Building Competitive Advantage through Business Level Strategy

Chapter 5

Levels of Strategic ManagementFrom Chapter 1

Key Question for Each Level

• Corporate Strategy – what business(es) should the organization be in?

• Business Strategy – how should the organization compete?

• Functional Strategy – how should the organization’s resources be best employed to support business strategy?

Business-Level Strategy

How do we compete in this business?

Business-Level Strategy

• Developing a firm-specific business model that will allow a company to gain competitive advantage over its rivals in a market or industry– Customers’ needs– Customer groups– Distinctive competencies (how customers’

need will be satisfied)

Customer Needs and Product Differentiation

• Customer needs– Desires, wants, or cravings that can be

satisfied through product attributes

• Product differentiation– Designing products to satisfy customers’

needs• Balancing differentiation with costs• Ability to charge a higher price• Different ways to achieve distinctness

Customer Groups and Market Segmentation

• Market segmentation– The way a company decides to group

customers, based on their different needs or preferences

• Price• Kinds of needs

– An evolving process

Customer Groups and Market Segmentation (cont’d)

• Strategies to market segmentation– Choose not to recognize that different groups

of customers have different needs; serve the average customer

– Segment a market and develop a product to suit the needs of each segment

– Recognize that the market segments but concentrate on serving only one segment

The Dynamics of Business-Level Strategy

• Make a consistent and compatible set of choices concerning:– How to differentiate and price the product– When and how much to segment the market

to maximize demand– Where and how to invest capital in order to

create value while keeping cost structures viable (for competitive pricing)

The Dynamics of Business-Level Strategy

Source: Copyright © C. W. L. Hill and G. R. Jones, “The Dynamics of Business-Level Strategy,” (unpublished manuscript, 2002).

Choosing a Generic Business-Level Strategy

• Generic strategies– All businesses can pursue them regardless of

whether they are manufacturing, service, or nonprofit

– Can be pursued in different kinds of industry environments

– Results from a company’s consistent choices on product, market, and distinctive competencies

Product/Market/Distinctive-Competency Choices and Generic

Competitive Strategies

Generic Business-Level Strategy: Cost Leadership

• Establish a cost structure that allows the company to provide goods and services at lower unit costs than competitors

• Advantages– If rivals charge similar prices, the cost leader

achieves superior profitability– The cost leader is able to charge a lower price

than competitors

Cost Leadership Strategic Choices

• The cost leader does not try to be the industry innovator

• The cost leader positions its products to appeal to the “average” customer

• The overriding goal of the cost leader is to increase efficiency and lower its costs relative to its rivals

Cost Leadership Advantages

• Protected from industry competitors by cost advantage

• Less affected by increased prices of inputs if there are powerful suppliers

• Less affected by a fall in price of inputs if there are powerful buyers

• Purchases in large quantities increase bargaining power over suppliers

• Ability to reduce price to compete with substitute products

• Low costs and prices are a barrier to entry

Cost Leadership Disadvantages

• Competitors may lower their cost structures

• Competitors may imitate the cost leader’s methods

• Cost reductions may affect demand

Generic Business-Level Strategy: Differentiation

• Create a product that customers perceive as different or distinct in an important way

• Advantages– Premium price– Increased revenues = superior profitability

Differentiation Strategic Choices

• Quality, innovation, responsiveness to customer needs

• A differentiator strives to differentiate itself along as many dimensions as possible

• A differentiator segments its market into many niches

• A differentiated company concentrates on the organizational functions that provide the source of differentiation advantage

Differentiation Advantages

• Customers develop brand loyalty

• Powerful suppliers are not a problem because the company is geared more toward the price it can charge than its costs

• Differentiators can pass price increases on to customers

• Powerful buyers are not a problem because the product is distinct

• Differentiation and brand loyalty are barriers to entry

• The threat of substitute products depends on competitors’ ability to meet customer needs

Differentiation Disadvantages

• Difficulty in maintaining long-term distinctness in customers’ eyes– Agile competitors can quickly imitate– Patents and first-mover advantage are limited

• Difficulty of maintaining premium price

Generic Business-Level Strategy: Cost Leadership and

Differentiation • Pursuing the business models of the cost

leader and differentiator simultaneously

Cost Leadership and Differentiation Strategic Choices• Using robots and flexible manufacturing cells reduces

costs while producing different products• Standardizing component parts used in different end

products can achieve economies of scale• Limiting customer options reduces production and

marketing costs• JIT inventory can reduce costs and improve quality and

reliability• Using the Internet and e-commerce can provide

information to customers and reduce costs• Low-cost and differentiated products are often both

produced in countries with low labor costs

Generic Business-Level Strategy: Focus

• Serving the needs of a specific market segment– Geographic– Type of customer– Segment of the product line

• After choosing a market segment, a focused company positions itself using either– Low-cost OR differentiation

Why Focus Strategies Are Different

Focus Advantages

• The focuser is protected from rivals to the extent it can provide a product or service they cannot

• The focuser has power over buyers because they cannot get the same thing from anyone else

• The threat of new entrants is limited by customer loyalty to the focuser

• Customer loyalty lessens the threat from substitutes

• The focuser stays close to its customers and their changing needs

Focus Disadvantages

• The focuser is at a disadvantage with regard to powerful suppliers because it buys in small volume (but it may be able to pass costs along to loyal customers)

• Because of low volume, a focuser may have higher costs than a low-cost company

• The focuser’s niche may disappear because of technological change or changes in customers’ tastes

• Differentiators will compete for a focuser’s niche

Exercise

• Form groups

• What was the generic strategy of _____ and identify functional strategies to implement the generic strategy? – Toyota (opening case)?– Airborne Express?

Business-Level Strategy: Stuck in the Middle

• Companies that do not do the planning necessary for success in their chosen strategy– Product and market choices that have not been able

to obtain or sustain competitive advantage

• Successful generic competitive strategy:– Product, market, and distinctive competency

decisions must result in a business-level strategy that leads to competitive advantage and superior profitability

– The environment and competition must be monitored constantly in order to stay in tune with changes

Competitive Positioning and Business-Level Strategy

• In every market segment or industry, several companies typically compete for the same customers

• The actions of one company have an impact on the others

• Managers must position their companies competitively with regard to customers and competitors

Competitive Positioning: Strategic Group Analysis

• Identifying the strategies that a company’s rivals are pursuing

• Strategic groups: companies in an industry that are pursuing a similar generic strategy

Competitive Positioning: Choosing an Investment

Strategy• The amount and type of resources that

must be invested to maximize a company’s profitability over time– Human– Functional– Financial

Stages in the Industry Life Cycle

Choosing an Investment Strategy at the Business Level

Competitive Positioning: Game Theory

• Companies are players that are simultaneously making choices

• The potential profitability varies depending on the strategy one company selects and the strategies that its rivals select

• Sequential move and simultaneous move games

• Look forward and reason back

A Decision Tree for UPS’s Pricing Strategy

Competitive Positioning: Game Theory (cont’d)

• Know thy rival

• Find the most profitable dominant strategy– Dominant strategy: one that makes you better

off than you would be if you pursued any other strategy, no matter what strategy your opponent uses

A Payoff Matrix for GM and Ford

Competitive Positioning: Game Theory (cont’d)

• Strategy shapes the payoff structure of the game

• By their choice of strategy and business model, companies can alter the payoff structure of the game, alter their dominant strategy, and move away from a prisoner’s dilemma type of game structure

Altered Payoff Matrix for GM and Ford