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Applicationof nanotechnology inagriculture with special reference to pest managementRamesh A. K.PG13AGR5015Seminar Ion

Seminar Outline IntroductionBackground of NanotechnologyNanoparticles Applications of nanotechnologyNanotechnology in Agriculture and allied sciencesNanotechnology in pest managementNanopesticidesConclusion

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Nanotechnology ?...

Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter at nanoscaleThe design, characterization, production and application of structure, device and system by controlling shape and size at nanoscale British standard institution, 20054

Nano scaleNano- Greek word means Dwarf 1 nm = one billionth (10) of metre Size range between 0.1 and 100 nm

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6Nanoscale

Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom - at American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology on Dec-29, 1959.Adaptability to manipulate, control, assemble, produce and manufacture things at atomic precision

7Father of nano technologyNobel Laureate-1965Richard Feynman, Physicist

Norio Taniguchi, Professor - coined the term Nanotechnology (1974)Nano-technology - Processing, separation, consolidation and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule.

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~ 2000 Years AgoSulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and Romans to dye hairs~ 1000 Years AgoGold nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows 1959There is plenty of room at the bottom by R. Feynman1974Taniguchi uses the term nanotechnology for the first time1981IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope1985Buckyball - Scientists at Rice University and University of Sussex discover C601986Engines of Creation - First book on nanotechnology by K. Eric Drexler. Atomic Force Microscope invented by Binnig, Quate and Gerbe 1989IBM logo made with individual atoms1991Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima 1999Nanomedicine 1st nanomedicine book by R. Freitas 2000National Nanotechnology Initiative launched

(British Standards Institution, 2005) Time Line of Nanotechnology

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Nano Particle

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Nanoparticles

Arranged or assembled into ordered layers, or mine layersRevolutionize agriculture including pest management in the near futurePossess distinct physical, biological and chemical properties associated with their atomic strength Bhattacharyya et al., 2010

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Properties of nano particles

10nm50nmPropertyBelow about 100 nm the rules that govern the behaviour of the elements of our known world start to give way to the rules of quantum mechanics, and everything changes Quantum effects

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Nanoscience and technology are today at the same stage as information technology was in 1960s and biotechnology was in the1980s.12

Things behave differently in nano-world

Carbon in the form of graphite (i.e. pencil lead) is soft, at the nano-scale, can be stronger than steel and is six times lighter

Nano-scale copper is a highly elastic metal at room temperature, stretching to 50 times its original length without breaking

Shiny orange yellow Gold changes its colour to brownish black on reducing the size

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(Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004)

METHODS OF NANOPARTICLE PRODUCTION

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(Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004)TOP DOWN APPROACH15

(Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004)

16BOTTOM UP APPORAOCH

Tools of Nanotechnology

Dendrimers

Quantumdots

NanosensorsFullerenesCarbon NanotubesNano Chips

C60Cadmium selinade3D macromolecules

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18ApplicationsOfNanotechnology

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MedicineCancer treatmentBone treatmentDrug deliveryAppetite controlDrug developmentMedical toolsDiagnostic testsImaging

Information TechnologySmaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems

EnergyMore efficient and cost effective technologies for enenergy productionSolar cellsFuel cellsBatteriesConsumer Goods

Foods and beveragesAdvanced packaging materials, sensors, and lab-on-chips for food quality testingAppliances and textilesStain proof, water proof and wrinkle free textilesHousehold and cosmeticsscratch free products, paints, and better cosmetics

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Nanomaterials and Agriculture

There has been significant interest in using nanotechnology in agriculture

The goals fall into several categories Increase production rates and yield Increase efficiency of resource utilization Minimize waste productionNano-based treatment of agricultural waste Nanosensors Specific applications include: Nano-fertilizers, Nano-pesticides

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Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and allied sciences Food technologyCrop improvementSeed technologyPrecision farmingNano-fertilizer for balance crop nutritionPlant disease diaganoseWeed managementWater managementBiosensors (Electronic nose)Agricultural engineering issueAnimal scienceFishery and aquaculturePest management

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Food science and technology

Nanotechnology for enhancing food security in India Sastry et al., 2011

Hybrid polymer : Smart packaging with Nano silicon embedded durethan polymer to enhance the shelf life of the food materials Bayer polymers

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Crop improvement Gene therapy for plants : use of 3-nm mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) for smuggling foreign DNA into cells. Peterson et al.,2014 Shown the feasibility of DNA sequencing using a fluidic nanochannel functionalized with a graphene nanoribbon kyu min et al., 2013

Seed technologyUse of carbon Nanotubes increases the germination through better penetration of the moisture Khodokovskaya et al.,2010

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Precision farming

Smart Field SystemBio-Nanotechnology has designed sensors which give increased sensitivity and earlier response to environmental changes and linked into GPS

These monitor soil conditions and crop growth over vast areas

Such sensors have already been employed in US and Australia UASD

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Plant pathology

100% growth inhibition was seen in the Pythium ultimum, Magnaporthe grisea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinere and, Rhyzoctonia solani, showed at 10 ppm of the nanosized silica-silver Park et al., 2006

QDs have emerged as pivotal tool for detection of a particular biological marker with extreme accuracy Madhuri et al., 2010

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Soil remediation Nanotech-based soil binder called SoilSet employed to avoid soil erosion Sequoia Pacific Research of Utah (USA)

Removal of heavy metalsLigand based nanocoating can be utilized for effective removal of heavy metals as these have high absorption tendency

Water treatments magnetite (iron oxide) nanocrystals to capture and remove arsenic from contaminated water. Researchers at Rice University

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Animal scienceNano micelles, liposomes, nano-emulsions complexes improves the utilization efficiency of nutrients in the fodder

Fishery and aquacultureNanoCheck- 40 nm lanthanum-based compound absorbs phosphates from the water and prevents algae Growth.

Fast growing fish: Younger carp exhibited 30% faster growth rate when fed with iron nanoparticles Russian Academy of Sciences Agricultural Engineering IssuesNano coating of agricultural tools to increase their resistance against wear and corrosion 28

Nano-fertilizer technology Foliar application of nano Phosphorous as fertilizer (640 mg ha-1) and soil application of phosphorous fertilizer (80 kg ha-1 ) yielded equally in clusterbean and pearl millet under arid environment. Tarafdar et al., 2012

Weed managementSoybean based nano surfactant reported to make glyphosate resistant crops susceptible to glyphosate Kokiladevi et al., 2007

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Nanotechnology in Pest Management

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Nanopesticides Metallic nanoparticles Migrational studies e-nose

NanopesticidesNano-scale either active ingredients or inert ingredients with a particle size of 100 nm or less

Formulation of a pesticideNano emulsionNano suspensionNano encapsulationNano particles32

Nanoemulsions

Consist of lipid or polymeric vesicles or particlesSize 20-200 nmLarger surface area, slower release rateNon sedimentation or creaming

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Nano emulsion

Downsizing of natural oils to form nanoemulsions could be effective as larvicidal agents Anjali et al., 2012

Klang et al., 201234

In Vitro Characterization and Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Repellent Activity of Essential-Oils-Loaded NanoemulsionsNuchuchua et al., 2009

Nuchuchua et al., 200935

Nano suspensions

Submicron colloidal dispersions of pure active compounds typically range from 50500 nmSolvent-diffusion methodsImprovement of efficacy due to higher surface area Higher solubility, higher mobilityInduction of systemic activity due to smaller particle size

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Development of pyridalyl nanocapsule suspension for efficient management of tomato fruit and shoot borer (Helicoverpa armigera)

Gopal et al., 201437

Nano encapsulationEncapsulation -packaging the nano-scale active ingredient within a kind of tiny 'envelope' or 'shell

Nanotechnology enables us to manipulate the properties of the outer shell of a capsule

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For control release38

usesProtectionIncrease solubilityReduce the contact of active ingredients with agricultural workersEnvironment- reducing run-off rates

Mohdzobir et al., 200539

Few designsSlow release the capsule releases over a longer period of timeQuick-release breaks upon contact with a surface (e.g. when pesticide hits a leaf )Moisture release releases contents in the presence of water (e.g., in soil)Heat-release releases when the environment warms above a certain temperaturepH release Releases only in specific pH (e.g., in the stomach or inside a cell)Ultrasound release ruptured by an external ultrasound FrequencyDNA Nano capsule smuggles a short strand of foreign DNA into a living cell

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Relative larvicidal potentiality of nano-encapsulated Temephos and Imidacloprid against Culex quinquefasciatus

Bhan et al., 201441

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Nano particlesSolid core or matrix, usually composed of metallic atoms

Material used for fabrication- Metal oxide ceramics & silicates, magnetic materials

silver nanoparticles synthesized using an aqueous leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia showed maximum mortality of head louse Pediculus humanus Jayaseelan et al., 2011

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Efficacy of plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles againstSitophilus oryzae

Zahir et al., 201245

Silver nano particle synthesis by BtSilver nano particle were synthesised by the spore complex of B. thuriengiensis These nanostructures are highly toxic to multi drug resistant human pathogenic bacteria46

Jain et al., 2010

Agro chemicals

Agricultural chemical companies such as Monsanto, Syngenta and BASF; have ventured in developing nanoparticle pesticides

The world's leading chemical company already sells a number of pesticide emulsions containing nanoparticles

The positive side of nanoparticle pesticides is that far less need to be applied and reducing cost and environmental damage.47

Worlds largest agrochemical company syngenta have number of chemicals with emulsions that contain nanoparticles.

To date, none of these agrochemicals are currently labeled as containing nano particles.Syngenta have obtained a patent for GUTBUSTER microcapsule will break open in alkaline environments, including the stomach of certain insects (ETC Group, 2004). Syngentas US Patent No. 6,544,540

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Primo MAXX-plant growth regulator Banner MAXX Fungicide Apron MAXX RFC seed treatmentCruise MAXX Beans

Primo MAXX-plant growth regulator Banner MAXX Fungicide Apron MAXX RFC seed treatmentCruise MAXX Beans

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Quick-Release Encapsulation

Karate with Zeon Technology used against a broad spectrum of cotton pests.The capsules are only 2.5 microns No problem of clogging Once applied, the quick-release capsules adhere strongly to the foliage and immediately begin releasing the active ingredient.

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Advanced technologyA fast knockdown of target pests

Greater residual activity

A strong UV protectant

Strongly adhere to leaves providing better rain fastness, improve the insecticides residual control

Capsules are suspended in a water-based carrier

Each liter Zeon microencapsulated formulation contains about 50 trillion capsules

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FormulationProduct nameManufacture/CompanyAdvantage1. Nano emulsionCitronella oil NC, National Science & Tech Dvpt.,Agency, Thailand.Prolong mosquito protection time.TriazophosClge. of Chemistry & Environ.Science, ChinaRelatively stable in acidic and neutral solutions and easily hydrolyzed in basic solution2. NanosuspensionNovaluranMakhteshim chemical works Ltd., IsraelIncreased penetration through the cuticle.Beta CypermethrinCollege of chemistry & Mol. Sci., Wuhan University, ChinaFaster dissolution rate

An overview of nano-formulations of insecticide under development (Gunasekaran, 2011)52

3.NanocapsulesPyrethroid nanocapsulesHong KongPolytech.UniversityMosquito repellency , quick knock down and higher insecticide retention.Nano imidaclopridDept. of Life &Sci. China.Prolonged release time Micro encapsulated productKarate ZEON (lambda-cyhalothrin) SyngentaQuick release, improve residual function, protection from UVMicro encapsulated productGutbusterSyngentaOpen and releases its contents upon contact with alkaline environments (stomach )Micro encapsulated productDemand 2.5 CS(-cyhalothrin)SyngentaRapid knock down effect. Excellent residual action, mixes quickly and easilyMicro encapsulated product ICONET(-cyhalothrin) 2.5CSSyngentaLong lasting effect, mosquito repellency

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4.NanoparticlesPEG coated Nanoparticles Loaded with Garlic Essential OilHuazhongAgricultural University, Wuhan.Slow and persistent release of the active componentsBifenthrinPrinceton University, Guangzhou, ChinaHigher efficiency, better uniformity of coverage for highly active compounds and less exposure to workersAvermectinBeijing University of Chem. Tech, China.Slow release of active ingredients, UV protectant.Sugar coated novel particle(Biopesticides)The University of Queensland (UQ) & the Queensland Australia.Protects the particles active ingredients from environmental and photo-degradation

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Metallic Nanoparticles55

Silica nanoparticles a potential new insecticide for pest control Bendary et al., 2013

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Duration of the larval, pupal, adult longevity (days), number of laid eggs and hatchability (%) of treated and non-treated tomato plants. Temperature 251C., RH: 7010%,

Bendary et al., 2013

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DNA-tagged nano gold: A New Tool For The Control Of The Spodoptera litura Fab. (Chakravarthy et al., 2012)

Treatment (PPM)Percentage of larval mortality days after treatment 3rd 4th 5th 20010.0 (16.0)b27.5 (31.4)c35.0 (36.0)b30022.5 (28.2)a42.5(40.7)b62.5(52.3)a40025.0(29.7)a55.0 (47.9)ab72.5 (58.6)a50030.0 (33.2)a57.5 (49.6) a75.0(60.6)aControl0.0 (0.6)c0.0 (0.6)d0.0 (0.6)cSEM 2.922.873.05CD at 5 %8.818.669.20

(Chakravarthy et al., 2012)Effect Of Different Concentrations Of DNA-tagged With Nano Particle On 2nd Instar S. litura, Three, Fourth And Fifth Days After Treatment59

Three days after treatment four days after treatment five days after treatment six days after treatment 60 seven days after treatment Control

e-Nose Operates like human nose Identify different types of odors and their concentrationsUse of ZnO nanoparticles

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Nanotechnology In Migrational Studies

Quantum dotsMarking insectsDetecting and tracking insects

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Long lasting pheromonesNanogel prepared using methyl eugenol (ME) + low-molecular mass gelator.very Stable at ambient conditionsWorks well in rainy season Last for a month

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Bhagat et al., 2013

Efficient Management of Fruit Pests by Pheromone Nanogels

Bhagat et al., 2013

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Other application65

Nano particles in insects It has been observed that ferromagnetic materials are abundant in head, thorax and abdomen of Socenopsis substituta ants Abrocado et al., 2005

ferromagnetic material has been detected in Apis mellifera Linnaeus abdomens and identified as suitable for magnetic reception Desoil et al., 200566

An array of nano-sized pillars in cicada (100 nm in diameter and 300 nm in height)

Hydrophobic and anti-reflection properties67

Bhattacharya et al., 2010

Insects Into Flying Cyborgs

HI-MEMS (Hybrid Insect-Micro Electro Mechanical Systems

DARPA, US68

Application in sericulture 25 ppm of Silver nanoparticles can be used as growth stimulant to increase the silk yield Prabhu et al., 2011Production of Electrospun silk fibroin based fibers using CNT Seth et al., 2007

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Potential Risks of NanotechnologyHealth issuesNanoparticles could be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin they trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system. And interfere with regulatory mechanisms of enzymes and proteinsEnvironmental issuesNanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water and plantsNew risk assessment methods are neededNational and international agencies are beginning to study the risk Results will lead to new regulations

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Conclusion71

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Thank youFor your visit inNano world