are tests of police fitness accurate? are tests of police fitness accurate? how a...
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Are tests of Police Are tests of Police Fitness accurate?Fitness accurate?
How a ‘gender-neutral’ How a ‘gender-neutral’ physical fitness test can physical fitness test can actually discriminateactually discriminate
Professor David WilsonProfessor David WilsonHead of Centre for Applied CriminologyHead of Centre for Applied Criminology
Professor Craig A. JacksonProfessor Craig A. JacksonHead of Division of PsychologyHead of Division of Psychology
Faculty of Education, Law & Social SciencesFaculty of Education, Law & Social SciencesSchool of Social SciencesSchool of Social Sciences
Winsor Review of Policing 2012Winsor Review of Policing 2012
• UK police forces urged to use fitness tests as large-scale
cost-effective measures of officers’ fitness to work
•Commences Sept 2013 •Gender-Neutral Timed Obstacle Course (GeNTOC)
•Must be completed within 3min 45sec, regardless of sex.
Disproportionate female failure rate?
Evidence of discrimination?
Potential for litigation?
Improvements to the test process?
BackgroundBackground to the testto the test
GeNTOC Indoor obstacle course:
• Gender-neutral
• Three laps
• Complete within 3mins 45secs
• Each lap contains 8 obstacles
• Re-take any obstacle failed
• Not completed within time = Fail
Obstacle CourseObstacle Course
Three laps of…Three laps of…
• Crawl
• Jump
• Stairs
• Balance beam
• Gate duck
• Weave
• Cone carry
• Body drag
Demographic breakdownDemographic breakdown of 1,701of 1,701
Demographic breakdownDemographic breakdown of 1,701of 1,701
1,701 Participants
Males 914 (54%)
Females 787 (46%)
Demographic breakdownDemographic breakdown of 1,701of 1,701
Demographic breakdownDemographic breakdown of 1,701of 1,701
Demographic breakdownDemographic breakdown of 1,701of 1,701
Overall Overall PerformancePerformance
22.1% completed 22.1% completed
but outside the timebut outside the time
23.5 % total candidates 23.5 % total candidates
screened outscreened out
Total lap times (3 laps)Total lap times (3 laps)
Females perform more poorly than MalesFemales perform more poorly than Males
Males n=914Males n=914 Females n=787Females n=787 PP
Age 27 (6) 26.5 (6) 0.09
Height cm 174.5 (6.6) 165.7 (6.7) 0.00
Weight kg 81.7 (11.9) 67.3 (10.3) 0.00
BMI 25.6 (3.2) 24.5 (3.3) 0.00
Underweight 9 (2%) 8 (1%) NS
Normal 359 (39%) 464 (59%) <0.05
Overweight 460 (50%) 262 (33%) NS
Obese 85 (9%) 54 (7%) <0.001
Fail to complete 8 (0.8%) 18 (2.2%)
Complete 3 laps 906 (99%) 769 (97%)
Complete in time 842 (93%) 459 (60%) 0.000
Lap time #1 01:08 (6) 01:14 (6) 0.000
Lap time #2 01:06 (6) 01:15 (8) 0.000
Lap time #3 01:07 (6) 01:15 (9) 0.000
3 lap total 03:21 (15) 03:46 (20) 0.000
English pop (2008)
Male obese 24% Female obese 25%
English pop (2008)
Male obese 24% Female obese 25%
English pop (2008)Male overweight 42% Female overweight 32%
English pop (2008)Male overweight 42% Female overweight 32%
Obstacle errorsObstacle errors
Key PointsKey Points
1.One in four candidates (24%) failed the Gender-Neutral Timed Obstacle Course) and of those who passed it, 49% were overweight or obese.
2. Test success was closely attributed to obstacle performance, and females were significantly more error-prone than males on two distinct obstacles, probably hindered by physiology.
3. The test discriminated against females when competing to an identical time cut-off point for both sexes
4. As such we consider the Gender-Neutral Timed Obstacle Course is not a useful screening tool for identifying unfit police officers or for highlighting ‘fitness’ among police officers.
SummarySummaryFemale discriminationFemale discrimination
•40% of Females fail (only 7% of Males fail)
•Prev. Ratio - Females 8.8 more likely to fail
40% Females overweight / obese
59% Males overweight / obese
•Weave obstacle: poorer than males (P=0.008)
•Body drag obstacle: poorer than males (P=0.000)
SummarySummaryWeight indiscrimination Weight indiscrimination
•Only fails 25% of all candidates
80% with normal BMI pass
75% of overweight / obese BMI pass
•Of 1,302 completing within time:
1% underweight
50% normal weight
43% overweight (of these 75% were males)
6% obese (of these 80% were males)
ImplicationsImplicationsOfficer healthOfficer health
Not enough Female officers being recruited
Not enough unfit officers screened out
Overweight officers at increased risk of:
Musculoskeletal hazards
Cardiovascular disease
Psychosocial issues (shift work)
Personal protective equipment failure
ImplicationsImplicationsLaw enforcementLaw enforcement
Loss of public confidence
Inability to police effectively
Crime detection
Crime prevention
Public order
General poor level of policing
SolutionsSolutions
Adopt a different test
If not, then make changes to current test:
•Widen weave obstacles
•Re-order some obstacles (Body drag)
•Use different cut off times for sexes
•Use exam conditions
•Suitable clothing / uniform
•Allow practices
Jackson CA, Wilson D. The Gender-Neutral Timed Obstacle Course: a valid test of police fitness? Occup Med (Lond) 2013: 63 (7): 479-484