Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism & Expressionism

By Miss Raia

Art Movements of the Industrial Age

Key question to be asked as we go through each period & artist / writer.

How does each art period reflect events of the time?

belief that literature and art should depict life as it really was.

Largely a reaction to the failed Revolutions of 1848-49 and subsequent loss of idealism

Realism

France (beginning of realist movement)  Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850): The

Human Comedy -- depicts urban society as grasping, amoral, and brutal, characterized by a Darwinian struggle for wealth and power

Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880): Madame Bovary -- portrays the provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical

Thomas Hardy: Tess of the d'UrbervillesÉmile Zola (1840-1902): The giant of

realist literaturePortrayed seamy, animalistic view of

working-class life

Realism in French Literature

England: George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) (1819-1880)--examined ways in which people are shaped by their social class as well as their own inner strivings, conflicts, and moral choices.

Russia: Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) – greatest Russian realist (War and Peace) Fatalistic view of history but regards

human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life’s enduring values

Scandinavia: Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) – “father of modern drama” The Dollhouse

Realism in Literature

CharacteristicsThe most important artists of the 19th century and 20th

centuries created art for “art’s sake.”This includes the Romantic period (to be studied after

midterms)Rather than depending on patrons to fund their works,

they exercised virtual artistic freedom and hoped to make their money by selling their paintings to the public.

France was the center of the art worldGreatest works sold to the Paris Salon to be judgedRealists sought to portray life as it really was, not idealizedTherefore ordinary people became the subject Realist photographers will also try to use their art to

reveal the horrors of factories to newspapers and government in hope of change

Realist Art

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)

Portrait of Jo (La belle Irlandaise), 1866, a painting

of Joanna Hiffernan, the

probable model for L'Origine du monde and for

Sleep.

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)

The Stone Breakers,

1849

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)

Femme nue couchée,

1862

The Gleaners, 1857. Musée d'Orsay, Paris.

Francois Millet (1814-1875)

Woman Baking Bread, 1854. Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo.

Francois Millet (1814-1875)

The Uprising, 1860

Honore Daumier (1808-1879)

Third Class Carriage, 1862

Honore Daumier (1808-1879)

Dancer with a Bouquet of Flowers (Star of the Ballet), 1878

Edgar Degas (1834-1917)

Musicians in the Orchestra, 1872, oil on canvas, by Edgar Degas

L'Absinthe, 1876, oil on canvas, by Edgar Degas

Edgar Degas (1834-1917)

The Dance Class 1873–1876, oil on canvas, by Edgar Degas

The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863

Edouard Manet (1832-1883)

Boating, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1874

Edouard Manet (1832-1883)

Olympia, 1863

Edouard Manet (1832-1883)

Characteristics:Began in FrancePainters sought to

capture the momentary overall feeling or impression of light falling on a real-life scene before their eyes

Brushstrokes were highly visible

Advent of paint in tubes made outdoor painting possible

Impressionism

Mary Lydia Leaning on Her Arms 1879

Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) (1872).

Claude Monet (1840-1926)

Water Lilies 1916

Claude Monet (1840-1926)

Jardin à Sainte-Adresse, 1867, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Claude Monet (1840-1926)

La maison du pêcheur à Varengeville (The Fisherman's house at Varengeville), 1882

Claude Monet (1840-1926)

Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Bal du moulin de la Galette), 1876

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)

On the Terrace, oil on canvas, 1881

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)

The Theater Box, 1874

The garden of Pontoise, painted 1875

Camille Pissaro (1830-1903)

Self-portrait 1903

Boulevard Montmartre la nuit, 1898

Camille Pissaro (1830-1903)

Characteristics:Desire to know and depict

worlds other than the visible world of factSought to portray unseen inner

worlds of emotion and imagination

Sought to express a complicated psychological view of reality as well as an overwhelming emotional intensity

Cubism concentrated in zigzagging lines and overlapping planes

Fascination with form as opposed to light

Post-Impressionism

The Starry Night, June 1889

Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890)

The Sower, (1888)

Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890)

Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers (August 1888)

Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890)

Cypresses, (1889)

Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background, (1889), Museum of Modern Art, New York

Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890)

Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?1897, oil on canvas

Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

Still-Life with Fruit and Lemons, c. (1880's)

Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

Les Alyscamps, (1888)

Still Life with a Curtain (1895)

Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)

Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1882-1885

Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)

Expressionism of a group of painters led by Matisse painted real objects, but their primary concern was the arrangement of color, line, and form as an end in itself

Also part of Fauvism (movement of “beasts”)

Expressionism & Henri Matisse

Woman with a Hat, 1905.

Luxe, Calme et Volupté, 1904

Henri Matisse (1869-1954)

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

Guernica, 1937

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

Massacre in Korea, 1951

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

The Kiss, 1969

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

The Old Guitarist, 1903

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

Girl with a Mandolin, 1910