Allied Biological, Inc. 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840

ph (908) 850-0303 fax (908) 850-4994

AQUATIC MACROPHYTE SURVEY AUGUST 6 & 7, 2008 THE THREE LAKES

LEWISBORO, NY

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I. Introduction

On August 6 and 7, 2008 Allied Biological, Inc. conducted a detailed aquatic macrophyte survey at The Three Lakes located in South Salem, New York (Westchester County). The Three Lakes system consists of Lake Waccabuc, Lake Oscaleta, and Lake Rippowam. This survey is essential in order to determine the aquatic macrophytes that comprise each individual lake’s assemblage and their relative abundance and distribution. There are several reasons for conducting these detailed surveys at The Three Lakes. First, the data collected during this survey, along with the maps, is useful to generate future aquatic plant control programs. Second, the data and maps a required component of the New York State Invasive Species Grant Application (or other grant programs). Finally, although the extent of the Eurasian water milfoil (an invasive species) is well documented at all three lakes, the detailed survey is important to identify any new invasive species infestations, and discern the extent of the known curly-leaf pondweed distribution. Unfortunately, two more invasive species were discovered in 2008: Brazilian elodea at Lake Waccabuc, and brittle naiad at Lake Oscaleta. The table below summarizes the aquatic macrophytes collected or observed during the 2008 season at The Three Lakes. An “X” in the column indicates the macrophyte was located in that water body. Red “X”’s indicate an invasive species.

Table 1 Three Lakes 2008 Aquatic Macrophyte Summary

Aquatic Macrophyte Scientific Name Lake Waccabuc

Lake Oscaleta

Lake Rippowam

Arrowhead (rosette) Sagittaria sp. X X Bass Weed Potamogeton amplifolius X X Benthic filamentous Algae X X X Brazilian Elodea Egeria densa X Brittle Naiad Najas minor X Common Waterweed Elodea canadensis X X Coontail Ceratophyllum demersum X X Creeping Bladderwort Utricularia gibba X X Curly-leaf Pondweed Potamogeton crispus X Dwarf Water Milfoil Myriophyllum tenellum X Eurasian Water Milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum X X X Flat-stem Pondweed Potamogeton zosteriformis X Floating Filamentous Algae X X Leafy Pondweed Potamogeton foliosus X X Ribbon-leaf Pondweed Potamogeton epihydrus X Robbins Pondweed Potamogeton robbinsii X X Spatterdock Nuphar variegata X X X Spiral-fruited Pondweed Potamogeton spirillus X Stonewort Nitella sp. X Water Stargrass Zosterella dubia X Watershield Brasenia schreberi X X Water-thread Pondweed Potamogeton diversifolius X White Water Lily Nymphaea odorata X X X

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II. Procedures

Before the survey began, random sample locations were plotted on a hand-drawn map of the lake focusing on the littoral areas. The points were aligned in transects in an effort to sample both the shoreline and open water communities. The total number of sample locations is usually based on the total acreage of the lake. As a rule of thumb, one sample location per acre (minimum 50 sample locations) is surveyed. If the lake is over 100 acres in size, the number of sample locations is reduced to about 100. Since every lake is different, the survey can focus on problematic locations according to the client’s instructions. It should also be noted that deeper water areas (total depth greater than 15 feet) are generally not surveyed due to the lack of aquatic macrophyte growth caused by poor light penetration. The sample locations are depicted on a map in the Appendix of this report.

Using the hand-drawn map as a guide, the survey boat is piloted to the first sample location. On arrival, the GPS coordinates of the sample location are recorded using a TeeJet Smartpad II (ver. 4.02, or equivalent), and a Midtech High Accuracy Differential Receiver (RX 400p, or equivalent). The water depth is also measured, using a boat mounted depth finder, or a wooden pole in shallow water infested with macrophytes that disrupt traditional depth finders. The water depth is recorded on a field log, and is depicted on a separate map included in the Appendix. Any other pertinent field notes regarding the sample location are also recorded on a field log.

Next, a weed anchor attached to a 10 meter-long piece of rope is tossed from a random side of the boat. It is important to toss the weed anchor the full 10 meters (a loop at the end of the rope is attached to the boat to prevent losing the anchor). The weed anchor is slowly retrieved along the bottom, and carefully hoisted into the boat. To determine the overall submersed vegetation amount, the weed mass is assigned one of five densities, based on semi-quantitative metrics developed by Cornell University (Lord, et al, 2005). These densities are: No Plants (empty anchor), Trace (one or two stems per anchor, or the amount that can be held between two fingers), Sparse (three to 10 stems, but lightly covering the anchor, or about a handful), Medium (more than 10 stems, and covering all the tines of the anchor), or Dense (entire anchor full of stems, and one has

trouble getting the mass into the boat). See Appendix D of this report for pictures of these representative densities. These densities are abbreviated in the field notes as 0, T, S, M, and D. Next the submersed weed mass is sorted by Genus (or species if possible) and one of the five densities (as described above) is assigned to each Genus. Finally, overall floating macrophyte density within a 10 meter diameter of the survey boat is assigned a density, as

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well as an estimated density for each separate Genus (or species) observed. This data is recorded in the field notes. This procedure is then repeated for the remaining sample points. The survey conducted at The Three Lakes in 2008 utilized two anchor tosses per site. The tosses were conducted from opposite sides of the boat and labeled Toss A and Toss B, respectively. The data for both tosses are included on Table #1, for each respective lake. Each density was assigned a numeric value, 0 for no plants, 1 for trace, 2 for sparse, 3 for medium, and 4 for dense plants. The mean of these two values for both tosses (rounded up) are also displayed on Table #1. These mean values were used to assign overall densities, as depicted on the distribution maps in the Appendix. For example, if toss A was medium density (3) and toss B was trace density (1) for the same plant, the mean density would be sparse (3+1=4/2=2). A sample of each different macrophyte is collected and placed in a bottle with a letter or number code (A, B, 1, 2, etc.). If possible, these samples should include both submersed and floating leaves (if any), seeds, and flowers (if present), to facilitate identification. These bottles are placed in a cooler stocked with blue-ice packs or ice, and returned to Allied Biological’s lab for positive identification and photographing. Regionally appropriate taxonomic keys (see the list in section V) are used to identify the aquatic macrophytes.

The weed anchor used for aquatic macrophyte surveys has a specific design. It is constructed with two 13.5-inch wide metal garden rakes attached back to back with several hose clamps. The wooden handles are removed and a 10 meter-long nylon rope is attached to the rake heads.

III. Macrophyte Summary

The following aquatic macrophytes were observed at The Three Lakes during the August 6 and 7, 2008 aquatic macrophyte survey. A few additional macrophytes were observed during the survey (but not collected via anchor toss), or were observed by Three Lakes volunteers and confirmed by Allied Biological. The data and maps are located in the Appendix of this report, organized according to water body. The respective plant densities are summarized on Table #1, while Table #2 summarizes the distribution data for each species collected. In addition, the distribution of each individual macrophyte is depicted on separate maps, also organized according to water body. These maps are organized according to frequency of appearance. Additional macrophytes observed during 2008 are included on a map in Appendix D depicting The Three Lakes System with approximate locations noted. Below is a short description of each macrophyte collected or observed, and a picture. Unless otherwise noted, all pictures of macrophytes represent the actual plants collected or observed at The Three Lakes in 2008, either taken in the field, or from samples returned to Allied Biological’s laboratory. These descriptions are presented in alphabetical order.

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Arrowhead (Submersed Rosette) (Sagittaria sp. Common Name: Arrowhead. Native.): This plant is the submersed rosette of a species of arrowhead. The submersed rosette lacks both flowers and seeds, so further identification is not possible. Arrowhead has emergent leaves, and usually inhabits shallow waters at pond or lake edges, or along sluggish streams. It can tolerate a wide variety of sediment types and pH ranges. Arrowhead is very suitable for constructed wetland development due to its tolerance of habitats,

and ability to act as a nutrient sink for phosphorous. Typical arrowhead reproduction is via rhizomes and tubers although seed production is possible if conditions are ideal. Arrowhead has high wildlife value, providing high-energy food sources for waterfowl, muskrats and beavers. Arrowhead beds provide suitable shelter and forage opportunities for juvenile fish as well. Bass Weed (Potamogeton amplifolius. Common Names: Large-leaf Pondweed, Bass Weed, Musky Weed. Native.): Bass weed has robust stems that originate from black-scaled rhizomes. The submersed leaves of bass weed are among the broadest in the region. The submersed leaves are arched and slightly folded, attached to stems via stalks, and possess many (25-37 veins). Floating leaves are produced on long stalks (8-30 cm). Stipules are large, free and taper to a sharp point. Flowers, and later in the season fruit are densely packed onto a spike. Bass weed prefers soft sediments in water one to 4 meters deep. This plant is sensitive to increased turbidity and also has difficulty recovering from top-cutting, from such devices as boat propellers and aquatic plant harvesters. As its name implies the broad leaves of this submersed plant provides abundant shade, shelter and foraging opportunities for fish. The high number of nutlets produced per plant make it an excellent waterfowl food source.

Benthic or Floating Filamentous Algae: Filamentous algae is a chain or series of similar algae cells arranged in an end to end manner. Benthic filamentous algae is attached to a hard substrate, such as logs, rocks, a lake bottom, or even other aquatic plants. When growing in heavy densities, benthic filamentous algae can appear as brown or green mats of vegetation that can reach the surface. When large pieces break off the bottom substrate they become floating filamentous algae

patches. Benthic and floating filamentous algae can comprise an entire range of morphologies, but flagellated taxa are far less common.

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Brazilian Elodea (Egeria densa. Common Names: Egeria, Anacharis, Brazilian waterweed. Exotic, Aggressive, Invasive.): Brazilian elodea is an aggressive exotic invasive submersed plant that originated from South America. It was introduced via the aquarium hobby trade, and is a top selling plant used as an oxygenator. The stems can be several meters long, and the strap-like leaves are situated in whorls of three to six, but usually four. The leaves are finely serrated, and are tightly packed together near the end of the stem. Brazilian elodea can be rooted or free floating, and due to its highly branching nature, can quickly reach nuisance densities and crowd out or block light penetration for desirable native submersed plants. Although it can be confused with Hydrilla, another invasive submersed plant, its lack of tuber production and leaf structure differentiates it. Although it can produce white flowers, it reproduces vegetatively in the United States. Waterfowl consume Brazilian elodea, and fish and invertebrates uses the stems for refuge and habitat.

Brittle Naiad (Najas minor. Common Names: brittle water nymph, European naiad. Exotic, Invasive): Brittle naiad is a submersed annual that flowers in August to October. It resembles other naiads, except its leaves are highly toothed with 6-15 spinules on each side of the leaf, visible without the aid of magnification. The leaves are opposite, simple, thread-like, and usually lime-green in color, often with a “brittle” feel to them. Brittle naiad fruit are narrow, slightly curved, and marked with 10-18

longitudinal ribs, resembling a ladder. Brittle Naiad has been introduced from Europe in the early 1900’s, and can be found in most of the northeastern states. Brittle naiad prefers sandy and gravel substrates, but can tolerate a wide range of bottom types. It’s tolerant of turbid and eutrophic conditions. Waterfowl graze on the fruit. Common Waterweed (Elodea canadensis: Common Names: elodea, common waterweed. Native.): Common waterweed has slender stems that can reach a meter in length, and a shallow root system. The stem is adorned with lance-like leaves that are attached directly to the stalk that tend to congregate near the stem tip. The leaves are populated by a variety of aquatic invertebrates. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants, but it can also reproduce via stem fragmentation. Since common waterweed is disease resistant, and tolerant to low-light

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conditions, it can reach nuisance levels, creating dense mats that can obstruct fish movement, and the operation of boat motors.

Coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum. Common Names: coontail, hornwort. Native.): Coontail has long trailing stems that lack true roots, although it can become loosely anchored to sediment by modified leaves. The leaves are stiff, and arranged in whorls of 5-12 at each node. Each leaf is forked once or twice, and has teeth along the margins. The whorls of leaves are spaced closer at the end of the stem, creating a raccoon tail appearance. Coontail is tolerant of low light conditions, and since it is not rooted, it can drift into different depth zones. Coontail can also tolerate cool water and

can over winter as a green plant under the ice. Typically, it reproduces via fragmentation. Bushy stems of coontail provide valuable habitat for invertebrates and fish (especially during winter), and the leaves are grazed on by waterfowl. Creeping Bladderwort (Utricularia gibba. Common Names: creeping bladderwort, humped bladderwort, cone-spur bladderwort. Native.). Creeping bladderwort is a small (usually less than 10 cm long), delicate, free-floating stem. It often forms tangled mats in quiet shallow waters, often associated with bogs, or stranded on soil. It is sometimes mistaken for algae. It has short side braches that fork once or twice, a defining characteristic. Small bladders, used to capture live prey, are situated on these side branches. Small yellow snap-dragon-like flowers are produce on a short stalk. Mats of creeping bladderwort offer limited cover and foraging opportunities for fish.

Curly-leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus. Common Name: curly-leaf pondweed. Invasive, Exotic.): Curly-leaf pondweed has spaghetti-like stems that often reach the surface by mid-June. Its submersed leaves are oblong, and attached directly to the stem in an alternate pattern. The margins of the leaves are wavy and finely serrated, hence its name. No floating leaves are produced. Curly-leaf pondweed can tolerate turbid water conditions better than most other macrophytes. In late summer, curly-leaf pondweed enters its summer dormancy stage. It

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naturally dies off (often creating a sudden loss of habitat and releasing nutrients into the water to fuel algae growth) and produces vegetative buds called turions. These turions germinate when the water gets cooler in the autumn and give way to a winter growth form that allows it to thrive under ice and snow cover, providing habitat for fish and invertebrates.

Dwarf Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum tenellum. Common Name: Dwarf water milfoil. Native.): Dwarf milfoil, which does not look anything like other milfoil species, has slender unbranched stems ranging from 2 cm to 15 cm in height. The leaves are reduced to scales or “bumps”. If the tips rise out of the water, they are capable of producing pale flowers and nut-like fruits. The toothpick-like stems arise from rhizomes in a chain. Dwarf milfoil is often small and overlooked, preferring sandy bottoms in waters up to four meters

deep. Dwarf water milfoil provides suitable spawning habitat for panfish and adequate shelter for small invertebrates. The rhizome networks also help stabilize bottom sediments. Eurasian Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum. Common Names: Asian Water milfoil. Aggressive, Exotic, Invasive.): Eurasian water milfoil has long (two meters or more) spaghetti-like stems that grow from submerged rhizomes. The stems often branch repeatedly at the water’s surface creating a canopy that can crowd out other vegetation, and obstruct recreation and navigation. The leaves are arranged in whorls of four to five, and spread out along the stem. The leaves are divided like a feather, resembling the bones on a fish spine. Eurasian water milfoil is an exotic originating in Europe and Asia, but its range now includes most of the United States. It’s ability to grow in cool water and at low light conditions gives it an early season advantage over other native submersed plants. In addition to reproducing via fruit production, it can also reproduce via fragmentation. Waterfowl graze on Eurasian water milfoil, and its vegetation provides habitat for invertebrates. However, studies have determined mixed beds of pondweeds and wild celery can support more diverse invertebrate populations.

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Flat-stem Pondweed (Potamogeton zosteriformis. Common Name: Flat-stem pondweed. Native.): Flat-stem pondweed is freely branched, emerging from a delicate rhizome system. The stems are strongly flattened with an angled appearance. The long leaves are stiff and linear with a prominent midvein, and numerous fine parallel veins. This prominent midvein distinguishes this pondweed from water stargrass. The stipules are firm and free situated in the leaf axils. Flat-stem pondweed lacks floating leaves. Flat-stem pondweed inhabits a variety of water depths

from shallow water to water several meters deep. It prefers soft sediment types. Although it produces nut-like fruits, it over winters primarily by rhizomes and winter buds. It can be a locally important food source to fauna, such as waterfowl, muskrat, deer, beaver, and moose. It also provides suitable habitat and food for fish and aquatic invertebrates. Leafy Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus: Common Name: leafy pondweed. Native.): Leafy pondweed has freely branched stems that hold slender submersed leaves that become slightly narrower as they approach the stem. The leaf contains 3-5 veins and often tapers to a point. No floating leaves are produced. It produces early season fruits in tight clusters on short stalks in the leaf axils. These early season fruits are often the first grazed upon by waterfowl during the season. Muskrat, beaver, deer and even moose also graze on the fruit. It inhabits a wide range of habitats, but usually prefers shallow water. It has a high tolerance for eutrophic conditions, allowing it to even colonize secondary water treatment ponds.

Ribbon-leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton epihydrus: Common Name: ribbon-leaf pondweed). Native.: Ribbon-leaf pondweed has flattened stems and two types of leaves. The submersed leaves are alternate on the stem, lack a leaf stalk, and are long tape-like in shape. Each leaf, which can reach lengths up to 2 meters long, has a prominent stripe of pale green hollow cells flanking the midvein, and 5 to 13 other veins. Stipules are not fused to the leaf. Floating leaves are egg or ellipse-shaped, and supported by a leaf stalk about as long as the leaf itself. Fruiting stalks are located at the top of the

stem and packed with flattened disk-shaped fruits. It is typically found growing in low

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alkalinity environments, and in a variety of substrates. Seeds are highly sought after by all manner of waterfowl.

Robbins Pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii. Common Name: Fern Pondweed. Native.). Robbins pondweed has robust stems that emerge from spreading rhizomes. The leaves are strongly ranked creating a fern-like appearance most clearly seen while still submerged. Its distinct closely-spaced fern-like leaves give it a unique appearance among the pondweeds of our region. Each leaf is firm and linear, with a base that wraps around the stem. At the stem it has ear-like lobes fused with a fibrous stipule. No floating leaves are produced. Robbins pondweed thrives in deeper

water, and under some circumstances, it can over winter green. Robbins pondweed creates suitable invertebrate habitat, and cover for lie-in-wait predaceous fish, such as pickerel and pike. Spatterdock (Nuphar vareigata. Common Name: yellow pond lily, bullhead pond lily, spatterdock. Native.): Yellow water lily leaf stalks emerge directly from a submerged fleshy rhizome. Yellow water lilies have heart-shaped leaves with a prominent notch. Flowering occurs in the summer and, the flowers open during the day and close at night. Water lilies typically inhabit quiet water less than two meters deep, such as ponds, shallow lakes and slow-moving streams. The leaves offer shade and protection for fish, and the leaves, stems, and flowers are grazed upon by muskrats, beaver, and sometimes, even deer.

Spiral-fruited Pondweed (Potamogeton spirillus. Common Name: Spiral-fruited pondweed. Native.): Spiral-fruited pondweed has slender stems that originate from a delicate, spreading rhizome. The stems tend to be compact and have numerous branches. Submersed leaves are linear with a curved appearance. Floating leaves are delicate, ellipse-shaped and range from 7 to 35 mm long and two to 13 mm wide. Stipules are fused to the leaf blade for more than half of their length.

Nut-like fruits are produced on stalks of varies lengths. Shorter stalks tend to be on lower axils with fruit arranged in a compact head, while longer stalks tend to appear on upper

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axils, with fruit arranged in a cylindrical head. The fruit itself is a flatten disc with a sharply-toothed margin. Its smooth sides appear like a tightly coiled embryo, a distinguishing characteristic. Spiral-fruited pondweed prefers shallow water with sandy substrate, but can inhabit a wide range of bottom substrates. It serves as an important stabilizer and cover for fish fry and invertebrates. Stonewort (Nitella sp. Common Names: stonewort, nitella. Native.): Stonewort is actually a multi-branched algae that appears as a higher plant. It lacks conductive tissue and roots, using simple anchoring structures called rhizoids. Stem lengths can reach 0.5 meters, and leaves are arranged in whorls. Although similar in appearance to Chara, Stonewort has smooth stems and branches, and lacks the distinct musky odor. Stonewort inhabits soft sediments in the deeper water of lakes. It can be found as deep as 10 meters. Fish and waterfowl graze on Stonewort.

Water Stargrass (Zosterella dubia (=Heteranthera dubia): Common Name: Water stargrass. Native.): Water stargrass has slender free-branched stems that originate from rhizomes. The leaves are narrow and alternate, attaching directly to the stem. Leaves can be up to 15 cm long, and lack a prominent midvein, a distinguishing characteristic. Water stargrass can inhabit a wide range of water depths and sediment types, and can tolerate reduced clarity environments. Yellow star-shaped flowers are

produced by midsummer, but reproduction is usually via over wintering rhizomes. Water stargrass is a locally important waterfowl food source, and provides suitable cover and foraging for fish. The water stargrass pictured above was not collected at The Three Lakes. Watershield (Brasenia schreberi. Common Names: common water shield, water target. Native.): Watershield is a floating-leaf aquatic plant similar to water lilies. Its stem and leaves are elastic, and are attached to a rooted rhizome that acts as an anchor and source of stored nutrients. The leaf stalks are attached to the middle of the leaf, creating a bull’s eye effect, hence its name water target. The leaves are green on the upper surface, and purple underneath. Maroon to purple flowers peak above the water’s surface on short, stout stalks. Watershield is

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usually coated with a clear gelatinous slime on the stem and underside of the leaves. Watershield prefers soft-water lakes and ponds in sediments containing decomposing organic matter. The whole plant is consumed by waterfowl, and the floating leaves provide shade and cover for fish. Water-thread Pondweed (Potamogeton diversifolius. Common Names: Variable-leaf pondweed, water-thread pondweed, snailseed pondweed. Native.): Variable-leaf pondweed have freely-branched stems emerging from slender rhizomes. The submersed leaves are narrow and linear with one obvious midvein bordered by a row of hollow cells. The floating leaves are shaped like an ellipse, but are usually less than 4 cm long, Variable-leaf pondweed fruit spikes are produced in two distinct forms. It occurs in lakes, ponds, rivers and streams and prefers soft sediment and water less than 2 meters deep. Waterfowl graze on the fruit, and local fauna often graze on the stems and leaves.

White Water Lily (Nymphaea odorata. Common Name: white water lily, fragrant water lily): White water lily leaf stalks emerge directly from a submerged fleshy rhizome. White water lilies have round floating leaves. Flowering occurs during the summer, and the flowers open during the day, and close during the night. Water lilies typically inhabit quiet water less than two meters deep, such as ponds, shallow lakes and slow-moving streams. The leaves offer shade and protection for fish, and the leaves, stems, and

flowers are grazed upon by muskrats, beaver, and sometimes even deer.

IV. Discussion of the Lake Waccabuc Aquatic Macrophyte Results

Appendix A of this report contains the data and maps for Lake Waccabuc. Table #1, contains a spreadsheet summarizing the data collected from both anchor tosses (A and B) and the average results at each sample point. Table #2 is a summary of the macrophyte abundance for each macrophyte observed during the 2008 survey. Following the tables are 22 maps for Lake Waccabuc. Eighteen of these maps represent the distribution of aquatic macrophytes according to species at each sample location (including two maps that depict filamentous algae distribution). The final four maps depict sample location distribution, water depth distribution, total floating aquatic vegetation distribution, and total submersed aquatic vegetation distribution for Lake Waccabuc. The maps are placed in order according to relative distribution for Lake Waccabuc only. A total of 110 sample locations were surveyed for aquatic macrophytes at Lake Waccabuc in 2008. Four additional sites were surveyed (but only one toss per site) in the channel leading from Lake Waccabuc to the Oscaleta Road overpass.

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Thirteen submersed aquatic macrophytes (and benthic filamentous algae) were collected during the August 2008 survey at Lake Waccabuc. Of these 13, three invasive species were observed: Eurasian water milfoil, curly-leaf pondweed, and (documented for the first time) Brazilian elodea. The remaining observed species are considered desirable native species, although some of these species, such as the coontail, could reach nuisance densities, negatively impacting lake uses. Submersed macrophytes were collected at 95 (or 83%) of the sites surveyed. At 24 (or 25%) of the sites surveyed, the submersed macrophytes were considered trace density. At 53 sites (or 56%) the density was considered sparse, while 14 sites (or 15%) were considered medium density. The remaining four sites (or 4%) were considered dense. Due to the basin morphology, submersed macrophytes at Lake Waccabuc are limited to the shorelines, including around the island, in the northern cove, in the outlet cove, and the east inlet cove. The highest density locations were in the east inlet cove (with three dense and two medium sites), the north cove (one dense and two medium sites), and the outlet cove (three medium sites). A stretch of the north shore (sites W79 to W87) was devoid of submersed plants due to the rocky bottom and steep slopes of the littoral zone.

Several factors are at play influencing the submersed macrophyte abundance and distribution at this lake. The first is the presence of invasive species that often outcompete and displace desirable native species. Eurasian water milfoil clearly dominates the submersed community and likely inhibits other macrophyte growth. The extent of curly-leaf pondweed abundance could not be determined at this time (due to its early season growth pattern), thus its role at inhibiting desirable growth is unknown.

Brazilian elodea was discovered in the north cove in 2008, and its role shaping the Lake Waccabuc submersed macrophyte community will depend on the efficacy of the 2009 control program. The picture to the left depicts a dense stand of submersed vegetation observed at Lake Waccabuc. Basin morphology also plays a large role in determining the suitability for submersed macrophytes to inhabit certain locations throughout the lake. Shallow coves with nutrient rich bottom sediments are choked with vegetation, whereas stretches of steep littoral zone shorelines and the presence of large rocks limit submersed macrophytes. Not only do these large rocks create unsuitable bottom substrate for all but the hardiest species, they made traditional weed anchor sampling difficult as the anchors became “hung up” often, preventing a full 10 meter drag. The picture to the right illustrates this point. At the base of a cliff on Lake

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Waccabuc, a small patch of Eurasian water milfoil is established in a crack at the base of the rock outcropping. Finally, according to members of the Three Lakes Council, numerous property owners participate in hand pulling efforts. Whether these efforts are selective or not, they impact the macrophyte communities. During the survey, several piles of removed vegetation were observed along property fronts or on docks. Eurasian water milfoil was the dominant submersed macrophyte collected at Lake Waccabuc. It was collected at 91 (or 80%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. At 36 (or 40%) of these sites the density was considered trace, while at 47 sites (or 52%), the density was considered sparse. Eight sites (or 9%) were considered medium density. Eurasian water milfoil was found throughout the entire lake basin, with the exception of the north shoreline (where steep slopes prevented the establishment of any submersed plants), and at the four locations in the canal. However, during the survey of the canal, floating Eurasian water milfoil fragments and the occasional rooted plant were observed. Eurasian water milfoil was heaviest in the outlet cove (three medium sites) and at three locations along the south shore. Eurasian water milfoil is also well established around the island (five sparse sites). Based on the distribution of native submersed macrophytes, it’s clear the infestation of Eurasian water milfoil at Lake Waccabuc inhibits these desirable macrophytes. Benthic filamentous algae was collected at 36 (or 32%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. At 23 (or 64%) of these sites, the density was trace, while another 11 sites (or 31%) had sparse density. The remaining two sites (or 6%) were considered medium density. Benthic filamentous algae often covered other submersed plants, or was attached to the numerous rocks that litter the littoral zone. It was heaviest in the east inlet cove (with one medium and six sparse sites), and in the north cove (one medium and one sparse site). Bass weed was the dominant native submersed macrophyte collected at Lake Waccabuc. However, it occurred at less than one third of the sites sampled. Bass weed was collected at 34 (or 30%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. Most of these sites (20, or 65%) the density was considered trace. At eight sites (or 24%), the density was sparse, while another four sites (or 12%) were considered dense. Although scattered about the lake basin, bass weed prefers the shallow coves. The heaviest density of bass weed occurs in the east inlet cove (three medium and one sparse site), the north cove (one medium and two sparse sites), and at the west end of the lake (six sites, two of which were sparse). Coontail was collected at 21 (or 18%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Waccabuc in 2008. It occurred at a wide range of densities, with eight sites (or 38%) being considered trace density. Nine more sites (or 43%) were considered sparse density, while three sites (or 14%) were considered medium density. The last site (or 5%) was dense. Coontail distribution was limited to the canal (all four sites, three of them sparse), the east inlet cove (six sites: one dense, one medium, and four sparse), and the north cove (seven sites with two of them being medium). The remaining four sites were scattered about the basin, with one in the inlet cove, two along the west shore, and the last along the north shore. Robbins pondweed is a very desirable native macrophyte that rarely reaches nuisance density due to its low growing morphology. Its spreading network of rhizomes (creating dense bottom cover) and ability to overwinter as an evergreen plant can prevent the establishment of invasive

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species in certain circumstances. Robbins pondweed was only collected at 14 (or 12%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Waccabuc. Most of these sites (13, or 93%) were considered trace density. One site (or 7%) was considered medium density. Robbins pondweed prefers the quiet waters of the canal (two trace sites), and the shallow east inlet cove (six sites, including the medium dense site).Trace patches were also collected in the north cove (two sites), flanking the outlet cove (two sites), along the north shore (one site) and along the west shore (one site). Only one species of bladderwort, the diminutive creeping bladderwort, was collected at Lake Waccabuc. Creeping bladderwort was collected at eight (or 7%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. Most of these sites (7, or 88%) were trace density, although one site (or 12%) was considered medium density. Creeping bladderwort at Lake Waccabuc preferred the quiet waters of the east inlet cover, with seven sites (including the one medium patch) located here. The last trace site was located along the south shore, just west of the outlet cove. Bladderworts are typically not rooted macrophytes, so their distribution is dependent on water and wind currents. Bladderworts can also tend to accumulate on surface macrophytes, which is likely the case in the east inlet cove. Flat-stem pondweed occurred at four (or 4%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. All four sites displayed trace density. Flat-stem pondweed was scattered about the lake basin, with two sites in the east inlet cove. Another site was located along the south shore at the west end of the lake, and the last site was situated in the northeast cove. Arrowhead is an emergent macrophyte that occurs along the shoreline of most lakes. Arrowhead produces a submersed rosette form (leaves arranged in a radiating pattern at the base of a plant) sometimes collected during anchor toss surveys. Arrowhead rosettes were collected at four (or 4%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. All four sites were considered trace density, but this could have been a function of both morphology and sampling gear used to collect the samples. Two sites were located near the outlet cove, and another site along the north shore at the east end of the lake. The last site was located in the northeast cove.

Common waterweed occurred at three (or 3%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Waccabuc. Two sites (or 67%) were at trace density, while one site (or 33%) was considered sparse density. Two sites were located in the far reach of the north cove, including the sparse site. The third site was located along the shore at the west end of the lake. There is some question regarding the taxonomic classification of common waterweed, due to the delicate morphology of all samples collected at the Three Lakes. Leaf width averaged 1.5 mm, which could be considered a

different species called slender waterweed (E. nutalli). Yet, the leaves were somewhat crowded at the end of the stem (as opposed to spread out), which is a distinguishing characteristic of common waterweed. However, no other distinguishing characteristics of E. nuttalli could be confirmed, and historic records don’t make reference to this more rare form of waterweed. Additional waterweed samples were collected in September, but again these samples were not

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adequate to confirm species. At this time, waterweed at the Three Lakes will be considered common waterweed (E. canadensis) until the species can be confirmed via collection of additional samples. Leafy pondweed is a desirable native pondweed collected at two (or 2%) of the sites at Lake Waccabuc. Both sites were trace density, with one being located in the center of the outlet cove, and the other being collected at the mouth of the canal to Lake Oscaleta. It is likely the abundance and distribution of this low growing macrophyte is being crowded out by larger, more aggressive invasive species. Dwarf milfoil is a delicate, low growing macrophyte that prefers sandy/rocky bottoms. Due to its morphology, it is often overlooked during aquatic vegetation surveys, and despite its unique appearance, it’s actually in the water milfoil genus, Myriophyllum. Dwarf milfoil was collected at two (or 2%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Waccabuc. Both sites were considered trace density, although this is likely due to its diminutive structure, and propensity to fall off the anchor during sampling. In both locations, visual examination of the habitat revealed established beds of dwarf milfoil. One trace patch was located in the small cove along the north shore at the west end of the lake, and the second trace patch was located in the northeast cove. The picture to the right depicts a patch of dwarf milfoil growing among rocks in a shallow cove of Lake Waccabuc.

Curly-leaf pondweed is another invasive species that was located at Lake Waccabuc in 2008. It was collected at one site (or 1%), at trace density. This site was located in the northeast cove, along the shoreline. This 2008 curly-leaf abundance and distribution is somewhat misleading, however. Curly-leaf pondweed is an early-season grower, typically reaching peak density in early June, depending on water temperature. By late June or early July, curly-leaf pondweed naturally dies off, producing pine cone-like turions

(pictured to the left) to generate the next season’s growth. Since the 2008 survey was conducted in early August, much of the curly-leaf pondweed would not be present. If the survey was conducted in late May, the abundance and distribution of curly-leaf pondweed would likely be much greater. Spiral-fruited pondweed was collected at one site (or 1%) surveyed at Lake Waccabuc. The density of this site was considered trace, and it was established along the north shoreline at site W108. This site had a sandy bottom, which is the preferred substrate of spiral-fruited pondweed. The identification of this pondweed, which can easily be confused with other narrow-leaved pondweeds, such as leafy pondweed or small pondweed was confirmed by the presence of seeds. The distinctive seeds have a coiled embryo appearance.

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Brazilian elodea (also called Brazilian waterweed) is a particularly aggressive invasive submersed macrophyte that can be confused with common waterweed. It was collected at one (or 1%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Waccabuc in 2008. The single site was situated in the north cove, and area that contained several other species of submersed macrophytes. Although that site was considered trace density, numerous floating fragments were observed throughout the cove. Further investigation by Three Lakes Council volunteers and a visual survey in early September (when water clarity was estimated at 10 feet in the cove) revealed the true extent of the infestation. Brazilian elodea was well established among beds of Eurasian water milfoil and bass weed in approximately two acres of the cove. The infestation was confirmed by members of the NYDEC (Scott Kishbaugh, personal communication, 2008), which made Lake Waccabuc the first Westchester County lake to have a documented population of Brazilian elodea. Despite some hand pulling efforts in 2008, the Three Lakes Council will focus 2009 lake management efforts on the eradication of this infestation, which appears to be confined to the north cove.

Three more floating macrophytes (and floating filamentous algae) rounded out the aquatic macrophyte assemblage at Lake Waccabuc. Floating macrophytes were observed at 62 (or 54%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. Twenty three (or 37%) of the sites were considered trace density, while another 18 (or 29%) were sparse density. At 17 sites (or 27%), the density was considered medium, and at four sites (or 7%) the density was considered dense. With the exception of a stretch of the north shore, floating macrophytes were located throughout the lake basin and at all four sites in the canal.

The heaviest density locations were the east inlet cove (two dense and one medium site), the outlet cove (three medium sites), the west end of the lake (five medium and one dense site), and the northeast cove (one dense and one medium site). At most sites, two or more different species were intermingled, as pictured to the left. Watershield was the dominant floating macrophyte observed at Lake Waccabuc in 2008. It occurred at 40 (or 35%) of the sites surveyed. Half of the sites (20, or 50%) were considered trace density. Eleven (or 28%) more sites were considered sparse density, while nine sites (or 23%) were at medium density. With the exception of a stretch along the north shore, watershield was located throughout the main basin, and at one trace site in the canal. The heaviest densities occurred in the outlet cove (two medium sites), and at the west end of the

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lake (five medium sites). Single medium sites were also located in the north cove, and along the south shoreline. White water lilies occurred at 31 (or 27%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Waccabuc. Nineteen (or 61%) of these sites had trace density white water lilies. At six sites (or 19%) the density was considered sparse, while at five sites (or 16%) the density was considered medium. A single site (or 3%) was considered dense. White water lilies were scattered throughout much of the lake basin, except for the canal, the stretch along the north shore, and for much of the south shore. The heaviest infestations that likely inhibit recreational uses of the lake, occurred in the east inlet cove at the mouth of the canal (three medium sites), and the west end of the lake (one dense and one medium site). Single medium sites were also located in the north cove, and in the outlet cove. Floating filamentous algae was observed at 19 sites (or 17%) surveyed at Lake Waccabuc. At 10 of these sites (or 53%) the density was considered trace. Six sites (or 32%) were sparse, while one site (or 3%) was considered medium. Floating filamentous algae occurred throughout the main basin, often accumulating on dense stands of floating macrophytes. The exception was the canal, and the east inlet cove. The three medium sites were all located along the north shore, two toward the west end of the lake, and the other toward the east end of the lake. Spatterdock was observed at 16 (or 14%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Waccabuc. At nine sites (or 56%), it occurred at trace density. At six sites (or 38%) it occurred at sparse density, while the last site (or 6%) was considered medium density. Spatterdock had limited range throughout Lake Waccabuc. It occurred at all four sites in the canal (three sparse and one trace site), in the outlet cove (five trace sites), at two location along the south shore (medium dense and trace dense sites), at one location (sparse) at the west end of the lake, and one location (trace) along the north shore.

V. Discussion of the Lake Oscaleta Aquatic Macrophyte Results

Appendix B of this report contains the data and maps for Lake Oscaleta. Table #1, contains a spreadsheet summarizing the data collected from both anchor tosses (A and B) and the average results at each sample point. Table #2 is a summary of the macrophyte abundance for each macrophyte observed during the 2008 survey. Following the tables are 18 maps for Lake Oscaleta, fourteen which represent the distribution of aquatic macrophytes according to species at each sample location (including one map that depicts filamentous algae distribution). The final four maps depict sample location distribution, water depth distribution, total floating aquatic vegetation distribution, and total submersed aquatic vegetation distribution for Lake Oscaleta. The maps are placed in order according to relative distribution for Lake Oscaleta only. A total of 60 sample locations were surveyed for aquatic macrophytes at Lake Oscaleta in 2008, including 10 sites surveyed (but only one toss per site) in the channel (pictured to the right) leading from the Oscaleta Road

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overpass to the main lake basin. Ten submersed macrophytes and benthic filamentous algae were collected during the survey. One of these, Eurasian water milfoil, is considered invasive. The remaining macrophytes are considered desirable native species. Submersed macrophytes were collected at 53 (or 88%) of the sites surveyed. A fairly even distribution of densities were observed, with 20 sites (or 38%) at trace density. Seventeen sites (or 32%) were considered sparse density, while 11 sites (or 21%) were considered medium density. The remaining five sites (or 9%) were dense. Except for the site next to the overpass, submersed macrophytes were observed at nine sites in the canal, usually trace or sparse density, although one site was medium. The heaviest density of submersed macrophytes occurred in the shallow west and east ends of the lake. The west end of the lake hosted seven medium and one dense site, while the east end had four dense and two medium sites. Submersed macrophytes were scattered and lightly dense along the north shore, although one medium site was located here. The south shore of the lake was largely devoid of submersed macrophytes with only five trace sites and one sparse site being located here.

Eurasian water milfoil was the dominant submersed macrophyte collected at Lake Oscaleta in 2008. It occurred at 40 (or 67%) of the sites surveyed. Although most of the sites (18, or 45%) were considered trace density, 11 sites (or 30%) were considered medium density, which is often classified as a nuisance density. Ten sites (or 25%) were sparse density, and no dense sites were collected. Eurasian water milfoil was scattered throughout most of the basin. Two sites in the canal had trace density, and on several occasions, floating Eurasian water milfoil

fragments were observed in the canal. This reinforces the fact that macrophyte fragments are moving between Lake Waccabuc and Oscaleta via the canals. The heaviest density Eurasian water milfoil occurred at the west end (six medium sites), and the east end (five medium sites) of the basin. The last medium site was located along the north shore, at site O34. Bass weed was the second most dominant submersed macrophyte collected at Lake Oscaleta in 2008. Bass weed is a desirable native macrophyte that provides excellent cover and habitat for fish and other aquatic biota populations. Bass weed occurred at just under half of the sites surveyed (28, or 47%). At 19 (or 68%) of the sites, the density was trace, while another five sites (or 18%) were at sparse density. The remaining four sites (or 14%) were considered medium density. Bass weed beds are well-established in Lake Oscaleta with the tips of plants located just under the water’s surface on the day of the survey. Bass weed was collected at four sites in the canal, three at trace density and one at medium density. Most bass weed in the lake basin occurred at the west and east ends of the lake. At the west end, two medium sites and two sparse sites were collected in addition to seven trace sites. At the east end, one medium, two sparse and two trace sites were collected. Although an aquatic macrophyte survey conducted in 2003 concluded that extensive beds of bas weed appear to be limiting the growth of Eurasian

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water milfoil in the west cove, the 2008 data collected does not appear to support this observation (Martin, 2004). Coontail was collected at 25 (or 42%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Oscaleta. Thirteen of these sites (or 52%) were considered trace density. Nine sites (or 36%) were considered sparse density, while three sites (or 12%) were medium density. Coontail occurred in the canal, at the west and east ends of the lake, and in the inlet cove (from Lake Rippowam). In the canal, coontail was collected at nine of the ten sites (all except the site at the overpass), and it was trace density at five sites and sparse density at four sites. At the west end of the lake, coontail was collected at trace (five sites) or sparse (four sites) density. At the inlet cove, there were two trace sites of coontail. The east end of the lake had the heaviest density of coontail with three medium sites and one trace site. Coontail was absent from the rest of the north and south shorelines. Robbins pondweed occurred at 19 (or 32%) of the sites surveyed. Of these sites, ten (or 53%) were at trace density, while seven (or 37%) were at sparse density. One site (5%) was considered medium density and one site (or 5%) was considered dense. Robbins pondweed occurred at two sites in the canal, both at trace density. Other small patches (one to two feet in diameter) of this desirable pondweed were observed throughout the canal. In the main basin, Robbins pondweed preferred the shallow ends of the lake. At the west end, the one dense site (along with four sparse sites and five trace sites) was located. At the east end, the one medium site (along with three sparse sites and a single trace site) was located. The north and south shoreline sites were devoid of Robbins pondweed, save site O35, which had trace density. Creeping bladderwort was the only bladderwort species collected at Lake Oscaleta which is surprising due to the wetland areas at the west end of the lake. Creeping bladderwort occurred at 10 of the sites (or 17%) surveyed in 2008. Nine of these sites were considered trace density, but this is to be expected due to the delicate morphology of this macrophyte. The remaining site was considered to be sparse density. One trace site was located in the canal, and the remaining sites were located in the main basin, but all of them in close proximity to the outlet cove leading to the canal. There are several species of arrowhead, a common emergent macrophyte that inhabits lake shorelines, that occurs in the region. Arrowhead species also produce a submersed rosette that is occasionally collected during littoral zone anchor toss surveys. Arrowhead rosettes were collected at eight (or 13%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. All eight sites were considered to be trace density. Arrowhead rosettes were scattered throughout the main basin. Two sites were located at the west end of the lake, three sites were along the north shore, and three more sites were located along the south shore. Common waterweed was only collected at four (or 7%) of the sites surveyed in Lake Oscaleta. It is likely the abundance of Eurasian water milfoil is inhibiting the growth and distribution of this highly desirable native submersed macrophyte. Three of the sites (or 75%) were considered trace density, while the last site (or 25%) was at sparse density. The sparse site was located along the north shore in the east end of the lake. The three trace sites were located in the west end of the lake at the mouth of the outlet canal. As mentioned in the Lake Waccabuc discussion

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above, the common waterweed that occurs at Lake Oscaleta has very delicate features, and could be slender waterweed (E. nutalli). However, samples collected in 2008 did not provide enough taxonomic information to classify the species at the Three Lakes as E. nutalli. Ribbon-leaf pondweed was collected at three sites (or 5%) at Lake Oscaleta. Two sites (or 67%) were trace density, while the last site was sparse. All three sites were located in the canal. It’s interesting to note that ribbon-leaf pondweed did not occur in Lake Waccabuc, or the main basin of Lake Oscaleta. The macrophyte’s identification was confirmed by the presence of floating leaves and seeds. Benthic filamentous algae occurred at one (or 2%) of the sites at Lake Oscaleta. This single site was considered trace density, and occurred in the east end of the lake, attached to other submersed macrophytes. Stonewort is actually a multi-branched algae, but it occupies a similar ecological niche as other submersed macrophytes and thus is included in the results of this survey. Stonewort occurred at one (or 2%) of the sites surveyed. This one site was trace density, and located along the beach at the west end of the lake. Hand pulling occurs in this area (to keep the beach free of submersed macrophytes that interfere with bathing), and likely encourages the growth of this pioneer species following such disturbance. The identification of the stonewort was confirmed by counting end cap cells of the oogonia (ten). Leafy pondweed is another desirable native pondweed very common in the region. Leafy pondweed was only collected at one (or 2%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Oscaleta. The density at this single site was trace, located in the canal site next to the overpass. Three floating macrophytes round out the aquatic macrophyte assemblage at Lake Oscaleta. Floating macrophytes were observed at 52 (or 87%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. At 15 of the sites (or 29%) the density was trace. At 19 sites (or 37%), the density was sparse. At ten sites (or 19%), the density was considered medium, while eight more sites (or 15%) had dense floating macrophytes. Floating macrophytes occur throughout the most of the canal, the west end of the lake, along both the north and south shorelines, and at the east end of the lake. The heaviest densities of floating macrophytes occur at the west end of the lake (at the mouth of the outlet canal, and along the south shore), in the inlet cove (with three medium sites) and the east end of the lake. In these areas, floating macrophytes clearly impact recreational uses of the lake. As a matter of fact, the floating macrophyte densities at sites O24 and O25 (along the south shore at the west end of the lake) are clearly inhibiting the submersed populations of macrophytes. The dominant floating macrophyte at Lake Oscaleta is the white water lily (recall that the dominant floating macrophyte at Lake Waccabuc was actually watershield). White water lilies were observed at 41 sites (or 68%). At 16 sites (or 39%), the density was trace. At 10 sites (or 24%) the density was sparse, while seven sites (or 17%) had medium density. The last eight sites (or 20%) were considered dense. White water lilies occurred throughout most of the canal, but typically at trace density until reaching the mouth of the basin. The heaviest densities of

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white lilies occurred at the west end of the lake (at the mouth of the outlet canal, and along the south shore), in the inlet cove, and at the east end of the lake. Spatterdock was observed at 26 (or 43%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Oscaleta. Half of these sites (13) were considered trace density, while another 11 sites (or 42%) were at sparse density. The last two (or 8%) were considered medium density. Spatterdock was found at sparse density throughout the canal, save for the site adjacent to the overpass. Both medium sites were situated at the mouth of the basin, at the west end of the lake, along with four trace sites and one sparse site. In the east end of the lake, trace density spatterdock lined most of the shoreline, but not the open water. Two trace sites of spatterdock were found along the south shore, and one trace site was found on the north shore, to the east of the inlet canal to Lake Rippowam. Watershield was observed at 12 (or 20%) of the sites surveyed at Lake Oscaleta. Most sites (nine, or 75%) were at trace density, while the remaining three sites (or 25%) were considered sparse. Watershield was scattered about the main basin, and one trace site was located in the canal. Three sites were located at the west and east ends of the lake, respectively. Five sites (including two sparse sites) were located along the south shore, while no sites were found along the north shore.

VI. Discussion of the Lake Rippowam Aquatic Macrophyte Results

Appendix C of this report contains the data and maps for Lake Rippowam. Table #1, contains a spreadsheet summarizing the data collected from both anchor tosses (A and B) and the average results at each sample point. Table #2 is a summary of the macrophyte abundance for each macrophyte observed during the 2008 survey. Following the tables are nine maps for Lake Rippowam. Five of these maps represent the distribution of aquatic macrophytes according to species at each sample location (including two maps that depict filamentous algae distribution). The final four maps depict sample location distribution, water depth distribution, total floating aquatic vegetation distribution, and total submersed aquatic vegetation distribution for Lake Rippowam. The maps are placed in order according to relative distribution for Lake Rippowam only. A total of 45 sample locations were surveyed for aquatic macrophytes at Lake Rippowam in 2008. The canal from Lake Oscaleta to Lake Rippowam was not sampled for aquatic macrophytes due to its shallow depth (a mere few inches in some locations), its lack of width (a few feet in most locations) and the fact that some times during the season, the canal is dry. Only one submersed macrophyte, the invasive Eurasian water milfoil, and benthic filamentous algae were collected during the survey of this basin. Two more floating macrophytes (and floating filamentous algae) were observed during the survey. Submersed macrophytes were collected at 24 (or 53%) of the sites surveyed. Most sites were trace density (22, or 92%). One site (or 4%) was considered sparse density, while one site was also considered medium density. Most of the submersed vegetation at Lake Rippowam occurs at the west and east ends of the lake. Trace density submersed macrophytes occurred scattered along the south shoreline, but no submersed macrophytes occurred along the north shoreline. Steep littoral zone slopes likely restrict the growth of submersed macrophytes at Lake Rippowam. This is clearly demonstrated by examining the water depths at the shoreline sample sites away from the ends of the lake, most of which are greater than 10 feet.

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Eurasian water milfoil was the only submersed macrophyte collected during the 2008 survey. It was collected at just over half (24, or 53%) of the sites surveyed in this basin. It was at trace density at 22 (or 92%) of the sites. The remaining two sites were sparse and medium (each considered 4%), respectively. Trace amounts of Eurasian water milfoil occurred along the shoreline of the east end of the lake, and in the outlet cove, leading to the canal to Lake Oscaleta. Scattered trace patches of Eurasian water milfoil occurred along the south shore, but the north shore was devoid of Eurasian water milfoil (or other submersed vegetation, for that matter).The west end of the lake has the heaviest density, with seven trace sites, one sparse and one medium site. Benthic filamentous algae was collected at three (or 7%) of the sites surveyed in Lake Rippowam. All three sites were considered trace density. One site was situated in the outlet cove, at the mouth of the canal, while the other two sites were adjacent, along the shore of the east end of the lake. Two floating macrophytes and floating filamentous algae round out the aquatic macrophyte assemblage at Lake Rippowam. Floating macrophytes were observed at 24 (or 53%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. The distribution of was an even mixture of trace, sparse and medium density. Nine sites (or 38%) were considered trace, while eight sites (or 33%) were considered sparse. Finally, seven sites (or 29%) were considered medium density. Floating macrophytes at Lake Rippowam were restricted to shoreline sites only. It ranged from the east end of the lake, along most of the south shoreline, to the west end of the lake. One trace site was even established along the north shoreline. The medium sites were located at the east end of the lake (two sites), in the outlet cove (one site), the west end of the lake (two sites), and along the south shoreline (two sites). White water lilies were observed at 21 (or 47%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. Again, these represented an even distribution of densities. Seven sites (or 33%) were trace, eight sites (or 38%) were sparse, and six sites (or 29%) were medium. White water lilies ranged from the east end of the lake, along most of the south shoreline, to the west end of the lake. The medium sites were located at the east end of the lake (one site), in the outlet cove (one site), the west end of the lake (two sites), and along the south shoreline (two sites). Floating filamentous algae was observed at seven (or 16%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. All seven sites were considered trace density and occurred along the south shoreline (six sites), or in the outlet cove (the last site). Spatterdock was observed at six (or 13%) of the sites surveyed in 2008. Five of these sites (or 84%) were considered trace, while the last site (or 17%) was considered sparse. Two of the spatterdock sites were located at the east end of the lake (including the one sparse site), one site was located along the north and south shorelines, and two sites were established at the west end of the lake.

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VII. Additional Aquatic Macrophytes Observed in 2008

In 2008, three more aquatic macrophytes were observed either during the survey, or while providing other lake management services. Although not directly sampled via weed anchor tosses, the presence of these macrophytes is important to get a complete understanding of the aquatic macrophytes that inhabit the Three Lakes system. Some were even collected by TLC volunteers and sent to ABI for taxonomic verification and photographing. The three macrophytes include water stargrass, brittle naiad, and water-thread pondweed. A map containing approximate locations each of these macrophytes were located is included in Appendix D. Water stargrass (Zosterella dubia) was observed at several locations during the August survey. Occasional stems were located at the mouth of the canal in Lake Waccabuc, and in the canal proper, both on the Lake Waccabuc side of the overpass, and on the Lake Oscaleta side. A small sample was collected by Allied Biological field technicians and returned back to the laboratory for positive identification. Water stargrass can be easily confused with flat-stem pondweed when flowers are not present. However, water stargrass leaves lack a distinct mid-vein, and this can be used to distinguish it from flat-stem pondweed. Brittle naiad (Najas minor) is an invasive species of naiad observed on several occasions at the Three Lakes throughout 2008. A few isolated plants were located while launching the boat at the Lake Oscaleta access site before the survey. But the following day, anchor tosses (and visual examination) did not reveal any established brittle naiad plants in this area. A sample was later collected by a TLC volunteer and mailed to ABI for verification. The sample had numerous seeds which were used to confirm the identification. Water-thread pondweed (Potamogeton diversifolius) is a delicate, narrow-leaved pondweed. The sample was observed in a small patch near site O31 (the Lewis residence) on Lake Oscaleta. The sample was photographed (including seeds), and taxonomically verified by Allied Biological. Water-thread pondweed is on the Active Inventory List as Endangered, according to the 2006 New York Natural Heritage Program (Young and Weldy, 2006). This macrophyte produces distinct small floating leaves, and should be monitored in future years to determine its true abundance and distribution in Lake Oscaleta, or the other two lakes in the Three Lakes system. VIII. Aquatic Plant Management Recommendations All three lakes in the Three Lakes system actually contain a low percentage of aquatic macrophytes, limited by the low littoral zone to pelagic zone ratio. That said, all three lakes are dominated by invasive submersed macrophytes, specifically Eurasian water milfoil. Eurasian water milfoil is the only true submersed macrophyte in Lake Rippowam, and control of it in that basin doesn’t guarantee a return of desirable native macrophytes. In addition, Lake Waccabuc has a documented population of curly-leaf pondweed and (discovered in 2008) Brazilian elodea. Aquatic plant management should focus on invasive species control.

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However, floating macrophytes (i.e. several species of water lilies) are clearly at nuisance density in both Lake Waccabuc and Lake Oscaleta regarding boat movement. These nuisance stands are situated in the east and west ends of the lakes, as well as the entrance to the canals. These areas are heavily used by residents moving from lake to lake via canoes and kayaks. Since they are considered high use areas, managing these nuisance floating macrophytes might be a concern for the Three Lakes Council. Care should be taken while employing aquatic plant control measures as these same stands of water lilies provide excellent habitat for a myriad of aquatic biota. The recommendations below are based on the results of the 2008 surveys, and not a comprehensive investigation of all of the factors that must be considered when instituting an aquatic plant management plan. There are several aquatic plant management techniques available to control Eurasian water milfoil, including the use of herbicides, biological control with an aquatic weevil, or simply hand pulling. Herbicides are categorized as contact (one season control) or systemic (two to four seasons of control). Herbicides can be a cost-effective method, but basin morphology (deep pelagic zones with limited littoral shoreline areas) increases the cost of systemic products by requiring application to the entire basin, or the use of granular forms. Sensitive wetland areas and potable water intakes on Lake Waccabuc further complicate the use of systemic products. Contact herbicides could be used in local high use areas, but again conflicts with wetland areas and water use restrictions could limit potential application areas. The Council seems to have a negative perception with herbicide use in aquatic systems, also likely inhibiting the use of herbicides. Biological control by stocking native populations of weevils (or perhaps the moth Acentria) might be possible. The success of stocking programs in New York State is inconsistent, control often takes years to yield results, and is not site specific. Before considering such a method, it is suggested a baseline weevil population survey be performed to ascertain the existing population. Lake Oscaleta or Lake Rippowam might be suitable candidates for such a program. Hand pulling is the oldest form of aquatic plant management, and is currently occurring at the Three Lakes in a limited capacity (i.e. individual property owners). Although limited to small scale areas and labor intensive, it can be effective. It is suggested that all such efforts be selective, targeting invasive species only, while leaving desirable native species (such as bass weed) rooted. Brazilian elodea is a particularly aggressive invasive species that is not well understood in New York State. Currently it is restricted to approximately two acres in the north cove of Lake Waccabuc. There are three methods that could be employed to eradicate Brazilian elodea: herbicide use, biological control with grass carp, and hand pulling/suction harvesting. Regardless of the method used, the TLC should endeavor to keep it contained to the north cove where it is relatively easy to contain and control. Should it get out of the cove, it could spread throughout Lake Waccabuc, and since all three lakes are connected via canals, possibly to the other two lakes. If this occurs, control will be near impossible. Defined pre and post control surveys should be performed to access the success of the eradication project, and future direction. Herbicide use could be performed with a high dose systemic product called Sonar, used in drinking water reservoirs at low doses. It would be applied only to the cove (about four acres) that has been curtained off from the rest of the lake. This impermeable turbidity curtain would

26

prevent the escape of plant fragments, and reduce the water volume to about four surface acres. This reduction in volume would require less product (and be less expensive) than a full-lake treatment, and allow tighter control of dosing to increase efficacy. Potable water intakes in the cove would need to be shut down during the treatment, and alternate sources of potable water need to be provided to affected residents. Assays could be performed to measure the dose of active ingredient in the water allowing for treatment adjustments, and to determine when water use restrictions could be removed. At the higher dose required to control Brazilian elodea, native plants would be controlled as well. The loss of native plants would be confined to the four acre treatment site, and when the curtain was removed re-colonization should occur in a short duration. Nearby wetland areas could be impacted, and might require additional permitting or restrict the design of any herbicide treatment program. The use of grass carp, although possibly effective, is not recommended for numerous reasons. Unless the cove was sealed off with an underwater fence, the carp would not be restricted to the cove and the infestation of Brazilian elodea. Thus the entire lake would need to be stocked (at 15 to 20 fish per vegetated acre) for any hopes of control. This would clearly negatively impact the native vegetation and likely increase Eurasian water milfoil abundance as grass carp avoid grazing on that particular invasive species over leafy native species such as bass weed. Another complication would be the construction of a fence at the outlet to prevent the fish from escaping. Since the Three Lakes are connected via canals, the inlet canal from Lake Oscaleta would need to be fenced as well, which would in turn prevent residents from traveling via canoe or kayak from basin to basin. Finally, grass carp are an exotic species themselves, and require permits. Hand pulling or suction harvesting (called DASH, or Diver Assisted Suction Harvesting) could be effective to eradicate the Brazilian elodea. Since the infestation is limited to the north cove, the area is small enough to deploy such a tactic. However, since Brazilian elodea fragments easily (and these fragments are the primary mode of reproduction), care needs to be taken not to spread the plants around the cove, or even outside of the cove. The use of floating curtains across the entire cove is suggested to prevent the movement of fragments. Ideally, the Brazilian elodea should be selectively removed to prevent the loss of native plant growth. However, visual inspections of the site revealed the infestation was intermixed in medium dense stands of bass weed, Eurasian water milfoil and common waterweed. This will reduce the efficacy of all hand pulling or suction harvesting efforts, as well as create more labor intensive conditions. Both of these activities require permits. Nuisance densities of water lilies can be controlled via herbicide use, or physical removal. In general water lilies are desirable native macrophytes important as structure and cover for aquatic biota. Thus only limited amounts of water lilies should be controlled, and they should only be in high use areas. Herbicide use is effective to control nuisance densities of water lilies. By applying the product via a topical spray, local areas can be targeted, preventing the control of other desirable natives, or areas near sensitive wetlands. It is even possible to open up boat lanes to facilitate boat movement through the Lake Oscaleta west cove and the Lake Waccabuc east cove. Regulated wetlands require a 100 foot setback of all herbicide treatment areas. The use of GPS equipment could be used to identify suitable sites and perform the actual application according to permit requirements.

27

Physical removal of water lilies can be accomplished by hand pulling, but it is restricted by extensive rhizomes buried deep into the sediment. A more effective method would be the use of a hydro-rake, a floating vessel with a York rake attached. The hydro-rake is suitable to remove water lily biomass including deep-rooted rhizomes and even some organic debris with the added benefit of increasing water depth. There are a few downsides to hydro-raking, including the generation of turbidity (although curtain use could limit lake impacts), and it could be limited in wetland areas. A nearby disposal site is also needed for the plant biomass, or it needs to be trucked off site, which adds to the cost of the process.

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IV. References

Borman, et al. 1999. Through the Looking Glass: A Field Guide to Aquatic Plants. Wisconsin Lakes Partnership, University of Wisconsin-Extension. Reindl Printing, Inc. Merrill, WI.

Fairbrothers, et al. 1962. Aquatic Vegetation of New Jersey. Extension Bulletin 382. Extension Service, College of Agriculture, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Fassett, Norman C. 1972. A Manual of Aquatic Plants. The University of Wisconsin Press, Milwaukee.

Hill, R. and S. Williams. 2007. Maine Field Guide to Invasive Aquatic Plants and their Common Native Look Alikes. Maine Center for Invasive Aquatic Plants and the Maine Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program. J.S McCarthy Printers, Augusta Maine.

Lord et al. 2005. Effective Aquatic Plant Monitoring: Data and Issues from Waneta Lake Presentation at the Northeast Aquatic Plant Management Society Annual Meeting. Saratoga Springs, NY. Martin, Michael R. 2004. Diagnostic-Feasibility Study and Lake & Watershed Management Plan for Lake Rippowam, Lake Oscaleta, & Lake Waccabuc. Cedar Eden Environmental, LLC. 93 pp. Tarver, et al. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Florida. Bureau of Aquatic Plant Research and Control, Florida Department of Natural Resources. Tallahassee, Florida. Young, S. M., and T. W. Weldy. 2006. New York Rare Plant Status Lists. New York Natural Heritage Program, Albany, NY. May 2006. 67 pages.

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Appendix A Lake Waccabuc

Three Lakes CouncilLake WaccabucAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 6, 2008 Table # 1

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W1 2.5 41.29804 -73.5731985 A S 2 D 4 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 M 3W1 2.5 41.29804 -73.5731985 B S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 M 3 S 2W1 2.5 41.29804 -73.5731985 M S 2 D 4 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W2 2 41.2978515 -73.5729625 A T 1 D 4 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 M 3 S 2W2 2 41.2978515 -73.5729625 B M 3 D 4 T 1 M 3 S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1 D 4W2 2 41.2978515 -73.5729625 M S 2 D 4 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 M 3W3 4 41.2974842 -73.5728582 A D 4 M 3 D 4 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2W3 4 41.2974842 -73.5728582 B M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1W3 4 41.2974842 -73.5728582 M D 4 S 2 M 3 S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W4 2.5 41.297465 -73.5731828 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2W4 2.5 41.297465 -73.5731828 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2W4 2.5 41.297465 -73.5731828 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2W5 4 41.2975433 -73.5729855 A S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W5 4 41.2975433 -73.5729855 B S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1W5 4 41.2975433 -73.5729855 M S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1W6 5.5 41.2975848 -73.5733312 A D 4 M 3 S 2 D 4 S 2 S 2 S 2 M 3W6 5.5 41.2975848 -73.5733312 B D 4 S 2 T 1 M 3 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3 T 1 S 2W6 5.5 41.2975848 -73.5733312 M D 4 M 3 T 1 T 1 D 4 M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3W7 5.5 41.2978653 -73.5735122 A S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W7 5.5 41.2978653 -73.5735122 B D 4 D 4 S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1W7 5.5 41.2978653 -73.5735122 M M 3 T 1 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W8 5 41.2983077 -73.5738758 A M 3 S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1W8 5 41.2983077 -73.5738758 B D 4 S 2 M 3 M 3 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2W8 5 41.2983077 -73.5738758 M D 4 T 1 M 3 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W9 6 41.2984462 -73.574427 A S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W9 6 41.2984462 -73.574427 B M 3 S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2W9 6 41.2984462 -73.574427 M M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W10 6.5 41.2981607 -73.5742177 A S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W10 6.5 41.2981607 -73.5742177 B S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1W10 6.5 41.2981607 -73.5742177 M S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1W11 10.5 41.2976993 -73.5741518 A T 1 T 1W11 10.5 41.2976993 -73.5741518 B T 1 T 1W11 10.5 41.2976993 -73.5741518 M T 1 T 1W12 5.5 41.2971927 -73.5740443 AW12 5.5 41.2971927 -73.5740443 B T 1 T 1W12 5.5 41.2971927 -73.5740443 M T 1 T 1W13 5.5 41.2970808 -73.5744643 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W13 5.5 41.2970808 -73.5744643 B M 3 M 3W13 5.5 41.2970808 -73.5744643 M S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W14 5 41.2970537 -73.5750695 A S 2 S 2W14 5 41.2970537 -73.5750695 B M 3 M 3W14 5 41.2970537 -73.5750695 M M 3 M 3W15 5 41.2969475 -73.5757047 A T 1 T 1W15 5 41.2969475 -73.5757047 B M 3 T 1 M 3W15 5 41.2969475 -73.5757047 M S 2 T 1 S 2W16 6.5 41.2967575 -73.5763902 A M 3 T 1 M 3W16 6.5 41.2967575 -73.5763902 B S 2 S 2

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Page 1 of 8

Three Lakes CouncilLake WaccabucAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 6, 2008 Table # 1

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W16 6.5 41.2967575 -73.5763902 M M 3 T 1 M 3W17 4.5 41.2965442 -73.5766967 A S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W17 4.5 41.2965442 -73.5766967 B M 3 T 1 M 3W17 4.5 41.2965442 -73.5766967 M M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3 T 1W18 5.5 41.2970537 -73.5750695 A S 2 S 2W18 5.5 41.2970537 -73.5750695 B M 3 S 2 M 3W18 5.5 41.2970537 -73.5750695 M M 3 T 1 M 3W19 5 41.296664 -73.577526 A T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3W19 5 41.296664 -73.577526 B S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2W19 5 41.296664 -73.577526 M S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 M 3W20 3.5 41.2961428 -73.577383 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W20 3.5 41.2961428 -73.577383 B T 1 D 4 T 1 T 1 D 4W20 3.5 41.2961428 -73.577383 M T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 M 3 T 1W21 3.5 41.29623 -73.577092 A S 2 S 2 T 1W21 3.5 41.29623 -73.577092 B S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2W21 3.5 41.29623 -73.577092 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2W22 3.5 41.296171 -73.576796 A T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3W22 3.5 41.296171 -73.576796 B T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3W22 3.5 41.296171 -73.576796 M T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 M 3W23 3 41.295894 -73.576954 A M 3 T 1 M 3W23 3 41.295894 -73.576954 B T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3W23 3 41.295894 -73.576954 M S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2W24 4 41.2958517 -73.5770712 A S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2W24 4 41.2958517 -73.5770712 B M 3 T 1 M 3W24 4 41.2958517 -73.5770712 M M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1W25 8 41.296421 -73.5778267 A T 1 T 1W25 8 41.296421 -73.5778267 B S 2 S 2W25 8 41.296421 -73.5778267 M S 2 S 2W26 5 41.296502 -73.5783127 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W26 5 41.296502 -73.5783127 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2W26 5 41.296502 -73.5783127 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2W27 5 41.2966023 -73.5792122 AW27 5 41.2966023 -73.5792122 B S 2 S 2W27 5 41.2966023 -73.5792122 M T 1 T 1W28 7 41.2964518 -73.5799422 A M 3 M 3W28 7 41.2964518 -73.5799422 B T 1 T 1 T 1W28 7 41.2964518 -73.5799422 M S 2 T 1 S 2W29 5 41.2965297 -73.5807337 A M 3 S 2 M 3 M 3W29 5 41.2965297 -73.5807337 B S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2W29 5 41.2965297 -73.5807337 M M 3 S 2 M 3 M 3W30 7 41.2965702 -73.5813608 AW30 7 41.2965702 -73.5813608 B T 1 T 1W30 7 41.2965702 -73.5813608 M T 1 T 1W31 7 41.2965283 -73.5817092 A T 1 T 1W31 7 41.2965283 -73.5817092 B S 2 S 2W31 7 41.2965283 -73.5817092 M S 2 S 2W32 5 41.2966293 -73.5824557 A

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Three Lakes CouncilLake WaccabucAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 6, 2008 Table # 1

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W32 5 41.2966293 -73.5824557 B T 1 T 1W32 5 41.2966293 -73.5824557 M T 1 T 1W33 4.5 41.2965275 -73.5829885 A T 1 T 1W33 4.5 41.2965275 -73.5829885 B S 2 S 2W33 4.5 41.2965275 -73.5829885 M S 2 S 2W34 11 41.2964682 -73.5835558 A S 2 S 2W34 11 41.2964682 -73.5835558 B T 1 T 1W34 11 41.2964682 -73.5835558 M S 2 S 2W35 8 41.2961448 -73.5844277 A S 2 T 1 S 2W35 8 41.2961448 -73.5844277 B M 3 S 2 M 3W35 8 41.2961448 -73.5844277 M M 3 S 2 M 3W36 4 41.296022 -73.5848307 A S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W36 4 41.296022 -73.5848307 B S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2W36 4 41.296022 -73.5848307 M S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1W37 6 41.296022 -73.5848307 A S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2W37 6 41.296022 -73.5848307 B M 3 T 1 M 3W37 6 41.296022 -73.5848307 M M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3W38 7 41.29659 -73.586173 A S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1W38 7 41.29659 -73.586173 B S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W38 7 41.29659 -73.586173 M S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2W39 5 41.2968357 -73.586926 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W39 5 41.2968357 -73.586926 B S 2 S 2W39 5 41.2968357 -73.586926 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W40 4.5 41.2969352 -73.5873288 A M 3 T 1 M 3 S 2 T 1W40 4.5 41.2969352 -73.5873288 B S 2 T 1 S 2W40 4.5 41.2969352 -73.5873288 M M 3 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W41 7 41.2969233 -73.5882768 AW41 7 41.2969233 -73.5882768 BW41 7 41.2969233 -73.5882768 MW42 5 41.2968948 -73.5887927 A S 2 S 2W42 5 41.2968948 -73.5887927 B S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2W42 5 41.2968948 -73.5887927 M S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W43 5 41.2967498 -73.589352 A S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 M 3W43 5 41.2967498 -73.589352 B S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2W43 5 41.2967498 -73.589352 M S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 M 3W44 8 41.2966767 -73.5896578 A T 1 T 1W44 8 41.2966767 -73.5896578 BW44 8 41.2966767 -73.5896578 M T 1 T 1W45 8 41.296605 -73.590229 A T 1 T 1W45 8 41.296605 -73.590229 BW45 8 41.296605 -73.590229 M T 1 T 1W46 8 41.296486 -73.590634 A T 1 T 1W46 8 41.296486 -73.590634 B T 1 T 1W46 8 41.296486 -73.590634 M T 1 T 1 T 1W47 1 41.296605 -73.591048 A S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W47 1 41.296605 -73.591048 B S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W47 1 41.296605 -73.591048 M S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2

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Three Lakes CouncilLake WaccabucAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 6, 2008 Table # 1

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W48 2 41.296683 -73.591699 A S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W48 2 41.296683 -73.591699 B T 1 T 1W48 2 41.296683 -73.591699 M S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W49 3.5 41.2964262 -73.5921652 AW49 3.5 41.2964262 -73.5921652 BW49 3.5 41.2964262 -73.5921652 MW50 10 41.2962812 -73.5929003 AW50 10 41.2962812 -73.5929003 BW50 10 41.2962812 -73.5929003 MW51 5 41.2962735 -73.5933575 A S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W51 5 41.2962735 -73.5933575 B S 2 S 2W51 5 41.2962735 -73.5933575 M S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W52 4 41.2960792 -73.593874 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2W52 4 41.2960792 -73.593874 B M 3 M 3 M 3 S 2 T 1 S 2 M 3W52 4 41.2960792 -73.593874 M S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 M 3W53 5 41.2958047 -73.5948742 A S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2 S 2W53 5 41.2958047 -73.5948742 B S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 M 3W53 5 41.2958047 -73.5948742 M S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 S 2 M 3W54 5 41.2960643 -73.5953762 A S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 M 3W54 5 41.2960643 -73.5953762 B S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3W54 5 41.2960643 -73.5953762 M S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 M 3W55 3.5 41.2964073 -73.5958272 A S 2 D 4 T 1 S 2 T 1 D 4W55 3.5 41.2964073 -73.5958272 B T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 M 3W55 3.5 41.2964073 -73.5958272 M S 2 D 4 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 D 4W56 5 41.2968825 -73.5958042 A S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 M 3W56 5 41.2968825 -73.5958042 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2W56 5 41.2968825 -73.5958042 M S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 M 3W57 4.5 41.297028 -73.5955882 A S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2W57 4.5 41.297028 -73.5955882 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2W57 4.5 41.297028 -73.5955882 M S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2 S 2W58 4.5 41.2973092 -73.5947582 A S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3W58 4.5 41.2973092 -73.5947582 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2W58 4.5 41.2973092 -73.5947582 M S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3W59 3 41.2975703 -73.5941623 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W59 3 41.2975703 -73.5941623 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W59 3 41.2975703 -73.5941623 M T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W60 2 41.2980008 -73.5937592 A T 1 M 3 T 1 S 2 M 3W60 41.2980008 -73.5937592 B S 2 M 3 S 2 S 2 M 3W60 2 41.2980008 -73.5937592 M S 2 M 3 S 2 S 2 M 3W61 12 41.2978702 -73.593505 AW61 12 41.2978702 -73.593505 B M 3 M 3W61 12 41.2978702 -73.593505 M S 2 S 2W62 6 41.2984448 -73.5932953 A T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W62 6 41.2984448 -73.5932953 B S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W62 6 41.2984448 -73.5932953 M S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1W63 6 41.2986025 -73.5931207 A M 3 M 3 S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 M 3 S 2W63 6 41.2986025 -73.5931207 B S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1

Page 4 of 8

Three Lakes CouncilLake WaccabucAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 6, 2008 Table # 1

Sam

ple

Poin

t

Wat

er D

epth

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Sam

ple

Tota

l Sub

mer

sed

Veg

etat

ion

Tota

l Flo

atin

g V

eget

atio

n

Bas

swee

d

Bra

zilia

n El

odea

Ben

thic

Fila

men

tous

Alg

ae

Dw

arf W

ater

milf

oil

Eura

sian

Wat

erm

ilfoi

l

Flat

stem

Pon

dwee

d

Leaf

y Po

ndw

eed

Floa

ting

Fila

men

tous

Alg

ae

Com

mon

Wat

erw

eed

Coo

ntai

l

Cre

epin

g B

ladd

erw

ort

Cur

lyle

af P

ondw

eed

Wat

ersh

ield

Whi

te W

ater

Lily

Rob

bins

Pon

dwee

d

Sagg

itaria

Ros

ette

Spira

l-fru

ited

Pond

wee

d

Spat

terd

ock

W63 6 41.2986025 -73.5931207 M M 3 M 3 S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1W64 7 41.2985613 -73.5925297 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2W64 7 41.2985613 -73.5925297 B S 2 S 2W64 7 41.2985613 -73.5925297 M S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1W65 6.5 41.2985337 -73.5919357 A S 2 S 2W65 6.5 41.2985337 -73.5919357 B T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W65 6.5 41.2985337 -73.5919357 M S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W66 4 41.298791 -73.5917253 A S 2 M 3 S 2 S 2 M 3 S 2W66 4 41.298791 -73.5917253 B S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1W66 4 41.298791 -73.5917253 M S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1W67 3 41.2989148 -73.5916155 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2W67 3 41.2989148 -73.5916155 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2W67 3 41.2989148 -73.5916155 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2W68 7.5 41.298978 -73.590941 A T 1 T 1W68 7.5 41.298978 -73.590941 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2W68 7.5 41.298978 -73.590941 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W69 13 41.2987642 -73.5906432 AW69 13 41.2987642 -73.5906432 BW69 13 41.2987642 -73.5906432 MW70 10.86 41.2984665 -73.590178 AW70 10.86 41.2984665 -73.590178 BW70 10.86 41.2984665 -73.590178 MW71 3 41.2986077 -73.5891733 A T 1 T 1W71 3 41.2986077 -73.5891733 B S 2 S 2W71 3 41.2986077 -73.5891733 M S 2 S 2W72 7 41.2988327 -73.5883697 A T 1 T 1W72 7 41.2988327 -73.5883697 B S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W72 7 41.2988327 -73.5883697 M S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W73 9.5 41.2990022 -73.5877053 AW73 9.5 41.2990022 -73.5877053 BW73 9.5 41.2990022 -73.5877053 MW74 7.5 41.2992092 -73.5872503 A S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2W74 7.5 41.2992092 -73.5872503 B T 1 T 1W74 7.5 41.2992092 -73.5872503 M S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W75 10 41.2992737 -73.5867707 AW75 10 41.2992737 -73.5867707 BW75 10 41.2992737 -73.5867707 MW76 5 41.299363 -73.5864052 A S 2 S 2W76 5 41.299363 -73.5864052 B T 1 T 1W76 5 41.299363 -73.5864052 M S 2 S 2W77 5.5 41.299492 -73.5857893 A T 1 T 1W77 5.5 41.299492 -73.5857893 B S 2 S 2W77 5.5 41.299492 -73.5857893 M S 2 S 2W78 8 41.2995095 -73.5852835 AW78 8 41.2995095 -73.5852835 B S 2 S 2W78 8 41.2995095 -73.5852835 M T 1 T 1W79 20 41.2995902 -73.5848868 A

Page 5 of 8

Three Lakes CouncilLake WaccabucAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 6, 2008 Table # 1

Sam

ple

Poin

t

Wat

er D

epth

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Sam

ple

Tota

l Sub

mer

sed

Veg

etat

ion

Tota

l Flo

atin

g V

eget

atio

n

Bas

swee

d

Bra

zilia

n El

odea

Ben

thic

Fila

men

tous

Alg

ae

Dw

arf W

ater

milf

oil

Eura

sian

Wat

erm

ilfoi

l

Flat

stem

Pon

dwee

d

Leaf

y Po

ndw

eed

Floa

ting

Fila

men

tous

Alg

ae

Com

mon

Wat

erw

eed

Coo

ntai

l

Cre

epin

g B

ladd

erw

ort

Cur

lyle

af P

ondw

eed

Wat

ersh

ield

Whi

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ater

Lily

Rob

bins

Pon

dwee

d

Sagg

itaria

Ros

ette

Spira

l-fru

ited

Pond

wee

d

Spat

terd

ock

W79 20 41.2995902 -73.5848868 BW79 20 41.2995902 -73.5848868 MW80 10 41.2997678 -73.5844743 AW80 10 41.2997678 -73.5844743 BW80 10 41.2997678 -73.5844743 MW81 12 41.299852 -73.5842562 AW81 12 41.299852 -73.5842562 BW81 12 41.299852 -73.5842562 MW82 7.5 41.3000355 -73.5838738 AW82 7.5 41.3000355 -73.5838738 BW82 7.5 41.3000355 -73.5838738 MW83 9.5 41.3001735 -73.5834925 AW83 9.5 41.3001735 -73.5834925 BW83 9.5 41.3001735 -73.5834925 MW84 11.5 41.3003533 -73.5831105 AW84 11.5 41.3003533 -73.5831105 BW84 11.5 41.3003533 -73.5831105 MW85 12 41.3005408 -73.5826408 AW85 12 41.3005408 -73.5826408 BW85 12 41.3005408 -73.5826408 MW86 14.5 41.3008012 -73.5821043 AW86 14.5 41.3008012 -73.5821043 BW86 14.5 41.3008012 -73.5821043 MW87 13.5 41.3009042 -73.5816243 AW87 13.5 41.3009042 -73.5816243 BW87 13.5 41.3009042 -73.5816243 MW88 6.5 41.3010488 -73.5812415 AW88 6.5 41.3010488 -73.5812415 B T 1 T 1 T 1W88 6.5 41.3010488 -73.5812415 M T 1 T 1 T 1W89 4 41.3010277 -73.5805595 A D 4 S 2 T 1 D 4 S 2W89 4 41.3010277 -73.5805595 B S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3W89 4 41.3010277 -73.5805595 M M 3 S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2W90 2.5 41.3007915 -73.5803365 A M 3 M 3 M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3 T 1W90 2.5 41.3007915 -73.5803365 B S 2 D 4 S 2 T 1 T 1 D 4W90 2.5 41.3007915 -73.5803365 M M 3 D 4 M 3 S 2 T 1 S 2 M 3W91 4.5 41.3005395 -73.5807392 A T 1 T 1 T 1W91 4.5 41.3005395 -73.5807392 B T 1 T 1 T 1W91 4.5 41.3005395 -73.5807392 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W92 5 41.300295 -73.5812013 A S 2 M 3 S 2 S 2 T 1 M 3 S 2W92 5 41.300295 -73.5812013 B S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3W92 5 41.300295 -73.5812013 M S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1 M 3 T 1W93 5 41.2998323 -73.5815903 A S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W93 5 41.2998323 -73.5815903 B T 1 T 1W93 5 41.2998323 -73.5815903 M S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W94 13 41.3006853 -73.581064 A T 1 T 1W94 13 41.3006853 -73.581064 B T 1 T 1W94 13 41.3006853 -73.581064 M T 1 T 1 T 1

Page 6 of 8

Three Lakes CouncilLake WaccabucAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 6, 2008 Table # 1

Sam

ple

Poin

t

Wat

er D

epth

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Sam

ple

Tota

l Sub

mer

sed

Veg

etat

ion

Tota

l Flo

atin

g V

eget

atio

n

Bas

swee

d

Bra

zilia

n El

odea

Ben

thic

Fila

men

tous

Alg

ae

Dw

arf W

ater

milf

oil

Eura

sian

Wat

erm

ilfoi

l

Flat

stem

Pon

dwee

d

Leaf

y Po

ndw

eed

Floa

ting

Fila

men

tous

Alg

ae

Com

mon

Wat

erw

eed

Coo

ntai

l

Cre

epin

g B

ladd

erw

ort

Cur

lyle

af P

ondw

eed

Wat

ersh

ield

Whi

te W

ater

Lily

Rob

bins

Pon

dwee

d

Sagg

itaria

Ros

ette

Spira

l-fru

ited

Pond

wee

d

Spat

terd

ock

W95 7 41.300775 -73.5806758 A D 4 M 3 T 1 D 4W95 7 41.300775 -73.5806758 B M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2W95 7 41.300775 -73.5806758 M D 4 M 3 T 1 T 1 S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1W96 4 41.2990838 -73.5834625 A S 2 S 2W96 4 41.2990838 -73.5834625 B S 2 S 2W96 4 41.2990838 -73.5834625 M S 2 S 2W97 6.5 41.298796 -73.5831603 A T 1 T 1W97 6.5 41.298796 -73.5831603 B S 2 S 2W97 6.5 41.298796 -73.5831603 M S 2 S 2W98 6 41.2989238 -73.5825732 A S 2 S 2W98 6 41.2989238 -73.5825732 B T 1 T 1 T 1W98 6 41.2989238 -73.5825732 M S 2 T 1 S 2W99 5 41.2993915 -73.5826373 A T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3W99 5 41.2993915 -73.5826373 B M 3 S 2 S 2 M 3 S 2W99 5 41.2993915 -73.5826373 M S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1

W100 5 41.2992997 -73.5830473 A S 2 S 2W100 5 41.2992997 -73.5830473 B S 2 S 2W100 5 41.2992997 -73.5830473 M S 2 S 2W101 6 41.2993568 -73.5812297 A S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W101 41.2993568 -73.5812297 B S 2 S 2W101 6 41.2993568 -73.5812297 M S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W102 8 41.2992337 -73.5804167 A T 1 T 1W102 8 41.2992337 -73.5804167 B T 1 T 1 T 1W102 8 41.2992337 -73.5804167 M T 1 T 1 T 1W103 12 41.2992627 -73.5795032 A T 1 T 1W103 12 41.2992627 -73.5795032 BW103 12 41.2992627 -73.5795032 M T 1 T 1W104 3 41.2991772 -73.5785925 A S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W104 3 41.2991772 -73.5785925 B S 2 S 2 T 1W104 3 41.2991772 -73.5785925 M S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1W105 5 41.298531 -73.5789613 A S 2 T 1 S 2W105 5 41.298531 -73.5789613 B S 2 S 2W105 5 41.298531 -73.5789613 M S 2 T 1 S 2W106 12.5 41.2980443 -73.5785732 AW106 12.5 41.2980443 -73.5785732 BW106 12.5 41.2980443 -73.5785732 MW107 5 41.29836 -73.577506 A T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3W107 5 41.29836 -73.577506 B S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1W107 5 41.29836 -73.577506 M S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2W108 5 41.2982867 -73.576444 A T 1 T 1W108 5 41.2982867 -73.576444 B T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W108 5 41.2982867 -73.576444 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W109 3 41.298387 -73.5755203 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1W109 3 41.298387 -73.5755203 B T 1 T 1W109 3 41.298387 -73.5755203 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1W110 5.5 41.2985345 -73.5747613 A S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2W110 5.5 41.2985345 -73.5747613 B S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 T 1 M 3 S 2

Page 7 of 8

Three Lakes CouncilLake WaccabucAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 6, 2008 Table # 1

Sam

ple

Poin

t

Wat

er D

epth

Latit

ude

Long

itude

Sam

ple

Tota

l Sub

mer

sed

Veg

etat

ion

Tota

l Flo

atin

g V

eget

atio

n

Bas

swee

d

Bra

zilia

n El

odea

Ben

thic

Fila

men

tous

Alg

ae

Dw

arf W

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milf

oil

Eura

sian

Wat

erm

ilfoi

l

Flat

stem

Pon

dwee

d

Leaf

y Po

ndw

eed

Floa

ting

Fila

men

tous

Alg

ae

Com

mon

Wat

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eed

Coo

ntai

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Cre

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g B

ladd

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ort

Cur

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af P

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Wat

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ield

Whi

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Lily

Rob

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Pon

dwee

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Ros

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Spira

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Pond

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Spat

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ock

W110 5.5 41.2985345 -73.5747613 M S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3 S 2W111 1 41.298084 -73.572683 M S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2W112 2.5 41.297966 -73.572348 M S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2W113 1.5 41.297729 -73.571953 M S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2W114 2 41.297729 -73.571579 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1

Page 8 of 8

Table # 2

Aquatic Macrophyte

Sites % Sites % Sites % Sites % Sites %Total Sites 114 100%Total Submersed Vegetation 95 83% 24 25% 53 56% 14 15% 4 4%Eurasian Water milfoil 91 80% 36 40% 47 52% 8 9%Benthic Filamentous algae 36 32% 23 64% 11 31% 2 6%Bass weed 34 30% 22 65% 8 24% 4 12%Coontail 21 18% 8 38% 9 43% 3 14% 1 5%Robbins Pondweed 14 12% 13 93% 1 7%Creeping Bladderwort 8 7% 7 88% 1 13%Flat-stem Pondweed 4 4% 4 100%Arrowhead Rosette 4 4% 4 100%Common Waterweed 3 3% 2 67% 1 33%Leafy Pondweed 2 2% 2 100%Dwarf Watermilfoil 2 2% 2 100%Curly-leaf Pondweed 1 1% 1 100%Spiral-fruited Pondweed 1 1% 1 100%Brazilian Elodea 1 1% 1 100%Total Floating Vegetation 62 54% 23 37% 18 29% 17 27% 4 6%Watershield 40 35% 20 50% 11 28% 9 23%White Water Lily 31 27% 19 61% 6 19% 5 16% 1 3%Floating Filamentous lAlgae 19 17% 10 53% 6 32% 3 16%Spatterdock 16 14% 9 56% 6 38% 1 6%

Waccabuc Lake Aquatic Macrophyte DistributionAugust 6, 2008

Total Abundance Trace Abundance Sparse Abundance Medium Abundance Dense Abundance

30

Appendix B Lake Oscaleta

Three Lakes Council Oscaleta LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008

Table #1Page 1 of 4

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Single Toss Channel Sample PointsO1 2.5 41.29761396 -73.5712401 M S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1O2 2.5 41.29751254 -73.57093371 M T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O3 2.5 41.29752338 -73.57062399 M S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1O4 2.5 41.29749435 -73.57033253 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1O5 2.5 41.29735903 -73.57009565 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1O6 3 41.297171 -73.56993912 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1O7 2.5 41.29708187 -73.56963967 M S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1O8 2.5 41.2970524 -73.56929515 M S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O9 2.5 41.2970963 -73.56894959 M S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1

O10 3 41.29735519 -73.56879555 M M 3 M 3 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 M 3

O11 4.5 41.29750376 -73.56860319 A S 2 D 4 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 D 4O11 4.5 41.29750376 -73.56860319 B T 1 D 4 T 1 T 1 T 1 D 4O11 4.5 41.29750376 -73.56860319 M S 2 D 4 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 D 4O12 2.5 41.29739133 -73.56841304 A S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3O12 2.5 41.29739133 -73.56841304 B S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 T 1 M 3O12 2.5 41.29739133 -73.56841304 M S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 T 1 M 3O13 3 41.29716651 -73.56813628 A T 1 D 4 T 1 T 1 D 4O13 3 41.29716651 -73.56813628 B T 1 D 4 T 1 D 4O13 3 41.29716651 -73.56813628 M T 1 D 4 T 1 T 1 D 4O14 2.5 41.29745745 -73.56811505 A M 3 D 4 M 3 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2 S 2 D 4O14 2.5 41.29745745 -73.56811505 B M 3 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 M 3O14 2.5 41.29745745 -73.56811505 M M 3 D 4 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2 S 2 D 4O15 3 41.29733513 -73.56766541 A S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1 S 2 M 3O15 3 41.29733513 -73.56766541 B S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1 M 3O15 3 41.29733513 -73.56766541 M S 2 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2O16 5 41.29700688 -73.5677386 A M 3 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3 M 3O16 5 41.29700688 -73.5677386 B M 3 D 4 S 2 T 1 M 3 T 1 S 2 M 3 S 2 D 4O16 5 41.29700688 -73.5677386 M M 3 D 4 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 M 3 S 2 M 3 D 4O17 5 41.29635463 -73.56704497 A S 2 D 4 S 2 S 2 D 4O17 5 41.29635463 -73.56704497 B T 1 D 4 T 1 T 1 T 1 D 4O17 5 41.29635463 -73.56704497 M S 2 D 4 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 D 4O18 6.5 41.29678919 -73.5672774 A M 3 M 3 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2O18 6.5 41.29678919 -73.5672774 B M 3 M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3 T 1O18 6.5 41.29678919 -73.5672774 M M 3 M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3 S 2O19 6.5 41.29718596 -73.56726796 A D 4 S 2 M 3 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3 S 2O19 6.5 41.29718596 -73.56726796 B D 4 S 2 T 1 T 1 D 4 S 2O19 6.5 41.29718596 -73.56726796 M D 4 S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1 D 4 S 2O20 2.5 41.2975355 -73.56707902 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O20 2.5 41.2975355 -73.56707902 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1O20 2.5 41.2975355 -73.56707902 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2O21 4 41.29763941 -73.5666728 A T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1

Two Toss Lake Sample Points

Spat

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Ston

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Eura

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Three Lakes Council Oscaleta LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008

Table #1Page 2 of 4

Sam

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Poin

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Wat

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epth

(ft.)

Latit

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Long

itude

Sam

ple

Spat

terd

ock

Ston

ewar

t

Wat

ersh

ield

Com

mon

Wat

erw

eed

Coo

ntai

l

Cre

epin

g B

ladd

erw

ort

Eura

sian

Wat

erm

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O21 4 41.29763941 -73.5666728 BO21 4 41.29763941 -73.5666728 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1O22 8.5 41.29716707 -73.56680506 A M 3 T 1 M 3 T 1O22 8.5 41.29716707 -73.56680506 B M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3O22 8.5 41.29716707 -73.56680506 M M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 M 3 T 1O23 9 41.29668527 -73.56676727 A M 3 M 3 T 1O23 9 41.29668527 -73.56676727 B M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3 S 2O23 9 41.29668527 -73.56676727 M M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3 S 2O24 2.5 41.2961279 -73.5666482 A D 4 T 1 D 4O24 2.5 41.2961279 -73.5666482 B D 4 D 4O24 2.5 41.2961279 -73.5666482 M D 4 T 1 D 4O25 2.5 41.2962885 -73.56603601 A D 4 S 2 D 4O25 2.5 41.2962885 -73.56603601 B T 1 T 1O25 2.5 41.2962885 -73.56603601 M M 3 T 1 M 3O26 11 41.29670416 -73.56633655 A M 3 T 1 M 3 S 2O26 11 41.29670416 -73.56633655 B S 2 S 2O26 11 41.29670416 -73.56633655 M M 3 T 1 M 3 T 1O27 11 41.29729932 -73.56639323 A M 3 T 1 M 3O27 11 41.29729932 -73.56639323 B S 2 S 2 S 2O27 11 41.29729932 -73.56639323 M M 3 S 2 M 3O28 4 41.29776222 -73.56621364 A T 1 T 1 T 1O28 4 41.29776222 -73.56621364 B T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1O28 4 41.29776222 -73.56621364 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1O29 3.5 41.29793891 -73.56567868 A T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3O29 3.5 41.29793891 -73.56567868 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O29 3.5 41.29793891 -73.56567868 M T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3O30 5 41.29788579 -73.56476503 A S 2 S 2O30 5 41.29788579 -73.56476503 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O30 5 41.29788579 -73.56476503 M S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1O31 5.5 41.29785392 -73.56367077 A S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 T 1O31 5.5 41.29785392 -73.56367077 B T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1O31 5.5 41.29785392 -73.56367077 M S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1O32 3 41.29793891 -73.5626615 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O32 3 41.29793891 -73.5626615 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2O32 3 41.29793891 -73.5626615 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2O33 6 41.29797078 -73.56188596 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O33 6 41.29797078 -73.56188596 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2O33 6 41.29797078 -73.56188596 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2O34 9 41.29779018 -73.56102542 A M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3 S 2O34 9 41.29779018 -73.56102542 B S 2 S 2O34 9 41.29779018 -73.56102542 M M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3 T 1O35 12 41.29739709 -73.55990992 AO35 12 41.29739709 -73.55990992 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2

Three Lakes Council Oscaleta LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008

Table #1Page 3 of 4

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O35 12 41.29739709 -73.55990992 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1O36 7.5 41.29718461 -73.55863505 AO36 7.5 41.29718461 -73.55863505 B S 2 S 2O36 7.5 41.29718461 -73.55863505 M T 1 T 1O37 2 41.29745021 -73.55759922 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O37 2 41.29745021 -73.55759922 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O37 2 41.29745021 -73.55759922 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2O38 2 41.29745021 -73.55679181 A D 4 D 4O38 2 41.29745021 -73.55679181 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O38 2 41.29745021 -73.55679181 M T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3O39 9 41.29730148 -73.55738674 A S 2 S 2O39 9 41.29730148 -73.55738674 B D 4 M 3 D 4 S 2 T 1 M 3O39 9 41.29730148 -73.55738674 M S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1 T 1 M 3O40 10 41.29718461 -73.55660058 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 T 1O40 10 41.29718461 -73.55660058 B S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 M 3O40 10 41.29718461 -73.55660058 M S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O41 5.5 41.29696151 -73.55605876 A M 3 S 2 T 1 M 3 T 1O41 5.5 41.29696151 -73.55605876 B D 4 S 2 D 4 S 2 S 2 M 3 S 2O41 5.5 41.29696151 -73.55605876 M D 4 T 1 M 3 S 2 M 3 S 2 T 1O42 3.5 41.29709962 -73.55511323 A T 1 D 4 T 1 T 1 D 4O42 3.5 41.29709962 -73.55511323 B S 2 D 4 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 D 4O42 3.5 41.29709962 -73.55511323 M S 2 D 4 T 1 T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 D 4O43 4 41.29680215 -73.55490076 A D 4 D 4 T 1 M 3 D 4 D 4O43 4 41.29680215 -73.55490076 B S 2 D 4 S 2 S 2 T 1 D 4O43 4 41.29680215 -73.55490076 M M 3 D 4 T 1 M 3 M 3 T 1 D 4O44 3 41.29644094 -73.55477327 A D 4 D 4 M 3 S 2 M 3 S 2 D 4O44 3 41.29644094 -73.55477327 B D 4 S 2 T 1 M 3 M 3 T 1 S 2O44 3 41.29644094 -73.55477327 M D 4 M 3 S 2 M 3 M 3 S 2 T 1 S 2O45 5 41.29628158 -73.55519823 A M 3 T 1 M 3 T 1O45 5 41.29628158 -73.55519823 B M 3 M 3O45 5 41.29628158 -73.55519823 M M 3 T 1 M 3 T 1O46 5 41.29671716 -73.55530446 A M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1O46 5 41.29671716 -73.55530446 B D 4 S 2 M 3 M 3 M 3O46 5 41.29671716 -73.55530446 M D 4 T 1 S 2 M 3 M 3 M 3 T 1O47 6 41.297089 -73.55550632 A D 4 M 3 T 1 T 1 D 4 M 3O47 6 41.297089 -73.55550632 B M 3 T 1 M 3 T 1O47 6 41.297089 -73.55550632 M D 4 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2O48 8 41.29667467 -73.55572942 A T 1 T 1O48 8 41.29667467 -73.55572942 B S 2 S 2O48 8 41.29667467 -73.55572942 M S 2 S 2O49 9.5 41.29631346 -73.55558069 A T 1 T 1O49 9.5 41.29631346 -73.55558069 B S 2 S 2O49 9.5 41.29631346 -73.55558069 M S 2 S 2

Three Lakes Council Oscaleta LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008

Table #1Page 4 of 4

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O50 5 41.29594162 -73.5557188 A T 1 T 1 T 1O50 5 41.29594162 -73.5557188 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2O50 5 41.29594162 -73.5557188 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1O51 4.5 41.29572914 -73.55639872 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2O51 4.5 41.29572914 -73.55639872 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2 S 2O51 4.5 41.29572914 -73.55639872 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2O52 12 41.29559103 -73.55743455 AO52 12 41.29559103 -73.55743455 B S 2 S 2O52 12 41.29559103 -73.55743455 M T 1 T 1O53 9 41.29532544 -73.5584332 A T 1 T 1O53 9 41.29532544 -73.5584332 B S 2 S 2 T 1O53 9 41.29532544 -73.5584332 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1O54 6 41.29518732 -73.55961245 AO54 41.29518732 -73.55961245 BO54 6 41.29518732 -73.55961245 MO55 5 41.29512358 -73.56070671 AO55 5 41.29512358 -73.56070671 BO55 5 41.29512358 -73.56070671 MO56 11.5 41.29512358 -73.56175847 A T 1 T 1O56 11.5 41.29512358 -73.56175847 B T 1 T 1O56 11.5 41.29512358 -73.56175847 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1O57 16 41.29522982 -73.56290585 AO57 16 41.29522982 -73.56290585 B T 1 T 1O57 16 41.29522982 -73.56290585 M T 1 T 1O58 9.5 41.29568665 -73.56375576 A S 2 S 2 S 2 T 1 S 2O58 9.5 41.29568665 -73.56375576 B S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3O58 9.5 41.29568665 -73.56375576 M S 2 M 3 T 1 S 2 S 2 M 3O59 4 41.29605848 -73.56470129 A T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1O59 4 41.29605848 -73.56470129 B T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3O59 4 41.29605848 -73.56470129 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2O60 5 41.29646219 -73.56561494 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O60 5 41.29646219 -73.56561494 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2O60 5 41.29646219 -73.56561494 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2

Table # 2

Aquatic Macrophyte

Sites % Sites % Sites % Sites % Sites %Total Sites 60 100%Total Submersed Vegetation 53 88% 20 38% 17 32% 11 21% 5 9%Eurasian Water milfoil 40 67% 18 45% 10 25% 12 30%Bass weed 28 47% 19 68% 5 18% 4 14%Coontail 25 42% 13 52% 9 36% 3 12%Robbins Pondweed 19 32% 10 53% 7 37% 1 5% 1 5%Creeping Bladderwort 10 17% 9 90% 1 10%Arrowhead Rosette 8 13% 8 100%Common Waterweed 4 7% 3 75% 1 25%Ribbon-leaf Pondweed 3 5% 2 67% 1 33%Benthic Filamentous Algae 1 2% 1 100%Stonewort 1 2% 1 100%Leafy Pondweed 1 2% 1 100%Total Floating Vegetation 52 87% 15 29% 19 37% 10 19% 8 15%White Water Lily 41 68% 16 39% 10 24% 7 17% 8 20%Spatterdock 26 43% 13 50% 11 42% 2 8%Watershield 12 20% 9 75% 3 25%

Oscaleta Lake Aquatic Macrophyte DistributionAugust 7, 2008

Total Abundance Trace Abundance Sparse Abundance Medium Abundance Dense Abundance

31

Appendix C Lake Rippowam

Three Lakes CouncilRippowam LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008 Table #1

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R1 2 41.29861372 -73.55667139 A T 1 D 4 T 1 S 2 D 4R1 2 41.29861372 -73.55667139 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2R1 2 41.29861372 -73.55667139 M T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 T 1 M 3R2 12 41.29887646 -73.5565854 A T 1 T 1R2 12 41.29887646 -73.5565854 B T 1 T 1R2 12 41.29887646 -73.5565854 M T 1 T 1R3 4.5 41.29891986 -73.55620803 A T 1 T 1R3 4.5 41.29891986 -73.55620803 B T 1 T 1R3 4.5 41.29891986 -73.55620803 M T 1 T 1R4 4 41.29895304 -73.55584451 A S 2 S 2R4 4 41.29895304 -73.55584451 B T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3R4 4 41.29895304 -73.55584451 M T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3R5 5 41.29922533 -73.55566248 A T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3 T 1R5 5 41.29922533 -73.55566248 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2R5 5 41.29922533 -73.55566248 M T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 S 2 S 2R6 4.5 41.29954546 -73.55564417 A S 2 S 2R6 4.5 41.29954546 -73.55564417 B T 1 T 1R6 4.5 41.29954546 -73.55564417 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1R7 1 41.29893547 -73.5568517 A T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3R7 1 41.29893547 -73.5568517 B T 1 T 1R7 1 41.29893547 -73.5568517 M T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2R8 12.5 41.29908913 -73.55606174 AR8 12.5 41.29908913 -73.55606174 BR8 12.5 41.29908913 -73.55606174 M

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Three Lakes CouncilRippowam LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008 Table #1

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R9 13 41.29926856 -73.55589476 AR9 13 41.29926856 -73.55589476 BR9 13 41.29926856 -73.55589476 M

R10 7.5 41.29957342 -73.55590406 AR10 7.5 41.29957342 -73.55590406 B T 1 T 1R10 7.5 41.29957342 -73.55590406 M T 1 T 1R11 11 41.2997879 -73.55645814 AR11 11 41.2997879 -73.55645814 BR11 11 41.2997879 -73.55645814 MR12 12 41.300087 -73.55716858 AR12 12 41.300087 -73.55716858 BR12 12 41.300087 -73.55716858 MR13 8 41.30028628 -73.55785086 AR13 8 41.30028628 -73.55785086 BR13 8 41.30028628 -73.55785086 MR14 9.5 41.30043561 -73.55858595 A T 1 T 1R14 9.5 41.30043561 -73.55858595 BR14 9.5 41.30043561 -73.55858595 M T 1 T 1R15 14 41.30060413 -73.55939197 AR15 14 41.30060413 -73.55939197 BR15 14 41.30060413 -73.55939197 MR16 13.5 41.30090754 -73.56021302 AR16 13.5 41.30090754 -73.56021302 BR16 13.5 41.30090754 -73.56021302 M

Three Lakes CouncilRippowam LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008 Table #1

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R17 11 41.3009485 -73.56114833 AR17 11 41.3009485 -73.56114833 BR17 11 41.3009485 -73.56114833 MR18 10.5 41.30097581 -73.5619744 AR18 10.5 41.30097581 -73.5619744 BR18 10.5 41.30097581 -73.5619744 MR19 9.5 41.30105903 -73.56264396 AR19 9.5 41.30105903 -73.56264396 BR19 9.5 41.30105903 -73.56264396 MR20 6 41.30109494 -73.56330857 AR20 6 41.30109494 -73.56330857 BR20 6 41.30109494 -73.56330857 MR21 11.5 41.3011461 -73.56396733 AR21 11.5 41.3011461 -73.56396733 BR21 11.5 41.3011461 -73.56396733 MR22 7.5 41.30123564 -73.56440224 AR22 7.5 41.30123564 -73.56440224 BR22 7.5 41.30123564 -73.56440224 MR23 2.5 41.30121006 -73.56487553 A T 1 T 1R23 2.5 41.30121006 -73.56487553 B T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3R23 2.5 41.30121006 -73.56487553 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2R24 5.5 41.30091586 -73.56513136 A T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3R24 5.5 41.30091586 -73.56513136 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2R24 5.5 41.30091586 -73.56513136 M T 1 M 3 T 1 T 1 M 3

Three Lakes CouncilRippowam LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008 Table #1

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R25 4.5 41.30050013 -73.56524648 A T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3R25 4.5 41.30050013 -73.56524648 B T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3R25 4.5 41.30050013 -73.56524648 M T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3R26 2.5 41.30016116 -73.56510578 AR26 2.5 41.30016116 -73.56510578 B T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3R26 2.5 41.30016116 -73.56510578 M T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2R27 5.5 41.30002685 -73.56471564 A T 1 T 1R27 5.5 41.30002685 -73.56471564 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2R27 5.5 41.30002685 -73.56471564 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1R28 8 41.30044897 -73.5649139 A S 2 S 2R28 8 41.30044897 -73.5649139 B M 3 M 3R28 8 41.30044897 -73.5649139 M M 3 M 3R29 10.5 41.30081352 -73.56490751 A T 1 T 1R29 10.5 41.30081352 -73.56490751 B T 1 T 1R29 10.5 41.30081352 -73.56490751 M T 1 T 1R30 11 41.30106935 -73.56464528 AR30 11 41.30106935 -73.56464528 B T 1 T 1R30 11 41.30106935 -73.56464528 M T 1 T 1R31 4 41.29978381 -73.56443422 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2R31 4 41.29978381 -73.56443422 B S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2R31 4 41.29978381 -73.56443422 M S 2 S 2 S 2 S 2R32 5 41.29943844 -73.56411444 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2R32 5 41.29943844 -73.56411444 B T 1 T 1R32 5 41.29943844 -73.56411444 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1

Three Lakes CouncilRippowam LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008 Table #1

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R33 11.5 41.2994896 -73.56384581 A T 1 T 1R33 11.5 41.2994896 -73.56384581 BR33 11.5 41.2994896 -73.56384581 M T 1 T 1R34 5 41.29918261 -73.56373709 A T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2R34 5 41.29918261 -73.56373709 B T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3R34 5 41.29918261 -73.56373709 M T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3R35 5 41.29922098 -73.56325101 A M 3 M 3R35 5 41.29922098 -73.56325101 B T 1 S 2 T 1 S 2R35 5 41.29922098 -73.56325101 M T 1 M 3 T 1 M 3R36 7 41.29929773 -73.5626818 A T 1 T 1R36 7 41.29929773 -73.5626818 BR36 7 41.29929773 -73.5626818 M T 1 T 1R37 4.5 41.29933611 -73.56217013 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2R37 4.5 41.29933611 -73.56217013 B S 2 T 1 S 2R37 4.5 41.29933611 -73.56217013 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2R38 5.5 41.299496 -73.56163289 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2R38 5.5 41.299496 -73.56163289 B T 1 T 1 T 1R38 5.5 41.299496 -73.56163289 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2R39 10.5 41.29961112 -73.5610061 AR39 10.5 41.29961112 -73.5610061 BR39 10.5 41.29961112 -73.5610061 MR40 12.5 41.29950879 -73.56032815 AR40 12.5 41.29950879 -73.56032815 BR40 12.5 41.29950879 -73.56032815 M

Three Lakes CouncilRippowam LakeAquatic Vegetation SurveyAugust 7, 2008 Table #1

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R41 10.5 41.29918261 -73.55970776 AR41 10.5 41.29918261 -73.55970776 B S 2 T 1 S 2R41 10.5 41.29918261 -73.55970776 M T 1 T 1 T 1R42 5.5 41.29897794 -73.559049 A T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2R42 5.5 41.29897794 -73.559049 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2R42 5.5 41.29897794 -73.559049 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 S 2R43 5 41.29895876 -73.55839024 A T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1R43 5 41.29895876 -73.55839024 B T 1 T 1R43 5 41.29895876 -73.55839024 M T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1R44 10 41.29921459 -73.55785939 AR44 10 41.29921459 -73.55785939 BR44 10 41.29921459 -73.55785939 MR45 4 41.29922738 -73.55725819 A T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1R45 4 41.29922738 -73.55725819 B T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 S 2R45 4 41.29922738 -73.55725819 M T 1 S 2 T 1 T 1 T 1 T 1

Table # 2

Aquatic Macrophyte

Sites % Sites % Sites % Sites % Sites %Total Sites 45 100%Total Submersed Vegetation 24 53% 22 92% 1 4% 1 4%Eurasian Water milfoil 24 53% 22 92% 1 4% 1 4%Benthic Filamentous Algae 3 7% 3 100%Total Floating Vegetation 24 53% 9 38% 8 33% 7 29%White Water Lily 21 47% 7 33% 8 38% 6 29%Floating Filamentous Algae 7 16% 7 100%Spatterdock 6 13% 5 83% 1 17%

Rippowam Lake Aquatic Macrophyte DistributionAugust 7, 2008

Total Abundance Trace Abundance Sparse Abundance Medium Abundance Dense Abundance

32

Appendix D

Floating Aquatic Plant Density

Trace Medium

Sparse Dense

Submersed Aquatic Plant Density

Trace Medium

Sparse Dense