APPRAISAL DEVICES USED TO REALIZE ATTITUDE

IN SOEKARNO’S SPEECH

“LET A NEW ASIA AN AFRICA BE BORN”

AT THE ASIAN-AFRICAN CONFERENCE IN BANDUNG

ON APRIL 18th, 1955

ARTIKEL

DIAN CANDRA PRASETYANTI

PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN DAN KEGURUAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SEMARANG

2011

APPRAISAL DEVICES USED TO REALIZE ATTITUDE IN SOEKARNO’S SPEECH

“LET A NEW ASIA AND AFRICA BE BORN”AT THE ASIAN-AFRICAN CONFERENCE IN BANDUNG

ON APRIL 18th, 1955Perlengkapan Penelitian yang digunakan untuk Menyadari Sikap dalam Pidato Soekarno “Lahirlah Asia Baru dan Africa Baru ) pada Konferensi Asia-Afrika di Bandung, 18 April

1955Dian Candra Prasetyanti

Thesis ini berjudul “Perlengkapan Penelitian yang digunakan untuk Menyadari Sikap dalam Pidato Soekarno “Lahirlah Asia Baru dan Africa Baru” pada Konferensi Asia-Afrika di Bandung, 18 April 1955” mengarah pada Apa perlengkapan-perlengkapan penelitian yang digunakan untuk menyadari sikap dalam pidato yang disampaikan Soekarno, Apa jenis sikap yang disampaikan dalam pidato dan Apa sudut ideologi dibalik pidato Soekarno “ Lahirlah Asia Baru dan Africa Baru”.

Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penulis meninjau beberapa penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya dan teori-teori yang bersangkutan dengan masalah-masalah penelitian penulis. Penelitian-penelitian dan teori-teori tersebut kemudian dibandingkan dengan pidato Soekarno sebagai tujuan dari penelitian ini. Untuk menganalisa pidato, penulis menggunakan penelitian : negosiasi sikap yang dikemukakan oleh Martin dan Rose (2003).

Penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dan deskriptif. Metode investigasi kualitatif digunakan untuk membedah pidato Soekarno:“Lahirlah Asia Baru dan Africa Baru” Penelitian ini juga deskriptif karena bertujuan untuk menggambarkan realisasi dari arti interpersonal dalam pidato berdasarkan sistem penelitian yang ditawarkan oleh Martin dan Rose (2003).

Pidato Soekarno yang berjudul “ Lahirlah Asia Baru dan Afrika Baru” memakai tiga jenis sikap; pengaruh, pendapat dan penghargaan. Ada 216 sikap terdiri dari 107 pengaruh, 61 pendapat, dan 48 penghargaan. Semua kalimat majemuk mempunyai sikap. Penggunaan pengaruh mendominasi persentase dari penggunaan sikap. Ini sangat beralasan karena teks ini bertujuan untuk menghasut dan membujuk orang – orang untuk berperang melawat kolonialisme. Meskipun begitu, orator, Soekarno, menggunakan pengaruh negatif dalam ukuran yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pendapat negatif. Ini juga terlihat dalam sikap – sikap yang lain.

Hasil dari penelitian ini juga bisa digunakan sebagai contoh bagaimana menulis teks atau pidato yang baik dengan memanipulasi bermacam – macam tata bahasa untuk penjelasan yang terperinci. Ini , pada gilirannya akan meningkatkan kemampuan menulis murid-murid dengan menggunakan pemilihan kata (diksi) yang tepat dan pantas sebagai realisasi dari arti interpersonal. Kedua, murid-murid mempelajari bahasa Inggris tidak hanya akan menemukan bahwa ini berguna untuk meningkatkan kesadaran bahasa mereka yang penting dalam proses pembuatan teks(berbicara dan menulis) tetapi juga mereka bisa membuat analisis mereka ketika mereka berpidato atau ketika mereka berbicara didepan penonton sebagai orator. Kesadaran bahasa akan menjadi potensial bagi mereka untuk menghasilkan teks yang baik dan menjadi pembicara atau orator yang baik.

INTRODUCTION

The first President of Indonesia, Soekarno, born Kusno Sosrodiharjo (June 6,

1901 – June 21, 1970), is undoubtedly one of the greatest orators in the world. Soekarno

used the power of language and his charismatic appeal for political gain and national

advancement. he mesmerizes a mass audience with a combination of passion, ideas, and

personality. The first large-scale Asian–African Conference was a meeting of Asian and

African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on April 18-24,

1955 in Bandung, Indonesia . The conference was organized by Indonesia, Burma,

Pakistan , Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and India and was coordinated by Ruslan Abdulgani,

secretary general of the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The conference's stated

aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose

colonialism or neocolonialism by the United States or any other imperialistic nations. The

conference was an important step toward the crystallization of the Non-Aligned

Movement.

Encyclopedia of knowledge states that human speech makes possible the

expression and communication of thoughts, needs, and emotions through vocalization in

form of words (Grolier, 1991). The speech conveyed can make people carried away ; they

may cry, laugh or angry, since as a means of human of communication, in delivering

speech, a speaker uses her/ his gestures, facial expression and body posture to send his or

her intended messages. Thus, those elements influence people whether they will listen to

what she/ he says, they feel interested in or they probably ignore him/ her. Here, a good

orator is the key how he/ she deliver his/ her speech become powerful, become elegant.

In this study, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is employed a famous speech

conveyed by Soekarno’s speech. Critical Discourse Analysis is an approach in analyzing

text by considering the larger areas that highly influence, or in the other words, the area

that cannot be separated from the text. They are the discursive practice and the social

practice (Fairlough: 1995). These two areas surround the text and must be analized to

achieve a better understanding of the text itself. In short, Critical Discourse Analysis aims

at making transparent connection between discourse practices, and a social structures,

connection that might be opaque to the layperson. Furthermore, Van Dijk (1998)

emphasizes, “Critical Discourse analysis is a field that is concerned with studying and

analyzing written and spoken text to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance,

inequality and bias”. For specific investigation, I used appraisal framework to conduct

this study, then I would be able to give details the organization of the appraisal devices.

Appraisal is still developing among systemic functionalist, especially in context

of situation. It is expected that this study would be able to describe the

organization of the appraisal devices realizing attitude on the speech. This study

concerned with evaluation - the kinds of attitude that are negotiated in a text, the strength

of the feelings involved and the ways in which values are sourced and readers aligned

( Martin and Rose, 2003: 22).

I choose Soekarno and his speech, “Let A New Asia and Africa Be Born” because

I think Soekarno is the greatest orators in the world, President of Indonesia from 1945 to

1967 and his speech is the opening speech of the Bandung Conference, represented a

landmark in the emergence of the Third World non-aligned movement, a movement that

aimed to promote the political and diplomatic autonomy of less developed countries in

the face of international Cold War politics. Convened as a broad-based initiative aimed at

dealing with a range of issues facing newly independent countries, it directly addressed

pressures the participating countries faced as a result of the rivalry between superpowers

during the Cold War.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Appraisal as Discourse System

The Systemic Functional linguistic Model of language in social context

distinguishes three general social functions (Metafunction of Language) and people used

languages for some purposes; 1).To enact social relationship. 2).To represent experience

to another, 3).To organize enactments and representations as meaningful text.

1. Appraisal System- Negotiating Attitudes

According to Martin and Rose (2003: 19) appraisal is a system of

interpersonal meaning. Appraisal is concerned with the evaluation the kinds of attitudes

that are negotiated in a text, the strength of the feeling involved, and the ways in which

values are sourced and readers aligned. The choice of words or expression used in a text

may reflect its speakers or writer’s towards he phenomenon being talked about.

2. Kinds of Attitudes

Martin and Rose (2003: 22) divide attitudes into three kinds, they are

expressing people’s feelings (affect), judging people’s character (judgment),

Appreciating things (appreciation).

a. Affect (expressing people’s feeling)

Affect deals with resources for expressing feelings. It concerns with

emotions, with positive and negative emotional responses and dispositions. Martin and

rose (2003:23) explain that firstly, people can have good feelings or bad feelings- so

affect can be positive or negative. Secondly, people can express their feeling directly, or

they can infer how people are feeling indirectly from their behavior –so affect can be

expressed directly or indirectly. Positive or negative choices have impact on the

discourse of the text, whether the essence of a speech is happy or encouraging or it is

about sadness.

b. Judgment (Judging people’s character)

Judgment refers to the act of judging peoples’ character in discourse.

White (2001) describes that the term ‘judgment’ has been chosen to reference attitudinal

evaluation in which human behavior is negative or positive based on some set of social

norms. Judgements are at variance personal judgement of admiration and criticism, and

moral judgements of praise or condemnation (Martin and Rose, 2003). Media research

reported in Iedema et al (in Martin and Rose, 2003: 62) has divided judgement into two

major groups, (1). Social esteem involves admiration and criticism, typically without

legal implication, they have to do with a) normality, how unusual someone is b)

capacity, how capable they are c) how resolute they are, (2). Social sanction involves

praise, and condemnation, often legal with implication. While social sanction involves

praise and condemnation. They have to do with a) veracity, how truthfully someone is

and b) propriety, how ethical someone is.

c. Appreciation (Appreciating the value of things)

Appreciation has something to do with aesthetic evaluation of human – with

appreciating the value of things in discourse. It deals with evaluation, which is

concerned with positive and negative assessment of objects, artifacts, processes and

states of affairs rather than with human behavior. Martin and Rose (2003) argued that

appreciation is thought of as the institutionalization of feeling, in context of preposition

(norms about how products and performances are valued). Thus both judgement and

appreciation refer to the “object” being evaluated. But the difference is that judgement is

done toward people, whereas appreciation is done toward “things”. For example the term

of ‘good’ in ‘a good book’, the value of appreciation is presented as residing in the

‘book’ rather than in the person (writer) doing the evaluation. Moreover, appreciation

can be done towards thing positively or negatively.

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Design

This study is qualitative and descriptive in nature. This qualitative method of

investigation is used in this study to unfold Soekarno’s speech: “Let a New Asia and

Africa Be born”. It is also descriptive in nature in the sense that this study is intended to

describe the realization of interpersonal meanings in the speech based on Appraisal

System offered by Martin and Rose (2003:22).

B. Object of the Study

In order to make thorough discussion and to make it easy to understand,

the writer would like to limit the study into several points, particularly:

1. The object to be investigated is focused on the speech entitled “Let A New

Asia and Africa Be Born” of appraisal devices delivered by Soekarno.

2. The speech to be investigated is admired by the people in the word, especially

Indonesian people because the orator, Soekarno makes the speech with the soul and spirit

and it is a manifestation of Soekarno’s aspiration.

C. Unit of Analysis

This research is intended to investigate the attitudes and the ideological

stance found in the speech entitled “Let a New Asia and Africa Be Born”. The Systemic

Functional Linguistics is used to analyze a speech namely Soekarno’s speech “Let a New

Asia and Africa Be Born”. Since the study is on appraisal system, the unit of analysis is

appraisal device.

This helps me to see how the orator, Soekarno, presented his attitudes towards the

phenomenon occurred.

D. Instrument of Data Collection

Since the data is a speech delivered by a famous leader, the type of data is

document of the speech. The first thing to do is downloading Soekarno’s speech: “Let A

New Asia and Africa Be Born”. The data will be obtained from

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955sukarno-bandong.html

E. Procedure of Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, I followed Martin and Rose’s analysis (2003).To come to

the analysis of attitudes used in the speech, several steps should be carried out. The

following is the procedure of the data analysis. Firstly, reading the text of the speech

closely for comprehensive understanding. Secondly, breaking up the texts into chunks or

clause for further analysis. The clauses in the speech are often in the form of the clause

complex. Based on the identification of clause boundaries, these complex clauses are then

broken up into individual clauses for the purpose of the analysis. Thirdly, analyze each of

the clauses based on the appraisal system network. Fourth, investigate the appraisal

system used to realize attitudes of the Soekarno’s speech “Let a New Asia and Africa Be

Born”. Finally find the ideological stance in the speech.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Appraisal Devices Used To Realize Attitude of Soekarno’s speech “Let a New

Asia and Africa Be Born”

This part is aimed to break up the organization of the speech based on the point of

view of appraisal devices realizing attitudes. It describes how the speech utilizes affect,

judgement, and appreciation that can reflect its speaker’s character and his feeling

towards the phenomenon occurred and how effective the language was that could

influence people in the past and at present. There are twenty paragraphs or seventy eight

sentences in the speech.

1. Affect

As we explore how people express their feeling in discourse, we find that they

vary in two general ways. Firstly, we can have good feelings or bad feelings, so affect

can be positive or negative. Secondly people can express their feelings directly, or we can

infer how people are feeling indirectly from their behaviour, so affect can be expressed

directly or implied. In Soekarno’s speech “Let a New Asia and Africa Be Born” of option

for affect there are eight sentences that have positive feelings, twenty eight sentences that

have negative feeling, forty one direct feeling and twenty nine. In the realization of affect

there are fifty seven affect as quality, sixteen affect as process, and no expression of aff

In the direct and implicit expression of feelings, we can see that Soekarno describes

emotion in different ways. For clearer understanding, look at the excerpts below:

(1) And we are united by a common determination to preserve and stabilize peace in the

world. . . .

(2) We can do much!

(3) In this struggle, some success has already been scored.

From the above excerpts, we can see how Soekarno burn the enthusiasm of Asia

and Africa people to fight against colonialism and make the Asian-African conference

successful. Excerpt (1) the sentence ‘And we are united by a common determination to

preserve and stabilize peace in the world. . . .’ shows that Soekarno make sure to Asia

and Africa people that they are united because of common detestation of colonialism and

racialism. When he expressed himself by using positive affect in formally event of the

Asian-African conference, he was able to say what in his feeling and mind. In the

sentence ‘We can do much!’ and ‘in this struggle, some success has already been scored’.

Thus, we know that Soekarno sure that if the people of Asia and Africa fight against

colonialism they will get their independence.

There are total expressions found in Affect and in the realization of affect:

Table 4.1. Total Expressions found in Affect: (Option for affect)

Positive 8 Negative 29 Direct Emotional

State

5

Physical

Expression

36

Implicit Extraordinary

behavior

15

Metaphor 14

Table 4.2.Total Expressions found in Realization of Affect

GRAMMATICAL

NICHES

EXAMPLES GRAMM.FUNCT

Affect as ‘quality’

-Describing participants

-Attributing to Participants

-Manner of processes

41

3

13

Epithet

Attribute

Circumstance

Affect as ‘process’

-affective sensing

-affective behaving

9

7

Process (effective)

Process (middle)

Affect as ‘comment’

-desiderative comment ---- Modal

Adjunct

2. Judgement

Judgement is evaluating people character. Comparing to affect, it also has positive

and negative dimension. According to Martin and Rose (2003), judgement can be

classified based on two types. As stated above, there are two sub types of judgement, i.e.

social esteem and social sanction. Social esteem involves admiration and criticism. They

have to do with a) normality, how unusual someone is b) capacity, how capable they are

and c) how resolute they are. While social sanction involves praise and condemnation.

They have something to do with a) veracity, how truthfully someone is, and b) propriety,

how ethical someone is.

We will start with positive personal judgement (admiring), i.e. normality. We can

see the excerpt:

(1) This twentieth century has been a period of terrific dynamism.

(2) Perhaps the last fifty years have seen more developments and more material

progress than the previous five hundred years.

(3) So, let this Asian-African Conference be a great success!

(4) …. and the "Unity in Diversity" motto the unifying force which brings us all

together-to seek in friendly……

From his early sentence, Soekarno placed himself in a position of understanding

and attempting to reform it. The speech was conveyed in a very special moment, that is in

the beginning of Asian-African Conference in Bandung.

These are the total expressions that found in judgement:

Table 4.3. Total expressions in Judging of People’s Character

Direct ImpliedPersonal Admire 12 5

Criticize 7 2

Moral Praise 6 10

Condemn 11 8

Table 4.4. Total expressions in types of Judgement

SOCIAL ESTEEM

‘venial’

Positive

(admire)

Negative

(criticize)

Normality 5 2

Capacity 8 3

Tenacity 2 3

SOCIAL SANCTION

‘Mortal’

Positive

(praise)

Negative

(condemn)

Veracity 1 1

Propriety 1 1

3. Appreciation

Martin and Rose (2003:63) state that appreciation can be thought of as the

institutionalization of feeling, in the context of proposition (norms about how products

and performances are value). It has a positive and negative dimension corresponding to

positive and negative evaluation of texts and processes and natural phenomena. Among

forty- three items of appreciation, Soekarno used 21 positive items and 22 negative items.

The usage of appreciation ‘quality’ is the most. It can be understood since quality is the

emotional impact of Soekarno from the bad condition occurred in that time

Look at the following of the reaction; impact positive excerpts:

1) They were not seeking advantage for their own countries

2) the chances of continuing peace and stability were enhanced. . . .

As we see in the above excerpts, Soekarno believe that the five Prime Minister who

attend in the conference bring a fresh approach to bear on the problem and they were not

seeking benefit for their countries.

These are the total of expression in Appreciation:

Table 4.5. The total expressions in appreciating things

Positive 21Negative 27

Table 4.6.The total expressions in types of appreciation

Linguistics Positive Negative

Reaction: impact

Reaction: quality

9 3,

2 5

Composition:

Balance

8 1

Composition:

Complexity

5 2

Valuation 2 1

B. Types of Attitudes Attached in the Speech

Reffering to the findings as a whole analysis (see the appendices), it was found that there

were 354 items of attitude. Generally, they were classified into three types namely 180

items of affect ( 107 items found in option of affectand 73 items found in realization of

affect), 88 items of judgement (61 items found in judgement of character and 27 items

found in types of judgement) and 86 items of appreciation (48 items found in

appreciating things and 38 items found in types of appreciation). Based on the sub types

of attitude classification, each item was divided into positive and negative. In this speech

there was only one single emoter, i.e.: Soekarno and the intended target was the audience

who attended the conference and the people of Asia and Africa.

This part presents the ideological stances of the writer who wrote the speech

analyzed. This analysis is meant to identify whether his ways of developing the speech is

suitable or not with the condition of Asia and Africa people. The ways contain values

entailing the views of the writer.

The writer’s view is clearly stated in forms of ‘writer voice’ which is concerned with

various patterns of discourse-semantic preferences for values in speech. It is then termed

‘orator voice’, that is, the interpersonal mode which is most typically associated with

‘hard text’ of speech.

The writer voice covers two parts: ‘objective’ and a ‘subjective’. The ‘objective’

makes use of linguistic resources which signal ‘factuality’ – which exclude any overt

commitment to ‘truth value’ and which allow for the authorial voice to remain absent

from the surface of the text. The ‘objective’ voice operates so as to assume certainty in its

propositions. In contrast, ‘subjective’ voice texts use language which is explicitly

interpretative, which signals doubt or certainty and which foregrounds the authorial

voice. The ‘objective’ voice, termed ‘orator voice’, is typically associated with ‘hard text

of speech. In contrast, ‘subjective’ voice, termed ‘writer voice’, typically associates with

commentaries, opinion pieces and analytical features.

1. Analysis of ideological Stance Speech

In this part, this study tries to figure out ideological stance behind the

speech that the writer applied in writing their speech as exposed in paragraph 1

until 20.

A. Conclusions

1. Soekarno’s speech entitled “ Let A New Asia and Africa Be Born” employs

three kinds of attitudes; affect, judgement and appreciation. There are 354 chunks consist

of 180 affect, 88 judgement, and 86 appreciation. All clause complexes have attitudes.

The use of affect dominates the percentage of attitudes used (look finding of attitudes). It

is reasonable because the text aims to provoke and persuade people to fight against

colonialism. However, the speaker, Soekarno, used negative affect in higher proportion

comparing with negative judgement. This also exsist in other attitudes.

2. Dealing with types of attitudes “Let A New Asia and Africa Be Born”,

Soekarno represented his speech by using positive and negative attitudes. He used

negative attitudes more often than the positive ones. The usage of attitudes, metaphor and

the suitable sentence in the suitable event in his speech portrayed himself as a good orator

and a good leader with high capability and wonderful way of thinking. Soekarno gave

more priorities to negative sense in presenting his argument although Asia and Africa’s

condition was very dreadful. From what was said or done, what Soekarno conveyed was

very essential, especially on that era. He exposed the horrible condition of Asia and

Africa and to provoke them to fight against colonialism. From the respond given to him,

it shows that Soekarno managed to connect his thought to the social condition happened

in that time. People were expecting an aspirated leader who cared of their lives and from

social relations. In this case, Soekarno conveyed in his speech in order to persuade and

encourage people to fight against colonialism. He was also able to perform this

achievement because he could present the true evidence of Asia and Africa people’s

suffering. Soekarno put himself as a good orator as well as a great revolutionary. He also

took his position as a member of the suppressed people (Asia people). Therefore, he

knew what he should say and what he should behave to satisfy people’s wish.

3. In ideological stances, this analysis is meant to identify whether his

ways of developing the speech is suitable or not with the condition of Asia and Africa

people. The ways contain values entailing the views of the writer.

The writer’s view is clearly stated in forms of ‘writer voice’ which is concerned

with various patterns of discourse-semantic preferences for values in speech. It is then

termed ‘orator voice’, that is, the interpersonal mode which is most typically associated

with ‘hard text’ of speech.

The writer voice covers two parts: ‘objective’ and a ‘subjective’. The ‘objective’

makes use of linguistic resources which signal ‘factuality’ – which exclude any overt

commitment to ‘truth value’ and which allow for the authorial voice to remain absent

from the surface of the text. The ‘objective’ voice operates so as to assume certainty in its

propositions. In contrast, ‘subjective’ voice texts use language which is explicitly

interpretative, which signals doubt or certainty and which foregrounds the authorial

voice. The ‘objective’ voice, termed ‘orator voice’, is typically associated with ‘hard text

of speech. In contrast, ‘subjective’ voice, termed ‘writer voice’, typically associates with

commentaries, opinion pieces and analytical features.

There are twenty paragraph in the speech, and I analyze the paragraph one by one,

and I found that there are five paragraph use objective voice and fifteen paragraph use

subjective voice. From the analysis we can see that this speech reflects Soekarno’s value

in unite Asia and Africa to fight against colonialism. As the leader of the nation which

suppressed by the colonialism he can feel pain like his people feel and his perspective in

delivering this speech is to make the conference successful and this conference can give

guidance to mankind, will point out to mankind the way which it must take to attain

safety and peace and he also hope that it will give evidence that Asia and Africa have

been reborn.

B. Pedagogical Implications

Based on the findings, it is worth presenting the pedagogical implications that can

be considered as the contribution of the study to the teaching of English, especially the

teaching in the framework of promoting our literacy level. Firstly, English teachers

especially those in higher education may find it beneficial as valuable input to better

understand and raise their linguistic awareness of the importance of the linguistic features

in writing a text. Such a linguistic awareness is important since it will eventually drive

English teachers to influence their students in the way they write a text as a speech.

Moreover, the result of this study can also be used as an example of how to write a good

text or speech by manipulating various language features to expositions. These, in turn,

will improve the students writing skills by using the appropriate and proper choices of

words (dictions) as the realization of their interpersonal meanings. Secondly, students

learning English will not only find it useful to improve their linguistic awareness which is

important in the text-making processes (speaking and writing) but also they can make

their analysis when they speak a speech or when they speak in front of the audience as

the orator. Such a linguistic awareness will become a potential for them to lead to the

production of good texts and be a good speaker or orator.

Thus, the knowledge about those language features is very important when we write

or produce texts and read the text aloud or speak in front of audience. It is within this

context that this study is expected to raise awareness of English teachers and learners of

the use of those language features. It is also expected that this linguistic awareness will,

in turn, enable English teachers to teach writing and speaking better to their students.

This linguistic awareness will facilitate learners of English in producing beautiful and

quality texts that can work properly. Also, the students can increase their knowledge in

critical discourse analysis to understand any kind of texts especially expositions.

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