AR 6612

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENTAN APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND THE ARCHITECTURAL DETAILING AND DESIGN APPROACHES IN

INDUSTRY TO PRACTICE

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

To appreciate the various stages in which architectural drawings are prepared

To appreciate the challenges in detai l ing for both the newly designed buildings as well as

the existing buildings.

To understand the various furniture, f itt ings & equipment (FFE)

To adopt an integrated approach while dealing with complex buildings

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

AR 6612

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENTUNIT I INTRODUCTION TO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BUILDING INDUSTRY

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BUILDING INDUSTRY

Smart Materials: Characteristics, classification, properties, energy behaviour, intelligent environments.

Recycled and ecological materials and energy saving materials: Straw- bale, card board, earth-sheltered

structures, recycled plastics, recycled tyres, paper Crete, sandbags, photovoltaic, solar collectors, light-pipes, wind

catchers

Exercises of the above through case studies and drawings.

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Smart Materials

What is SMART material ? A HIGHLY ENGINEERED MATERIALS THAT RESPOND INTELLIGENTLY TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT’,

After 1992 a Dramatic growth till today.

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Smart Materials

Wood

Polymers

Composites

Ceramics

Metal

SMART

SIGNIFICANCE

RESULT -ORIENTED

MEASURABLETIME

ORIENTED

APPROPRIATE

FIRST, to respond to stimuli and environmental changes and, SECOND, to activate their functions according to the changes.

Materials which posses intrinsic and extrinsic capability to respond external stimulus in a similar manner.

The several external stimulus to which the SMART Materials are sensitive are :

Stress;

Temperature;

Moisture;

pH;

Electric Fields;

Magnetic Fields……

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Smart Materials – Characteristic Properties Smart materials are the materials which have the

capability to respond to changes in their condition

or the environment to which they are exposed, in a

useful and usually repetitive manner.

It is also called as,

Intelligent materials,

Active materials and

Adoptive materials.

IMMEDIACYthey respond in real-time.

TRANSIENCYthey respond to more than one environmental state.

SELF-ACTUATIONintelligence is internal to rather than external to the ‘material’.

SELECTIVITYtheir response is discrete and predictable.

DIRECTNESSthe response is local to the ‘activating’ event.

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Smart Materials – Characteristics Smart materials are designed materials which possesses one or more property that can be significantly altered in a controlled fashion by external stimuli.

Thus this material has built-in or intrinsic sensor (s), actuator (s) and control mechanism (s) by which it is capable of sensing a stimulus, responding to it in a predetermined manner and extent, in a short or appropriate time and reverting to its original state as soon as the stimulus is removed.

• Faster response

• Lively and spirited suggestions

Smart• sensible

• Intelligent

• Adoptive

• organic

Smart

• Sharp / Proactive

• Shows immediate mental alertness

Smart Controlled Smart

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Smart Materials

Smart Materials - ClassificationShape Memory Alloys (SMAs)

They are the smart materials which have the ability to return to some previously defined shape or size

when subjected to appropriate thermal changes.

Eg.: Titanium-Nickel Alloys.

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are metal alloys that "remember" their original, cold-forged shape. Changes

to form can be induced and recovered via temperature or stress changes.

SMAs can display "one-way memory" or "two-way memory" effects where the material can remember

either one or two forms according to low or high temperature. Shape memory alloys, for example, are

used as triggers in sprinkler fire alarm systems.

Smart Materials – ClassificationShape Memory Polymers

Like shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers (SMPs) can return to their original state from a temporary,

deformed state by applying an external stimulus (e.g. temperature change).

SMPs differ from SMAs in terms of their "melting transition" from hard to soft phase responsible for the

shape-memory effect. Shape memory foams, for example, are widely used in the construction sector.

Magnetostrictive Materials

They are the smart materials which have the ability to undergo deformation when subjected to magnetic

field. Eg.: Terfenol-D, (Alloy of Iron and Terbium)

Smart Materials - ClassificationPiezoelectric Materials

Piezoelectric materials produce a small electrical voltage when stress is applied. Conversely,applying a voltage to the material results in a stress change.

This allows materials which bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied to be made.

Piezoelectric materials are used as contact sensors in a number of application contexts.

Quantum Tunneling Composites (QTC)

QTCs are composite materials of metals and highly elastic non-conducting polymers. Theymake use of "quantum tunneling" to allow the conductive elements to tunnel through theinsulator when pressure is applied (i.e. the material becomes a conductor when squeezed).

QTCs can typically be found in membrane switches of the kind found in mobile phones,pressure sensors, and speed controllers.

Smart Materials - ClassificationElectrorheological Fluids

They are the colloidal suspensions that undergo changes in viscosity whensubjected to an electric field. Such fluids are highly sensitive and respondinstantaneously to any change in the applied electric field.

Electroluminescent Materials

Electroluminescent materials emit brilliant light in response to an electriccurrent or field. No heat is produced as a by-product. Areas of applicationinclude safety signs and clothing.

Color Change Materials

Thermocromic materials change color according to temperature change.Photochromic materials change color according to differing light conditions.

Smart Materials – Properties and Response

1 Property change capability2 Energy exchange capability3 Discrete size/location4 Reversibility

Smart Materials - ExamplesAerogel :

Aerogel holds 15 entries in the Guinness Book of Records, more than any other material.Sometimes called “frozen smoke”, aerogel is made by the supercritical drying of liquid gels ofalumina, chromia, tin oxide, or carbon. It’s 99.8% empty space, which makes it look semi-transparent.

Aerogel is a fantastic insulator — if you had a shield of aerogel, you could easily defend yourselffrom a flamethrower. It stops cold, it stops heat. You could build a warm dome on the Moon.

Aerogels have unbelievable surface area in their internal fractal structures — cubes of aerogeljust an inch on a side may have an internal surface area equivalent to a football field.

Despite its low density, aerogel has been looked into as a component of military armor becauseof its insulating properties.

This tiny block of transparent

aerogel is supporting a brick

weighing 2.5 kg. The aerogel’s

density is 3 mg/cm3.

Smart Materials - ExamplesTranslucent Concrete :

Concrete buildings are known more for their stability than their great lighting. That was until translucent concrete started to make its way on to the market.

Translucent concrete is mixed with glass fiber optical strands, which create a solid but sheer block. LitraCon, as the concrete is known, can be used in flooring and pavement.

According to the concretes manufacturers, the optical fibers make up only 4 percent of the mixture. Meaning that blocks made from this material still have the ability to support load-bearing walls

Even for load bearing structures it

elongates its support via aesthetics and

strength

Smart Materials - ExamplesSensiTile :

As you walk across your kitchen floor to get something from the refrigerator, the floor twinkles with lighted path that guides your way through the dark room. At least it would, if you had SensiTiles.

The concrete of the tiles is embedded with acrylic fiber-optic channels that transfer light from one point to another. As shadows move across Terrazzo's surface, the light channels flicker with a randomized, twinkling effect.

Their tiles are available for use as flooring, in bathrooms and even ceilings, so you can have twinkling lights follow you all over the house

Picture showing SensiTile–Smart Choice

Smart Materials - ExamplesElectrified Wood :

You may never have to deal with the tangle of wires again thanks to ?Wood.E.? This European-designed material incorporates a source of electricity directly into tables and chairs.

Two metal layers are pressed between the wood of the furniture, making it possible to pass an electrical current through the whole thing. The 12-volt power is fed to the metal layers via one connector, and lamps, and other devices can be connected via the other.

No mention of whether or not this furniture will work with all electrical outlets, but we're for any piece of furniture that means we don't have to find a way to tie all our wires together.

Electrified wood

Smart Materials - ExamplesFlexicomb :

The Flexicomb's name describes it quite well. Designed by PadLab's Dan Gottleib while he was still an undergraduate at the Yale School of Architecture, the Flexicomb is a flexible honeycomb matrix, which can be used to build lighting fixtures, furniture and sculptural installations.

The material is made from thousands of closely packed polypropylene tube that will bend in the convex direction while remaining rigid in the concave one. Flexicomb is so versatile; it can be used for almost any imaginable purpose. Not to mention, who wouldn't want a lamp or chandelier made from the stuff when it looks as amazing as it does.

Flexicomb

Smart Materials - ExamplesKinetic Glass (Living Glass) :

The fact that your home was looking out for your health would be a pretty comforting thought. Living glass does just that by monitoring CO2 levels in the air around you.

Living Glass, which was developed by architects Soo-in Yang and David Benjamin, is a smart material is a transparent surface that automatically opens and closes gill-like slits in response to human presence to control the air quality in the room.

The surface is embedded with wires that contract due to electrical stimulus. This allows the 'gills' to regulate air quality by 'breathing the air'.

Living Glass

Smart Materials - ExamplesRichlite :

A counter-top made of paper might not sound too sturdy, but a Richlite counter is almost indistinguishable from one made of wood.

70 percent of the material is made with recycled paper.

The countertops are made by treating paper with a resin, and then baking it to create solid sheets.

Richlite was first used in the aerospace, boating, and sports industries as reinforcement for surfaces like fiberglass, but now is available for architectural purposes as well.

Material : Richlite from dust to high

look

Smart Materials - ExamplesSelf-Repairing Cement :

It may seem that most of these materials have been designed to replace concrete, but cement is itself still evolving.

A new self-healing cement is currently being developed which has the ability to repair its own cracks.

The cement is mixed with microcapsules that release a glue-like epoxy resin that will automatically repair any cracks that form in the sidewalk or roadway.

In addition this cement will have the ability to regulate heat. Phase-change materials that can absorb or release large amounts of heat have also been included in the ingredients.

With this material we would be able to save energy by developing buildings that can control their own temperature, and save money on repairs as well.

Self Curing/Repairing Concrete

Smart Materials - ExamplesCarbon Fiber :

Carbon fiber is an extremely strong, lightweight material. It's five times as strong as steel, two times as stiff, yet weighs about two-thirds less.

Carbon fiber is made up of carbon strands that are thinner than human hair. The strands can be woven together, like cloth, and then that can be molded to any shape you might want.

In addition to being strong, carbon fiber is also flexible, so it's the perfect material for construction projects in areas with that are exposed to hurricanes and tornados.

Material : Carbon Fiber

Smart Materials - ExamplesLiquid Granite :

According to its creators, liquid granite has the ability to completely replace cement in concrete. The material is a lightweight and has the same load bearing capacity of cement, but is made of recycled materials.

Liquid granite has none of the environmental impacts that cement and concrete do. It is made up of between 30 and 70 percent recycled material, and uses less than one third of the cement used in precast concrete. Which means that it has a greatly reduced carbon footprint.

Finally, liquid granite is astoundingly fire resistant. It can withstand temperatures of up to 1,100 degrees Celsius while still maintaining its structural properties. Unlike concrete it does not explode in high temperatures. Material : Liquid Granite

Smart Materials - ExamplesBendable Concrete :

Traditional concrete is a very brittle material; any buckling or bending will cause it to crack.

A new type of fiber-reinforced bendable concrete might just be putting an end to that issue.

This new concrete is around 500 times more resistant to cracking than regular concretethanks to the tiny fibers, which account for two percent of its make up.

The fibers slide within the concrete when bending occurs, providing it with enough give toprevent breakage.

It isn't just the fibers though; the materials in the concrete itself are designed for maximumflexibility as well. And thanks to these precautions, this concrete has a much longer lifeexpectancy, which means it will cost a less in the long run too.

Material : Bendable concrete

Smart Materials - ExamplesCarbon Nanotubes :

Carbon nanotubes are long chains of carbon held together by the strongest bond in all chemistry, the sacred sp2 bond, even stronger than the sp3 bonds that hold together diamond.

Carbon nanotubes have numerous remarkable physical properties, including ballistic electron transport (making them ideal for electronics) and so much tensile strength that they are the only substance that could be used to build a space elevator.

The specific strength of carbon nanotubes is 48,000 kN·m/kg, the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steel’s 154 kN·/kg.

That’s 300 times stronger than steel.

You could build towers hundreds of kilometers high with it.

Material : Carbon Nanotubes

Smart Materials - ExamplesTransparent Alumina :

Transparent alumina is three times stronger than steel and transparent. The number of applications for this are huge. Imagine an entire skyscraper or arcology made largely of transparent steel.

The skylines of the future could look more like a series of floating black dots (opaque private rooms) rather than the monoliths of today.

A huge space station made of transparent alumina could cruise in low Earth orbit without being a creepy black dot when it passes overhead. And hey… transparent swords!

Material : Transparent Alumina

Material : either smart or green or intelligent altogether focussing energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact nowadays.

Energy behavior & Intelligent environs by Smart Materials

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

What is Energy ? ?? ???

This is a difficult question, as energy is not a material thing at all, even though it is the fundamentaldeterminant of all processes that take place among and between all entities.

Whenever an entity – from an atom to an ecosystem – undergoes any kind of change, energy musttransfer from one place to another and/or change form.

For example, heat must be transferred – added or removed – for the temperature of an object tochange, and the form of energy must change from kinetic to electrical when a turbine rotates a shaftin a generator.

Energy behavior & Intelligent environs - Smart Materials

ENERGYConceptually it is classified in two broad classification.

POTENTIAL ENERGYThe stored energy that can flow. The energy that is stored by virtue of position, bending, stretching, compression, chemical combination.

KINETIC ENRGYEnergy that is flowing. The energy of motion that moves from high potential entities to low potential entities.

ELASTIC driven by deflection difference

CHEMICAL driven by atomic attraction differences

NUCLEAR driven by quanta differences

MAGNETIC driven by moving charge differences

HEAT driven by temperature differenceWORK driven by pressure differencePOTENTIAL driven by height differenceELECTRICAL driven by charge differenceKINETIC driven by momentum difference

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Energy behavior - Smart Materials There are three types of energy needs in a building: In which smart materials monitors energy efficiency & comfort understanding variable needs.

Thermal energy is necessary for heating and cooling of spaces, refrigeration, water heating and cooking – high efficiency performance

Mechanical energy is necessary for fans, motors, compressors, pumps and many appliances – high efficiency performance

Electrical energy is only directly required for lighting and peripheral equipment such as televisions and computers – high efficiency performance

Development of smart materials inducing smart behavior to composite systems which follows biomimetic criteria and it concerns energy behavior.

Smart behavior is based on the dynamic changes of specific properties or the structural transitions of the functional constituents, responding in real time to the imposed stimulus.

Thermal Comfort

Indoor/Outdoor

Material/Technique

Luminous Comfort

Indoor environment

Material type/location

Acoustical Comfort

Material type/Technique

Indoor environment

Re-Conceptualizing

Indoor living spaces

Concerning heat light & sound

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Intelligent environs - Smart Materials As intelligence and self-actuation have been embedded in the objects and processes around us, providing us with unprecedented control ofour environment and knowledge of our surroundings, they have also given others open entre ´e and access to our private lives and activities.

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Intelligent environs - Smart Materials

Intelligent environments can be broadly characterized in termsof their functional descriptions, the ways that smart behaviorsare embedded in the environment or the ways they arecontrolled, and the general cognition level associated with thedifferent behaviors.

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

How Materials for Buildings should be..?

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Recycled Materials

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Ecological materials

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Energy saving Materials

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Straw bale

82% of deprived of basic needs in the country in 2014

35% of Indians are living without shelter(2014)

640 867 villages are there in India

Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

Straw bale

Purushothaman Archi – Architect CA/2011/51185

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Card boardA thick Paper make, Robert Gair invented the cardboard

box in 1871

506 billion worth Industrial product per year. Its waste

per annum in India is about 7 million metric tonnes

Paper and wood are the key ingredients for the manufacturing

By recycling just one ton of

cardboard it saves nine cubic

yards of landfill space, 700

gallons of water, and 46

gallons of oil from being

consumed.

9.3 million metric tonnes of paper is used for the manufacturing of card board in India only by MNCs

Wast

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By just only 20?

Unit 1 Exercise via Case Studies

Smart Materials - Recycled Materials, Ecological Materials and

Energy Saving Materials

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Earth-sheltered structures Continues…,