62.2-2003: ASHRAE’S RESIDENTIAL

VENTILATION STANDARD

62.2-2003: ASHRAE’S RESIDENTIAL

VENTILATION STANDARD

©©

Max ShermanMax ShermanSPC 62.2P ChairSPC 62.2P Chair

May 2004

VENTILATION AND ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN LOW-RISE

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

VENTILATION AND ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN LOW-RISE

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

1: PURPOSE2: SCOPE3: DEFINITIONS4: WHOLE BLDG VENT5: LOCAL VENT.6: OTHER REQ.7: EQUIPMENT8: REF. & CLIMATE

A: BACKDRAFTINGB: OPERATIONSC: SYSTEMS

GUIDELINE

OVERVIEW

COMPLIANCE

WHOLE-HOUSE

LOCAL EXHAUST

OTHER REQ.

EQUIPMENT

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PURPOSE OF 62.2PURPOSE OF 62.2

“This standard defines the roles of and minimum requirements for mechanical and natural ventilation systems and the building envelope intended to provide acceptable indoor air quality in low-rise residential buildings.”– Ventilation Systems– Sources – Envelope

OVERVIEW

COMPLIANCE

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62.2-2003 HISTORY62.2-2003 HISTORY

Ø 1997: Split off From SSPC 62Ø Summer 2000: 1st FullFull Public Review

– 500 commentors; 3000 commentsØ Summer 2001: 2nd FullFull (130,400)Ø Spring 2002: 3rd ISCISC (19,66)Ø Fall 2002: 4th ISCISC (7,28)Ø Summer 2003: ASHRAE BOD ApprovalØ Fall 2003: Publication

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NEED FOR STANDARD NEED FOR STANDARD

Ø American Houses Have No “Ventilation” systems

Ø Indoor Air Quality Concerns Rising– 4th largest problem– Asthma is #1 childhood problem

Ø Energy & comfort concerns have led to tightening of envelope

Ø New Materials in Dwellings

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SCOPE OF STANDARD 62.2SCOPE OF STANDARD 62.2

Ø Single-family houses and multi-family structures of three stories or fewer

Ø Chemical, physical and biological contaminants

Ø Not thermal comfort ; Not Unvented appl.Ø Caveats:

– Diversity of sources & susceptibilities – Non IAQ perceptions– Poor outdoor air– Improper O&M– High Polluting Events

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PRINCIPLES BEHIND 62.2 PRINCIPLES BEHIND 62.2

Ø “A Man’s Home is his Castle”– Occupants control sources– Occupants operate building

Ø Envelope Plays Important Role– Infiltration and Natural Ventilation– Potential Pollutant Source

Ø Sources MatterØ Simple Solutions

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KEY DEFINITIONSKEY DEFINITIONS

Ø Acceptable indoor air quality: air in an occupied space toward which a substantial majority of occupants express no dissatisfaction and in which there are not likely to be contaminants at concentrations that are known to pose a health risk Acceptable indoor air quality must also satisfy the requirements of acceptable perceived perceived indoor air qualityindoor air quality.

Ø Pressure boundary: primary air enclosure boundary, which separates indoor and outdoor air.

Ø High-Polluting Event: Isolated and occupant controlled emission

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COMPLIANCECOMPLIANCE

ØWhole-House Mechanical Ventilation– Or equivalent

Ø Fans in Kitchens and BathsØWindows in Most RoomsØ Some Source ControlØ “Good” Equipment

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OUTDOOR AIR TARGET OUTDOOR AIR TARGET

Ø Building+People– 3 cfm/100 ft2.

(15 l/s/100 m2.)– + 7.5 cfm/person

(3.5 l/s/person)– Count Bedrooms

Ø Compare w/0.35 ACH from 62-01

Ø

10 ft2=1 m2

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NATURAL VENTILATION NATURAL VENTILATION

Ø Required in Most Rooms

Ø Openings– 4% of Floor Area

Ø Extra CapacityØ Whole-House

– rarelyØ NOT Local Exhaust

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MECHANICAL VENTILATIONMECHANICAL VENTILATION

Ø Unusual in USØ Control SystemØ Big-Pressurization

Restrictions Based on Climate

Ø Reduced by Infiltration Credit

Ø Exceptions

2 cfm =1 l/s 10 ft2=1 m2

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INTERMITTENT VENTILATIONINTERMITTENT VENTILATION

F r a c t i o n a l O n -tim e, f V e n tila tio n E f fec t i ven e s s , εf < 3 5 % 0 . 3 3

3 5 % < f < 6 0 % 0 . 5 06 0 % < f < 8 0 % 0 . 7 5

8 0 % < f 1 .0

Ø Must Cycle: At least 1 hr out of 12Ø Timer to Assure Minimum On-time

– e.g. “Fan Recycler”Ø De-rate Flow if Cycle > 3 hours:

OVERVIEW

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OTHER REQ.

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INFILTRATIONINFILTRATION

Ø Default in 62.2– 2 cfm/100 ft2

(10 l/s/100 m2)Ø Extra Credit

– Standard 136– Starts @ NL=.25– Existing only– Half of 136

MILD CLIMATE

10 ft2=1 m2

OVERVIEW

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MYTHS & GHOST STORIESMYTHS & GHOST STORIES

Ø Infiltration is Bad Air– Can be a robust and cost-effective

contributor to whole-house rateØ Unbalanced Ventilation Will Rot Walls

– Not if indoor humidity controlled through ventilation (cold climates)

– Not at minimum ratesvvUnless envelope is too tight!Unless envelope is too tight!

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SYSTEM TYPESSYSTEM TYPES

Ø Balanced System– Can have HRV

Ø Exhaust System– E.g. Bath Fan Upgrade– Care in Humid Climates‡

Ø Supply System– E.g. Integrated with Air Handler– Care in Cold Climates ‡

‡Only if Excessive

OVERVIEW

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LOCAL VENTILATIONLOCAL VENTILATION

Ø Intended to Exhaust ContaminantsØ For Rooms with Known Sources

– Kitchen, BathroomØ Normally Requires Exhaust Fan

– Intermittent Preferred– Windows Restricted

Ø Also Rooms Have Natural Ventilation

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KITCHENS AND BATHSKITCHENS AND BATHS

Ø Kitchens– 100 cfm (50 l/s)

range hood or– 5 (kitchen) ACH– Exhaust only

Ø Bathrooms– 50 cfm (25 l/s)

capacity or– 20 cfm (10 l/s)

continuous– Exhaust only

OVERVIEW

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OTHER REQUIREMENTSOTHER REQUIREMENTS

Ø Transfer AirØ LabelingØ Source ControlØ Natural Ventilation

– Beyond MinimumØ Ventilation Openings

OVERVIEW

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SOURCE REQUIREMENTSSOURCE REQUIREMENTS

Ø Clothes Dryers: Exhausted to OutsideØ Combustion Appliances: Test for

Backdraft in Conditioned Space– When sufficient exhaust fans– Unless Exhaust Fans Compensated

Ø Air Handlers in Garages Must Meet Tightness Spec.

Ø Particle Filtration

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SOURCES & PRESSURESSOURCES & PRESSURES

Ø Clothes DryersØ Combustion

Appliances

Ø Outdoor Air– Regional– Transient

Ø Garages– Cars– Chemical

Storage

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VENTILATION CAPACITYVENTILATION CAPACITY

Ø Normally Satisfied By Windows– Fans like Bathroom if No Window

Ø Not Required in Toilets and Laundries

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VENTILATION OPENINGSVENTILATION OPENINGS

Ø Should Not Allow (Re) entrainment

Ø Separation from Flues, Cars, etc.– 2 to 10 ft

Ø Natural Ventilation Openings Must Be Accessible

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PARTICLE FILTRATIONPARTICLE FILTRATION

Ø On Ducts > 10 ft.Ø 60% for 3 micron

– MERV 6Ø Primarily to Keep

Supply Air Clean– System as

SourceØ Pressure Concerns

ASHRAE Proposed Std 52.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.1 1.0 10.0

Particle Diameter (um)

Eff

icie

ncy

(%)

MERV 15 (95% Dust Spot)

MERV 14 (90% Dust Spot)

MERV 12 (80% Dust Spot)

MERV 11 (60% Dust Spot)

MERV 8 (45% Dust Spot)

MERV 6 (30% Dust Spot)

FURNACE

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AIR MOVING EQUIPMENTAIR MOVING EQUIPMENT

Ø Must be Rated for Continuous Use

Ø Must Deliver Air FlowØ Dampers in Multi-familyØ Control SystemØ Must be Quiet

– 1 Sone (continuous)– 3 Sone (intermittent)– Downdraft kitchen

exhaust is “special”

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REFERENCESREFERENCES

Ø Standard 119, 136Ø Standard 52.2

– Filtration (MERV)Ø Cold/Humid ClimatesØ HVI 920

– Fan PerformanceØ AMCA & NFGC

OVERVIEW

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CLIMATECLIMATE

Supply Ventilation

Limited

Exhaust Ventilation

Limited

OVERVIEW

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COMBUSTION SAFETYCOMBUSTION SAFETY

Ø Only as Relates to Ventilation Std– Not required when 2 biggest fans

are small enough or if compensatedØ All Naturally Aspirated Combustion

Appliances inside Pressure BoundaryØ Uses Industry-Approved Method

APPENDIX A: TEST METHOD

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OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCEOPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE

REQUIREDREQUIREDØ Design for

OperationØ Labeling of SystemØ Instructions to

Owner/Occupant

RECOMMENDEDRECOMMENDEDAppendix B

Ø Design ParametersØ Ventilation EquipØ Passive OperationØ ControlsØ Building EnvelopeØ O&M Form

OVERVIEW

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HVAC SYSTEM GUIDANCEHVAC SYSTEM GUIDANCE

Ø Design Issues– Climate– Combustion– Envelope– Pressures– Energy– O&M

Ø System Selection– Sizing– Central vs. local– Bal. vs. Supply

vs. Exhaust

APPENDIX C

OVERVIEW

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SOURCES AND 62.2PSOURCES AND 62.2P

Ø RadonØ ParticulatesØ Lead & AsbestosØ AllergensØ Moisture

Ø CombustionØ GaragesØ VOCsØ Outdoor AirØ Occupant Activities

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RADON AND SOIL GASRADON AND SOIL GAS

Ø Base Rates Cover Most Houses

Ø Ventilation Can Make Bad Problem Worse

Ø Problem Locations Need Remediation

Ø Radon Resistant Designs Available

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RESPIRABLE PARTICULATESRESPIRABLE PARTICULATES

Ø Std Requires Some “Good” Filtration– For equipment

Ø Consider the Source– System Type– Supplemental

Filtration– Removal

Ø Usually OK

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INORGANIC COMPOUNDSINORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Ø Normally not a Problem

Ø Lead & AsbestosØ Poor Response to

– Ventilation– Filtration

Ø Source Removal or Encapsulation

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ALLERGENSALLERGENS

Ø Identify SourceØ Supplement Filtration

– Pollen, Yes– Pets, No– Biologicals, No

Ø Not VentilationØ Moisture Control =

Biological ControlØ 62.2 Helps

OVERVIEW

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MOISTURE AS POLLUTANTMOISTURE AS POLLUTANT

Ø Envelope Effects– Molds– Dust Mites – Building Damage

Ø 62.2 Considers Moisture Control

Ø Excess Sources Can be a Problem– Inc Intrusion

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VOCs IN HOUSEHOLD VOCs IN HOUSEHOLD

Ø Volatile Organic Compounds– Materials– Furnishings– Products

Ø Base Rates Cannot Control High Emission Rates

Ø Ventilation Capacity

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EXTERNAL SOURCESEXTERNAL SOURCES

Ø Outdoor Pollutants– Ozone/Exhaust– Pesticides– Toxic Releases

Ø No Air CleaningØ Short-term Rate

Reduction

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(UN)USUAL ACTIVITIES(UN)USUAL ACTIVITIES

Ø Pollutants From– Combustion– Hobby– Home-Office

Ø May not be Handled by Std

Ø Occupant Responsibility

Ø Guidance from 62.2

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STATUS OF 62.2STATUS OF 62.2

Ø Published by ASHRAE– ANSI Approved

Ø Users Manual RFPØ Developing Guideline

DocumentØ Addenda?

– Backdrafting– Garage, CO, …– ?

OVERVIEW

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GUIDELINE 24GUIDELINE 24

Ø Supplement to “Minimum” Standard– How to do better; resolve comments

Ø Topics Not Covered in Standards– Sources, control, mitigation– Unusual situations, populations

Ø Effort Initiated June, 2002– Working outline– First chapter drafts in 2003

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Ventilation and Indoor Air Qualityin Low-Rise Residential Buildings

Ventilation and Indoor Air Qualityin Low-Rise Residential Buildings

1 PURPOSE1.1 This guideline provides information on achieving good

indoor air quality, which may go beyond minimum requirements.

1.2 This guideline provides information relevant to ventilation and indoor air quality on envelope and system design, material selection, commissioning and installation, and operation and maintenance.

2 SCOPEThis guideline primarily applies to ventilation and indoor air quality for human occupancy in residential buildings 3 stories or fewer in height above grade, including manufactured and modular houses.

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62.2 USER’S MANUAL62.2 USER’S MANUAL

Ø Companion to “Minimum” Standard– How to meet the standard

Ø Implementation of Std Topics – Nothing new just options

Ø Done by Outside Contractor– SPC reviews work

Ø Intended For Sale With Standard

VENTILATION AND ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN LOW-RISE

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

VENTILATION AND ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN LOW-RISE

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

1: PURPOSE2: SCOPE3: DEFINITIONS4: WHOLE BLDG VENT5: LOCAL VENT.6: OTHER REQ.7: EQUIPMENT8: REF. & CLIMATE

A: BACKDRAFTINGB: OPERATIONSC: SYSTEMS

GUIDELINE