autogenous vaccines: an alternative to reduce loss...
TRANSCRIPT
Autogenous vaccines: An alternative to reduce
loss and less antibiotics used in swine production
Suphot Wattanaphansak, DVM, MS, PhD
Faculty of Veterinary Science
Chulalongkorn University
Suckling pigs Nursery pigs Finisher pigs
Common diseases in swine production
L1 L2
L3
L4
O
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5 P6 P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
P16
S4
S3
S2 S1
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
Farrow
Wean
Mate
G1 G2 G3 G4 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Suckling pigs
C. perfringens
Coccidiosis, E. coli,
H. parasuis, B. bronchiseptica
PEDv, TGEv, ROTAv, FMD
Nursery pigs
E. Coli,
L. intracellularis
B. hyodysenteriae
Salmonellosis
HPS, Pm, S.suis
PEDv, PRRSv,
CSFV, PCV2, FMD
Grower-finisher : Ileitis, Swine dysentery, Salmonellosis, S. suis, PCV2,
APP, Pm, HPS,FMD
Sows/gilts: PEDv
Ileitis
Swine dysentery
APP, Pm, PRRS,
PCV2, FMD
Antimicrobial resistance: from animals to human global crisis
In vitro antimicrobial testing against Salmonella spp. in Thailand during 2013-2015, 487 isolates
Sensitive
Intermediate
Resistant
0
20
40
60
80
100
AML AMC CL EFT CT DO ENR E CN TIA KMY
NorFOS
SXTTY
Sensitive Intermediate Resistant
• Swine vaccines produced by DLD: Foot and mouth disease Classical swine fever vaccine • Each year, the values of imported vaccines > 5,000 MB • The economic loss due to disease outbreak is cost >10,000 MB
A memorandum of understanding between Chulalongkorn University and Department of Livestock development
for development of autogenous vaccine in swine (08-Apr-2016)
•What is autogenous vaccines • a killed vaccine prepared from antigens (Virus or Bacteria) that is caused of an
outbreak and return to use for control and prevention in those farms
•Why we need autogenous vaccines • Pathogenic bacteria and virus have genetic diversity and mutation •No cross protection in different serotype or serovar of pathogens
•When we should use autogenous vaccines •A new emerging disease outbreak occurs with no vaccine available • Lack efficacy of license vaccines for control and prevention of diseases • The license vaccines do not have the same antigen types as outbreak pathogens
(strains, serotype, serovar, etc) •When the antimicrobials is limited or withdraw from the production systems
Pathogenic bacteria show high antigenic, phenotypic, and genotypic diversity
P. multocida
5 capsular serotypes A,B,C,D,E
A, D commonly found in pigs
No cross protection
among serotype
H. parasuis
15 serovar groups
1,5,10,12,13, 14 more virulence
No cross protection
among serotype
App
15 serotypes
Biotype I (1-12,15)
Biotype II (13,14)
No cross protection
among serotype
S. suis
>35 serotype
Type 1-9 commonly
found in pig
No cross protection
among serotype
Salmonella
>2500 serotype
S. typhimurium S. choleraesuis S. heidelberg
S. Dublin
No cross protection among
serotype
Viral genetic diversity
Farm visit 1
Farm visit 2
Farm visit 3
Mutation of PRRSV: How fast it can be occurred ?
2007 – 2008: 10 PCV2 isolates 7 of 10 (70%): PCV2b cluster 1 A/B 3 of 10 (30%) : PCV2e (Jantafong et al. 2011))
2012 – 2013: 27 PCV2 isolates 14 of 27 (51.9%) PCV2d 12 of 27 (44.4%) PCV2b 1 of 27 (3.7%) PCV2a (Buapaichit et al. 2013)
PRRS infection
PCV2 infection
The principle and process of autogenous vaccine
Samples collection from outbreak farms
Laboratory diagnosis
Isolation and propagation of antigens
Return to used in outbreak farms
Monitoring and updated seed of antigens
Swine Veterinarian
Swine Veterinarian
Swine Veterinarian
Bacterial vaccines Viral vaccines
Edema (E.coli) PRRS, US strains , HP strain
Septicemic &diarrhea Salmonella PCV2, PCV2a, 2b, 2d
Glässer’s disease (H. parasuis) PED
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Rota A
Pasteurella multocida
M. hyorhinis, M. hyopneumoniae
L. intracellularis (ileitis)
S. suis
Mastritis, Metritis, Agalactia
Clostridium perfringen
Combined bacteria vaccine Combined viral vaccine
Combined bacteria and viral vaccines
The outcome of the autogenous vaccine projects 1. Viral vaccines: PRRS, PCV2, RotaV, PED
UTP
SW
SST
PRRS
PCV2
PED
1. Combined enteric bacterial vaccines: E. coli+Salmonella+C. perfringen
2. Combined respiratory bacterial vaccines: H. parasuis+S. suis+P. multocida+M. hyorhinis
3. Vaccine against APP
4. Combined vaccines as requested by veterinarians
The outcome of the autogenous vaccine projects
Outbreak of diseases
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Vaccination program for autogenous vaccines in pigs
Suckling pigs
Nursery pigs
Finisher pigs
A study of autogenous vaccines for swine: Thailand 2016-2017
•14 farms with 16,850 sows and approximately 31,000 pigs monthly •Autogenous vaccines: PCV2 vaccine and the combination of H. parasuis+
P. multocida+ Salmonella spp+ E. coli •Sows/gilts: one mass vaccination and 3 weeks before farrowing •Piglets: 3 weeks and 5 weeks of age for bacterial vaccine
•PCV2 at 4 weeks and 8 weeks of age •Monitoring: the mortality rate, growth performances, the use of
antibiotics, net profits 6 months before and 7-12 months after used the vaccines
Started Glasser’s vaccine Started Glasser’s vaccine
36.6
40.66 40.31
36.35 38.53
36.19 34.08
35.96
32.79 33.35 31.25
30.06
19.56 20.21 22.35
28.81
21.84
16.12 17.39
14.31
22.08
25.98
20.86 19.9
9.47 9.38 7.12 6.99
8.33 7.46 6.01
3.43 4.93
3.93 3.49 3.63 4.13 2.72 3.58 3.47 3.55
2.25 1.84 2.3 2.36 2.54 2.5 2.45 2.75 2.58 2.65 2.89 2.9 2.52 2.13 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec2558 2559 2560 2561 2562
Mortality rate of nursery pigs from the years of 2015-2019 in Northern part of Thailand with 3,800 Sows
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75
Number of day for sending pigs to market at 105 kg 1 pigs feed cost 30 Baht/day 30,000 pigs = 900,000 THB/day
24 day shorter saving feed cost 21,600,000 for 4 months
2560 2561 2562
Net Profits: Thai Baht
303
464
322 265
555
417
68
480
383 430
329
449
776 834
654
784
589
734 723
565 605
677
372
398 pigs 3,165,400 THB 65 THB/kg
+388,500 THB +388,500 THB
677
Unit with no autogenous vaccine Unit vaccinated with autogenous vaccine
3
40 54
62 72 73
54
23 11 6 0 0 0
0
20
40
60
80
2 2 4 9
30
52
86 88
58
37
24
6 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
395 Pigs 2,776,900 THB 65 THB/kg
+388,500 THB
Parameters Before vaccinated
After used for 3-6 months
Mortality rate in suckling pigs
12-20 % 2-8%
Weaned weight 4.5-6 kg 6-7.5 kg
Mortality rate in nursery (5-9 week)
15-28% 1-8%
Weight go to grower at 9-10 weeks
14-20kg 25-28kg
Time sent to the market at 105kg
26-29 week 22-24 week
Mortality rate in finisher
10-20% 3-5%
Average daily gain 550-630 730-780
Antimicrobial use Very high level 10-20% in feed 30-40% injection
Number of weaned pigs and weaned weight in farm before and after vaccinated with PED killed vaccine in farm size 1023 sows
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Sep-57 Oct-57 Nov-57 Dec-57 Jan-58 Feb-58 Mar-58 Apr-58 May-58 Jun-58 Jul-58 Aug-58
205 315 350
1015
1878 1920 2065
2141 1983 2011 1993
2078
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Sep-57 Oct-57 Nov-57 Dec-57 Jan-58 Feb-58 Mar-58 Apr-58 May-58 Jun-58 Jul-58 Aug-58
4.2 4.4 4.3
5.9
7.2 7.5 7.6 7.2 7.4 7.2 7.1 6.9
Field trip Prince Mahidol Award Conference 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7TyQU6C8cM
• ช่ือฟาร์ม เอ่ียมสิริฟาร์ม จ. ราชบุรี • ลกัษณะฟาร์ม เล้ียงขายส่งลูกหมู • แม่หมู 450 ตวั • ผสมอาหารใชเ้องในฟาร์ม โดยเคร่ืองผสมอาหารแนวตั้ง • Treat น ้าด่ืมสุกรคลอรีนไดออกไซด ์
ฟาร์มท่ีเขา้ร่วมโครงการ Autogenous vaccine
• ปัญหาเดิม ท่ีพบภายในฟาร์ม 1. ปัญหาแม่เลา้คลอด 2. ปัญหาลูกหมูป่วย ตายวนัละ 10-15 ตวั • ปัจจุบนั ในฟาร์มมีการใช ้Autogenous vac. 5 ชนิด และใชส้มุนไพร(ฟ้าทะลายโจร และขม้ินชนั) ในสูตรอาหารทุกสูตร (5 ขีด / ตนั) • ใชย้า Haquinol แทน Colistin • ในอดีตช่วงท่ีอากาศเปล่ียน มีการใช ้paracetamol แต่ปัจจุบนัใชส้มุนไพรทุกสูตรอาหาร
เอ่ียมสิริ ฟาร์ม
• ผลจากร่วมโครงการ Autogenous vac. 1. ปริมาณการใชย้ารักษารายตวัลดลงมาก เร่ิมถอดยาผสมอาหารใน
บางช่วงของการเล้ียง ลูกหมูอนุบาล 2 2. ระยะเวลาในการเล้ียงลูกหมูไดน้ ้ าหนกั 25 กก. สั้นลง จาก 10 wk เหลือ 8 wk 1. อตัราการป่วยและอตัราการตายของลูกหมูอนุบาลลดลง
จาก 5-10% เหลือเพียง 1 %
เอ่ียมสิริฟาร์ม
Advantages and limitations of the use of autogenous vaccine
• Advantages
• It can be use for control outbreak of viral and bacterial diseases faster
• Seed antigens in the vaccine can be update in short period of time
• Can be used as an alternative when the use of antimicrobials is limited
• Limitations
• Some antigens need time for cultures, several week to month
• Diagnostic test to detect the immune response need to be developed
• Regulation for control the use and vaccine production still unclear
Acknowledgements
Team members: Dr. Pornchalit Assavacheep,
Dr. Rachod Tantilertcharn
Members of Large animal hospital diagnostic lab and Lawsonia lab’s
• Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University
• University Research, Chulalongkorn University
• Department of Livestock Development
• Swine producers in Thailand