ASTB: General KnowledgeASTB: General Knowledge

MIDN 3/C PetskaMIDN 3/C Petska

MIDN 1/C SchmidtMIDN 1/C Schmidt

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

WeatherWeather AtmosphereAtmosphere CloudsClouds WindWind StormsStorms

Navy KnowledgeNavy Knowledge Surface StuffSurface Stuff TerminologyTerminology

Flight OperationsFlight Operations AirspaceAirspace AirportsAirports UTCUTC

Aviation HistoryAviation History A brief overview/ timelineA brief overview/ timeline

Weather: AtmosphereWeather: Atmosphere

From lowest to highestFrom lowest to highest1.1. Troposphere (20,000 ft at poles, 60,000 ft Troposphere (20,000 ft at poles, 60,000 ft

at equator)at equator)2.2. Stratosphere (to 120,000 ft, 20 miles)Stratosphere (to 120,000 ft, 20 miles)3.3. Mesosphere (to 300,000 ft, 50 miles)Mesosphere (to 300,000 ft, 50 miles)4.4. Thermosphere (above and beyond)Thermosphere (above and beyond)* The boundary between the troposphere and * The boundary between the troposphere and

stratosphere is called the tropopausestratosphere is called the tropopause

AirAir Air is a mixture of gases Air is a mixture of gases

CloudsClouds

High level cloudsHigh level clouds Base at approx. 20,000 ftBase at approx. 20,000 ft

Middle level cloudsMiddle level clouds Base above approx. 6,500 ftBase above approx. 6,500 ft

Low level cloudsLow level clouds Base below approx. 6,500 ftBase below approx. 6,500 ft

Clouds with extensive vertical developmentClouds with extensive vertical development

Clouds: NamesClouds: Names

Cirriform (fibrous) – consisting mainly of ice crystalsCirriform (fibrous) – consisting mainly of ice crystals Cumuliform (heaped) – formed by unstable air rising and coolingCumuliform (heaped) – formed by unstable air rising and cooling Stratiform (layered) – formed by the cooling of a stable layerStratiform (layered) – formed by the cooling of a stable layer Nimbus (rain-bearing) Nimbus (rain-bearing) Fractus (fragmented)Fractus (fragmented) Castellanus – common base with separate vertical development, often Castellanus – common base with separate vertical development, often

in linesin lines Lenticularis – lens shaped, often formed in strong winds over Lenticularis – lens shaped, often formed in strong winds over

mountainsmountains

High Level CloudsHigh Level Clouds

Base approx. 20,000 ftBase approx. 20,000 ft Composed mainly of ice crystals Composed mainly of ice crystals

in the below-freezing upper in the below-freezing upper atmosphereatmosphere

Ex. Cirrus, cirrocumulus, Ex. Cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratuscirrostratus

Middle Level CloudsMiddle Level Clouds

Base above approx. 6,500 ftBase above approx. 6,500 ft Ex. Altocumulus, altostratus, Ex. Altocumulus, altostratus,

nimbostratusnimbostratus

Low Level CloudsLow Level Clouds

Base below approx. 6,500 ftBase below approx. 6,500 ft Ex. Stratocumulus, stratus, fair Ex. Stratocumulus, stratus, fair

weather cumulus, nimbostratusweather cumulus, nimbostratus

Clouds that go highClouds that go high

Ex. Towering Cumulus, cumulo-nimbusEx. Towering Cumulus, cumulo-nimbus

WindWind

Land Breeze – at night the land cools faster than the water, therefore Land Breeze – at night the land cools faster than the water, therefore the air above it cools and descends, the air over the sea rises, surface the air above it cools and descends, the air over the sea rises, surface air moves to sea, higher air moves inlandair moves to sea, higher air moves inland

Sea Breeze – during the day, more common on hot sunny days, the Sea Breeze – during the day, more common on hot sunny days, the land heats, causes the air over the land to rise, the air above the water land heats, causes the air over the land to rise, the air above the water is cooler and moves in over land and creates a circular patternis cooler and moves in over land and creates a circular pattern

Windward – toward the wind, toward the point at which the wind blowsWindward – toward the wind, toward the point at which the wind blows Leeward – on the side away from the windLeeward – on the side away from the wind

StormsStorms

Never fly through a thunderstorm in Never fly through a thunderstorm in peacetime.peacetime.

Warning signsWarning signs

Thunderstorms Thunderstorms

1.1. Deep instability, once Deep instability, once air begins to rise it will air begins to rise it will continue to rise, warm continue to rise, warm air low, cold air highair low, cold air high

2.2. High moisture contentHigh moisture content

3.3. Trigger action, a front Trigger action, a front forcing air aloft, terrain forcing air aloft, terrain forcing air aloft, moist forcing air aloft, moist air moving over dry air air moving over dry air areasareas

Tornadoes Tornadoes

1.1. A strongly growing A strongly growing large cumulus cloud, large cumulus cloud, sucking air upwardssucking air upwards

2.2. Funnel cloudsFunnel clouds

3.3. Flying over or near Flying over or near trailer parkstrailer parks

Stages of a ThunderstormStages of a Thunderstorm

Cumulus Stage – warm air rises in Cumulus Cumulus Stage – warm air rises in Cumulus clouds, strong updraftsclouds, strong updrafts

Mature Stage – precipitation begins, Mature Stage – precipitation begins, typically last 20-40 minutestypically last 20-40 minutes

Dissipating Stage – downdrafts of cold air Dissipating Stage – downdrafts of cold air overcome rising warm air, the temperature overcome rising warm air, the temperature in the clouds warm to match that of the in the clouds warm to match that of the surrounding environmentsurrounding environment

General KnowledgeGeneral Knowledge

Mean Sea Level temperature is +15 Mean Sea Level temperature is +15 degrees Celsiusdegrees Celsius

Mean Sea Level pressure is 29.92 in. HgMean Sea Level pressure is 29.92 in. Hg

Sample QuestionsSample Questions

The second stage of a The second stage of a thunderstorm is:thunderstorm is:

A.A. Dissipating Dissipating

B.B. CumulusCumulus

C.C. MatureMature

D.D. DowndraftDowndraft

E.E. UpdraftUpdraft

Cool air pulled ashore by Cool air pulled ashore by rising thermal air currents rising thermal air currents caused by the air inland caused by the air inland rising as the land heats rising as the land heats up is called:up is called:

A.A. Land breezeLand breeze

B.B. Sea breezeSea breeze

C.C. Radiation fogRadiation fog

D.D. Advection fogAdvection fog

E.E. Sea fogSea fog

Flight OperationsFlight Operations

UTC – coordinated universal time, the time UTC – coordinated universal time, the time at the Prime Meridian, through the at the Prime Meridian, through the observatory at Greenwich, England, observatory at Greenwich, England, longitude 000 degrees longitude 000 degrees

AirspaceAirspace

Class A – 18,000 ft MSL up to FL600Class A – 18,000 ft MSL up to FL600 Class B – surface to 10,000 ft MSL, surrounds Class B – surface to 10,000 ft MSL, surrounds

nation’s major airportsnation’s major airports Class C – surface to 4,000 ft AGL, around busy Class C – surface to 4,000 ft AGL, around busy

airportsairports Class D – surface to 2,500 ft AGL, surrounds Class D – surface to 2,500 ft AGL, surrounds

airports with operational control towerairports with operational control tower Class G – surface to either 1,200 ft AGL or 700 ft Class G – surface to either 1,200 ft AGL or 700 ft

AGL, will be notedAGL, will be noted Class E – everything elseClass E – everything else

Airports: Lights, Signs, MarkingsAirports: Lights, Signs, Markings

Taxiway markings are yellowTaxiway markings are yellow– Centerline is one solid yellow lineCenterline is one solid yellow line– Edges are double solid yellow linesEdges are double solid yellow lines– Holding lines are double solid yellow lines and Holding lines are double solid yellow lines and

double dashed yellow lines across width of double dashed yellow lines across width of taxiwaytaxiway

– Runway holding position sign, red with white Runway holding position sign, red with white characterscharacters

Runway markingsRunway markings

Displaced Threshold – start of landing Displaced Threshold – start of landing portion of runway, white block with white portion of runway, white block with white arrows arrows

Chevrons – only usable in case of an Chevrons – only usable in case of an emergencyemergency

Large white X – marks an unusable runwayLarge white X – marks an unusable runway

Chevrons

Displaced Threshold

Threshold Marker

Runway Number

Touchdown Zone Marker

Aiming Point Marker

LightsLights

Taxiway lighting – either green lights on the Taxiway lighting – either green lights on the centerline or blue lights on the edgecenterline or blue lights on the edge

Runway lighting – threshold (green), sideline Runway lighting – threshold (green), sideline (white), runway end (red)(white), runway end (red)

Obstructions – red lightsObstructions – red lights VASI – Visual Approach Slope IndicatorsVASI – Visual Approach Slope Indicators

VASIVASI

Red = lowRed = low White, amber = highWhite, amber = high Green = on slopeGreen = on slope Even number of white and red = on slopeEven number of white and red = on slope

Traffic PatternTraffic Pattern

Normal Traffic Pattern – flown at 1,000 ft Normal Traffic Pattern – flown at 1,000 ft AGL, five legs AGL, five legs

1.1. Upwind legUpwind leg

2.2. Crosswind legCrosswind leg

3.3. Downwind legDownwind leg

4.4. Base legBase leg

5.5. Final approachFinal approach

Sample QuestionsSample Questions Runway 13/31 is aligned in a:Runway 13/31 is aligned in a:A.A. NW-SE directionNW-SE directionB.B. NE-SW directionNE-SW directionC.C. N-S directionN-S directionD.D. E-W directionE-W directionE.E. NNW-SSE directionNNW-SSE direction

The line in Greenwich The line in Greenwich represents the Prime Meridian represents the Prime Meridian of the world, meaning:of the world, meaning:

A.A. Longitude 0 degrees, divides Longitude 0 degrees, divides eastern and western eastern and western hemispheres hemispheres

B.B. Latitude 0 degrees, divides Latitude 0 degrees, divides eastern and western eastern and western hemisphereshemispheres

C.C. Longitude 0 degrees, divides Longitude 0 degrees, divides northern and southern northern and southern hemisphereshemispheres

D.D. Latitude 0 degrees, divides Latitude 0 degrees, divides northern and southern northern and southern hemisphereshemispheres

E.E. None of the aboveNone of the above

ASTB BriefASTB Brief

What I’m Discussing:What I’m Discussing:– General Aviation HistoryGeneral Aviation History

Not all Navy/military relatedNot all Navy/military related

– Navy shipboard etiquetteNavy shipboard etiquette

What is a ship’s capstan used for?What is a ship’s capstan used for?

A. moving or handling heavy weightsA. moving or handling heavy weights

B. navigationB. navigation

C. communicationC. communication

D. Refueling at seaD. Refueling at sea

E. steeringE. steering

What is a ship’s capstan used for?What is a ship’s capstan used for?

A. moving or handling heavy weightsA. moving or handling heavy weights

B. navigationB. navigation

C. communicationC. communication

D. Refueling at seaD. Refueling at sea

E. steeringE. steering

Aviation HistoryAviation History

The Ader EoleThe Ader Eole

primitive steam-powered aircraft

Developed by Clement Ader in 1890.

First true aeropplane

What’s this?What’s this?

LZ1- First ZeppelinLZ1- First Zeppelin

July, 2 1900July, 2 1900

First Zeppelin flightFirst Zeppelin flight

18 minutes long18 minutes long

LZ1

LZ127LZ127

Circumnavigated the Circumnavigated the globeglobe

21 days, 5 hours, and 21 days, 5 hours, and 31 minutes31 minutes

Everyone’s seen this oneEveryone’s seen this one

Famous photographFamous photograph

The Wright FlyerThe Wright Flyer

First successful First successful powered, piloted powered, piloted aircraft.aircraft.

Dec. 17, 1903.Dec. 17, 1903. 12 seconds, 120 feet12 seconds, 120 feet

FW-61FW-61

19361936 Max speed = 66knotsMax speed = 66knots Range = 124nmRange = 124nm

What’s this?What’s this?

11stst nonstop flight across Atlantic nonstop flight across Atlantic

Tookoff June 14, 1919Tookoff June 14, 1919 Vickers Vimmy IVVickers Vimmy IV Alcock and BrownAlcock and Brown

Who’s this guyWho’s this guy

Lucky LinberghLucky Linbergh

Charles Linbergh, Jr.Charles Linbergh, Jr. First solo non-stop First solo non-stop

flight across atlanticflight across atlantic May 20th – 21May 20th – 21stst, 1927, 1927

At a a parade in Atlanta

Who is this?Who is this?

Amelia Mary EarhartAmelia Mary Earhart

Influential early female Influential early female pilotpilot

First woman to receive First woman to receive distinguished flying distinguished flying cross, cross,

Her firstsHer firsts

First woman to fly the Atlantic First woman to fly the Atlantic First woman to fly the Atlantic alone First woman to fly the Atlantic alone First person to fly the Atlantic alone twice First person to fly the Atlantic alone twice First woman to fly an First woman to fly an autogyroautogyro First person to cross the US in an autogyro First person to cross the US in an autogyro First woman to receive the First woman to receive the

Distinguished Flying CrossDistinguished Flying Cross First woman to fly non-stop across the US First woman to fly non-stop across the US First woman to fly from Hawaii to the continental First woman to fly from Hawaii to the continental

United States United States

Naval AviationNaval Aviation

Eugene ElyEugene Ely 19101910

USS PennsylvaniaUSS Pennsylvania 19111911

Some Nautical InformationSome Nautical Information

1. The upper edge of a boat’s side is called: A. the gunwale B. the chine C. the transom D. freeboard E. draft

The upper edge of a boat’s side is called:

A. the gunwale B. the chine C. the transom D. freeboard E. draft

QuestionsQuestions

Longitude and latitude are used to determine a ship’s:A. SpeedB. positionC. directionD. timeE. depth

Longitude and latitude are used to determine a ship’s:A. SpeedB. positionC. directionD. timeE. depth

The first controlled, powered airplane flight took place on what date? A. December 7, 1941 B. October 29, 1976 C. June 8, 1899 D. December 17, 1903 E. November 11, 1918

The first controlled, powered airplane flight took place on what date? A. December 7, 1941 B. October 29, 1976 C. June 8, 1899 D. December 17, 1903 E. November 11, 1918