−p-ap-«n. At±-

l-¯nÂ\n¶v Bß-hn-tZym-]-tZiw kzoI-cn-¨p.

A§s\ Ipª³N-«¼n 'N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ' Bbn.

\qäm-−p-I-fmbn \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶

NmXpÀhÀ®y-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Zqjy-^-e-§Ä

DÄs¡m− Hcp-Im-e-L-«-am-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯n-tâ-

Xv. a\p-jys\ a\p-jy-\nÂ \n¶v AI-än-\nÀ¯p-

Ibpw ZrjvSnÂ ]Xn-ªmÂ t]mepw tZmj-ap-Å-h-

cmbn amän-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvX PmXn-hy-h-Ø-

bpsS N§-e-I-fnÂs]«v ]nS-ª-a-cp¶ P\-hn-`m-K-

§-fpsS hnem-]-§Ä tI«n-sÃ¶v \Sn-¡m³ At±-l-

¯n-\m-bn-Ã. PmXn-t{i-Wn-bpsS Xe-¸¯v hncm-Pn-

¡p¶ {_mÒ-W-cpsS kmaq-ly-taÂt¡m-bva-bvs¡-

Xn-sc-bpÅ BZys¯ [oc-amb i_vZw N«-¼n-kzm-

an-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. A{_m-Ò-WÀ¡v thZw ]Tn-

152

¡m³ A\p-hm-Z-an-sÃ¶ \ne-]m-Sns\ tNmZyw-sN-¿p-

Ibpw AXnsâ s]mÅ-¯-cs¯ Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

lnµp-a-X-¯nse AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-tfbpw

A\m-Nm-c-§-tfbpw Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-Ibpw AXnse

amen-\y-§sf ASn-¨p-am-äm³ P\-§sf Blzm\w

sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-eqsS tIc-f-¯nÂ kmaq-

ly-]-cn-jv¡-c-W-¯n-\pÅ ]Ým-¯ew Hcp-¡n-

bXpw N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ BWv. ""Abn¯w sImSn-Ip-

¯n-hm-W-Im-e¯v AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-¡msX

\mcm-b-W-Kpcp kzman-I-tfbpw sIm−v khÀ® `h-

\-§-fnÂ IS-¶p-sN-¶n-cp¶ N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ

PmXn¡pw Abn-¯-¯n-\p-a-Xo-X-ambn Pohn-¡p-¶-

sX-§n-s\-sb¶v ImWn¨p sImSp-¯p''. F¶v {io.-

F.-]n.-D-Z-b-`m\p tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpsS thZm-´-NÀ -̈Ifpw aXw,

ZÀi-\w, Ncn-{Xw F¶o hnj-b-§sf A[n-I-cn¨v

cNn- -̈Ir-Xn-Ifpw kmaq-lnI ka-Xzw, a\p-jy-km-

tlm-Zcyw F¶o-X-Xz-§Ä¡v {]mapJyw \ÂIn. aX-

§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-X-Xz-§Ä FSp-¯p-Im«n Ah-

bpsS aueo-I-amb GI-kz-`m-hs¯ kaÀ°n-¡p-I-

bmWv N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ sNbvX-Xv. tIc-f-¯nse

kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-cW {]Øm-\-¯n\v _p²n-]-c-

amb ASn-¯-d-]-WnX N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ Akm-[m-c-

153

W-kn-²n-IÄ XnIª Iem-Im-c\pw Bß-tbm-

Knbpw Bbn-cp-¶p. BZn-`m-j, {]mNo-\-a-e-bm-fw,

thZm-[n-Im-c-\n-cq-]-Ww, AssZzX Nn´m-]-²-Xn,

{InkvXp-a-X-tO-Z-\w, Poh-Im-cp-Wy-\n-cq-]-W, \nPm-

\-µ-hn-em-kw, thZm-´-km-K-cw, AssZz-X-]-RvPcw

Ch-bmWv N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpsS {][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ.

At±lw 1924 sabv 5 \v ]·-\-bnÂsh¨v kam-[n-bm-

bn.

ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³ (1889-þ1968)

hn¹-h-I-c-amb Hcp-Po-hnXw \bn-¡p-Ibpw

kaq-l-¯n-te¡v Xsâ BZÀi-§Ä hn«p-ho-gvN-bn-

ÃmsX ]IÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvX \thm-°m\ \mb-I-

\m-bn-cp¶p ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³. ssh¸n³

Zzo]nse sNdm-bn-bnÂ P\n¨ At±lw tIc-f-

¯nse hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\p-tijw D]-cn-]-T-\-¯n\v

a{Zm-knÂ t]msb-¦nepw AXv ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡msX

aS-§n. hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ Øm]n¨ Bß-hn-Zym-kw-L-

hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ

GÀs¸« At±lw Cugh kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ A¡m-

e¯v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-tfbpw

A\m-Nm-c-§-tfbpw CÃm-Xm-¡m³ th−n-bpÅ

{ia-hp-ambn kaq-l-¯n-te-¡n-d-§n. Fkv.-F³.-Un.-

]n-bpsS Hcp t]mj-I-kw-L-S\ F¶ \ne-bnÂ

"PmXn \io-I-cWw' e£ywh¨v 1917-þÂ A¿-¸³

154

ktlm-Z-c-kwLw Bcw-`n-¨p. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-

hnsâ Nn´m-a-Þ-e-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ Hcp-{]-

hÀ¯\w Xs¶-bmWv ktlm-Z-c-kwLw apt¶m-«p-

h- -̈Xv "PmXn-th-−, aXwth−, ssZhw-th− a\p-

jy\v' F¶ Bibw AXnsâ ]mc-ay-¯nÂ

DÄs¡m-Åp-Ibpw bpàn-Nn-´-bnÂ A[n-jvTn-X-

amb {]hÀ¯\w ImgvN-h-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvX [nj-

Wm-im-en-bm-bn-cp¶p ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³. PmXn

XIÀ¡pI F¶ e£y-hp-ambn At±lw an{i-t`m-P-

\hpw an{i-hn-hmlhpw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p. 1917-þÂ

At±lw sNdm-bnÂ \S-¯nb an{i-t`m-P\w kz´w

PmXn-¡m-cnÂ \n¶pw FXnÀ¸n\pw ]cn-lm-k-

¯n\pw CS-bm-¡n. PmXn-t¡m-am-fn-IÄ At±-ls¯

]pe-b³ A¿-¸³ F¶p-hn-fn-¨p. ]t£ AXn-

sem¶pw ]X-dmsX PmXn-cm-£-ksâ Iqä³ {]Xn-a-

IÄ Np«p-Nm-¼-em-¡n-sIm−v At±-l-¯nsâ kmaq-

l-{]-hÀ¯\w apt¶m-«p-t]m-bn. ]pe-b-tcbpw Cug-

h-tcbpw ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¨p-sIm−v At±lw an{i-t`m-P-

\hpw an{i-hn-hm-lhpw FÃm FXnÀ¸p-IÄ¡n-S-

bnepw \S-¯n.

ktlm-Z-c-kw-L-¯n-eqsS kaq-l-¯nÂ

henb ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä XpS§nhbv¡m³ At±-l-

¯n\p km[n-¨p. A§s\ sI.A¿-¸³ ktlm-Z-

c³ A¿-¸³ Bbn. 1919-þÂ Fd-Wm-Ipfw a«m-t©-

155

cn-bnÂ \n¶v At±lw ktlm-Z-c³ F¶ ]{Xw

{]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ bpàn-]-c-amb

Pohn-X-¯n-tâbpw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fp-tSbpw sXfn-

hmbn 1928-þÂ Bcw-`n¨ "bpàn-hmZn' amkn-Isb

ImWmw. CXnsâ BZy ]{Xm-[n-]cpw At±-l-am-bn-

cp-¶p. kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ

At±-l-¯nsâ taJ-e. -cm-jv{Sob {]hÀ¯-\-

¯nepw At±lwtim`n-¨p. sIm¨n-cm-Py¯v {]mb-

]qÀ¯n-thm-«-h-Im-ihpw D¯-c-hm-Z-`-c-Whpw

Øm]n-¨p-In-«m³ At±lw \nc-ćw {]b-Xv\n-¨p.

sIm¨n-{]-Pm-a-Þ-e-¯nÂ Gsd-¡ew AwK-am-bn-

cp¶ At±lw D¯-c-hm-Z-`cWw Øm]n- -̈Xn-\p-ti-

j-apÅ P\-Io-b-a-{ń-k-`-bnepw H¶nÂIq-Sp-XÂ

XhW AwK-am-bn. 1949-þÂ Xncp-sIm¨n kwØm\w

cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v ]«wXmWp-]nÅ a{ń-

k-`-bnepw AwK-am-bn.

ktlm-Z-c-{]-Øm\w tIc-f-¯nsâ \m\m-`m-

K-§-fnÂ AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä hym]n-¸n-¡p-

Ibpw X·pew P\-km-am-\y-§-fnÂ t]mepw ]pXn-

sbmcp DuÀÖhpw Nn´m-]-²-Xnbpw hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-

¡m\pw ktlm-Z-c-{]-Øm\w klm-bn-¨p. kaqlw

]pXnb Bi-b-§-fn-te¡pw AÔ-Im-c-\n-_n-U-amb

Pohn-X-¯nÂ \n¶v ]pd-¯p-I-S-¡p-hm\pw ktlm-Z-

c³ A¿-¸sâ Bi-b-§Ä klm-b-I-am-bn. Fń-

156

t\-bpw bpàn-]qÀÆ-ambn kao-]n-¡p-hm-\pÅ Hcp

kzX-{´-Nn-´-mioew A¿-¸³ kaq-l-¯nÂ

hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯p. aXw hyàn-]-c-amb Imcy-am-bn-

cn-¡-W-sa¶pw PmXnsb D·q-e-\miw hcp-¯-W-

sa¶pw A¿-¸³ DZvt_m-[n-¸n-¨p. sImSp-§-Ãq-cnse

irwK-]p-c¯vh¨v PmXncm£-ksâ Iqä³

ssht¡mÂ {]Xna D−m-¡p-Ibpw AXv BtLm-j-

]qÀÆw Zln-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw

A[:ØnXÀ¡v \ntcm-[\w GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶

{iwK-]pcw tdmUnÂ IqSn tLmj-bm{X \bn-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS B tdmUnÂ¡qSn \S-

¡m³ AhÀ®À¡v Ah-Imiw e`n-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. C{]-Imcw tIc-f-¯n-ep-S-\ofw PmXn-

tbbpw PmXn-bp-ev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ Akzm-X-{´y-§-

tfbpw [oc-ambn FXnÀ¯p-sIm−v kaq-l-¯n\v

Bß-hocyw]IÀ¶v sImSp¯v ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-

¸\pw ktlm-Z-c-{]-Øm-\hpw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ `mK-am-

bn.

aàn X§Ä (1847-þ1912)

ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nÂ

shfn-bw-tImSv tZi¯mWv aàn X§Ä P\n- -̈Xv.

k¿nZv k\m-hpÅ aàn-X-§Ä F¶mWv ]qÀ®-

\m-aw. ae-bm-fw, Ad-_n, t]Àjy³, Xan-gv, DÀZp,

Cw¥ojv F¶o-`m-j-I-fnÂ ]mÞnXyw t\Snb

157

At±lw {_n«ojv Kh¬saânsâ IognÂ

FIvsskkv C³kvs]-IvS-dmbn tPmen-sN-bvXp.

1900-þÂ DtZymKw cmPn-h¨v apgp-h³k-ab kmaq-

lnI {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-te¡v Xncn-ªp. ae-¸p-ds¯

s]m¶m-\n, at©cn F¶o-{]-tZ-i-§Ä tI{µo-I-cn-

¨m-bn-cp¶p kmaq-ln-I-\-thm-°m\ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

\S-¯n-b-Xv. A¡m-es¯ apÉow hnZym-`ymkw JpÀ-

B³ HmXepw AXnsâ hni-Zo-I-cWw ]Tn-¡-ep-am-

bn-cp-¶p. a{Z-Ê-IÄ, Hm¯p-]-Ån-IÄ F¶nh

tI{µo-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p hnZym-`ymkw \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶-

Xv. A¡m-es¯ apÉnw aX-t\-Xm-¡Ä Cw¥ojv

hnZym-`ym-k-s¯bpw {_n«n-jp-Im-scbpw FXnÀ¯n-

cp-¶p. AXn\v {][m\ImcWw {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS

\nIpXn]ncn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. ae-_m-dnse IÀj-I-

cnÂ\n¶pw `qhp-S-a-I-fnÂ\n¶pw A\ym-b-amb

\nIp-Xn-Nq-jWw AhÀ \S-¸n-em-¡n-b-XnÂ {]Xn-

tj-[n-¨m-bn-cp¶p Cu FXnÀ¸v. sshtZ-in-I-amb

F´n-s\bpw \ncm-I-cn- -̈Iq-«-¯nÂ Cw¥o-jp-Im-

tcmSv i{Xp-Xm-a-t\m-`m-hhpw AhÀ¡p-−m-bn-cp-¶p.

AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Cw¥o-jv`mj ]nim-Nnsâ `mj-

bm-sW¶v hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw AXv Hgn-hm-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ae-bm-f-hpw AhÀ ]Tn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã.

AhÀ ]Tn- -̈`mj Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.

AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ apÉowaX-ØÀ¡v aäp-Å-h-sc-

t¸mse sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä e`n-¨n-Ã. CX-hsc

158

km¼-¯n-I-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw ]nt¶m-«p-\-bn-

¨p.

Cusbmcp Ah-Ø-bn-emb apÉow kap-Zm-

bs¯ kmaq-ly-ambpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambpw km¼-

¯n-I-ambpw ]p\-cp-²-cn-¡m³ apt¶m-«p-h¶ \thm-

°m-\-\m-b-I-\mWv aàn-X-§Ä. At±lw ae-bm-f-

`mj ]Tn-¡m³ P\-§sf \nc-´cw Blzm-\w-sN-

bvXp. Cw¥o-jv`m-j-tbm-SpÅ FXnÀ¸v CÃm-Xm-

¡m\pw AXp-]-Tn-¡p-I-hgn ]pXnb Ah-k-c-§Ä

e`n-¡p-sa¶p t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m\pw aàn-X-§Ä

{]hÀ¯n-¨p. a{Z-Ê-I-fnse ]T-\-coXn ]cn-jv¡-cn-

¡p-Ibpw ]pXnb A[y-b-\-co-Xn-IÄ \S-¸n-em-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. JpÀ-B³ ]T-\-¯n\p ]pdta ]pXn-

b-Im-cy-§Ä a{Z-Ê-I-fnÂ ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ At±lw

Blzm\w sNbvXp. CÉm-an-\n-S-bnÂ \ne-\n-¶n-

cp¶ AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fnÂ \n¶pw A\m-Nm-c-§-

fnÂ\n¶pw kap-Zm-bs¯ c£-s¸-Sp-¯m³

At±lw \nc-´cw bXv\n-¨p. B {iaamWv ]n¶o-Sv

ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse apÉow-P-\-hn-`m-K-¯n\v

DWÀhpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw D−m-hm³ Imc-W-am-b-Xv.

kmaq-ly-ambpw km¼-¯n-I-am-bpw D¶-Xn-bn-te¡v

h¶-Xn-\p-]n-¶nÂ aàn-X-§-f-S-¡-ap-Å-h-cpsS Ign-

ª-Im-es¯ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Imc-W-sa-

¶p-Im-Wmw.

159

_lp-`mjm ]Þn-X³, apÉow \thm-°m-\-

\m-b-I³, Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bmfw en]n ]cn-jv¡À¯mhv

XpS-§nb \ne-I-fnÂ {i²-b-\mb aàn-X-§Ä

{]km-[-I³ F¶-\n-e-bnepw hyàn-ap-{Z-]-Xn-¸n-¨p.

apÉow Bâv FUyp-t¡-j³ C³ ae-bm-fw,

klvk-ZpÂ AlvbmÀ hÂln-Zm-b-¯Â AkvdÀ,

\_n-\-b-\w, ]mÀ¡-enX t]mÀ¡fw F¶nh At±-

l-¯nsâ {][m-\-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. XpÀ¡n-k-am-Nmcw

F¶ ]{Xhpw ]tcm-]-Imcn F¶ amkn-Ibpw aàn-

X-§-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ {]kn²w sNbvXn-cp-¶p.

JpÀ-B³ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvsX-

¦nepw AXv ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶-Xn\v ap³]v At±lw

A´-cn-¨p.

]Þnäv sI.-]n.-I-dp-¸³ (1885-þ1938)

tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ AÔ-hn-izm-k-

§Ä¡pw A\m-Nm-c-§Ä¡pw PmXn-b-amb D -̈\o-N-

Xz-§Ä¡pw FXnsc t]mcm-Snb hn¹-h-Im-cn-bmb

\thm-°m-\-\m-b-I-\m-bn-cp¶p sI.-]n.-I-dp-¸³. Fd-

Wm-Ipfw PnÃ-bnse tNc-\-Ãq-cn-emWv At±lw

P\n- -̈Xv. _mey-Im-e¯v i¦-c³ F¶ t]cn-emWv

At±lw Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. Ago-¡Â thep-ssh-

Zy-\m-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ Kpcp. _lp-`mjm

]Þn-X-\m-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. kaq-l-¯nÂ \ne-\n-

¶n-cp¶ PmXn-{`m´pw Abn-¯w-t]m-epÅ A\m-Nm-

160

c-§-fp-amWv Idp-¸s\ \thm-°m\ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-

te¡v hcm³ t{]cn-¸n- -̈Xv. sIm¨n \m«p-cm-Py-¯p-\n-

¶pÅ BZys¯ kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jv¡À¯m-hm-bn-

cp¶p At±-lw. Ac-b-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ \thm-°m-\-

¯n-¶p-th−n {]b-Xv\n-¡p-Ibpw "Ac-b-k-amPw'

(1907) Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pe-b-k-ap-Zm-

bs¯ kap-²-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th−n At±lw

""sIm¨n³ ]pe-b-a-lm-k`''bpw Øm]n-¨p. awK-e-

¸nÅn IrjvW³ Bim-\mWv ]Þnäv Idp-¸s\

kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-§Ä A`y-kn-¸n- -̈Xv. Idp-¸sâ

"PmXn-¡p½n' PmXn-hy-h-Øbv¡pw sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bva-

¡p-sa-Xnsc Fgp-X-s¸« tIc-f-¯nse BZy-Ir-Xn-

bmbn Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. AÔ-hn-izm-k-§Ä¡pw

A\m-Nm-c-§Ä¡p-sa-Xnsc {]tNm-Z\w \ÂIm³

"BNm-c-`q-jWw' F¶-IrXn At±lw cNn-¨p.

"DZym-\-hn-cp-¶v, _me-I-teiw' F¶o-c-N-\-IÄ

PmXn-b-amb D -̈\o-N-Xz-§Äs¡-Xnsc P\-hn-Imcw

DWÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn¨ cN-\-I-fm-Wv. Adn-b-

s¸-Sp¶ Imhy-§Ä cNn- -̈Xp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ sIm¨n-

cm-Pmhv Idp-¸\v Ihn-Xn-e-I-¸«w \ÂIn BZ-cn-¡p-

Ibpw "kmln-Xy-\n-]p-W³' F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-hÀ½ At±-ls¯ hnZzm³

F¶ Øm\-t¸cv \ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p. 1925-þÂ sIm¨n

sePn-tÉ-äohv Iu¬kn-enÂ Idp-¸³ AwK-hp-am-bn-

cp-¶p. Ac-b-k-ap-Z-bs¯ ]cn-jv¡-cn-¡m-\mbn

161

At±lw tXh-c-bnÂ "hme-k-ap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv¡m-cnWn

k`bpw F§-−n-bq-cnÂ Ac-b-hw-tim-[-c-Wn-k-

`bpw Øm]n¨p {]hÀ¯n-¨p.

1913-þse Ncn-{X-{]-kn-²-amb ImbÂ kt½-

f\w kwL-Sn-¸n-¨Xpw Idp-¸-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 1922-þÂ

At±lw ""AJne tIcf Ac-b-a-lm-k`'' Øm]n-

¨p. Fgp-¯n-eq-sSbpw kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eq-

sSbpw \thm-°m-\s¯ apt¶m-«p-\-bn¨ Idp-¸sâ

{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ PmXn-¡p-½n, ]©-h-Sn, kvtXm{X-a-

µm-cw, e¦m-aÀ±-\w, _me-I-te-iw, Nn{X-te-J,

BNm-c-`q-j-Ww, {[ph-N-cn-Xw, Ac-b-{]-i-kvXn, efn-

tXm-]-lmcw F¶n-h-bm-Wv.

tIc-f-¯nse kv{Xoap-t¶-ä-§Ä

{_mÒ-W-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nsâ khÀ®amen-\y-

§fpw PmXn-hy-h-Øbpw ]nXr-tI-{µ-Ip-Spw_ hyh-

Øbpw tIc-f-k-aq-l-¯nÂ kv{Xoap-t¶-ä-§sf

A\p-h-Zn-¨nÃ F¶-XmWv \thm-°m-\s¯

tNÀ¯v Btem-Nn-¡p-t¼mÄ ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv.

\thm-°m\w hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-§sf D²-cn-¡p¶

Hcp-]-²-Xn-bm-b-Xn-\mepw AXv hnhn-[-k-ap-Zm-b-§-

fpsS NnX-dnb {]hÀ¯-\-ta-J-e-bm-b-Xn-\mepw

kv{XoIsf AXv Xcw-Xn-cn¨v apt¶-dm³ klm-bn-¨n-

«n-Ã. \¼q-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nse A\m-Nm-c-§sf

162

CÃm-bva-sN-bv-X-t¸mÄ Iq«-¯nÂ kv{XoIÄ¡pw

hntam-N-\-¯n\v Ah-kcw e`n-¨Xv Hcp hmkvX-h-am-

Wv. AXp-t]mse A¿-¦mfn \bn¨ "IÃp-am-e-k-

acw' kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-th−n t]mcm-

Sp-Ibpw AhÀ¡v amdp-a-d-bv¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw

t\Sn-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ ka-

c-§fpw {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw kv{XobpsS ZpÊ-l-am-bn-

cp¶ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xs¯ Gsd-¡psd km[m-c-W-

am-¡n-sb-¦nepw ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm¸w tNÀ¯p-h-bv¡p-

t¼mÄ hne-b-ap-t¶-ä-¯n³ km[n-¨n-«pt−m F¶v

]cn-tim-[n-¡-s¸-tS-−-Xm-Wv.

\thm-°m-\-¯nse kv{Xoap-t¶-ä-§-sf-¡p-

dn¨v Btem-Nn-¡p-t¼mÄ {]Y-a-Øm-\¯v hcp-¶Xv

F.-hn.-Ip-«n-amfpA½ Xs¶-bm-Wv. s]m¶m-\n-bnÂ

P\n¨ AhÀ knhnÂ \nb-a-ew-L-\-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ

]s¦-Sp-¯-Xn\v c−p-amkw {]mb-apÅ Ipªn-

s\bpw I¿n-te´n AdÌv hcn-¨p. Iznäv-C-´ym-k-a-c-

¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-Xn\v Ip«n-am-fp-A½ c−p-hÀjw

PbnÂin£ A\p-`-hn-¨p. amXr-`p-an-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-

dmbpw lnµn-{]-Pm-k-`-bpsS A[y-£-bmbpw

{]hÀ¯n-¨p. 1936-þÂ a{Zmkv Akw-»n-bn-te¡v

sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«p. [oc-amb CS-s]-Sepw

{]hÀ¯-\hpw Ip«n-am-fp-A-½sb \thm-°m-\-

¯nse {]k-à-bmb kv{Xokm-¶n-²y-am-¡n-am-än.

163

Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v P\n¨ A¶m-Nm−n (1905-

þ1996) \nb-a-_n-cpZw t\Snb BZy-tI-c-f-h-\n-X-bm-

bn-cp-¶p. am{X-aÃ C´y-bnse BZys¯ h\n-Xm-P-

UvPn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p AhÀ. 1959 apXÂ 1967 hsc

A¶m-Nm−n tIc-f-ssl-t¡m-SXn PUvPn-bmbn

tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-¨p. \thm-°m-\-k-aq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-\-

§-fnÂ \nc-´cw CS-s]-«p-sIm-−n-cp¶ AhÀ

{ioaXn F¶ amkn-I-bpsS FUn-ä-dp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ Qm³kn dmWn F¶v

KmÔnPn hnti-jn-¸n¨ [oc-\-thm-°m\ \mbn-I-

bmWv A¡m½ sNdn-bm³(1909-þ1982) Imªn-c-¸-

Ån-bnÂ P\n¨ A¡m½ 1938-þÂ cmP-[m\n amÀ¨v

(X-¼m-\qÀ-þ-I-h-Sn-bmÀsIm-«m-cw) \bn- -̈tXmsS {]i-

kvX-bm-bn. 1938-þÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tÌäv tIm¬{K-

Ênsâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ "tZi-tk-hnIkwLw'

Øm]n-¨p. 1947-þÂ A¡m½ sNdn-bm³ sePn-tÉ-

äohv Akw-»n-bn-te¡v sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«p.

"PohnXw Hcp-k-acw' F¶ Ah-cpsS Bß-I-Y-

t]mse kXy-k-Ô-am-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-

hpw. Hcp-]mSv bmX-\-I-fn-eqsS, kss[-cy-apÅ

t]mcm-«-§-fn-eqsS A¡-m½-sN-dn-bm³ \thm-°m-\-

¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ kv{XoIÄ A\p-`-

hn-¨n-cp¶ Zpc-´-§-sfbpw Zp:J§-tfbpw CÃm-Xm-

164

¡m³ hn.-Sn.-B-lzm\w sNbvX {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v

kaq-l-¯n-te¡v Cd-§n-h¶ ka-c-\m-bn-I-bm-bn-

cp¶p Bcym-]Åw (1908-þ1989) kv{XoI-fpsS ad-¡pS

_ln-jv¡-c-W-bm-{Xbv¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIp-Ibpw

]menbw kXym-{K-l-¯nsâ `mK-ambn \¼q-Xncn

kv{XoI-fpsS PmY-\-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXv \thm-

°m\ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ AhÀ \nd-ªp-\n-¶p.

kv{Xokzm-X-{´y-¯n-\mbn A´-]pcw aÀ±--t\-i\w

F¶ {]tabw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. ImXp-apdn{]-Øm-\-

¯nsâ t\Xmhv F¶ \ne-bnepw Bcym-]Åw

{it²-b-bmbn. A´ÀÖ-\-k-amPw cq]n-I-cn-¡p-¶-

XnÂ henb ]¦p-h-ln-¨p. ae-¸p-d-¯p-\n¶v tIm«-b-

t¯¡v t_m[-h-Xv¡-c-W-PmY \bn-¨Xpw Bcym-]-

Å-am-bn-cp-¶p.

IYm-Im-cnbpw Ihnbpw t\mh-en-Ìp-amb efn-

Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ\w (1909-þ1987) kmln-Xy-c-N-\-

IÄsIm−pw kmaq-ly-C-S-s]-SÂsIm−pw \thm-

°m-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v DuÀÖw ]IÀ¶p. hn[-

hm-hn-hmlw \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯n-\-I¯v \njn-

²-am-bn-cp¶ Ime¯v hn[-hm-hn-hmlw {]ta-b-

am¡n efn-Xmw-_nI ]p\ÀP-·w(1935) F¶ \mSIw

cNn-¨p. Bcy-]-Å-t¯m-sSm¸w kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv¡-

cW {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-Ibpw hyàn-Po-

hn-X-¯nÂ henb k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ A\p`-hn-t¡-−n-

165

h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. efn-Xmw-_nI Fgp-Xnb GI-

t\m-h-emb Aán-km£n(1976) \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-

¯nsâ k¦oÀ®-amb kv{XoPo-hn-Xs¯ Ah-X-cn-

¸n-¨p. kv{Xokzm-X-{´ys¯ {]Jym-]n-¡p¶ IrXn-

bmbn Cu t\mhÂ klr-Z-b-temIw Gsä-Sp-¯p.

tI{µ-tI-c-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-an-A-hmÀUp-Ifpw

{]Ya hb-emÀ AhmÀUpw (1977) Cu IrXn¡v e`n-

¨p. "Bß-I-Ybv¡v Hcm-apJw' F¶ Bß-I-Y-bnÂ

\thm-°m-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS \mÄh-gn-I-sf-¡p-

dn¨v efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ\w tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-

−v.

\thm-°m-\-´c tIc-fob kaq-lhpw PmXn

kwL-S-\-Ifpw

\thm-°m\w AÔ-Im-c-¯n-em-−p-t]mb

PmXn-Po-hn-Xs¯ DS-¨p-]-Wn-bp-Ibpw kz´w kap-

Zm-b-§Ä¡-I¯v henb amä-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. AÔ-hn-iz-mk-¯nÂ \n¶pw A\m-

Nmc¯nÂ\n¶pw a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-amb PmXnhyh-Ø-

bnÂ \n¶pw a\p-jys\ tamNn-¸n-¡m³ AXv

Blzm\w sN¿p-Ibpw GI-tZiw `qcn-]-£-¯n-\p-

taÂ AXv hnP-bn-¸n-s -̈Sp-¡m³ Ign-bp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. \thm-°m\w Hcn-¡epw tI{µn-X-amb

{]hÀ¯-\-aÃ apt¶m-«-h-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. ]e kwL-S-\-

166

I-fn-eqsS AXnsâ \mb-I-·mcn-eq-sS-bmWv AXv

bmYmÀ°y-am-b-Xv.

\thm-°m-\m-\-´cw \thm-°m-\-Im-e¯v

kwL-S-\-IÄ apt¶m«v h¨ a\p-jys\ ap³\nÀ¯n-

bpÅ Bi-b-tem-I-§-fnÂ \n¶v ]nt¶m«v t]mhp-

Ibpw ]Ww, A[n-Im-cw, cmjv{Sobw F¶o LS-I-

§-fnÂ {i²-bq-¶p-¶-h-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Fkv.-F³.-Un.]n ]e-t¸mgpw Kpcp-h-N-\-

§sf hnIr-X-am¡n {]hÀ¯n-¨p. kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-

]p-d¯v Hcp am\-hn-I-X-bn-te¡v Db-cm³ B

{]Øm-\-¯n\v hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯v km[n-¨n-«n-Ã.

_e-{]-tbm-K-¯mÂ cmjv{Sob t\«-§-fp-−m-¡p-

Ibpw A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ `mKw tNmZn-¨p-hm-§m\pw

\ne-sIm-Åp¶ H¶mbn AXv amdn. ]W-¯n-tâbpw

hkvXp-h-I-I-fp-tSbpw \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ Bi-b-

§Ä B {]Øm-\s¯ apt¶m«v \bn-¡p-¶Xv

\ap¡v C¶v ImWmw. Kpcp FÃm-a-\p-jy-tcbpw

H¶mbn ImWm³ Blzm\w sNbvsX-¦n-epw

cmjv{So-b-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-am-bp-

apÅ hn`-P-\w. Cu kwL-S-\-bnÂ \ap¡v

ImWm³ km[n-¡pw. ]t£ kwL-S-\m-]-c-ambn

Nne {Kq¸p-IÄ Ds−-¦nepw ià-amb Hcp{]Øm-

\-ambn AXv C¶pw \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p.

167

F³.-F-kv.-Fkv Øm]-\-§-fp-tSbpw

thm«v_m-¦p-I-fp-tSbpw IW¡v DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¨mWv

]pXn-b-Im-e¯v cmjv{So-b-þ-km-aq-ly-A-h-Im-i-§Ä

]nSn-¨p-]-äp-¶-Xv. \thm-°m-\-Im-es¯ kmaqly

CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ, kaq-l-s¯ Imtem-Nn-X-ambn

]pXnb PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ \n¶v c£-s¸-Sp-

¯mt\m PmXn-bpsS t]cn-epÅ ]pXnb taÂhn-em-

k-§Ä hne-¡mt\m am\-hn-I-X-bn-te¡v kap-Zm-

bmw-K-§sf ]g-b-t]mse sIm−p-h-cmt\m

AhÀ¡v km[n-¡p-¶n-Ã. ap³]v {]Øm-hn- -̈Xp-

t]mse ]Ww, A[n-Im-cw, cmjv{Sobw F¶

{XntIm-W-¯nÂ Id-§n-Xn-cn-bp¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§-

fmWv F³.-F-kv.-Fkv \p C¶p-Å-Xv. ]pXnb

Imes¯ kmaq-ly-hn-]-¯p-Isf DÄsIm−v

{]hÀ¯n-¡m³ Cu kwL-S\ {i²n-¡p-¶nÃ

F¶p-Im-Wmw.

km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e\ kwLw A¿-¦mfnbpsS

Ime¯v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse A[:ØnX kap-Zm-b-

§sf DÄs¡m-Åq-Ibpw Ah-cpsS {]iv\-§sf

\nÀ²m-cWw sN¿m³ apt¶m«v hcp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

F¶mÂ A¿-¦m-fn-¡p-ti-j-apÅ t\Xr-\nc ]pe-b-

k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-te-¡p-am{Xw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä GtIm-

]n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw kmaq-ly-amb CS-s]-S-enÂ

\n¶vamdn kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb CS-§-fn-te¡v

168

{]hÀ¯\w Npcp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am{X-aÃ X§-

fpsS iàn Cu ASp-¯-Im-e¯v am{X-amWv

cmjv{Sob t\Xr-Xzs¯ t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-

ª-Xv. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ

]e-t¸mgpw kwL-S-\-bpsS BsI {]hÀ¯-\-ambn

]cn-W-an-¨n-«p-ap-−v. kzX{´ywt\Sn ]Xn-äm-−p-IÄ

Ign-ªn«pw tIc-f-¯nse ZfnXv hn`m-Ks¯

apt¶m«v \bn-¡m³ iàn-bpÅ kwL-S-\-bm-sW-

¦nepw AhÀ¡v AXn\v Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. kwL-S\

kmaq-ly, kapZmb {]iv\-§-fnÂ \n¶v hgn-amdn

]e-t¸mgpw cmjv{So-b-t\-«-¯n\pw A[n-Im-c-

¯n\pwth−n hgn-Xn-cnªp {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xpw

\ap¡v ImWmw.

\¼q-Xncnkap-Zmbw \thm-°m-\w-sIm−v

a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Xncn-¨p-In-«nb kap-Zm-b-am-Wv.

A¡m-e¯v \¼q-Xn-cnsb \thm-°m\w a\p-jy-

\m¡n ]cn-W-an-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ

]pXnbIme¯v X§-fpsS AÔ-hn-izm-k-§fpw

A\m-Nm-c-§fpw ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw Xncn-¨p-sIm-−p-

h¶v AXp-Xs¶ Hcp-I- -̈h-S-N-c-¡m¡n amäp-¶-

Xns\ FXnÀ¡mt\m AXp-h-gn-In-«p¶ A[:]Xn¨

Øm\-am-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v Hgn-ªv\nÂ¡mt\m Cu

kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ t\Xr-Øm-\-¯n-ep-Å-hÀ {ian-¡p-

¶n-Ã. \thm-°m\w CÃm-Xm-¡nb PmXn-tI-{µn-X-

169

amb A\m-Nm-c-§-tfbpw AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-tfbpw

]utcm-ln-Xy-t¯bpw kwkvIm-c-aq-e-[-\-ambn Zpcp-

]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv A´-Ênsâ `mK-ambn ChÀ

I−p-h-cp-¶p.

\thm-°m-\m-\-´c tIc-fobkaqlw ]pXn-

sbmcp \thm-°m\w kz]v\w-Im-Wp-¶p. t]cp-

IÄs¡m¸w PmXn-hm-ep-IÄ apf-¨p-s]m-´p-¶p. Hcn-

¡epw ]mS¯v Cd§n A²zm-\n-¡m¯ {_mÒ-W-

cpsS t]cnÂ Z£-W-{_m³Up-IÄ D−m-Ip-Ibpw

hen-b-hnÂ¸\ t\Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]utcm-ln-

Xyhpw BNm-c-§fpw ]mc-¼-cyhpw hen-b-{]m-

[m\yw t\Sp¶ H¶mbn ]cn-W-an-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

Hmtcm PmXn¡pw {]tXy-I-hn-hml _yqtdm-IÄ

{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. F´mtWm \thm-°m\w

e£yw-h-¨n-cp-¶Xv AXn\p hn]-co-X-ambn PmXn-bn-

eq-¶nb Hcp-k-aqlw krjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

AXn-\-\p-k-cn¨v \o¡p-t]m-¡p-IÄ \S-¯p¶

cmjv{So-b-]mÀ«n-IÄ Ah-k-c-hm-Z-]-c-ambn au\w

]men-¡p-¶p. CXmWv \thm-°m-\m-\-´cw tIc-f-

¯nsâ bmYmÀ°yw.

170

tIcfw F¶ `mjm-kw-Øm\w

`mj, kwkvImcw, Pohn-X-coXn F¶n-h-bnÂ

H¶m-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw ae-bm-fn-IÄ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-

dnepw sIm¨n-bnepw {_n«ojv ae-_m-dn-ep-ambn

`n¶n-¨mWv PohnXw \bn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. ae-bm-fn-IÄ

Hcp {]tZ-i-ambn Hcp-`-c-W-¯n\v IognÂ Hcp-`m-jm-

kw-Øm-\-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶Xv ImWm³ ]ecpw

B{K-ln-¨n-cp-s¶-¦nepw 1940-þ-hsc AsXmcp

kz]v\w am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. C´y³ \mj-WÂ

tIm¬{K-Ênsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä tIc-f-¯nÂ

Bcw-`w-sIm-−-Xp-ap-XÂ AXnsâ hmÀjnI kt½-

f-\-§-fnÂ sFIy-tI-cfw cq]o-I-cn-¡-W-sa¶

{]tabw ]mkm-¡m-dp-s−-¶-sXm-gn-¨mÂ asäm¶pw

\S-¶n-cp-¶n-Ã. ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v `qcn-]-£-apÅ {]tZ-

i-§-sfÃmw IqSn-t¨À¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww tIc-f-kw-

Øm-\-sa¶ ImgvN-¸mSv I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-¡p-−m-

bn-cp-¶p. A§-s\-bpÅ tIc-f-¯nÂ \m«p-cm-Pm-¡-

·m-cp-−m-h-cpXv F¶ \n_-Ô-\bpw AhÀ apt¶m-

«p-h-¨p.

1946 Pqsse 29-þmw Xn¿Xn A¶s¯ sIm¨n-

cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp¶ tIc-f-hÀ½ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdqw

{_n«ojv ae-_mdpw sIm¨nbpw Iq«n-t¨À¯v tIc-f-

kw-Øm\w cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xm³ A\p-Iq-e-am-

sW¶v ]c-ky-ambn {]kvXm-hn-¨p. sFIy-tI-c-f-

171

sa¶ Bi-b-¯n\v BZy-ambn HutZym-Kn-I-ambn

In«nb AwKo-Im-c-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. 1947-þÂ XrÈq-

cnÂ sI.-tI-f-¸sâ A[y-£-X-bnÂ \S¶ sFIy-

tI-cf kt½-f-\-¯nÂ sIm¨n-cm-Pmhv t\cn-«p-h¶v

A\p-Iq-e-ambn {]kw-Kn-¨Xv P\-§-fnÂ {]Xo-£-

bp-−m-¡n. 1949 Pqsse 1þmw Xn¿Xn \S¶ Xncp-hn-

Xmw-IqÀ sIm¨n kwtbm-P\w sFIy-tI-c-f-¯nsâ

BZy-]-Sn-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ kzmKXw sN¿-s¸-«p.

C¡m-e-L-«-¯nÂ C´y-bnÂ `mjm-kw-Øm-

\-§Ä¡v th−n-bpÅ {]t£m-`-§Ä ià-am-bn.

kwØm\ ]p\:kwL-S\ AXym-h-iy-Im-cy-am-

sW¶p tI{µ-kÀ¡m-cn\p t_m[y-am-bn. tI{µ-

¯nsâ I½o-j³ dnt¸mÀ«v sFIy-tI-c-f-¯n-\-\p-

Iq-e-am-bn-cp-¶p. tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ AXv AwKo-I-cn-¡p-

Ibpw ]mÀe-saânÂ kwØm\ ]p\:kwL-S-\m-

_nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p ]mkm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

AtXmsS 1956 \hw-_À H¶mwXn¿Xn sFIy-tI-

cfw bmYmÀ°y-am-bn.

tIc-f-tam-UÂ ]cn-Øn-Xnbpw hnI-k-\hpw

Ccp-]-s¯m¶mw \qäm-−nÂ Pohsâbpw

Pohn-X-¯n-sâbpw \ne-\nÂ¸v ]cn-Øn-Xn-bp-ambn

_Ô-s¸-«m-Wv. B[p-\n-I-amb \½psS \K-c-kw-

kvIm-chpw I -̈h-S-aq-ey-t_m-[-§fpw {]Ir-Xn-P-\y-

172

amb \½psS kwkvIm-cs¯ XIn-Sw-a-dn-¡p-¶p-−v,

am{X-aÃ AXv \½psS kpc-£n-X-Xzs¯ shÃp-hn-

fn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]pXn-b-\nÀ½n-Xn-IÄ

DbÀ¯n-sIm-−p-h-cp-¶-Xns\ hnI-k-\-am-b-Im-Wp-

¶Xv tIc-fs¯ kw_-Ôn¨v KpW-I-c-aÃ Ign-ª-

hÀj-§-fnÂ D−mb {]fbw AXv sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p-

−v. tIc-f-tam-UÂ F¶-Nn-´sb s]mfn-s -̈gp-Xm³

AXv \s½ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. {]f-bw-h-cp-¶-Xp-

hsc \½psS ]cn-Øn-Xnbpw hnI-k-\hpw amXr-Im-

]-c-am-bn-cp¶p F¶p-I-cp-Xmw. Nne A`n-{]m-b-hy-

Xym-k-§Ä XoÀ -̈bmbpw Cu ]d-ª-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-

¨p-−m-Imw. F¦nepw \½psS ]²Xn Bkq-{X-W-

§Ä Gsd-¡qsd icn-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶p-Im-Wmw.

lcn-X-tI-c-f-an-jsâ {]hÀ¯\waqew s\Â¸m-S-§-

fpsS hnkvXr-Xn-hÀ²n-¸n-¡m³ Ign-ªXpw tIc-f-

¯nsâ t\«-am-Wv.

hymh-km-bnI hn¹-h-Im-ew-ap-XÂ ]cn-Øn-

Xnbpw a\p-jycpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw hnI-e-am-

Im\pw hntO-Zn-¡-s¸-Sm\pw XpS-§n. {]Ir-Xnsb

Iog-S-¡p-I, Pbn-¡pI F¶ ho£-W-¯n-sâ, Nqj-

W-¯nsâ A\-´-c-^-e-§-fmWv \mw A\p-`-hn-¨p-

sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn\v henb DZm-l-c-W-ambn

ImkÀt¡ms« F³tUm-kÄ^m³ Cc-Isf \ap¡v

HmÀ¡mw. ]t£ C´y-bnse aäp-kw-Øm-\-§-sf-

173

¡p-dn-t¨mÀ¡p-t¼mÄ tIc-f-¯nÂ C¶pw ip²-hm-

bphpw Pehpw e`n-¡p-¶Xv Hc-\p-{K-l-ambn \ap-

¡vIm-Wmw. Cub-Sp-¯-Im-e¯v hoSp-I-fnse ] -̈¡-

dn-bp-Xv]m-Z-\-¯nsâ hÀ²-\-hn-eqsS \mw kzbw-]-

cym-]vX-X-bpsS Nne-]-S-hp-IÄ \nÀ½n- -̈Xm-bn-Im-

Wmw. C§s\ \nc-h[n ImÀjn-I-cw-K-§sf DÂ¸m-

Z-\-§sf Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡³ Ign-ªXv \ap¡v hnI-

k-\-¯n-tâbpw ]cn-Øn-Xn-bpsS tIc-f-tam-U-embn

FSp-¯p-Im-Wn¡mw.

tIc-fhpw {]hm-khpw

Ignª \qäm-−nse c−p-tem-I-a-lm-bp-²-

§-fpsS sISp-Xn-IÄ C´y-bnse CX-c-kw-Øm-\-

§sf¡mÄ IqSp-XÂ tIc-fs¯ _m[n-¨n-cp-¶p.

ImcWw DbÀ¶ km£-c-Xm-\n-c¡pw hnZym-k-¼-¶-

cpsS hen-b-\n-cbpw tIc-f-¯n-em-b-Xp-sIm-−m-Wn-

Xv. CXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Cu hnZym-k-¼-¶À¡v

Irjn-bn-te¡v aS-§n-t¸m-Im³ Xmev]-cy-ap-−m-bn-Ã.

aäp-h³\-K-c-§-fn-se-t¸mse tIc-f-¯nÂ hymh-km-

b-Øm-]-\-§tfm tPmen-km-[y-Xtbm D−m-bn-cp-¶n-

Ã. Zmcn{Zyw aäp-h-gn-IÄ tXSm³ Ahsc t{]cn-¸n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¯-c-samcp kml-N-cy-¯n-

emWv bph-X-e-apd C´y-bnse alm-\-K-c-§-fn-

te¡pw KÄ^p-\m-Sp-I-fn-te¡pw bm{X-bm-b-Xv.

C§s\ hoSnsâ A´-co£w \jvS-s¸-Sp-Ibpw

174

hoSn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀ½ a\-ÊnÂ kq£n-¡p-

Ibpw hntZ-i-§-fnÂ X§Ä A\y-cm-sW¶Nn´

kZm-sIm-−p-\-S-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-cmWv {]hm-kn-

IÄ. temI-¯nsâ GXp-`m-K¯pw ae-bm-fn-sbbpw

Ah-cpsS Iq«m-bva-I-sfbpw ImWm³km-[n-¡pw.

hntZ-i¯v tPmen-¡p-t]m-b-hÀ ChnsS Xncn-

¨p-h¶v Pohn-¡m³ B{K-ln-¨p. tIc-f-¯nsâ

hml\w t]mIm¯ CS-h-gn-I-fpÅ Øe-§-

fnÂt¸mepw AhÀ henb hoSp-IÄ \nÀ½n-¨p.

ChÀaqew km¼-¯n-tIm-¶-a-\-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-

¯n-\p-e-`n¨ t\«w. hntZ-i¯p tPmen-bp-Å-h-cpsS

IpSpw_w BÀ`m-S-ambn Pohn-¨Xv D]-t`m-K-kw-

kvImcw hfÀ¶p-hn-I-kn-¡m³ Imc-W-am-bn. CXv

Nne kmwkvIm-cnI {]iv\-§-fn-te-¡p-hsc tIcfw

t]mIp-¶-Xn-\p-Im-c-W-hp-am-bn-«p-−v. CsXÃmw

km¼-¯nIamb D¶-a-\-t¯msS kw`-hn¨Imcy-§-

fm-Wv.

CS-¯-c-¡m-cmb a\p-jyÀ km¼-¯n-I-ambn

Db-cp-hm\pw km[m-c-W-P-\-§-fpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-

hmcw Db-cp-hm\pw ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fnse sXmgnÂkm-

[yX Imc-W-am-bn-«p-−v. ]pXn-b-X-e-ap-d¡v anI¨

hnZym-`ym-khpw Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§fpw e`n-¡p-¶-

Xn\v CXv CS-bm-¡n. F¶mÂ ae-bm-fn-bpsS

s]mXp-hmb kmaq-ly, kmwkvIm-cn-I-t_m[w

175

s]mfn-s -̈gp-X-s¸-Sm³ CXv Imc-W-am-bn. k¼¯v

asä-´n-s\-¡mfpw {]m[m\yw t\Sp¶ Hcp kmaq-

lym-hØ DS-se-Sp¯p. AtXmsS kaq-l-¯nÂ

DÅ-h\pw CÃm-¯-h\pw F¶ km¼-¯n-I-amb

A´-c-¯n\v hgn-Xp-d-¶p.

tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-Ihpw km¼-¯n-

Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fnÂ \nÀ®m-

b-I-amb kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-hm\pw Pohn-Xs¯

amän-a-dn-¡m\pw {]hm-kn-a-e-bm-fn-IÄ¡v km[n-¨p.

ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-lyhpw km¼-¯n-I-hp-amb

Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw DbÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v {]hm-kn-IÄ

\nÀ®m-b-I-ambn ]¦p-h-ln-¨p F¶v \nÊw-i-bw-]-d-

bmw.

P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Ww-þ-tI-c-f-¯nsâ A\p- -̀h-]m-T-

§Ä

sFIy-tI-c-f-¯nsâ cq]o-I-c-W-t¯m-Sp-IqSn

Xs¶ ]©m-b¯v kwhn-[m-\s¯ iàn-s¸-Sp-¯m-

\pÅ {ia-§Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨n-cp-¶p. A[n-Imc

hntI-{µo-I-cWw kpi-à-am-¡m³ Ign-ªXv P\-

Io-bm-kq-{XWw \S-¸n-em-b-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

Ipdª Btfm-l-cn-h-cp-am-\-¯nepw sa -̈s¸-«-t\-«-

§-Ä ssIh-cn-¡m³ Ign-ªXv P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-

¯nse anI-hp-sIm-−m-Wv. tIcfw A`n-ap-Jn-I-cn-¨p-

176

sIm-−n-cp¶ hnI-k-\-{]-iv\-§Ä Xc-Ww-sN-¿-W-

sa-¦nÂ A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-t¯m-sSm¸w

hntI-{µo-I-c-Wm-kq-{X-Whpw AXp-hgn s]mXp-P-\-

]-¦m-fn-¯hpw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1996 BKÌv 17-

þ-\mWv P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-{]-Øm\w {]hÀ¯-\-am-

cw-`n- -̈Xv.

`c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNbvX-Xp-t]mse

A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cWw \S-¸n-em-¡m³ Ignª

kwØm-\-§fnsem¶mWv tIc-fw. kzbw`c-Wm-h-

Im-iw, Npa-X-e-IÄ, hn`-h-§Ä, Øm]-\-§Ä,

DtZym-ØÀ F¶n-h-tbm-sSm¸w Bh-iy-amb \nb-a-

§fpw N«-§fpw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-XnÂ tIcfw hnP-

bn-¨p. cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-t¯m-

sSm¸w Hmtcm {]tZ-i-s¯bpw Bh-iy-§Ä \nd-th-

äp-¶-Xn\pw {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-apÅ

]²-Xn-IÄ Bkq-{XWw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v P\-Io-bm-

kq-{X-W-¯n-eqsS tIc-f-¯n\v km[n-¨p. P\-§sf

Xt±-i-Øm-]-\-§Äs¡m¸w AWn-\n-c-¯mÂ

hnhn[ P\-Iob kwhn-[m-\-§Ä¡v cq]w-\ÂIn.

CXv tIc-f-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-bmbn ]d-bm-hp-¶-

Xm-Wv. P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-¯nsâ Gähpw

henbsa¨w A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cW {]{In-b-bnÂ

P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-IÄ `c-W-IÀ¯m-¡-f-Ã, DtZym-K-

ØÀ kÀ¡m-cnsâ ssII-fmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶

177

_yqtdm-Ifpw AÃ. P\-§Ä ImgvN-¡mtcm KpW-

t`m-àm-¡tfm AÃ FÃm-hcpw ]¦m-fn-IÄ am{X-

amWv F¶-Xm-Wv. hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-§Ät]mepw DZm-

¯-am-Xr-I-bm-bn-«mWv tIc-f-¯nse P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-

Ws¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-sX-¶pÅ A`n-{]m-b-ap-−m-

bn-«p-−v.

\h-km-aq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§fpw tIc-f-k-aq-lhpw

tIc-f-¯nsâ cmjv{So-b-km-aq-lnI aÞ-e-

§-fnÂ \nÀ®m-bI kzm[o-\-ambn hfÀ¶p-h-cp-¶-h-

bmWv \h-km-aq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§Ä ]cn-Øn-Xn, Zen-

Xv, kv{Xo{]-Øm-\§fpw ssewKn-I-\yq-\-]-£-

§fpw FÃmw CXnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶-XmbnImWmw.

sskeâvhmen {]t£m-`-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv tIc-f-

¯nse ]cn-Øn-Xn-{]-Øm-\-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

90-þ-I-tfmsS CXn\v s]mXp-a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ Imcy-am-

b-kzm-[o\w krjvSn-¡m³ Ignªp. XpSÀ¶v

hnhn[ ]mcn-Øn-XnI hnj-b-§Ä Gsä-Sp-¯p-

sIm−v {]t£m-`-§Ä \S-¯p-¶-Xn\pw apJy-[mcm

cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S-\-Isf {]t£m-`-§Ä kwL-Sn-¸n-

¡p-¶-Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-¡m\pw Cu{]-Øm-\-

¯n\p Ign-ªp. hnI-k-\-{]-{In-b-bnÂ Cc-I-fm-¡-

s¸-«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw Poh-Pm-e-§-

fp-tSbpw hàm-¡-fmbn Cc-IÄ¡p-th−n kwkm-cn-

¡m³ C¯cw \h-km-aq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡m-I-

178

am\w km[n¨p F¶Xv A`n-am-\n-¡m-hp¶ t\«-am-

Wv. imkv{Xo-b-ambpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-aq-ey-§sf

ap³\nÀ¯nbpw {]iv\-§sf t\m¡n¡mWm³

ChÀ¡v km[n¨p F¶Xv t\«w Xs¶-bm-Wv.

]cn-ØnXn XIÀ¨, hnI-k-\-]-²-Xn-I-fp-

ambn _Ô-s¸« hn`-h-tim-jWw F¶nh A`n-ap-

Jo-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ apJy-[mcm cmjv{So-b-{]-Øm-\-

§Ä ]cm-P-b-s¸-«n-S¯v \n¶mWv C¯cw \h-km-

aq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§Ä kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw DZbwsN¿p-

¶-Xv. IpSn-sbm-gn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ P\-hn-`m-K-§-fp-am-bn,

k¦oÀ®-amb kmaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-§Ä A\p-`-hn-

¡p¶ P\-hn-`m-K-§-fp-ambn Ffp-¸-¯nÂ _Ôw-

Øm-]n-¡m³ \h-km-aq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡v km[n-

¨p. enwK-k-a-Xzw, ]cn-Øn-Xn-kw-c-£-Ww, \yq\-]-

£-§-fpsS Ah-Im-iw, BZn-hm-kn-þ-Z-enXv hn`m-K-

§-fpsS `qan-sb-kw-_-Ôn¨ Ah-Imiw F¶o-{]-

iv\-§Ä \h-km-aq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§Ä cmjv{So-b-{]-

iv\-am¡n DbÀ¯n.

BZn-hm-kn-þ-Z-enXv P\-hn-`m-K-¯nsâ Gähpw

hen-b-{]iv\w tIc-f-¯nse AZr-iy-sa¶v hnfn-¡m-

hp¶ tNcn-I-fnepw ]pd-t¼m-¡p-I-fnepw tImf-\n-I-

fnepw kz´w `qan-bn-ÃmsX Pohn-t¡-−n-h-cp¶p

F¶pÅXmWv. \h-km-aq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§-fnÂ

DÄs¸-Sp¶ ZenXv {]Øm-\-§Ä AhÀ¡v sa -̈s¸-

179

«-Po-hn-X-ap-−m-¡m³ ]Xn-äm-−p-I-fmbn ]e-X-c-¯n-

epÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä XpS-cp-¶p.

kv{XoIÄ¡pw {Sm³kvsP³U-dp-IÄ¡pw

DÄs¸-sS-bp-Å-hÀ¡v Xpey-X-D-d-¸m-¡p¶ enwK-\o-

Xn-bpsS cmjv{Sobw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯-W-sa-¶mWv

B{Klw AXn-\p-th-−n-k-a-{K-ambn kv{Xo{]-Øm-\-

§fpw {ian-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p.

kzmX-{´yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Z-cyw, \oXn

F¶o-aq-ey-§-fm-bn-cn-¡Ww ]pXnb kaq-l-¯n-

tâXv F¶v \h-km-aq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§Ä Icp-Xp-¶p.

BZn-hm-kn-IÄ, Zen-XÀ, ]nt¶m¡ \yq\-]-£-hn-`m-

K-§Ä, kv{XoIÄ F¶n-sc-sbÃmw \h-k-aq-ly-{]-

Øm-\-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.

D]-t`m-K-kw-kv¡m-cw-þ-k-a-Im-e-tI-c-fo-b-Po-hnXw

BtKmfhXv¡-c-W-¯n-tâ-bpw DZm-c-h-Xv¡-c-

W-¯n-tâbpw {]hm-kn-Po-hnXw krjvSn¨ k¼-¯n-

tâbpw ]mÝm-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-kzm-[o-\-¯n-tâbpw

^e-am-bmWv ka-Im-enI tIc-fob Pohn-X-¯nÂ

D]-t`m-K-kw-kv¡mcw thcq-¶n-b-Xv. ae-bmfn km[-

\-§tfm tkh-\-§tfm kz´w\nebv¡v DXv]m-Zn-

¸n¨v D]-tbm-Kn-¡msX aäp-Å-hsc B{i-bn-¨v,

]Ww-sIm-Sp¯v km[-\-§fpw tkh-\-§fpw hm§n-

180

D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw

F¶-hm-¡p-sIm−p Gähpw efn-X-ambn Dt±-in-¡p-

¶-Xv.

1990-þ-IÄ¡v tijw tIc-fo-b-Po-hnXw ]mtS-

am-dn-t¸m-bn. Irjn-sN-¿mt\m ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb

sXmgn-ep-I-fnÂ GÀs¸«v D]-Po-h\w \bn-¡mt\m

]pXn-b-X-e-apd X¿m-dm-hm-¯Xpw kmaq-ly-amb amä-

§-fp-amWv D]-t`m-K-tXmXv Xg-¨p-h-f-cm³ Imc-Ww.

tIc-f-¯nsâ D]-t`m-K-tXmXv Cw¥-−n-tâbpw Ata-

cn-¡-bp-sSbpw ASp-¯p-\nÂ¡p-sa¶v ]T-\-§Ä

sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. ]mÝm-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ "bqkv

Bâv t{Xm' coXn \½psS kaq-l-¯n-te¡pw IS-

¶p-h-¶Xv CXn\v Imc-W-am-Wv. Hcp-Im-c-W-hp-an-Ãm-

sX, km¼-¯n-I-Øn-Xnbpw Bh-iy-§fpw Xn«-s¸-

Sp-¯msX km[-\-§Ä hm§n-¡q-«p-¶-ioew C¶v

hÀ²n-¸n-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. ae-bm-fn-bpsS am\-kn-

Im-tcm-Ky-¯nÂ h¶-am-ähpw CXn\v Imc-W-am-bn-«p-

−v. A\m-h-iy-ambn km[-\-§Ä hm§n-¡q-«p¶

am\-kn-I-{]-iv\-¯n\v "H\n-tbm-am-\nb' F¶mWv

hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ba-tkm-Wnepw ^vfn]vImÀ«nepw

km[-\-§Ä sXc-bp-¶Xpw hm§n-¡q-«p-¶Xpw "H\n-

tbm-am-\nb'bv¡v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. B[p-\n-I-Po-

hnXw Is¿-¯n-¸n-Sn-¡m-\pÅ At_m-[-]-c-amb

{ia-amWv CXn-eqsS \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

181

temIw Xsâ DÅw I¿nÂ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p

F¶im]w kvamÀ«vt^m-Wp-IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶p-−v.

D]-t`m-K-kw-kv¡m-c-¯nsâ BZy-]-Sn-bmbn

AXns\ ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. DXv]m-Z-Itcm hnÂ¸-\-

¡mtcm BtKm-f-ambn krjvSn-¡p¶ ambn-I-hn-Zy-I-

fnÂ icm-i-cn-¡m-cmb a\p-jyÀho-Wp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xp-

sIm-−mWv D]-t`m-K-t¯mXv IpXn-¨p-b-cp-¶Xpw

cmPy-¯nsâ aqe-[\w GsXm-s¡tbm h³InS

iàn-I-fnÂ F¯n-t -̈cp-¶Xpw; D]-t`m-K-kw-kv¡m-

c-¯nsâ Gähpw hen-b-\nÀ`mKyw GXv k¼-¶-

s\bpw AXv Zcn-{Z-\m¡pw F¶p-Å-Xm-Wv.

A{Xbv¡v \nKq-V-amWv AXnsâ BIÀj-W-i-

àn. C¡m-e¯v AXv Xncn- -̈dnªv kzbw]mI-s¸«v

X§-fpsS k¼m-Zy-s¯bpw hkvXp-h-I-I-sfbpw

D]-t`m-K-kwkv¡mc¯n\v hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡msX Pohn-

¡p-I-bmWv Hmtcm ae-bm-fn¡pw sN¿m³ Ign-

tb−-Imcyw.

182

klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä

tIc-f-N-cn{Xw þ F.-{io-[-

c-ta-t\m³

tIcf kwkvImcw þ F.-{io-[-

c-ta-t\m³

tIcf kwkvImcw þ s{]m^.-

F-kv.-A-Nyp-X-hm-cyÀ

tImgn-t¡m-Snsâ IY þ Fw.-Pn.-F-

kv.-\m-cm-b-W³

IS-e-dn-hp-IÄ þ tUm.-Sn.-

Sn.-{io-Ip-amÀ (F-Un-äÀ)

ae-bm-f-km-lnXyw Ime-L-«-§-fn-eqsS þ s{]m^.-F-cptaen ]c-ta-iz-c³]nÅ

tIcf \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ þ _n\ojv ]pXp-¸Ww (F-Un-äÀ)

Ddhpw I\hpw þ tUm.-Sn.-]-

hn-{X³ (F-Un-äÀ)

183

tIc-f-¯nsâ C¶-se-IÄ þ sI.-F³.-

K-tWiv

PmXn-hy-h-Øbpw tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw þ ]n.-sI.-

_m-e-Ir-jvW³

tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkv¡m-cnI Ncn-{Xwþ ]n.-sI.-

tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³

tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw kaq-l-cq-]o-I-c-W-hpwþ sI.-sI.-

sIm¨v

tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nse Ccp-f-Sª GSp-IÄ þ Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ P·n-k-{¼-Zmbw tIc-f-¯nÂ þ Cfw-Ipfw

Ipª³]nÅ

tIcfw A©pw Bdpw \qäm-−nÂ þ Cfw-Ipfw

Ipª³]nÅ

tNc-km-{amPyw H³]Xpw ]¯pw \qäm-−nÂ þ Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ ssIc-fn-bpsS IY þ F³.-Ir-

jvW-]nÅ

tIc-fob \th-°m\w

184

{]-Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ þ hn.-bp.-kp-tc-{µ³ tIcfw ssewKn-IX enwK-\oXn þ sI.-Fw.-

th-Wp-tKm-]m-e³ (F-Un-äÀ)

`mjm ae-bmfw þ tUm.-Sn.-]-

hn-{X³

kerala desam samskaramsdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/190053... · 2020. 11. 15. ·...

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