Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia circa 1900-1990

Push for Freedom from European Imperialism

Stage 1 European Imperialism Ends Europeans leave or forced out Power Vacuum created- no one is in charge Internal conflict begins immediately

Stage 2- Civil War / Internal Conflict Brief or extended period of fighting Religious, ethnic, or political divisions Chaos and violence Human rights atrocities- children soldiers,

ethnic cleansing, genocide Refugee camps in other countries Sometimes results in partition – division into

separate countries

Refugee Camps impact other countries

Stage 3- New dictatorship

No political freedoms Poverty, unemployment, gap in wealth Rigged elections, rampant corruption Disease outbreaks (Malaria, AIDS, typhoid,

cholera, waterborne parasites) Similar to conditions during imperialism

Stage 4 Progress or Rev. Cycle?Patterns of Revolution

Option 1 Continuation of dictatorship Option 2 Dictator removed cycle starts over Option 3 Progress begins-> move towards

democracy and stronger economy

Decolonization 1900-1990s Africans and Indians pushed for independence Renaissance of African and Indian culture World War II weakened European Empires Europeans no longer have weapon advantage Colonies became expensive to run Protesters supported end of colonial rule Leaders like Gandhi organize resistance movements

Decolonization and the Cold War USSR and USA compete for allies USSR and USA try to influence newly

independent countries. Secret conflict between CIA and KGB Capitalist countries make deals with USA Communist countries make deals with USSR

Historical Examples of Decolonization: India

Indian Independence 1947- Partition of India

Do Now Define Civil Disobedience in your notes.

What are 3 examples of civil disobedience from history?

Civil Disobedience Timeline

- Henry David Thoreau- wrote essay “Civil Disobedience”

- Gandhi influenced by this essay

- MLK influenced by Gandhi and Thoreau

- Mandela influenced by all of these men

Post Imperialist India 1947 Partition of India- India (Hindu), West

Pakistan (Muslim), and East Pakistan (Muslim)

1947-1960s Fighting continues between Hindus and Muslims along the border

1970s Pakistani Civil War- East Pakistan breaks away and becomes Bangladesh with help from India

Modern India and Pakistan 1980s – Present Conflict over Kashmir region India dealing with acts of terrorism connected

to Pakistan Pakistan dealing with problems related to

border with Afghanistan Nationalist feelings in both countries Both have nuclear weapons

Modern Africa

Historical Examples of Decolonization: South Africa

British give independence to European settlers

Apartheid established- racial segregation 1920s-1990s- Black African protesters jailed 1990- Nelson Mandela freed 1994- Apartheid ends Economic Improvements

Ghana Problems after Europeans left:

- Political Instability - Military Dictatorships

- Weak Economy - Corruption – Disease

- Cycle of Revolution and Dictatorship Signs of Progress

- Democracy established - Improving

economy - Better schools

Rwanda Belgians ruled colony with Tutsi help Tutsi- 30% Hutu- 70% Independence 1962 Hutus control government Years of tension led to Civil War in 1990s Hutu president assassinated Hutus begin genocide in April 1994 Around 800,000 - 900,000 Tutsis and non

cooperating Hutus killed

Kenya Problems after Europeans left:

- Famine / Poverty - Weak Economy

- Cycle of Revolution and Dictatorship Signs of Progress:

- Improving Economy Currently still struggling with democracy

Nigeria

Problems after Europeans left:

- Civil War between Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba tribes

- Military Dictatorships – No Democracy

- Weak Economy - Disease Signs of Progress:

- Stronger economy - End of Civil War Currently- corruption, lack of freedom of speech, potential

for new Civil War involving religion Problems with Boko Haram

Democratic Republic of Congo Problems after Europeans left: - Political Instability / Civil War / Coups - Ethnic Conflict - Military Dictatorships - Weak economy – Disease Current Issues

- Slave labor being used to gather natural resources - War lords control certain regions - Civil War and ethnic conflict recently ended