asia and european imperialism
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Asia and European Imperialism. Ming Foreign Policy. Attitudes toward trade Wanted to be self-sufficient Refused to rely on foreign trade Became the best sailors in the world Built ships called Junks by Europeans The northern frontier Moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ming Foreign Policy
Attitudes toward tradeWanted to be self-sufficientRefused to rely on foreign tradeBecame the best sailors in the world
Built ships called Junks by Europeans
The northern frontierMoved capital from Nanjing to BeijingStrengthened Great Wall of China Chose frontier defense over trade and sea travelConfucianism was the official philosophy of govt
Founding the Qing Dynasty
Nurhachi unified tribes into ManchuAdopted Chinese culture
Study of PhilologySimilar to Renaissance study of the classics
Men wore a queueLong braid symbolizing their submission to China and the Qing
Kept Manchu people separate and distinct from Chinese
Economy, Culture, and Society
EconomyTrade and manufacturing specialization grew
Tea was the main reason the British and Dutch came
Popular culture and societyNovels and plays in everyday language
Available for common man
Family was center of society
Decline of the Qing Dynasty
Population growthGovernment inefficiency and increases in taxes
Lead to the White Lotus RebellionGroup of Buddhist protestedWeakened the Qing DynastyOrder finally restored in the early 1800’sMore rebellions were to come
The Portuguese
Trade ties with ChinaWanted to spread Christianity
Jesuit missionaries helped emperors revise calendar
Gained great power with imperial court
Qing rulers became suspiciousFearful of Jesuits’ intentions
The British
Free trade ideasGreat Britain abolished British East India Company’s monopoly on trade with ChinaOpposite of the mercantilistic ideals of the Chinese
The opium tradeChinese demand for cotton didn’t match British demand for teaBritish India exported opium to China
Caused trade imbalance
The British
The Opium WarChinese tried to forcibly stop opium tradeTreaty of Nanjing
Gave Hong Kong to British ruleAllowed British access to China
More concessionsUnequal treaties with France and United States
Unequal because they were signed under threat of force
Foreign embassies in BeijingExtraterritoriality
Foreigners being allowed to live in another country under the rules of their home nation
Rebellions
Taiping RebellionChristian UprisingStarted by a man named Hong
Claimed to be brother of Jesus
Wanted to start his own dynasty – Taiping“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”
Caused terrible destruction
Christian and Muslim teachings motivated more revolts
The Boxer Rebellion
Who: China vs. Eight Allied NationsU.K., U.S., Japan, Italy, France, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary
What: Violent anti-Christian and anti-foreign movement in China
Empress Cixi authorized war on foreign powers
When: 1899-1901Where: Northern ChinaWhy: Growing anti-Christian sentiment following Taiping Rebellion; Opposition to foreign imperialism
“Support the Qing, exterminate the foreigners.”
RESULT: Alliance defeated ChinesePlundered capitalExecuted everyone suspected of being a BoxerChina was humiliated
Founding the Tokugawa Shogunate
Tokugawa ruleCombination of feudalism and central monarchy
Toyotomi HideyoshiAttempted to conquer Korea
Tokugawa IeyasaCrushed rivals
Foreign Contact
The Portuguese in JapanChristian missionariesJesuits
Closing the countrySaw Christianity and Western technology as threats to Tokugawa rule and to Japanese traditions and values
Samurai felt that the musket devalued Samurai trainingJapan angered many Euro nations by closing their ports during storms
Life in Tokugawa Japan
Social classesConfucian idealClass was determined by birth
The warrior class in Japan replace the scholar class in China
This placed the Samurai at the top of the class system
Change and cultureInternal trade expandedArtisans and merchants prosperedNew forms of art, literature, theater