arthropoda beracun.pptx
TRANSCRIPT
Arthropoda BeracunBagus Hermansyah
ORDO SCORPIONIDA
Characteristic
Scorpion are nocturnal and feed on insects and other arthropods
Attack man accidentally There are two general types of venoms:
(1) produces a local reaction with only mild or with no systemic effect, (2) neurotoxin and its effect can be lethal
Scorpion venoms contain in differing amount depending on the species; neurotoxins, hemolysins, hemorrhagins, leukolysins, agglutinins, coagulants, enzymes, lecithin, cholesterin, a cardiac toxin, and a vascular toxin
Mortality 25% in children, 0,25-1,8% in adult
Morphology
The body of a scorpion is divided into two parts: the cephalothorax (prosoma) and the abdomen (opisthosoma). The abdomen consists of the mesosoma and the metasoma.
Cephalothorax The cephalothorax, also called the
prosoma, is the scorpion's “head”, comprising the carapace, eyes, chelicerae (mouth parts), pedipalps (claws) and four pairs of walking legs
Metasoma The metasoma, the scorpion's tail,
comprises six segments (the first tail segment looks like a last mesosoman segment), the last containing the scorpion's anus and bearing the telson (the sting). The telson, in turn, consists of the vesicle, which holds a pair of venom glands, and the hypodermic aculeus, the venom-injecting barb.
Symptoms of scorpion’s bite
Sharp pain, numbness, throbbing, drowsiness and an itching sensation in the mouth, nose & throat
Initially there is a hypersalivasi together with a sensation of a ball of hair in the throat
The tongue is sluggish & the muscles of the jaw are contracted
Disorder of movement in the arms and legs
Lately, rapid rise in temperature, reduction of salivary secretion
Toxic effect on the myocardium
Diagnosis One pointed penetration Lymphadenitis Ascending motor paralysis
Theraphy Local pain xylocain Antivenin Ligature - cryotheraphy
SPIDERS
Morphology Spider anatomy:
(1) four pairs of legs(2) cephalothorax(3) opisthosoma
Prosoma is joined to the opisthoma by a narrow pedicel
Chelicerae have hook-like movable digit which carry the ducts of poison gland
Nervous system blue
Digestive & excretory system green
Circulatory system red
Respiratory system pink
Reproductive system yellow
1 Fang (chelicera)
2 Venom gland
3 Brain
4 Pumping stomach
5 Forward aorta branch
6 Digestive cecum
7 Heart
8 Midgut
9 Malphigian tubules
10 Cloacal chamber
11 Rear aorta
12 Spinneret
13 Silk gland
14 Trachea
15 Ovary (female)
16 Book lung
17 Nerve cord
18 Legs
19 Pedipalp
Characteristic
The vast majority of spiders are completely harmless
Arachnidisme is a condition caused by a bite of spiders belonging to the genus Lactrodectus
Lactrodectus mactans (black widow spider) is the most toxic spesies
Lactrodectus venom is neurotoin ( 15x Cobra)
Local symptom
A slight local swelling around two tiny red spot
Gangren (by Loxosceles), in children can evoke severe systemic reaction like haemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia
Theraphy The pain from Lactrodectus may be
relieved by relaxing the muscle spasm with iv injections of calcium salts or magnesium sulphate
Lactrodectus antivenin Ligature – cryotheraphy For necrotic arachnidism : antihistamin
i.m or i.c, ACTH and corticosteroid Spesific antivenin
CHILOPODA
Characteristic
Centipedes (from Latin prefix centi-, "hundred", and Latin pes,pedis, "foot")
They are elongated metameric animals with one pair of legs per body segment.
A key trait uniting this group is a pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage
Some species of centipedes can be hazardous to humans because of their bite. Although a bite to an adult human may only be painful, those with allergies that are similar to that of bee stings and small children are at greater risk. Smaller centipedes usually do not puncture human skin, while larger centipedes may cause anaphylactic shocks.
Scolopendra gigantea
DIPLOPODA
Characteristic Millipedes (Class Diplopoda, previously
also known as Chilognatha) are arthropods that have two pairs of legs per segment (except for the first segment behind the head which does not have any appendages at all, and the next few which only have one pair of legs).
Each segment that has two pairs of legs is a result of two single segments fused together as one.
Most millipedes have very elongated cylindrical bodies, although some are flattened dorso-ventrally, while pill millipedes are shorter and can roll into a ball, like a pillbug.
Millipedes are detritivores and slow moving.
Most millipedes eat decaying leaves and other dead plant matter, moisturising the food with secretions and then scraping it in with the jaws.
Hymenoptera (WASPS, BEES, AND ANTS)
Hymenoptera: Most important venomous
insect known to humans More fatalities result from
stings by these insects. Three major subgroups:
Apidae includes honeybee and bumblebee
Vespidae includes yellow jackets, hornets and wasps
Formicidae ants Most of all allergic reaction
reported yearly occur from vespid stings.
Apids are usually docile, stinging only when provoked.
Female bee is capable of stinging only once. (Male bees have no stinger).
Vespid have ability to perform multiple stings.
Africanized honeybees
Known as killer bees
Now found in Texas, Arizona, California, and most of the temperate southeastern and southwestern states.
Attack from these bees massive stinging resulting in multisystem damage and death from severe venom toxicity.
Hymenoptera Venom
Contain several components. Histamine is only a minor component within
the venom. 50% of the venom consist of Melittin. Melittin is a known membrane-active
polpeptide that can cause degranulation of basophils and mast cells.
Yellow jackets venom is perhaps the most potent sensitizer.
Hymenoptera Venom: Local Reaction Toxic Reaction
Urticarial lesion contiguous with the sting site.
Severe local reaction may involve one or more neighboring joints.
If the sting involve the mouth or throat, it can produce airway obstruction.
Multiple stings (Africanized bees) can lead to systemic toxic reaction.
Symptoms may resemble anaphylaxis, but these pts can also develop N/V/D.
They may also have HA, fever, drowsiness, involuntary muscle spasms, edema without urticaria, and convulsions.
Complication Renal / Hepatic failure, DIC, and Death
Hymenoptera Venom: Anaphylactic Reaction
Can occur from a single sting or multiple stings.
May range from mild to fatal and death within minutes.
There is no correlation between the systemic reaction and the number of stings.
Hymenoptera Venom: Delayed Reaction
Delayed reaction appearing 5 – 14 days after the sting consists of serum sickness-like signs and symptoms.
Pts can develop fever, malaise, HA, urticaria, lymphadenopathy, and polyarthritis.
This reaction is believed to be immune complex-mediated.
Hymenoptera Venom: Treatment
Immediate removal of the bee stinger from the wound, is the important principle rather than the method of removal.
Wash the sting site with soap and water to decrease risk of infection.
Intermittently apply ice to the site to limit local reaction and delay absorption of venom.
Oral antihistamines and analgesic may limit discomfort, pruritis, and decrease local reaction.
If pts develop symptoms of anaphylaxis then most important agent to give is Epinepherine.
Epinepherine 0.3 to 0.5mg (0.3 to 0.5 mL of 1:1000 conc.) in adults and 0.01 mg/kg in children (never more than 0.3 mg) given IM
Hymenoptera Venom: Treatment
Other treatment should include: Diphenhydramine 25 to 50 mg IV, IM or PO
H2-receptor antagonists (ranitidine 50 mg IV)
Methylprednisolone 125 mg
Use Beta agonist nebulization if pt has evidence of bronchospasm
IVF, oxygen, cardiac monitor, pulse ox.
Persistent hypotension after multiple IVF bolus may require Dopamine or Epinepherine drip
Hymenoptera Venom: Disposition
Pts who develop severe systemic reactions should be admitted monitored for potential cardiac, bleeding, renal or neurologic complications.
Skin tests and RASTs (radioallergosorbent test) are not reliable in determining which patients are at risk in developing future systemic reactions.
Hymenoptera Venom: Disposition
Every patient who has had a systemic reaction should be provided with an insect sting kit containing premeasured epinepherine and be carefully instructed in its use. The physician should stress that the patient must inject the epinepherine at the first sign of a systemic reaction.
Ants (Formicidae)
5 known species of fire ants (Solenopsis) (S. aurea, S. geminata, S. xyloni,
S. invicta, and S. richteri) Fire ants swarm when provoked
and they may attack in numbers. Fire ants sting simultaneously in
response to an alarm pheromone released
A Solenopsis xyloni major worker surrounded by minor workers
Ants (Formicidae)
Fire ants sting result in a papule that becomes a sterile pustule in 6 to 24 hrs.
Pustule can lead to localized necrosis scarring secondary infection.
Systemic reaction (urticaria / angioedema) can also occur.
Treatment includes:
local wound care.
Usual treatment for anaphylaxis should be initiated if there is evidence of systemic reaction.