Application of Nanotechnology for High Performance textile

Chuah Shu Chin B050810194Fariza Fuziana bt Yacob B050810220Lim Weng Keat B050810181Low Mei Ching B050810215Mohamad Azrul Drahman B050810178Mohd Zaidan bin Abdul Aziz B050810281Sawita binti Amir B050810051

Introduction•Nanostructured composite fiber are in one area where we see the early blooming of nanotechnology.•Most of the nanocomposite fibers use fillers:

Nanoparticle Graphite nanofiber CNTs

•Nano-sized that used to improved the performance of in textiles are:

Carbon nanofibers and carbon black nanoparticleClay nanoparticle Metal oxide nanoparticle Carbon nanotubes.

Nanofiller Properties Effect on the textilesCarbon nanofibers and carbon black nanoparticle

High chemical resistanceElectrical conductivity

Carbon black- improved abrasion resistance and toughnessNanofiber- increased tensile strength

Clay nanoparticle

Electrical, heat and chemical resistanceBlock UV lightFlame retardant, anticorrosive

Improved tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus

Metal oxide nanoparticle (MgO, ZnO)

Photocatalytic abilityElectrical conductivityUV absorption

Incorporating ZnO into nylon produce composite fiber that shield UV light and have anti-static properties

Carbon nanotubes

Good thermal conductivityElectrical conductivity100x tensile strength of steel

Increased toughness and stiffness

Process for forming textiles

• Charge polymer melt is extruded through a small nozzle (needle or pipette tip)

• The charged is drawn toward grounded collecting plate (meta screen, plate or mandrel)

• As the jet travel, solvent evaporates leaving a non-woven nanofiber

Electrospinning

• The thickness of each layer is in nanometer range

• A number of methods have been used to apply a nanocoating to the fiber surface

Deposition layer of

coating onto the surface of

fiber

Upgrade of Chemical Finishes & Resultant Functions

Developments of nanotechnology in textiles1) Upgrading existing functions in performances of textile

materials2) Developing smart & intelligent textiles with unprecedented

functions

TEXTILE PERFORMANCES

Stain-resistant

Ultrahydrophobic/Water resistant

Anti-static

Wrinkle resistant

Antimicrobial activity

UV-protection

Odour control Shrink

proof

Antimicrobial activity

The textile structure & application of nanotechnology on antimicrobial activity (Beringer, 2005)

Antimicrobial body wear: customer awareness of hygiene odour control medical applications (e.g. Neorodermatitis) silver nanoparticles in the fiber silver nano-coating high washing fastness

Nano-sized Ag, TiO2 & ZnO are used to impart anti-bacterial properties.Nano-Ag particles have an extremely large specific surface area, thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi & vastly improving their bactericidal and fungicidal effectiveness (Zgondek, 2008).

UV-protection

How to improve UV protection factor (UPF) of textiles

Fabric design- Tighter weaving or knitting- Higher weight

Textile finishing- Organic dyes absorbing UV

light- Optical brighteners (in

detergents)- Dark coloration

Fibermodification- TiO2, ZnO nano pigments for

dulling of chemical fibers- Coating – to prevent

photocatalytic reactions

Fiber Raw Materials:1) Polyester (PET, PPT, PBT)2) Polyamide (PA 6, PA 6,6)3) Natural fibers (CO, WO, LI)

Photo catalysis mechanism of TiO2

(Source: Samal et al., 2010)

Photocatalytic Reaction Mechanisms

(Source: Beringer, 2005)

Anti-static

Material: nano-ZnO

Method: direct precipitation with zinc chloride & sodium carbonate anhydrous as raw materials.

Cotton fabric & polyester fabric: finished by pad-dry-cure process with antistatic finishing agent (compounded with nano-ZnO).

The charge density of the density of the polyester fabric is about 10 times as that of the cotton fabric (Fan and Junling, 2009).

Textiles that resist static (Source: Hauser, 2006)

not only it repel static, but also repels statically attractive substances (e.g. dog hair, lint & dust) (Hauser, 2006).

Ultrahydrophobic/Water resistant

Static water contact angle on (a) PET fabric grafted with PS only (no silver) (b) ultrahyrophobic fabric

Method to fabricate ultrahydrophobic textile materials: cobinations of polystyrene grafted layers (low surface energy component) & silver/silica/calcium carbonate nanoparticles (roughness initiation component)

Self-cleaning Process:Stain-resistant

Method: Admicellar polymerization

-involves emulsion polymerization-durable finishes: high performance in stain resistance & repellency

(Hanumansetty, 2012)

Figure 9: Stain resistance for untreated and treated fabric with PA2 with different staining agents (Hanumansetty, 2012).

The mechanism of self-cleaning textile (Source: Samal et al., 2010).

The self-cleaning surface by lotues effect.

Odour control

The mechanism of odour control by applying an antimicrobial finish (Source: Hauser, 2006)

Cyclodextrins can be incorporated into a fabric finish to remove odour.

Cyclodextrins have a unique molecular structure, composed of a hydrophobic cavity, with a hydrophilic exterior.

Wrinkle resistant

Resin treated cotton.

Resins are used to make the cotton wrinkle free.

The resin treatment also blocks cotton’s natural ability to absorb moisture (Hauser, 2006).

Shrink proof

Deficiency of wool - shrinkage (felting) & pilling.

Treatments & methods of application

Chemical treatment

Enzymatic treatment

Cyclodextrin sericin treatment

Plasma treatment

The hydrophobic nature & scale structure of the wool fiber lead to the fiber to move towards their root end under mechanical action in the wet state.

Chemical treatments: 1.Coating with resins

(e.g. Polyamide epichlorohydrin) onto wool fibers.

2.Morphological modification of the cuticular (protective/outer cellular layer) cells.

Nano-particles such as metal oxides and ceramics are also used in the textile finishing to alter surface properties and impart textile functions.

Nano size particles have a larger surface area and hence higher efficiency than larger size particles. Besides, nano size particles are transparent and do not blur color and brightness of the textile substrates.

NANO PARTICLES IN FINISHING

Continued…

The fabric treated with nano-particles TiO2 and MgO replaces

fabrics with active carbon, previously used as chemical and

biological protective materials.

The photo-catalytic activity of TiO2 and MgO nano-particles

can break harmful and toxic chemicals and biological agents.

These nano-particles can be engineered to adhere to textile

substrates by using spray coating or electrostatic methods.

EXAMPLE NANO-PARTICLES AND APPLICATION

ZnO nano-particles:

By using a simple water-based technique, ZnO nano particles was dispersed inside a soluble starch matrix.

Water are used as a solvent in synthesis of nano-particles that causes an immediate agglomeration due to high polarity of water. To overcome agglomeration, soluble starch was added before the reaction starts.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles embedded in polymer matrices like soluble starch are a good example of functional nanostructures with potential for applications such as UV-protection ability in textiles and sunscreens, and antibacterial finishes in medical textiles and inner wears.

Nanoparticles are applied to textiles and fixed to the substrate by the use of functional polymers. (e.g. modified polyamines, polyethylene imine, star-shaped prepolymers with isocyanate groups, epoxides, acrylic acid esters, fluoropolymers etc.)

Zinc Oxide Nano Particles

Dispersed Inside A Soluble Starch Matrix

Simple Water-based Technique

Nano-particles are applied to textiles and fixed to the substrate by the use of

functional polymersmodified polyamines,

polyethylene imine, epoxides, acrylic acid esters,

fluoropolymers

SUMMARY:

SELF ASSEMBLED NANOLAYERS

(SAN)

INTRODUCTION

• Challenge to traditional textile coating.• Still in embryo stage.• Target chemical molecules form a layer of

thickness < nanometer on the surface of textile materials.

• Additional layers Top of the existing ones = Nanolayered structure

ELECTROSTATIC SELF-ASSEMBLY

• WHY ELECTROSTATIC SELF ASSEMBLY?Protective functionSelf-healing functionFlexibilityCompatibilityEnvironmental friendly

ELECTROSTATIC SELF-ASSEMBLY (CONT…)Dipping a positively charged substrate into a dilute aqueous solution of an anionic polyelectrolyte.

Allowing the anionic polymer to adsorp on the surface.

The negatively charged coated substrate is rinsed and then dipped into a solution of cationic polyelectrolyte.

Multilayer films are created.

Polyelectrolyte Adsorption

• Surface phenomenon where long-chained polymer molecules with charged groups bind to a surface that is charged in the opposite polarity.

• The polymers bonds to the surface via intermolecular forces and the charges created by the dissociation of various side groups of the polymer.

• Because the polymer molecules are so long, they have a large amount of surface area with which to contact the surface and thus do not desorb as small molecules are likely to do. This means that adsorbed layers of polyelectrolytes form a very durable coating.

• By kinetic control of adsorption , film thickness and growth can be controlled.

The film was constructed by the sequential adsorption of oppositely charged species in a layer-by-layer fashion from dilute solutions. The surface coverage increases linearly with the number of deposition steps.

Factors of Electrostati

cs Self-assembly

Entropy of polymer chains

Molar mass

Flexibility of chains

Ion exchange capability

Hydrophobic interactions

Charge transfer

interactions

Hydrogen bond

Question 1What are the potential applications of highly water repellent textile materials?

Rainwear - repel the water during raining day

Upholstery – textile used to cover the furniture

Automobile interior fabric

Sportswear Protective clothing

What is the application of nanotechnology for textile in military?

Question 2

Lightweight bulletproof vests and shirts

Nanotechnologists have come up with a super strong, flexible fiber that can conduct heat and electricity. It could be made into a modern version of chain mail, the heavy metal mesh worn by medieval knights. If woven from the new fiber, modern chain mail could be light as a cotton shirt, but bulletproof.

chain mailmodern version ofchain mail

Future Prospect

• Two focus:– Upgrading existing functions and performances of

textile materials.– Developing smart and intelligent textiles with

unprecedented functions.

Question 3What are the future prospects and new functions in textiles to be developed?

The new functions with textiles to be developed:

Wearable solar cell and energy

storage

Sensors and information

acquisition and transfer

Multiple and sophisticated

protection and detection

The new functions with textiles to be developed:

Health-care and wound healing

functions

Self-cleaning and repairing

functions

REFERENCESLei, Q. and Hineroza, J.P., 2004. Application of Nanotechnology for High Performance Textile. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management, 4 (1), pp.1-7.

Ramaratnam, K., Iyer, S.K., Kinnan, M.K., Chumanov, G., Brown, P.J. and Luzinov, I., 2008. Ultrahydrophobic Textiles Using Nanoparticles: Lotus Approach. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 3 (4),pp.1-14.

Fan and Junling, 2009. Preparation of Nano-ZnO and Its Application to the Textile on Antistatic Finishing. Internantional Journal of Chemistry, 1 (1), pp.18-22.

Jeevani, T., 2011. Nanotextile – A Broader Perspective. Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology, 2 (7), pp.1-5.

Hanumansetty, S., Maity, J., Foster, R. and O’Rear, E.A., 2012. Stain Resistance of Cotton Fabrics before and after Finishing with Admicellar Polymerization. Applied Science, 2 (10), pp.192-205.

Zgondek, E.M., Bacciarelli, A., Szynkowska, M.I. and Kolodziejczyk, M., 2008. Antibacterial Properties of Silver-Finished Textiles. FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe, 16 (5), pp.101-107.

REFERENCES (cont.)Beringer, J., 2005. Nanotechnology in Textile Finishing – State of the Art and Future Prospects, Germany: Hohenstein Institute.

Hauser, P., 2006. Advances and Trends in Textile Wet Processing Chemicals. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management, 5 (1), pp.1-4.

Samal, S.S., Jeyaraman, P. and Vishwakarma, V ., 2010. Sonochemical Coating of Ag-TiO2 Nanoparticles on Textile Fabrics for Stain Repellency and Self-Cleaning-The Indian Scenario: A Review. Journal of Minerals, Materials Characterization & Engineering, 9 (6), pp.519-525.

Allam, O.G., 2011. Imrpoving Functional Characteristics of Wool and Some Synthetic Fibers. Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials, 3, pp.8-19.