1

Dr Bidhan MahajonPG Scholar

Department of Dravyaguna Vijnanam

VPSV Ayurveda College,Kottakkal

2

PRESENT SCENARIO :

Exports of Ayurvedic medicines have reached a value of 100 million dollars a year.

60% of this is crude herbs.

30% is finished product.

10% is partially prepared products.

3

Cont........

1. Adhatoda vasica (0.5% Vasicine)

2. Andrographis paniculata (10%

Andrographolide)

3. Azadirachita indica (2% Azadiractin)

4. Bacopa monneri (20% Bacoside)

5. Centella asiatica (3% Asiaticoside)

4

6. Glycyrrihiza glabra (20%

Glycyrrhizin)

7. Gymnema sylvestre (25% Gymnemic

Acid).

8. Withania somnifera (1.5%

withanolides)

9. Curcuma longa (95% Curcumin)

10. Embelia ribes (8% Embellin)

Cont....

5

DESHA PRAVICHARANA

CULTIVATION

COLLECTION

PROCESSING

6

DESHA PRAVICHARANA

7

In Ayurveda Desha refers to two factors:

"भू�मि�दे�ह�� प्रभू�दे�न दे�श� हुरि�ह द्वि�धा |“ (अ.द्वि�.सु�-

१/२३)

Introduction:

8

"जा�ङ्गलं� वा�तभुयि�ष्ठमा�नुपं� त कफो�ल्वाणमा�।

सा�धा�रण� सामामालं� त्रि�धा� भुदे�शमा�दिदेश�त�॥"

(अ.त्रि#.सा-१/२४)

Cont.....

9

“अल्पं�देकद्रुमा� �स्त प्रवा�त+ प्रचुर�तपं+।

ज्ञे��+ सा जा�ङ्गलं� दे�श+ स्वाल्पंर�गतमा�अत्रिपं चु।

प्रचुर�देकवा/क्षॊ1 �� त्रिनुवा�त� दुलं3भु�तपं+।

आणपं1 बहुदे�षश्च, सामा+ सा�धा�रण� मात+॥”

(चु.त्रिवा-३/४७-४८)

Cont....

10

त� जा�ङ्गलं+ पं��3क�श भुयि�ष्ठ+ तरुभिभुरुत्रिपं चु कदेर-खदिदेर�सानु�श्वकण�3-धावात्रितत्रिनुश

शल्लंकA श�लं सा�मावाल्क-बदेरिर-त्रितन्दुक�श्वत्थ वाटा�मालंकA वानु गहनु+,अनु�क शयिमा-क क भु-

शिंशHशपं�प्र��+स्थिJरशष्कपंवानुवालं�त्रिबधा�मा�नुप्रनु/त्�त्तरुनुत्रिवाटापं+,प्रततमा/गत/स्थिष्णक�पंगरतनु

खरपंरुषसिसाकत�शक3 र�बहुलं+,लं�वात्रितभित्तरचुक�र�नुचुरिरतदेभुयिमाभु�ग+,वा�तत्रिपंत्तबहुलं+

स्थिJर कदिOण मानुष्� प्र��� ज्ञे��+ ।

(चु.क. १/८)

Cont....

11

"आक�श सामा+ प्रत्रिबर�लं�ल्पंकन्Oत्रिकब/क्षॊ प्र���ल्पंबष3

प्रस्रबण�देपं�नु�दे�कप्त��उष्नु�दे�रुणब�त+प्रत्रिबरल्लं�ल्पंशSलं+स्थिJरकT श

शरUरमानुष्�प्र���ब�तत्रिपंत्तर�गभुयि�ष्टश्च जा�ङ्गलं+"।

(सा.सा-

३५/४२)

Jangala Desha:

12

“मारुप्र��स्त �� दे�श+ सा चु�क्तो� जा�ङ्गलं�त्रि�धा+|”

(कS .त्रिनु.धारण्��दिदे वाग3-

६)

Cont...

13

Land: Clear sky,small hills,Dry and strong

wind

Soil: Rough,sandy and mixed with gravels

Rain,Air: Less rain fall,horsh and hot air

Plants: Few, small, thorny trees

People: Stable and lean,strong body,vata

pitta predominant dosa

Jaangala Desha.....

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अथा�नुपं� त्रिहन्त�लंतमा�लंनु�रिरक� लंकदेलंUवानुगहनु+, सारिरत्स्माद्रपं�3न्त प्र��+ सिशसिशरपंवानुबहुलं+

वाञ्ज̂ालंवा�त्रिनुर�पंश�भिभुततUर�भिभु+ सारिरद्भि`रुपं

गतभुयिमाभु�ग+,भिक्षॊत्रितधारत्रिनुक ञ्चु�पंश�भिभुत+मान्देपंवानु�नुवाUद्भिजातभिक्षॊत्रितरुहगहनु+,अनु�कवानुर�जाUपंष्पिष्पं

तवानुगहनुभुयिमाभु�ग+,ष्पिस्नुग्धारुपंप्रत�नु�पंगढः+ह�साचुक्रवा�क-वालंक�-नुन्देeमाख-पंन्डरUककदेम्ब-माद्गुi-

भु/ङ्रर�जा शतपं�-मान्तक�त्रिकलं�नुनु�दिदेततरुत्रिवाटापं+साक मा�र पंरुष+,पंवानुकफोप्र��� ज्ञे��+।

(चु.क-१/८)

Anupa Desha:

15

“त�बहुदेकत्रिनुन्मा�न्नतनुदेeबष3गहनु�मा/दुशUत�त�त्रिनुलं�बहु माह�पंवा3त

वा/क्षॊ� मा/दुसाक मा�र�पंसिचुत शरUर मानुष्�प्र��+ कफोवा�तर�ग

भुयि�ष्ठ�श्च�नुपं+”||

(सा.सा-

३५/४२)

Cont....

16

Land: Uneven, river, mountain, covered with

forest

Air: Mild, soft, cold winds

Rain: Heavy rainfall, lot of water resources

Plants: Large trees, land covered with soft

plant

People: Mrudu,sukumar,well built,kapha vata

dosa

Anupa Desha....

17

उभु�दे�शलंक्षॊण+ सा�धा�रण इत्रित। (सा.सा-

३५/४२)

सामा�+ सा�धा�रण� �स्मा�स्थिmतवाषnष्मामा�रुत�+। दे�ष�ण�� सामात�जान्त�स्तस्मा�त्सा�धा�रण� मात+॥ (सा.सा-

३५/४३)

Sadharana Desha:

18

“अनु��र�वाद्व��देpश��वाqरुद्वनुस्पत्रितवा�नुस्पत्� शकत्रिनुमा/ग

गनु�त+ ष्पिस्�मारसाक मा�र-वालंवाण3 सा�हनुनु�पंपंन्न

सा�धा�रणगण�क्तो पंरुष+ सा�धा�रण� ज्ञे��+।”

(चु.क-

१/८)

Cont....

19

Sheeta, Varsaa,Ushma,Maaruta remain

balanced

Tridosa are also remain balanced in body

People are healthy, well built structure

Sadhaarana Desha....

20

Xerophytic

Hydrophytic

Mesophytic

Modern concept:

21

“त� दे�श� मारु+ पंर+ आनुपं�अपंर+।”

(चुक्रपं�णU चु.साs. २६/३९)

Cont....

22

Cont....Jaangala Desha

Jangala-sadhaarana Desha

Sadharana Desha

Aanupa saadharana Desha

Anupa Desha

23

According to P.V Sharma:

1. Jangala(Forest)- Vata predominant

2. Parvatya(Hilly)-Vata.kapha

3. Saikat(Arid)-Vata,pitta

4. Saindhav(Oceanic)-Kapha,pitta

5. Anupa(Sub-aquatic)-Kapha

6. Madhya(Central)-Saadharana

Other opinion:

24

“सा भुयिमात्रिवाभु�ग� त्रिद्वत्रिवाधा+- सा�मा�न्�� त्रिवासिशष्टश्च ।” (डल्हण on सा.साs.

३६/३)

Bhumi pravicharana:

25

“श्वभ्रशक3 र�श्मात्रिवाषमावाल्माUकश्माश�नु�घा�तनुदे�वात��तनु

सिसाकत�भिभुरनुपंहतमानुषर�माभुङ्गiर�मादुर�देक��

ष्पिस्नुग्धा�प्रर�हवातUमा/द्वeस्थिJर�सामा�� क/ ष्ण�� गyरU लं�त्रिहत� वा�

भुयिमामाyषधाग्रहण�� पंरUक्षॊ�त ||”

(सा.साs. ३६/३)

Samanya bhumi:

26

1. Bhumi should be devoid of:

Gravel,stones,Anthill,Grave yard,

siaughter house, temple,sand brittle

2. Aduradakaa

3. Snigdha,mrudu,sthira,gauri,lohita

4. Sama-even land

5. Prarohavati-Ability to germinate seeds

Cont....

27

त्रिवाश�षस्त त�,

अश्मावातU JUर� गर्विवाH श्��मा� क/ ष्ण� वा� Jलं वा/क्षॊस्�प्र��� स्वागण भुयि�स्O ।

( सा.साs. ३७/४)

Paarthiva Bhumi

Vishistha bhumi:

28

ष्पिस्नुग्धा� शUतलं� आसान्न1देक� ष्पिस्नुग्धाशस्�त/णक�मालं वा/क्षॊप्र��� शक्लं�म्बगण भुयि�स्O� ।

Aapya Bhumi

Cont....

( सा.साs. ३७/४)

29

नु�नु�वाण�3 लंध्वाश्मावात्रित प्रत्रिवारलं�ल्पं पं�ण्डवा/क्षॊ प्रर�ह� अग्निग्नुगण भुयि�ष्ठ ।

Aagneya Bhumi

Cont....

( सा.साs. ३७/४)

30

रुक्षॊ� भुस्मार�सान्नवाण�3 तनुवा/क्षॊ�ल्पंरसाक�टारवा/क्षॊप्र��� अत्रिनुलं गणभुयि�ष्ठ� ।

Vaayavya Bhumi

Cont....

( सा.साs. ३७/४)

31

मा/द्वe सामा� श्वभ्रवात्�व्यक्तोरसाजालं सावा3त� सा�रवा/क्षॊप्र��� श्��मा� चु�क�शगणभुयि�स्O� ||

Aakashiya Bhumi

Cont....

( सा.साs. ३७/४)

32

गन्धवाण3रसा�पं�त� षडत्रिवाधा� भुयिमारिरष्�त� ।

तस्मा�देभुयिमा स्वाभु�ब�नु वाUद्भिजानु+ षडसा��त�: ॥

(सा.साs

३६/१२)

Cont....

33

Soil

Modern concept:

34

Physiographic Divisions of India:

1. Northern Himalaya

2. Great Northern plain

3. Central Highlands

4. Deccan Plateu

5. Costal Plains

Modern concept:

35

36

Solid space-50% Mineral-45% Organic-5%

pore space-50% Water-25% Air-25%

Cont....

37

Types of soil: Stone Gravel Sand Slit Clay

Cont....

38

Kalaka vana: Western himalaya

Caitrarath vana: Central himalaya

Kirata vana: Eastran himalaya

Panchananda: Northern plain sat

foothills of Himalaya

Praacya: Indo- Gangetic plain

Vrikshaayurveda :

39

Vedikarusaka: Central highland

Angireya: Sundarvana,Nagahills,Mikershills.

Kalingaka: In Vindya & Citrakuta

Dasharnaka: Nilgiri hills, Anaimalai

Aparanta: Western ghaat

Saurastra: Belongs to Avanti & daruvati

Cont....

40

दे�श+ पंनु+ J�नु+ सा द्रव्य�नु�मातपंभित्त प्रचु�रy दे�शसा�त्मा� चु�चुष्ट�।

(चु.त्रिवा-१/२२)

त� भुयिमा पंरUक्षॊ� आतरपंरिरञ्नु�नुह�त�ब�3 स्��देyषधापंरिरञ्नु�नुह�त�ब�3।

(चु.त्रिवा-८/९६)

Importance:

41

त्रिबरुद्धं� दे�शतस्त�वाद्रुक्षॊतUक्ष्ण�दिदे ध्नुन्वात्रिनु।

आनुपं� ष्पिस्नुग्धाशUत�दिदे भु�षजा� �यिन्नष�व्यत�॥

(चु.सा-

२६/८८)

Importance....

42

CULTIVATION

43

Industrialization Commercialization World wide demand of

medicinal plant

Cultivation:

Extinction, Adulteration, Substitution

GCP

44

Ensure quality and purity of medicinal

plant

Assure regular supply of crude drug

Leads to Industrialization to a greater

extent

Permits the application modern

technological (mutation, polyploidy &

hybridization)

Advantages of Cultivation:

45

1. Sexual methods

2. Asexual methods

Methods of propagation

46

47

Seedlings are long lived & bear more

heavily

Comparatively cheaper and easy to raise

Great importance to some specific

products

May only method of choice

Advantages of sexual method

48

Not uniform in growth & yielding

capacity

Require more to bear

Cost of harvesting, spraying of pesticides

etc are more

Not possible to avail of modifying

influence of root stock or scion

Limitation of sexual method

49

There is no variation of plant

Only way of making seedless variety of

fruits

Plants start bearing earlier

Budding or grafting encoverages diseases

Modifying influence of root-stock or scion

can be availed

Advantages of asexual method:

50

Not vigorous in growth and are not long lived

No new varieties can be evolved

Limitation of asexual method:

51

1. Altitude, temperature and

humidity

2. Rainfall or irrigation

3. Soil and soil fertilizers

4. Fertilizers

5. Pests and pest control

Factors affecting cultivation:

52

Tea- 1000-1500 metres

Cinchona - 1000-2000 metres

Eucalyptus - 1000-2000 metres

Cinnamom and cardamom-500-1000

metres

Senna-at sea level

Altitude, temperature, humidity:

53

Optimum Temperature for drug cultivation:

Tea- 70 to 90(F)

Cinchona – 60 to 75(F)

Cinnamom and cardamom-50-100 (F)

Cont....

54

Except xerophytes plants like aloe, acacia etc.

Proper arrangements for irrigation

Or

Sufficient rainfall

Rainfall and irrigation:

55

Depending upon the size of mineral:

Fine clay-less than 0.002 mm

Course clay-0.002 to 0.02

mm

Fine sand- 0.02 to 0.2 mm

Course sand- 0.2 to 2.00 mm

Soil and soil fertility:

56

Depending upon the percentage covered by clay:

1. Clay soil- more than 50% of clay

2. Loamy soil- 30 to 50% of clay

3. Slit loam soil- 20 to 30% of clay

4. Sandy loam soil- 10 to 20% of clay

5. Sandy soil- more than 70%

6.Calcarious soil- more than 20% of lime

Cont....

57

1. Chemical fertilizers: Primary nutrients Secondary nutrients

2. Manures: FYM/composet Castor seed cakes, Neem

karanja seed etc

3. Bio fertilizers: Rhizobium Azotobactor

Fertilizers:

58

Fungi and Viruses- Alternaria tenuis

Pythopthora sp

Cercospora canescens

Cercospora jasminicola

Curularia lunatus etc etc

Pests and Pest control:

59

Insects- 1.bitting and chewing

2.piercing and sucking

Eg: Diaphania nilgiri

Indomia cretaceus

Gonocephalum species etc

Cont....

60

Weeds- Ragweed Medican tea hay fever Yellow doc

western poison oak Varnish tree

Dermatitis Poison sumac

Cont....

61

Non-insect pest- 1. Vertebrates

2. Invertebrates

Cont....

62

Mechanical methods

Agricultural methods

Biological control

Chemical control

Methods of pest control:

63

DRAVYA SAMGRAHA

64

Collection....

Method

Various criteria

65

Criteria for Drug collection:

1. Characteristics of drug to be

collected

2. Part of the plant

3. Time of collection

4. Purpose

5. Potency of drug

Cont....

66

Characteristics of drug to be collected

तस्��� जा�तमात्रिपं क/ यिमात्रिवाष शस्��तपंपंवानुदेहनुत��सा�ब�धा

मा�गpसापंहतमा�करसा� पंष्ट� पं/थ्वावाग�ढःमालंमादेeच्���

चुyषधामा�देदेeत�त्��ष भुsयिमापंरUक्षॊ त्रिवाश�ष+ सा�मा�न्�+ ॥

सा.साs ३६/३

Cont....

67

वाल्माUकक स्थित्सात�नुपंश्माश�नु�षरमा�ग3जा�+ ।

झन्तवाग्निन्हत्रिहमाब्��प्त� नुyषध्�+ क��3सिसाद्भिद्धंदे�+ ॥

(श�.प्र.

१/५८)

Cont....

68

Part of the plant to be used:

Patra shaaka:

कक3 श� पंरिरजाUण� चु क/ यिमाजाष्ट�मादे�शजामा�।

वाजा3��दे� पं�श�क� तद्यदेक�लंत्रिवार�त्रिह॥

(सा.साs-४६/२९३)

Cont....

69

Kanda(Tuber):

वा�लं�ह्या�नुत3वा� जाUण� व्य�यिधात� क/ यिमाभुभिक्षॊतमा�।

कन्दे� त्रिवावाजा3��त� सावा� �� वा� साम्�क र�हत्रित॥

(सा.साs-४६/३२)

Cont....

70

Phala(Fruit):

फोलं�सा पंरिरपंक्क� �द्गुiनुवात� तदे� उदे�हृतमा�। त्रिवाल्वा�देन्��

त्रिवाञ्नु��मा�मा� तद्भिद्धं गनु�त्तरमा�॥

व्य�यिधात� क/ यिमाजाष्ट� वा पं�क�त्रिततमाक�लंजामा�॥

वाजा3नुU� फोलं� सावा3मापं��3गतमा�वा चु॥

(सा. साs ४६/२०९-

२१०)

Cont....

71

Time of collection:

त�ष�� श�ख�पंलं�शमासिचुरप्ररुढः� वाष�3वासान्त��ग्र�ह्या, ग्रUष्मा� मालं�त्रिनु

सिशसिशर� वा� शUण3प्ररुढः पंण�3नु��,शरदिदे त्वाककन्दे

क्षॊUर�भिण,ह�मान्त�,सा�र�भिण �तथा3 पंष्पंफोलंयिमात्रित।

(चु.क.-१/१०)

Cont....

72

कन्दे� त्रिहमातy सिशसिशर� चु मालंमा� पंष्पं� वासान्त� गनुदे� बदेन्तिन्त।

प्रवा�लं पं��भिण त्रिनुदेघाक�लं� स्�+ पंङ्� कजा�त�त्रिनु शरत्प्र��ग�॥

(Ra.Ni-

Dharanyaadi varga)

Cont....

73

अ� क� सिचुदे�हुर�चु���3+ प्र�वा/टा� वाष�3शरदेह�मान्त वासान्त ग्रUष्मा�ष �था�

सा�ख्�� मालंत्वाक� क्षॊUरसा�रफोलं�न्��देदेeत�त्रित+ तत्त नु साम्�क� ।

(सा.साs-४६/५)

Cont....

74

त� पं/सिथाव्यम्बगण भुयि�ष्ट���� भुमाy जा�त�त्रिनु त्रिवार�चुनु द्रव्य�व्य�देदेeत

अग्निग्नु आक�श�मा�रुतगणभुयि�ष्ट���� वामानु

द्रव्य�त्रिनु,उभु�गणभुयि�ष्ट���� उभु�त�भु�ग�त्रिनु, आक�शगनु

भुयि�ष्ठ���� सा�शमानु�त्रिनु र�ब वालंवात्तर�भिण भुवान्तिन्त ॥

(सा.साs-३६/३)

Cont.... According to Purpose:

75

According to Purpose:

Shaarangadhara:

For shodhana karma-

Vasanta

For shamana karma-

Sharada

Cont....

76

Potency of drug:

साब�3ण्��वा चु�भिभुनुब�त्रिनु,अन्�� माधाघा/तगड त्रिपंप्पंसिलं त्रिवाडङ्ग�भ्�:।

त्रिवाडङ्ग त्रिपंप्पंलंU क्षॊyद्र� सार्विपंHश्च�प्�नुवा� त्रिहतमा�।

श�षमान्��त्वाभिभुनुब� ग/भि��द्दो�षबर्जिजाHतमा�॥

(सा.साs-

३६/७-८)

Cont....

77

Potency of drug:

गड सिचु क टाजा� वा�सा� क ष्मा�न्ड� चु शत�वारU।

अश्वगन्ध� साहचुरU शतपंष्पं� प्रसा�रणU॥

प्र��क्त्व्य� सादेSवा�द्र� त्रिद्वगण� नुSवा ��जा��त�।

(श�.सा.प्र-१/४५-४६)

Cont....

78

ग/�e��त्त�त्रिनु सामानु�+ शsसिचु+ प्र�त+ साब�सार� ।

आदिदेत्�सा�माख� माyनुU नुमास्क/ त्� सिशब� हृदिदे ।

सा�धा�रणधार�द्रव्य ग/�eण�दुत्तर�श्रीUतमा� ॥

(श�.प्र.१/५६-५७)

Methods of collection:

79

Uttara(North): God of drug

Poorva(East): God of sun

Sumanaa,suchi.snaan: Hygiene

Cont....

80

Rhubarb: No anthraquinone in winter

Rhamnus purshiana: C-glycoside, O-

glycoside

Camphore: At 40 years age

Poppy, Argot, Solanaceae plants: Day night

Scientifically reported:

81

1. Leaves and flowering top- just before

flowering

2. Flowers- before pollination or full

expansion

in day time preferably during morning

hours

3. Bark- Early summer or spring, sometimes in

autumn or rainy season.

Methods of collection....

82

Rhizome: reserve food material

Gall: after the escape of gall warm

Unorganized drug: as soon as they ooze

Cont....

83

Three different methods of collecting bark:

1. Felling

2. Uprooting

3. Coppicing

Cont....

84

Knowledge of physical and chemical

properties

Water proof, fire proof, rodent proof

Air tight containers or air replaced by a

inert gas

Temperature

Fumigation

Storage:

85

Several operation or treatment

Preparation of Drug:

Cleaning & Washing

Sliced: large part

Mucilaginous fruits: Free from pulp

DRYING:

86

Artificial Drying

Temperature: Leaves,Flower,herbs: 20-40 degree C Barks: 30-65 degree C

Cont....Drying

Natural Drying

87

Direct sun drying:

Constituents are quite stable

Shed drying:

Retaining natural colour and volatile

content

Natural Drying:

88

Oven or tray dryers: Hot air & desired temperature

circulated Eg- Belladona root, Cinchona

bark Vacuum dryers: Drug sensitive to high

temparature Eg-Tannic acid, Digitalis leaves Spray dryers: Quick drying of economically

important constituents. Eg-Papya latex, pectine etc

Artificial drying:

89

Removal of extraneous matter

Excessive stem: lobelia and stramonium

Stalks: cloves

Iron pieces: Castor seed before crushing

By shifting- Vince and senna

Bark pieces: Gum acacia

Garbling(Dressing):

90

Dependable factor:

Morphology

Chemical nature

Ultimate use

Effect of climatic condition

Packing:

91

Aloe: goat skin

Colophony, balsam of tolu: Kerosene tins

Asafoetida: Closed containers

Leaf drug senna vinca: pressed & baled

Cinnamomam bark: One inside the other

quill

Cont....

92

Date: Picked and dryed

Name: Latin,Botanical.Common

Method of drying:

Oven dry: +

Sun dry: 0

Part of the herb: Root,stem etc

Labelling:

93

STORAGE AND

PRESERVATION

94

ग/त्रिहत्वा� चु�नुरुपंगणवा`�जानु J�न्��गर�ष प्र�गदेद्व�र�ष

त्रिनुवा�तप्रवा�तSकदे�श�ष त्रिनुत्� पंष्पं�पंह�रवासिलंकमा3वास्त, अग्निग्नु

सासिलंलं�पंस्वा�दे-धाsमा-रजा�-माषक-चुतष्पंदेमानुभिभुगमानुU��त्रिनु

स्वाmन्त�नु�त्रित साम्�स्थिक्वात्रिहत�त्रिनु॥

(चुक्रपं�भिण on चु.क-१/११)

Storage house and preservation:

95

Stored house should be in suitable place with

proper ventilation.

It should not be situated at or near circle and

junction.

Everyday should be worshipped after cleaning.

Should be devoid of fire,

water,moister,smoke,dust,rats and other insects.

Containers should have similar qualities.

Cont....

96

ग/हUतSषधाJ�पंनु�पं��� देश3न्न�ह-प्लं�त�त्��दिदे। प्लं�त+,कपं3टा+, मा/̀ �ण्ड�

मा/भित्तक�पं���,फोलंक� पंट्टक� ,शङ्� क + कAलंक+ र�त�ष प्लं�त�दिदेष त्रिवान्�स्त�

घा/तमाyषधामा� �स्मिस्मानु� ग/ह� त �̀षजा�ग�र� भु�षजाग/हयिमाष्�त इत्रित सा�बन्ध+।

प्रशस्त���� पंsवा3स्��मात्तरस्��� वा�। शचुy दे�श�।

(डल्हण on सा.साs-

३६/१७)

Cont....

97

Preservation techniques:

Plota, karpata: Ragged cloth

Mridbhanda, mrittika pata:

Earthen pot

Phalaka, pattaka: Plank

Shanku: stake/pillar/post/pale

Cont....

98

Proper Ayurvedic treatment

Quality control and standardization

Globalization of ayurveda

Conclusion:

99

THANK YOU