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Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) Arid Zone Research Institute Alice Springs.

AZRI Soil Investigation

R.K.Lennartz Land Assessment Unit Natural Systems Division Department of Infrastructure, Planning & Environment Level 1, Alice Plaza Alice Springs NT December 2004

Report No. 7/2005A

Department of Infrastructure, Planning & Environment Conservation and Natural Systems Technical Report No. 7/2005A

Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment / Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research organisation co-operative consultancy investigation for the

Power & Water Corporation to evaluate the potential for Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT)

at the Arid Zone Research Institute, Alice Springs.

Soil Investigation

A Report prepared by the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment for the Power and Water Corporation and the Department of Business, Industry and Resource Development. Rudy Lennartz – Resource Assessment Scientist. Resource Assessment Branch, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment Important Disclaimer The Northern Territory Government advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research with interpretation. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in and specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, the Northern Territory Government (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. Cover Photographs: From the Department of Infrastructure, Planning & Environment, Natural Systems Division, Land Resource Assessment – Arid Zone Research Institute image archives.

Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) – Soil Profile Summary Report

Rudy Lennartz Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment Feb 2005 Natural Systems Page -i-

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In July 2003 the Power and Water Corporation (PWC) of the Northern Territory commissioned the

Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment (DIPE) and CSIRO Land and Water (CLW) to

determine the feasibility of implementing Soil-Aquifer Treatment at the Arid Zone Research Institute

south of Alice Springs.

These soil studies form part of a major hydrogeological investigation to locate suitable sites for

implementing soil-aquifer treatment at AZRI and to determine the potential of the area to support

horticulture.

Soil survey work involved a series of stages.

A preliminary literature search determined what previous soil studies covered the area.

A comprehensive EM31 (Electro Magnetic) ground geophysics survey complemented a shallow

drilling program.

An initial backhoe-trenching program determined the soil characteristics in the broader area. A

series of individual trenches in an east-west orientation on north-south lines gave a visual

impression of the variation in soil features.

An interpretation utilizing the first three sets of data determined the most suitable areas to

construct trial infiltration ponds and to develop potential sites for a pilot plant.

A 270m costean transect complemented preliminary broader scale trenching work close to the

proposed trial infiltration ponds.

A second broad scale backhoe trenching program determined soil characteristics for potential

horticulture on land adjacent to the proposed ponds at AZRI.


Rudy Lennartz Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment Feb 2005 Natural Systems Page -ii-


Rudy Lennartz Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment Feb 2005 Natural Systems Page -iii-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... i

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................2

2.0 SURVEY OBJECTIVES.........................................................................................................................3

2.1 Preliminary Investigations ...................................................................................................................3

2.2 Trenching – First Pass (T1 – T29) .......................................................................................................4

2.3 Closely Spaced Trenching (T30 – T50)...............................................................................................5

2.4 Short Trenching (C1 – C25) ................................................................................................................6

2.5 Trenching – Second Pass (T30_2 – T47_2) ........................................................................................7

BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................................10

APPENDIX 1 – First Pass: Trenching Lithology Description

APPENDIX 2 - Closely Spaced Trenching Around Infiltration Pond Test Site

APPENDIX 3 – Second Phase Trenching – AZRI Paddocks

APPENDIX 4 – Chemical Results: Second Phase Trenching

APPENDIX 5 – Costean Trench Interpretation

APPENDIX 6 - Soil Textural Definitions

Figure 1. Soil Pit Sites and High Clay Soils Interpretation

Abbreviations

AZRI Arid Zone Research Institute

DIPE Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment

DBIRD Department of Business, Industry and Resource Development

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

PWC Power and Water Corporation

EM31 Instrument for measuring the electrical conductivity of rocks and soil

SAT Soil Aquifer Treatment

DTM Digital Terrain Model


Page- 1 - Rudy Lennartz Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment Feb 2005 Natural Systems



1.0 INTRODUCTION The primary objective of the soil investigation was to assess soil properties and to evaluate basic

geotechnical features to determine areas best suited for the infiltration of recycled water on the AZRI

paddocks area.

Observations from the primary soil investigation program were used to complement observations from

the second broad scale soil investigation survey to assess soil suitability for horticulture near the proposed

ponds.

Litchfield (1966) provides one of the first studies on the soil genesis and distribution in the Alice Springs

area. Knapton (2004, Vol. 1) contains a literature review summary that includes extracts from Lennartz

(2001) and Litchfield (1966). Pickup (1991) provided valuable information related to landscape stability

on the broad floodplain systems of the Alice Springs area. These references, combined with shallow

drilling and extensive EM31 ground geophysical surveys and shallow drilling, were used extensively in

formulating the preliminary investigation methodology.

The first phase of broad scale soil trenching enabled the identification of at least five suitable sites with

the next stage of investigations concentrating detailed work on two of these.

Trenches were excavated to a maximum of 2.0 metres or to a safe working depth. In cases where the

trench collapsed due to free flowing, dry river sand, observations were recorded whilst no specific depth

intervals were measured.

SAT project investigations indicate that “there is a high degree of confidence that a scheme of this

capacity, at this location, will operate without adverse operational or environmental outcomes…”

(Knapton, 2004, Vol.1).

The scope of the project was subsequently expanded to a second phase which involved the broad

investigation of the area for potential horticulture use.

Specific tasks undertaken for the soil investigation into potential trial infiltration pond sites and for

potential horticulture areas included:

• Characterizing the occurrence, nature and variability of the near surface soil profile.

• Interpreting soil profiles to identify and define areas that show suitable and comparable

characteristics.

• Determining the basic engineering properties of each soil type.

• Establishing the presence and distribution of any potential problem soils in the area and potential issues that may arise with changed land use.



2.0 SURVEY OBJECTIVES

2.1 Preliminary Investigations

An extensive literature review into soils of the southern Alice Springs region revealed excellent base

data used to formulate further project work.

Literature review covering the pre-SAT investigation is comprehensibly covered by Knapton (2004,

Vol. 1).

A report by Pickup (1991) gave an insight into the dynamic formation and complexities of an alluvial

floodout system.

An Electro Magnetic (EM31) ground geophysical survey indicated variations in electrical properties to

indicate features such as porosity, degree of saturation, conductivity of solid material and conductivity

of pore fluids.

Satellite TM7 imagery complemented by Digital Terrain Modelling (DTM) revealed surface landscape

features.

A combination of the accumulated data sets contributed to the design of an initial broad scale backhoe

trenching program and future work programs.

Excavated backhoe trenches, in preference to auger holes, gave a clear exposure of a clean, mappable

face. An undisturbed profile exposure revealed the complexity of the buried soils.



2.2 Trenching – First Pass (T1 – T29)

A total of 29 backhoe trenches have been excavated to an average depth of 2.50 metres. Maximum

logging went to a depth of 3.10m in an exceptionally stable trench.

Each northing line of the trenching profiles is represented in Appendix1 to this report. A plan view of

the trench locations is also represented as part of Figure 1.

Detailed profile interval descriptions are provided in the soil profile descriptions in Appendix 1.

Some soils with up to 30-35% clay content were identified. Narrow bands of higher clay content soils

have been observed in some trenches. CSIRO laboratory testing and DIPE field testing quantifies

infiltration rates in higher clay soils.

Soil parameters recorded included horizon depth, texture, pH and coarse fragment description. Buried

alluvial soils, such as observed during this stage of investigation, often have several sedimentary layers

with parts or all of ‘A’ horizons being scoured away by flood events. Due to the high level of

interpretation involved in individual horizon nomenclature the naming of horizons was not undertaken

on these trenches

At the broad scale of this survey, line cross-sections indicate an extreme variability between individual

profiled trenches. An east – west extrapolation of lithologies is unpredictable.

The broadly spaced trenches do however, provide a basis on which further detailed work can be

programmed and from which potential infiltration pond sites can be selected.

Permeability testing of individual soil texture groups forms part of CSIRO and DIPE scientific studies.



2.3 Closely Spaced Trenching (T30 – T50)

Following the broadly spaced trenching undertaken during the first phase of the program and taking

other geographic and logistical factors into account from preliminary work programs, two areas were

selected for possible infiltration pond siting.

A further 21 trenches were excavated in close proximity to the two proposed infiltration pond sites.

The additional trenching around the selected pit sites were designed to determine continuity of soil

lithologies and soil characteristics that may have some bearing on infiltration properties.

These trenches were excavated at approximately 15 metre spacing to an average depth of 2.50 metres.

Initial thought was that a clear indication of the surface 2 metre profile could be interpreted from

trench to trench. The closely spaced trenching further refined the understanding of sub-surface soil

formation patterns; however inconsistencies in profiles between trenches limited an accurate

interpretation of vertical and lateral lithology.

The inconsistency in deposition profile is typical of a broad scale fanned, alluvial floodplain pattern

and can be expected over the entire study area.



2.4 Short Trenching (C1 – C25)

Following the individual broader trenching program which illustrated the unpredictability of

lithologies between profiles, a targeted trenching program was carried out.

It was initially proposed to trench a 270 metre transect covering a paeleochannel that was interpreted

from shallow drilling, EM31 and Satellite TM7 imagery interpretation, and trends NW / SE through

the existing DBIRD horticulture block.

The advantage of a continuous deep trench is that a lateral interpretation of the sub-surface soil profile

can be made. Undulations in soil layers and lenses of soil and sand were accurately recorded, and

further testing and interpretation undertaken with this information.

To excavate a continuous trench the full 270 metres became impractical due to the hardness of the

ground in some parts and to due to continual collapse of dry river sands into the trenches in other parts.

Short trenches at 10 metre intervals were then excavated. The distance between individual trenches

was extended to 20 metres due to the predictable nature of the sub-surface lithologies in this particular

area. Physical textural properties of the soils were observed though not directly tested due to access

safety issues into the trenches.

Interpretations made from the information gained, is provided in Appendix 5.

The cross-section shows clearly the interlayering of various alluvial flooding events and, as observed

in the individual broad scale trenches, the “text book” examples of graded bedding.

Graded bedding – the grading from basal coarse, sand sediment to overlying fine, clay sediment - is

evidence of large scale flood inundation events that have contributed to formation of the present day

soil profiles.

The combination of all soil profile datasets with later stage permeability and particle size analysis

work will enable the identification of suitable infiltration pond sites.



2.5 Trenching – Second Pass (T30_2 – T47_2)

A second stage soil trenching program was completed in December 2004. This program involved soils

mapping in remaining areas in the eastern section of the Arid Zone Research Institute.

Soil information collated during this survey program complemented previous survey observations and

enabled broad scale interpretation of soils in the entire eastern AZRI area.

This additional survey included a chemical analyses of individual soil horizons identified in each soil

pit. The results are listed in Appendix 4.

Analyses of composite samples taken from individual lithologies in alternate trenches provided a better

understanding of some base line chemical characteristics of the soil.

In Figure 1 a higher clay content soil band parallels a shallow surface drainage depression and also

parallels the corresponding interpreted sub surface paeleochannel.

Soil lithologies in individual trenches from the second stage of broad scale trenching are presented and

described in Appendix 3.



3.0 FINDINGS / RECOMMENDATIONS In addition to the first phase of the soil survey (29 excavated trenches) a series of 19 trenches were

excavated in close proximity to the two proposed infiltration pond sites. The additional trenching around

the selected infiltration pit sites was designed to determine continuity of soil lithologies and soil

characteristics that may have some bearing on infiltration properties.

A plan view of all the site specific and broad scale trench locations is included in Figure 1.

Using the available survey information a broad interpretation was made to split the soils based on

observed characteristics.

In Figure 1 a zone of higher clay content soils (30% - 35% clay) has been highlighted.

Any other interpretation would be misleading due to the highly variable features of the soils in the area.

At this level of survey detail such a broad interpretation is justified.

Further more detailed survey would refine interpretations.

Profile descriptions, photos and cross sectional views associated with each trenching phase are presented

in the Appendices.

It was anticipated that basic soil parameters were to be tested on all trenches. The soils were examined

and horizon depth, texture, pH and coarse fragment description were recorded.

Due to time constraints, and the practicalities of the trenching a detailed morphological horizon

description was not possible in all cases.

In some instances, trenches collapsed due to dry, free flowing river sand. In such cases a photo record and

GPS record of the trench was taken. This was mostly done where the unsafe nature of unconsolidated

trench material precluded acquisition of more detailed information.

Cross-sections indicate that even at the relative closeness of the trenches (about 5 – 20m apart) the

inconsistencies in profile development remain. The inconsistency in the depositional profiles is typical of

a broad scale fanned, alluvial floodplain pattern and must be expected over the entire study region.



Interpretations made from previous broad scale trenching (about 200m between trenches) suggested that it

would be very difficult to predict lateral (east / west) sub-surface lithologies.

At the scale of the detailed trenching outlined in this report the lateral predictability remains questionable

in some areas.

This relatively poor correlation suggests that even at the moderately detailed level of the survey, there is a

large variation in sand and soil/clay lenses and deposition and/or scouring effects resulting from flood

episodes.

It is very difficult to make an accurate interpretation of the near surface continuity of the interbedded

fluvial system.

It is recommended that unless there are specific requirements for details of specific areas, there is limited

benefit in undertaking further trenching work to determine soil characteristics.



BIBLIOGRAPHY Air Photography (1987).Alice Springs SF 53.14 Photography Index N0. 19. Project Name: Alice Springs,

Undoolya Arltunga Area. Mapping and Information Division, Lands & Housing. Isbell, R.F. (1998). The Australian Soil Classification. CSIRO publishing Melbourne. Knapton, A (2004). Soil-Aquifer Treatment Project Site Characterisation - A summary of Pre SAT

Investigation data available, Volume 1. NT. Dept. of Infrastructure, planning and Environment.

Knapton, A. and Lennartz, R.K. (2004). Soil-Aquifer Treatment Project Site Investigations - Detailed

report on DIPE site investigations conducted between June 2003 to December 2003. Volume 2. NT. Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment.

Knapton, A. (2004). Soil-Aquifer Treatment Project Groundwater Modelling - Report outlining

preliminary modelling of the AZRI site to determine the feasibility of SAT with respect to mounding and migration. Volume 4.

Knapton, A., Pavelic, P., Dillon P., and Low B., (2004). Field Infiltration Tests with Potable Water to

Assess Hydraulic Risks for an Intended Soil Aquifer Treatment Trial for Alice Springs, Northern Territory. NT. Dept. Of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment.

Lennartz, R.K., (2002). Land Capability Assessment of the Alice Springs Area. NT Government,

Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment. (Report No. 25/2001A). Litchfield, W.H. (1969). Soil Surfaces and Sedimentary History near the Macdonnell Ranges N.T. Soil

Publn. No. 25. CSIRO, Australia, Melbourne. Perry, R.A. (1956-57). Lands of the Alice Springs area N.T. Compilation of papers by R.A. Perry,

J.A.Mabbutt, W.H. Litchfield, T.Quinlan, M.Lazarides, N.O.Jones, R.O.Slatyer, G.A.Stewart, W.Bateman, and G.R.Ryan by R.A.Perry. Land Research Series No. 6. CSIRO Division of Land Research and Regional Survey, Canberra, ACT.

Pickup, G. (1991). Event frequency and landscape Stability on the Floodplain Systems of Arid Central

Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 10, pp. 463-473, 1991. Printed in Great Britain.

Ride, G. (2005). Potential Sources of Water for Horticulture Use on Airport Nth. Land. Natural Resources

Division. Northern Territory Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment. (Unpubl.).



APPENDIX 1 – First Pass: Trenching Lithology Description. Tench 1 (386499mE, 7371990mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Tr - 1% 2mm sub angular quartz grains. Very thinly mulched with dried litter.

0.00m – 0.35m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. Tr - 1% 2-6mm sub angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.35m – 1.20m Clay loam (CL). Massive with an earthy fabric. Tr – 1% subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.20m – 1.50m Sandy loam (SL).Single grained with a sandy fabric. tr – 1% subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.50m – 1.70m Light clay (LC). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.70m – 2.20m Light clay (LC). Massive with an earthy fabric. Very highly calcareous. Field pH 8.5.

Trench 2 (386665mE, 7371995mN)

Surface Description: Loose. 2% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Soft.

0.00m – 0.15m Loamy sand (LS).Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 6.5. 0.15m – 0.50m Sand loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz grains. Field pH 7.0. 0.50m – 0.65m Heavy loamy sand (LS(H)). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.65m – 1.0m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 1.0m – 1.30m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 1.30m – 2.00m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 3% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0 2.00m – 2.40m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm and 3% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.5.



Trench 3 (386811mE, 7371995mN)

Surface Description: Loose. 2% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Soft. 6

0.00m – 0.05m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.05m – 0.95m Sandy loam heavy (SL(H)). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.95m – 1.60m Sandy clay loam (SCL). massive with an earthy fabric. 2% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.60m – 1.90m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 60% 2-6mm and 20% 6-20mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.90m – 2.20m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Highly calcareous. Field pH 9.5. 2.20m – 2.40mSand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 60% 2-6mm and 20% 6-10mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5.

Trench 4 (386644mE, 7371678mN)

Surface Description: Loose. 2% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Soft. 0.00m – 0.05m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.05m – 0.65m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.65m – 0.85m Sandy clay loam light (SCL(L)). Massive with a sandy fabric. tr 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.85m – 1.50m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with a sandy fabric. tr 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.50m – 2.30m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5.

Trench 5 (no site photo) (386813mE, 7371686mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Firm in parts. Very thin sand veneer. 0.00m – 0.20m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.20m – 0.75m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Slight coherence. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.75m – 0.80m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.80m - 0.95m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Slight coherence. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.95m – 1.50m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.50m – 2.00m Clay loam (CL). Massive with an earthy fabric. Strong and slightly sticky. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0.



Trench 6 (386978mE, 7371694mN)

Surface Description: Soft veneer with some minor, weak surface crusting. 1% angular quartz fragments. 0.00m – 0.20m Clayey sand (CS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.20m – 0.60m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.60m – 1.00m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with a sandy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.00m – 2.00m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with a sandy fabric. 1% 2-6mm and 1% 6-8mm angular quartz fragments. Very calcareous. Field pH 9.5. NB.: Trench was cut to max. 2.90m. Free flowing sand collapsing trench from 2.00m to 2.90m (interval not sampled).

Trench 7 (387113mE, 7371686mN)

Surface Description: Firm with a soft veneer in some areas. 0.00m – 0.30m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 3% 2mm and 1% 4 mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.30m – 0.60m Sandy loam (SL). Massive with a sandy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.60m – 1.00m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.00m – 1.70m Sandy clay loam heavy (SCL(H)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.70m – 2.30m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm and 2% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 9.5.

Trench 8 (386731mE, 7371405mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Cracking in some areas.. 0.00m – 0.10m Clayey loam (CL). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.10m – 0.45m Clay loam (CL). Massive with an earthy fabric. Very firm to strong. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.45m – 1.00m Light clay (LC). Massive with an earthy fabric. Very firm to strong. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.00m – 1.20m Clay loam (CL). Massive with an earthy fabric. Strong strength. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 9.5. 1.20m – 1.90m Light clay (LC). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Very calcareous. Field pH 9.0.



Trench 9 (No Photo record) (386869mE, 7371411mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Minor surface nulching. 0.00m – 0.40m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.40m – 0.50m Sandy loam heavy (SL(H)). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.50m – 0.95m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm and 2% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.95m – 1.80m Clay loam sand (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.80m – 2.00m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Moderately calcareous. Field pH 8.5.

Trench 10 (387007mE, 7371413mN)

Surface description: Hard setting. Minimal mulching in immediate area. 0.00m – 0.40m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a massive fabric. 10% 2 and 2% 4-6mm angular quartz and granitic fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.40m - >2.00m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 40% 2mm angular quartz fragments. 10% 4-6mm subangular quartz fragments. 2% 6-200mm rounded quartz and granite fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5.

Trench 11 (387176mE, 7371419mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Firm in some areas. Mulching from surface grasses. 0.00m – 0.40m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.40m – 0.65m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.65m – 0.90m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.90m – 1.55m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.55m – 1.90m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field 8.5.



Trench 12 (387057mE, 7370720mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Firm in some areas. Mulching from surface grasses. 0.00 – 0.15m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.15m – 0.35m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.35m – 0.55m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. tr 2mm and 1% 6mm subangular quartz and granite fragments. 0.55m – 0.85m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.85m – 1.40m Sandy clay loam heavy (SCL(H)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 30% 2mm and 2% 6mm subangular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.40m – 1.60m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 50% 2mm and 2% 6mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.60m – 2.30m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 90%

2mm and 5% 6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0.

Trench 13 (387273mE, 7370717mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Sandy veneer. Dry grass mulching.

0.00m – 0.20m Loamy sand (LS). Single grain with a sandy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.20m – 0.70m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 80% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.70m – 1.10m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 1.10m – 1.70m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 1.70m – 2.30m Loamy sand heavy. (LS(H)). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 10% 3mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 2.30m – 2.70m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 12% 3mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 2.70m – 3.10m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 50% 2mm and 20% 2-10mm angular quartz fragments. 2% 10 – 100mm quartz and

granite fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. (interval total depth interpreted).



Trench 14 (387401mE, 7370720mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Sandy veneer in some areas. Dry grass mulching.

0.00m – 0.20m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy texture. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.20m – 0.40m Clay loam sandy heavy (CLS(H)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.40m – 0.55m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 4% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.55m – 0.70m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.70m – 0.85m Clay loam sandy heavy (CLS(H)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.85m – 1.20m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0.

1.20m – 1.45m Sandy loam heavy (SL(H)). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH9.0. 1.45m – 1.90m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.90m – 2.50m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 60% 2mm and 20% 4-6mm subangular quartz fragments.

Trench 15 (387568mE,7370728mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Loose, sandy veneer in some areas. 0.00m – 0.35m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.35m – 0.50m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 5% 2mm and 2% 6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.50m – 0.75m Sandy clay loam (CSL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 3% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. 1% 4-10mm subangular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.75m – 1.00m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm and 2% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.5. 1.00m – 1.50m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.5. 1.50m – 2.00m Loamy sand heavy (LS(H)). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 8% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.5.

NB.: Trench depth extended to 3.6m. – same characteristics as 1.50m – 2.00m interval.

Trench 16 (387237mE, 7370490mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Minimal mulching.

0.00m – 0.40m Sandy loam heavy (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2mm quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.8. 0.40m – 0.80m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.80m – 1.50m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.50m – 1.90m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.90m – 2.10m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 60% 2mm and 10% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0.



Trench 17 (387406mE, 7370498mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Sandy veneer in some areas. Dry grass mulching.

0.00m – 0.25m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm and 2% 4mm sub angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.25m – 0.35m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.35m – 0.60m Clay loam (CL). Massive with an earthy fabric. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.60m – 1.20m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.20m – 1.75m Sand loam heavy (SL(H)). Massive with a sandy fabric. 15% 2mm aubangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.75m – 2.00m Sand (S). 60% 2mm and 10% 4mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0.

Trench 18 (387538mE, 7370503mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Sandy veneer in some areas. Minor grass mulching. 2% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. 0.00m – 0.40m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.40m – 0.60m Sand (S). 90% 2mm and 10% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0 0.60m – 0.65m Clay loam sand (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.65m – 0.80m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 90% 2mm and 10% 6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.80m – 1.50m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.50m – 2.20m Sandy loam heavy (SL(H)). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 2.20m – 2.40m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 90% 2mm and 10%4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0.



Trench 19 (387679mE, 7370503mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Mulching of grasses.

0.00m – 0.30m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.30m – 0.45m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and 5% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.45m – 0.60m Sandy clay loam heavy (SCL(H)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH8.5. 0.60m – 0.85m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.85m – 1.20m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 40% 2mm 10% 4mm and 1% 8mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 1.20m – 1.30m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.30m - 1.70m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH

7.5. 1.70m – 2.30m Clayey sand (CS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. Sticky. 60% 2mm, 10% 4mm and 1% 8mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 2.30m – 2.50m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 60% 2mm, 20%4mm and 1% 8mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. Trench 20 (387819mE, 7370503mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Sandy veneer in some areas.

0.00m – 0.30m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.30m – 0.70m Loamy sand heavy (LS(H)). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous . Field pH 8.0. 0.70m – 0.90m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.90m – 1.10m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.10m – 1.20m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.20m – 1.45m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.45m – 2.20m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 8% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5.



Trench 21 (387449mE, 7370157mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Minor mulching from grasses. 0.00m – 0.30m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.30m – 0.55m Sandy loam heavy (SL(H)). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.55m – 0.80m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Fine grained. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.80m – 1.00m Clay loam sand (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.00m – 1.30m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with a sandy fabric. 19% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.30m – 1.90m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric.. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.90m – 2.10m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 70% 2mm and 5%4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 2.10m – 2.40m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 80% 2mm

and 10% 4mm angular quartz fragments. 1% 10mm subrounded quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5.

Trench 22 (387623mE, 7370165mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Minor mulching from grasses. 0.00m – 0.15m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.15m – 0.30m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5. 0.30m – 0.50m Light clay (LC). Massive with an earthy fabric. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.50m – 0.70m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.70m – 1.50m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2mm and 1% 4mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.50m – 2.30m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 70% 2mm and 20% 6mm angular quartz and granite fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0.

Trench 23 (387761mE, 7370165mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Loose sandy veneer in some areas. 0.00m – 0.30m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.30m – 0.50m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.50m – 0.65m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.65m – 1.60m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 30% 2mm and 10% 4mm angular quartz fragments. 1% 6mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.60m – 2.30m Loamy sand light (LS(L)). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 60% 2mm and 20% 4mm angular quartz fragments. 2% 6mm subrounded quartz and granite fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. NB: Trench continued to 4.20m with the soil characteristics the same as 1.60m – 2.30m.



Trench 24 (387920mE, 7370170mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Minor mulching. 0.00m – 0.45m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with a sandy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5 0.45m – 0.65m Sandy loam )SL). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.65m – 1.00m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 1.00m – 1.40m Clay loam sandy heavy (CLS(H)). massive with an earthy texture. 2% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 1.40m – 2.00m Loamy sand (LS). 50% 2mm and 5% 20mm angular quartz fragments. 1% 50mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0.

Trench 25 (388097mE, 7370172mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Sandy veneer in some areas. 0.00m – 0.25m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.25m – 0.50m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.50m – 1.70m Clay loam sandy (CLS). 20% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 26 (387252mE, 7370806mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Firm in some areas. 0.00m – 0.40m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.40m – >1.5m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 50% 2mm and 20% 6mm angular quartz fragments. 5% 6-50mm subangular quartz and granite fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5.



Trench 27 (387349mE, 7370806mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Sandy veneer in some areas. 0.00m - 0.20m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.20m – 0.45m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.45m – 0.60m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0 0.60m – 0.80m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.80m – 1.50m Sandy loam (SL). 10% 2mm and 1% 6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.50m – 2.00m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and 5% 6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 2.00m – 2.40m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 80% 2mm and 10% 6mm angular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0.

Trench 28 (387442mE, 7370805mN)

Surface description: Loose. Firm in some areas. Mulching of grasses. 0.00m – 0.15m Loamy sand heavy (LS(H)). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.15m – 0.25m Loamy sand light (LS(L)). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2mm and 1% 6mm angular quartz fragments. non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.25m – 0.45m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 5% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.45m – 0.70m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.70m – 0.95m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and 5% 6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.95m – 1.30m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and 5% 6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.30m – 2.00m Clayey sand (CS). Single grained with a sandy fabric.

80% 2mm and 10% 6mm quartz fragments. 1% 6-20mm subangular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. Trench 29 (387547mE, 7370816mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Mulching of grasses. 0.00m – 0.40m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragements. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.40m – 0.65m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.65m – 0.75m Sandy clay loam (SCL). 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.75m – 0.95m Clay loam sandy (CLS). 10% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 0.95m – 1.00m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and 10% 6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.00m – 1.30m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.30m – 1.70m Clay sand (CS).



APPENDIX 2 - Closely Spaced Trenching Around Infiltration Pond Test Site. Trench 30 (387164mE, 7371065mN

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.15m Sandy loam (SL), massive with sandy fabric. 5% 5mm

subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.0. 0.15m – 0.35m Heavy sandy loam (SL)(H), massive with sandy fabric. 2% 5mm

subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5. 0.35m – 0.75m Sandy loam (SL), massive with sandy fabric. 15% 5mm and 2%

10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5 0.75m – 1.40m Clay loam sandy (CLS), massive with earthy fabric. 3% 5mm

subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5 1.40m – 1.80m Heavy clay loam sandy (CLS)(H), massive with earthy fabric. 1%

5mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 31 (387174mE, 7371071mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.40m Heavy sandy clay loam (SCL), massive with earthy fabric. 2% 5mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 0.40m – 1.30m Sand (S), single grain with sandy fabric. 50% 5mm and 20% 15mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0. 1.30m – 1.60m Clay loam sandy (CLS), massive with earthy fabric. Field pH 9.0

Trench 32 (387184mE, 7371075mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 1.30m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. 5% 2mm and 2% 5mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 1.30m – 1.70m Sandy clay loam (SCL), massive with earthy fabric. Field pH 9.0.



Trench 33 (387176mE, 7371037mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.40m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.40m – 0.90mm Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 50% 2mm and 10% 5mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 0.90m – 1.10m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH9.0. 1.10m – 1.60m Sandy clay loam (SCL), massive with earthy fabric. 5% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 34 (387186mE, 7371042mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.20m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. Field pH 8.0. 0.20m – >1.50m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 50% 2mm, 10%

5mm and 2% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. Trench 34a (387198mE, 7371049mN) Not mapped / photographed. Trench continually collapsing. 0.15m of sandy loam then dry flowing sand to at least 1.7m.

Trench 35 (387198mE, 7371049mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.35m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 5% 2mm

subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5. 0.35m – 0.50m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 40% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.50m – 0.70m Clay loam sandy (CLS), massive with earthy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.70m – 0.80m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0 0.80m – 1.60m Sandy clay loam (SCL), massive with earthy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0. 1.60m – 1.70m Sand (S). single grained with sandy fabric. 80% 2mm and 20% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0.



Trench 36 (387217mE, 7371101mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.15m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. Field pH 8.0. 0.15m – >1.00m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 50% 2mm, 10%

5mm and 2% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0.

Trench 37 (387232mE, 7371113mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.30m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 1% 2mm

subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.30m – 0.60m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.60m – 1.20m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm and 10% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 1.20m – 1.50m Heavy sandy loam (SL)(H), single grained with earthy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5

Trench 38 (387244mE, 7371115mN)

Not mapped. Trench continually collapsing. About 0.15m of sandy loam then dry flowing sand to at least 1.7m.



Trench 39 (387224mE, 7371072mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.20m Loamy sand (LS)(H), single grained with sandy fabric. 1% 2mm

subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.20m – 1.50m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 60% 2mm, 30% 5mm

and 1% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Occasional rounded quartz and granite fragments in the 1% 10mm fraction.

Field pH 8.5. 1.50m – 1.70m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and

5% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0. 1.70m – 1.90m Light clay loam sandy (CLS)(L), massive with earthy fabric. 1%

2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0

Trench 40 (387236mE, 7371074mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.20m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.20m – 0.85m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 30% 2mm, 10% 10mm and 1% 50mm subangular quartz fragments. Occasional rounded quartz and granite fragments in the 1% 50mm fraction. Field pH 8.5. 0.85m – 1.60m Light sandy clay loam (SCL)(L), massive with earthy fabric. Field pH 9.0. 1.60m – 2.00m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 40% 2mm and 20% 5mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0

Trench 41 (387251mE, 7371079mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.15m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5. 0.15m – 0.40m Heavy loamy sand (LS)(H), single grained with sandy fabric. 2% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5. 0.40m – 0.60m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and 1% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.60m – 1.30m Clay loam sandy (CLS), massive with earthy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 1.30m – 2.00 Sandy loam (SL), single grained sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and 2% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5



Trench 42 (386468mE, 7372046mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.70m Heavy loamy sand (LS)(H), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm, 5% 10mm and 1% 20mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 0.70m – 0.90m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 40% 2mm, 10% 10mm and 10% 20mm subangular quartz fragments. 20mm fragments include about 5% rounded granite and quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 0.90m – 1.10m Light loamy sand (LS)(L), single grained with sandy fabric. 40% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0. 1.10m – 2.00m Light clay (LC), massive with earthy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5.

Trench 43 (386495mE, 7372047mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.40m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.0. 0.40m – 1.00m Sandy clay loam (SCL), massive with earthy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 1.00m – 2.00m Clay loam sandy (CLS), massive with earthy fabric. Field pH 8.0.

Trench 44 (386516mE, 7372048mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.70m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 0.70m – >1.0m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 40% 2mm, 10% 10mm and 10% 20mm subangular quartz fragments. 20mm fragments include about 5% rounded granite and quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5.



Trench 45 (386531mE, 7372053mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.50m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.50m – 1.00m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 40% 2mm, 10% 10mm and 2% 20mm subangular quartz fragments. 20mm fragments include about 5% up to 100mm rounded granite and quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5. 1.00m – 1.30m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm and 2% 5mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 1.30m – 2.00m Light clay (LC), massive with earthy fabric. Field pH 8.5.

Trench 46 (386484mE, 7371991mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.10m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 5% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5. 0.10m – 0.25m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 20% 2mm, 5% 10mm and 1% 20mm subangular quartz fragments. 20mm fragments include about 5% up to 100mm rounded granite and quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.25m – 0.50m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 0.50m – 1.00m Sand (S), single grain with sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and 5% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0. 1.00m – 1.70m Light clay (LC), massive with earthy fabric. Field pH 9.0. 1.70m – 2.30m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 70% 2mm, 10% 10mm and 1% 20mm subangular quartz fragments. 20mm fragments include occasional 100mm rounded granite and quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 47 (386498mE, 7371992mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.15m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 20% 2mm and 2% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5. 0.15m – 0.50m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. 40% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.50m – 0.60m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm and 2% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.60m – 1.00m Clay loam sandy (CLS), massive with earthy fabric. 1% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 1.00m – 1.25m Sandy clay loam (SCL), massive with earthy fabric. Field pH 9.0. 1.25m – 2.00m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. 30% 2mm and 5% 10mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5.



Trench 48 (386513mE, 7371995mN)

Soil Profile Description: 0.00m – 0.25m Sandy loam (SL), single grained with sandy fabric. 5% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 7.5. 0.25m – 0.40m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.40m – 0.60m Sand (S), single grained with sandy fabric. 40% 2mm, 10% 5mm and 1% 10-20mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 0.60m – 0.90m Sandy loam (SL), single grain with sandy fabric. 10% 2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.5. 0.90m – 1.00m Sand (S), single grain with sandy fabric. Field pH 8.0. 1.00m – 1.10m Loamy sand (LS), single grained with sandy fabric. 10%2mm subangular quartz fragments. Field pH 8.0. 1.00m – 1.60 Sand (S), Single grain with sandy fabric. 50% 2mm, 10%5mm and 5% 10-20mm quartz fragments. Field pH 9.0. 1.60m – 2.00m Clay loam sandy (CLS), massive with earthy fabric. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 49 (386550mE, 7372005mN) Not photographed nor mapped. Trench 50 (386535mE, 7371996mN) Not photographed nor mapped.



APPENDIX 3 – Second Phase Trenching – AZRI Paddocks. Trench 30_2 (387668mE, 7371415mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Patchy mulching restricted to dry grass. 0.00m – 0.05m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. tr 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5 0.05m – 0.40m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5 0.40m – 0.60m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Filed pH 7.5. 0.60m – 0.75 Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 2% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.75m – 1.10m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 2% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.10m – 2.10m Loamy sand (LS). Single grain with a sandy fabric. 2% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0.

Trench 31_2 (387841mE, 7371435mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Patchy mulching restricted to dry grass. 0.00m – 0.01m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.01m – 0.20m Sandy Clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.20m – 0.45m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.45m – 1.70m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0.

Trench 32_2 (388094mE, 7371419mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Very thin sandy veneer. Minimal mulching from dry undergrowth. 0.00m – 0.05m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.05m – 0.40m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with a sandy fabric. tr 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.40m – 1.30m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with sandy fabric. 5% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.5. 1.30m – 1.70m Sand (S). Single grained with sandy fabric. 40% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments and 10% 6-20mm subrounded granitic fragments. Field pH 9.5.



Trench 33_2 (387660mE, 7371049mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Thin sandy veneer. Minor mulching. 0.00m – 0.05m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.05m – 0.30m Clay loam sandy light (CLS(L)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 2% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.30m – 0.45m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments and 1% 6-20mm subangular granitc fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.45m – 0.65m Clay loam sandy heavy (CLS(H)). Massive with and earthy fabric. tr 1-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.65m 0.90m Light clay (LC). Massive with and earthy fabric. 2% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.90m – 1.70m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 5% angular quartz fragments. Non calcareous. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 34_2 (387826mE, 7371025mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Minor mulching. Loose sand grains in part. 0.00m – 0.15m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.15m – 0.65m Light clay (LC). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.65m – 1.20m Light clay (LC). Massive with and earthy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5. (Interval appears to have a higher level of iron oxide). 1.20m – 1.70m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. tr 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5.

Trench 35_2 (38064mE, 7371010mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Minor mulching. Sandy veneer in parts. 0.00m – 0.05m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.05m – 0.35m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.35m – 0.60m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.60m – 1.50m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. tr 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0.



Trench 36_2 (387757mE, 7370735mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Generally barren of mulching cover. Sandy veneer in parts. 0.00m – 0.15m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 6.5. 0.15m – 0.30m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.30m – 0.50m Clay loam sandy heavy (CLS(H)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.50m – 0.90m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 60% 2-6mm angular quartz, 10% 6-20mm sub angular quartz and granite and 1% 20-40mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5 0.90m – 1.70m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5

Trench 37_2 (388188mE, 7370613mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Occasional loose sand in parts. 0.00m - 0.10m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with an earthy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 6.5. 0.10m – 0.15m Sandy loam heavy (SL(H)). Single grained with an earthy fabric. tr 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.15m – 1.80m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 5% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5.

Trench 38_2 (388251mE, 7370365mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Occasional loose sand in parts. 0.00m – 0.05m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.05m – 0.25m Light clay (LC). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.25m – 0.40m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. tr 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.40m – 1.30m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. tr 2-6mm angular quartz grains. Very strong. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5



Trench 39_2 (388082mE, 7370437mN)

Surface Description: Hard setting. Minimal mulch. Sparse vegetation. 0.00m -0.30m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.30m – 0.70m Sandy clay loam heavy (SCL(H)). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 5% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.70m – 1.20m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 60% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.20m – 1.60m Clay loam sandy heavy. (CLS(H)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 2% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Very strong. Non-calcareous. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 40_2 (386669mE, 7370648mN)

Surface Description: Hard setting. Some surface crusting in low-lying areas. 0.00m – 0.05m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.05m – 0.70m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.70m – 1.00m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.00m – 1.50m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 20% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Slightly calcareous. Field pH 9.0. 1.50m – 1.80m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 60% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments, 10% 6-20mm and 1% 20-50mm sub angular quartz and granite fragments.

Trench 41_2 (386857mE, 7370583mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Patchy vegetation tussocks. Minimal mulching. 0.00m – 0.10m Sandy loam (SL). Single grained with a sandy fabric. tr 2-6mm angular quartz. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.10m – 0.70m Loamy sand heavy (LS(H)). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.70m – 0.90m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. 30% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.90m – 1.80m Sand (S). Single grain with a sandy fabric. 60% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. 10% 6-20mm sub angular quartz and granite fragments. 2% 20-100mm angular quartz and granite fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0.



Trench 42_2 (386995mE, 7370397mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Very thin crusting. Minimal mulching. 0.00m – 0.05m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with an earthy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.05m – 0.50m Sandy loam (SL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.50m – 0.80m Loamy sand (LS). Massive with an earthy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.80m – 1.10m Sandy loam (SL). Massive with a sandy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. 5% 6-20mm sub angular quartz fragments. 2% 20-100mm subrounded quartz and granite fragments. Non-calcareous. Filed pH 9.0 1.10m – 1.80m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 50% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. 5% 2-20mm sub angular quartz fragments. 2% subrounded quartz and granite fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 43_2 (386801mE, 7370276mN)

Surface Description: Firm. Very thin crusting. Minimal mulching. 0.00m – 0.05m Loamy sand (LS). Massive with a sandy fabric. 5% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.05m – 0.15m Sandy loam (SL). Massive with a sandy fabric. 5% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.15m – 0.50m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with a sandy fabric. 5% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.50m – 0.90m Sandy clay loam Heavy (SCL(H)). Massive with a sandy fabric. 20% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. 2% 6-20mm sub angular quartz and granite fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 0.90m – 1.70m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 50% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. 20% 6-20mm sub angular quartz and granite fragments. 2% 20-100mm angular quartz and granite fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5.

Trench 44_2 (386699mE, 7370048mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Sandy veneer. Minimal mulching. 0.00m – 0.05m Loamy sand (LS). Massive with a sandy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.05m – 0.55m Loamy sand (LS). Massive with a sandy fabric. 15% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.55m – 1.50m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 50% 2-6mm, 5% 6-20mm and 1% 20-100mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0.



Trench 45_2 (386962mE, 7369978mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Sandy veneer. 0.00m – 0.10m Sandy loam (SL). Massive with a sandy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.10m – 0.90m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with a sandy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.90m – 1.20m Sand loam heavy (SL(H)). Massive with a sandy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.20m – 1.60m Sand (S). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 30% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. 20% 6-20mm and 1% 20-50mm sub angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.60m – 1.75m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. Very strong. tr 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 46_2 (387224mE, 7369807mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Sandy veneer. 0.00m – 0.05m Sandy loam (SL). Massive with a sandy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 6.5. 0.05m – 0.40m Sandy loam heavy (SL(H)). Massive with a sandy fabric. 10% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 0.40m – 0.60m Loamy sand (LS). Single grained with a sandy fabric. 30% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. 5% 6-20mm sub angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 0.60m – 1.30m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with an earthy fabric. 5% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.5. 1.30m – 1.60m Sandy clay loam heavy (SCL(H)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 1% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Very strong. Non-calcareous. Field pH 9.0.

Trench 47_2 (386732mE, 7369690mN)

Surface Description: Loose. Sandy veneer. 0.00m – 0.05m Sandy loam (SL). Massive with a sandy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.0. 0.05m – 1.10m Clay loam sandy (CLS). Massive with an earthy fabric. Non-calcareous. Field pH 7.5. 1.10m – 1.30m Sandy clay loam (SCL). Massive with a sandy fabric. 2% 2-6mm angular quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0. 1.30m – 1.50m Clay loam sandy heavy (CLS(H)). Massive with an earthy fabric. 5% 2-6mm quartz fragments. Non-calcareous. Field pH 8.0.



APPENDIX 4 – Chemical Results: Second Phase Trenching.

Chemical Results – Second Phase TrenchingUNITS mg/kg dS/m pH pH meq/100g meq/100g meq/100g meq/100g mg/kg meq/100g

CUSTNO PADDOCK SAMPLE_ID SERIAL _NO

LAB_ NUMBER

IRON CONDUCTY PH_CACL2 PH_H2O EXC_CA EXC_MG EXC_NA EXC_K PHOS_OLS

EXC_AL

62132 T31-2 0-0.10 0-0.10 CX S04109 550 0.039 5.6 6.6 3.32 1.29 0.02 1.12 19.8 0.07 62132 T31-2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 CX S04110 569 0.036 6.4 7.5 5.69 1.79 0.03 1.9 17.3 0.03 62132 T31-2 0.2-0.45 0.2-0.45 CX S04111 489 0.032 6.7 7.6 6.71 1.65 0.03 1.37 8.4 0.02 62132 T31-2 0.4-1.7 0.4-1.7 CX S04112 382 0.03 7 7.6 4.07 0.88 0.04 0.41 4.7 0.03 62132 T33-2 0-0.05 0-0.05 CX S04113 560 0.042 6.4 7.2 3.85 1.64 0.02 1.28 24.6 0.01 62132 T33-2 0.05-0.3 0.05-0.3 CX S04114 623 0.036 6.7 7.7 11.66 2.8 0.06 2.26 20 0.01 62132 T33-2 0.3-0.45 0.3-0.45 CX S04115 464 0.034 7 7.9 10.64 2.3 0.04 1.31 9 0.01 62132 T33-2 0.45-0.65 0.45-0.65 CX S04116 493 0.048 7.1 8 11.28 2.55 0.07 0.97 6.1 0.02 62132 T33-2 0.65-0.90 0.65-0.90 CX S04117 468 0.035 7.2 8.1 8.31 1.89 0.06 0.65 5.9 0.02 62132 T33-2 0.90-1.7 0.90-1.7 CX S04118 470 0.038 7.3 8.2 7.49 1.63 0.07 0.54 7.7 0.04 62132 T35-2 0-0.05 0-0.05 CX S04119 512 0.032 6.4 7.3 2.93 1.03 0.02 1.47 28.9 0.02 62132 T35-2 0.05-0.35 0.05-0.35 CX S04120 577 0.036 6.8 7.8 7.65 2.06 0.02 1.92 19 0.02 62132 T35-2 0.35-0.6 0.35-0.6 CX S04121 341 0.019 7 7.8 6.35 1.63 0.04 0.93 6.7 0.02 62132 T35-2 0.6-1.5 0.6-1.5 CX S04122 341 0.021 6.9 7.7 3.81 0.94 0.03 0.62 8.3 0.03 62132 T37-2 0-0.1 0-0.1 CX S04123 398 0.024 5.6 6.6 2.1 0.69 0.03 0.74 20 0.01 62132 T37-2 0.5-0.35 0.5-0.35 CX S04124 410 0.016 6.1 6.9 2.79 0.72 0.02 0.73 15.2 0.02 62132 T37-2 0.35-1.8 0.35-1.8 CX S04125 250 0.015 6.7 7.4 2.16 0.66 0.02 0.52 5.1 0.03 62132 T39-2 0-0.3 0-0.3 CX S04126 428 0.024 6.3 7.2 5.65 1.49 0.02 1.24 20.4 0.01 62132 T39-2 0.3-0.7 0.3-0.7 CX S04127 375 0.03 6.8 7.7 10.57 2.13 0.05 1.33 6.6 0.01 62132 T39-2 0.7-1.2 0.7-1.2 CX S04128 189 0.053 7.1 7.5 2.17 0.4 0.08 0.3 3.7 0.01 62132 T39-2 1.2-1.6 1.2-1.6 CX S04129 439 0.042 7.5 8.3 7.62 1.36 0.16 0.61 9.2 0.04 62132 T41-2 0-0.1 0-0.1 CX S04131 480 0.024 5.6 6.5 2.43 0.92 0.02 0.66 13.4 0.02 62132 T41-2 0.1-0.7 0.1-0.7 CX S04132 434 0.014 6.4 6.9 2.94 0.71 0.02 0.6 8.5 0.03 62132 T41-2 0.7-0.9 0.7-0.9 CX S04133 323 0.014 6.8 7.4 3.6 0.89 0.03 0.57 4 0.04 62132 T41-2 0.9-1.8 0.9-1.8 CX S04134 141 0.011 6.8 7.2 1.18 0.35 0.02 0.26 1.8 0.03 62132 T43-2 0-0.05 0-0.05 CX S04135 479 0.022 6.1 7.2 3.5 1.3 0.03 1.1 19.8 0.02 62132 T43-2 0.05-0.15 0.05-0.15 CX S04136 422 0.022 6.4 7.3 4.78 1.51 0.04 1.22 12.7 0.01 62132 T43-2 0.15-0.5 0.15-0.5 CX S04137 345 0.014 6.8 7.5 7.25 2.17 0.06 0.96 5.8 0.02 62132 T43-2 0.5-0.9 0.5-0.9 CX S04138 316 0.013 6.9 7.6 7.74 2.35 0.11 0.56 3.7 0.02 62132 T43-2 0.9-1.7 0.9-1.7 CX S04139 170 0.022 7 7.5 1.79 0.47 0.05 0.24 1.4 0.02 62132 T45-2 0.-0.1 0.-0.1 CX S04140 383 0.027 6.4 7.3 2.6 0.9 0.02 1.41 14.6 0.01 62132 T45-2 0.1-0.9 0.1-0.9 CX S04141 288 0.021 6.6 7.4 3.55 0.9 0.02 0.98 7.5 0.02 62132 T45-2 0.9-1.2 0.9-1.2 CX S04142 267 0.019 6.8 7.6 5.69 1.57 0.04 0.6 0.6 0.02 62132 T45-2 1.2-1.6 1.2-1.6 CX S04143 137 0.014 6.8 7.3 1.76 0.5 0.02 0.34 1.4 0.01 62132 T45-2 1.6-1.75 1.6-1.75 CX S04144 420 0.065 7.8 8.5 9.32 1.89 0.14 0.56 4.8 0.02 62132 T47-2 0-0.05 0-0.05 CX S04145 722 0.062 6 6.8 6.17 2.3 0.04 1.69 28.5 0.01 62132 T47-2 0.05-1.1 0.05-1.1 CX S04146 518 0.022 6.4 7.5 9.45 2.33 0.18 1.19 12.5 0.03 62132 T47-2 1.1-1.3 1.1-1.3 CX S04147 341 0.015 6.6 7.5 5.99 1.28 0.07 0.61 4 0.02 62132 T47-2 1.3-1.5 1.3-1.5 CX S04148 400 0.032 6.9 7.9 10.21 2.21 0.15 0.71 6.4 0.03



Chemical Results – Second Phase Trenching UNITS mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg %

CUSTNO TRENCH SAMPLE_ID SERIAL _NO

LAB_ NUMBER

TEXTURE GRAVEL COLOUR NITRATEN AMMONIUM PHOS POTASSIUM SULPHUR ORG CARBON

62132 T31-2 0-0.10 0-0.10 CX S04109 2 BRRD 6 1 41 488 3.5 0.55 62132 T31-2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 CX S04110 2 BRRD 1 5 36 772 1.1 0.44 62132 T31-2 0.2-0.45 0.2-0.45 CX S04111 2 BRRD 1 1 17 561 2.1 0.38 62132 T31-2 0.4-1.7 0.4-1.7 CX S04112 1.5 BRRD 1 1 10 161 4.1 0.14 62132 T33-2 0-0.05 0-0.05 CX S04113 2 BR 5 1 46 583 2.1 0.48 62132 T33-2 0.05-0.3 0.05-0.3 CX S04114 2 BR 1 1 40 895 1.7 0.8 62132 T33-2 0.3-0.45 0.3-0.45 CX S04115 2 5 BR 2 1 18 561 3.4 0.69 62132 T33-2 0.45-0.65 0.45-0.65 CX S04116 2 BR 10 1 17 446 3.4 0.91 62132 T33-2 0.65-0.90 0.65-0.90 CX S04117 2 BR 2 1 14 299 3.6 0.37 62132 T33-2 0.90-1.7 0.90-1.7 CX S04118 2 BRRD 1 1 19 243 3.6 0.25 62132 T35-2 0-0.05 0-0.05 CX S04119 2 BR 1 1 53 612 1 0.38 62132 T35-2 0.05-0.35 0.05-0.35 CX S04120 2 BR 1 1 39 773 1.2 0.52 62132 T35-2 0.35-0.6 0.35-0.6 CX S04121 2 BR 1 1 17 367 1.4 0.28 62132 T35-2 0.6-1.5 0.6-1.5 CX S04122 1.5 BRRD 1 1 19 230 1 0.12 62132 T37-2 0-0.1 0-0.1 CX S04123 1.5 BR 3 1 40 328 1.6 0.47 62132 T37-2 0.5-0.35 0.5-0.35 CX S04124 1.5 BR 1 1 29 313 1 0.24 62132 T37-2 0.35-1.8 0.35-1.8 CX S04125 1.5 BRRD 1 1 10 194 1 0.13 62132 T39-2 0-0.3 0-0.3 CX S04126 1.5 BR 2 1 38 512 1.3 0.42 62132 T39-2 0.3-0.7 0.3-0.7 CX S04127 2 BR 3 1 16 535 2.1 0.56 62132 T39-2 0.7-1.2 0.7-1.2 CX S04128 1 BR 1 1 8 113 30.7 0.13 62132 T39-2 1.2-1.6 1.2-1.6 CX S04129 2.5 BR 1 1 19 229 4 0.18 62132 T41-2 0-0.1 0-0.1 CX S04131 1.5 BR 5 1 28 283 1.9 0.38 62132 T41-2 0.1-0.7 0.1-0.7 CX S04132 1.5 BR 1 1 19 270 1 0.21 62132 T41-2 0.7-0.9 0.7-0.9 CX S04133 1.5 5-10 BR 1 1 8 210 1 0.15 62132 T41-2 0.9-1.8 0.9-1.8 CX S04134 1 10-15 LTBR 1 1 3 86 1 0.08 62132 T43-2 0-0.05 0-0.05 CX S04135 2 BR 2 1 40 465 1.6 0.29 62132 T43-2 0.05-0.15 0.05-0.15 CX S04136 2 BR 2 1 25 523 2 0.31 62132 T43-2 0.15-0.5 0.15-0.5 CX S04137 2 BR 1 1 12 387 1.4 0.28 62132 T43-2 0.5-0.9 0.5-0.9 CX S04138 2 BR 1 1 9 198 1.5 0.22 62132 T43-2 0.9-1.7 0.9-1.7 CX S04139 1 10-15 LTBR 4 1 3 80 1.8 0.09 62132 T45-2 0.-0.1 0.-0.1 CX S04140 1.5 BR 1 1 30 524 1.1 0.32 62132 T45-2 0.1-0.9 0.1-0.9 CX S04141 1.5 BR 1 1 17 398 1 0.25 62132 T45-2 0.9-1.2 0.9-1.2 CX S04142 1.5 BR 1 1 6 245 1.2 0.23 62132 T45-2 1.2-1.6 1.2-1.6 CX S04143 1 35-40 BR 1 1 4 128 1 0.08 62132 T45-2 1.6-1.75 1.6-1.75 CX S04144 2.5 BR 1 1 12 263 2.4 0.21 62132 T47-2 0-0.05 0-0.05 CX S04145 2.5 BR 7 2 56 687 3.6 0.86 62132 T47-2 0.05-1.1 0.05-1.1 CX S04146 2.5 BR 1 1 25 518 1.2 0.41 62132 T47-2 1.1-1.3 1.1-1.3 CX S04147 2.5 BR 1 1 8 244 1 0.19 62132 T47-2 1.3-1.5 1.3-1.5 CX S04148 2.5 5 BR 1 1 15 268 2.1 0.23


Rudy Lennartz Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment Feb 2005 Natural Systems Page -40-

APPENDIX 5 – Costean Trench Interpretation.

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APPENDIX 6 - Soil Textural Definitions Field Texture

grade Behaviour of moist bolus Approximate clay content (%)

S Sand Coherence nil to very slight, can not be moulded; sand grains of medium size; single sand grains adhere to fingers.

commonly less than 5%

LS Loamy sand Slight coherence; sand grains of medium Size; can be sheared between thumb and forefinger to give a minimal ribbon of about 5mm.

about 5%

CS Clayey sand Slight coherence; sand grains of medium size; sticky when wet; many sand grains stick to fingers; will form minimal ribbon of 5 – 15mm; discolours fingers with clay stain.

5% - 10%

SL Sandy loam Bolus coherent but very sandy to touch; will form ribbon of 15 -–25mm; dominant sand grains are of medium size and are readily visible.

10% - 20%

L Loam Bolus coherent and rather spongy; smooth feel when manipulated but with no obvious sandiness or ‘silkiness’; may be somewhat greasy to the touch if much organic matter present; will form ribbon of about 25mm.

about 25%

ZL Silty loam Coherent bolus; very smooth to often silky; when manipulated; will form ribbon of about 25mm.

about 25% and with silt 25% or more

SCL Sandy clay loam

Strongly coherent bolus, sandy to touch; medium size sand grains visible in finer matrix; will form ribbon of 25 – 40mm.

20% - 30%

CL Clay loam Coherent plastic bolus, smooth to manipulate; will form ribbon of 40 – 50mm.

30% - 35%

CLS Clay loam, sandy

Coherent plastic bolus; medium size sand grains visible in finer matrix; will form ribbon of 40 – 50mm.

30% - 35%

ZCL Silty clay loam

Coherent smooth bolus, plastic and often silky to the touch; will form ribbon of 40 – 50mm.

30% - 35% and with silt 25% or more

LC Light clay Plastic bolus; smooth to touch; slight resistance to shearing between thumb and forefinger; will form ribbon of 50 – 75mm.

35% - 40%

LMC Light medium clay

Plastic bolus; smooth to touch; slight to moderate resistance to ribboning shear; will form ribbon of about 75mm.

40% - 45%

MC Medium Clay Smooth plastic bolus; handles like plasticine and can be moulded into rods without fracture; has moderate resistance to ribboning shear; will form ribbon of about 75mm or more.

45% - 55%

MHC Medium heavy clay

Smooth plastic bolus; handles like plasticine; can be moulded into rods without fracture; has moderate to firm resistance to ribboning shear ; will form ribbon of 75mm or more.

50% or more

HC Heavy clay Smooth plastic bolus; handles like stiff plasticine; can be moulded into rods without fracture; has firm resistance to ribboning shear; will from ribbon of 75mm or more.

50% or more

(H) + Heavy Higher clay content (L) - Light Light clay content

azri soil investigation - territorystories.nt.gov.au · soil investigation a report prepared by the...

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