application of automation in geotechnical testing
TRANSCRIPT
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Application of Automation inhni l T in
r. ac an our VP and Director of Lab Systems
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Geocomp’s BriefGeocomp’s BriefIntroductionIntroduction
Geocomp was founded in 1982 by Dr. Allen Marr a former MITresearcher, and a student of Dr.Lambe who co-wrote with Dr.
Whitman the world renowned book on Soil Mechanics.
We are actively involved with
-many subcommittees, keepingus current with changes of
proposed new standards.
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High Tech Labys ems
Three DivisionsThree Divisions
1. Products Division2. Consulting
3. erv ces v s on
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Central Arter “Bi Di ” Pro ect
We are located outside Boston, MA the center of the largest
public work in the US (over $ 14 billion).
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Project Facts:Project Facts:
• 13 million cubic yards of soil
• Trucks lined end to end would
Panama Canal
• Nearly 4 million cubic yards of–
sidewalk to Tokyo
• Reinforcing steel would form 1
inch steel bar to wrap the earthsequator
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Complex Excavation Support SystemsComplex Excavation Support Systems
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Constrained & Con ested SitesConstrained & Con ested Sites
One
Center
SouthStation
NB
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New Construction Practices
Slurry Wall Construction Jet GroutingDeep Soil Mix andGround Freezing
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a ora ory es ng qu pmena ora ory es ng qu pmen
Courtesy KS-DOT-1968
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Modern Fully Automated Triaxial(UU,CU, CD) and Stress Path
All phases run
automatically
All stress paths
poss e n atriaxial cell
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Chronology and Technological
vances n eo ec n ca es ng
Decade Primary Advances Role of Lab Testing
1920s: Development of fundamental concepts of modern soil mechanics. Lab tests confirm and help extend theoretical concepts.
1930s: Application of fundamental developments to engineering practice.
Meticulous field observations explained with data from new laboratory tests.
1940s: x rapo a on o exper ence o more ar ng pro ec s
Use of laboratory tests to expand envelope of practice and to help interpret fieldmeasurements.
1950s:Major advances in concepts of shear strength culminating in ASCE BoulderConference
La bo r a t o r y i s cen t er o f geo t echn i c a l r esea r ch .
1960s:Larger scale projects (massive dams) undertaken
Field measurements of deformation and pore pressure become a key part ofgeotechnical engineering
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1970s: ocus on e av or an measur ng proper es n s u
New lab devices are more complex. Variety of devices developed to measure physical properties in situ.
1980s: Era of advanced modeling-risk, probability, constitutive relations
Models require more data and more sophisticated data but demand for lab
testing declines.
1990s: Specialized materials and methods like geosynthetics, reinforced soils,flowable fills
Era of the computer-compute and display
Laboratory measurements help make use of these new materials and methods possible
Decreased emphasis on site-specific, hard data
2000s: Automation
Remains to be seen.
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Understanding Geo-SystemsResponse-Behavior
Four major factors ( 4’S):1. Soil: sand and gravel vs. clayan s t
2. Structure: particle
3. State: Memory of soil’s pastand present stress history
4. Stress System: loadcondition from the environment
, , , vs. undrained)
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Geotechnical is a multi-disciplinedcoordination of:
to ForcesMaterial Pro erties: Particlesize, Structure composition,
Index, Compressibility, and
Fluid Flow:
See a e of water thru orous
media
Environmental Effects:Courtesy MnCourtesy Mn--DOTDOT
Climate, rainfall, chemical
Geology, and Geophysics
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Three-phasedmaterial:
airair
water
Solids
geological variability
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Problem-Design Category:
na ys s- ater a roperty
Embankments How hi h stee ?
StrengthCohesive, frictional, time-
Foundations
Deformations Ma nitude
settlements?
Ex v i n
Uniform vs. Differential
Instantaneous vs. Time
Earth RetainingSystems
Seepage Rates
How deep, support,
water?
Pressures
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Typical Sequence for a
eotec n ca es gn ro ect
Soil Mechanics Concepts(stress-strain behavior,
masses)
Geology and Exploration(composition of actual soilmasses)
Experiences ( precedents whatdesi ns have worked wellunder what conditions)
Economics and Liability Issues
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“We have lots of experience in the areaalready.”
“We have used conservative estimates of soil
parameters for design.”
“ ” .
“I had three water content measurements thatI used to estimate the design strength.”
“We do not understand the lab results.”“We don’t have time to run tests.”
“ ’ ” .
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Valid data are essential to any engineer’s work. Anal sis and desi n are based ondata.
==
Experience =Experience = ∑ KnowledgeKnowledge
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ROLE OF GEOTECHNICAL
TESTING
Establish baseline site conditions
Improve quality of analysis
Deve op more cost e ective esign
Determine feasible ways to improve existing
Develop mix formulations
Provide manufacturing quality control andualit assurance
Troubleshoot construction problems
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ROLE OF GEOTECHNICALTESTING (Cont.)
Determine cause of unacceptable performance
M n m ze r s rom a ure, surpr ses, amagesand delays
Develop new materials
Improve our understanding of material behavior
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Failure of Excavated Slo e
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FillContractor claimed $12,000,000 +110
+53 Clay+60+53
Till
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ONE TEST IS WORTH ONE
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y test
Terzaghi (1936)------
“I came to the United States and hoped to discoverthe philosopher’s stone by accumulating and
....
It took me two years of strenuous work to discoverthat eolo ical information must be
supplemented by numerical data which can only be obtained by physical tests carried out in a
”a ora ory.
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Terzaghi’s First Consolidation
ev ce
Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey
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Consolidation Testing
•Terzaghi, 1925
USACE 1985
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Triaxial Testin
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u oma e es ng qu pmen
Today, we have an amazing choice of devices w t w c to equ p our a orator es.
The primary change in geotechnical lab in theas 30 years as een e n ro uc on anuse of electronics to run tests, collect data and
.
Automated geotechnical equipment run tests, .
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Fully Automated Laboratory
Systems:Hel in clients reduce their risk b offerinHel in clients reduce their risk b offerin
The most advanced fullautomated laboratory
soil testing equipmentin the world
Expert technicalsupport and assistance
w o sys ems an
testing
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Automated Testin E ui ment
Data Acquisition ( Manual Device + DAQ)
utomate Testing
Unconfined Compression
Consolidation
Direct/Residual Shear
As halt and Geos nthetics Testin
Cyclic
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ShearTrac-II
ow rac-
LoadTrac-II
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LoadTrac IILoadTrac II
Automated System Automated System
Machine
with Multiple
apabilities
Triaxial ( UU,CU,CD)Triaxial ( UU,CU,CD)
Consolidation and SwellConsolidation and Swell
apabilities
Unconfined CompressionUnconfined Compression
California Bearing RatioCalifornia Bearing Ratio
a
r ax a yc cr ax a yc c
Constant Rate of Consol .Constant Rate of Consol .
Universal Solutionniversal Solution
Resilient ModulusResilient Modulus
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TESTING CAPABILITIESTESTING CAPABILITIES
Direct Shear Direct Shear
Machineachine
ConsolidationConsolidationwith Multipleith Multiple
apabilitiesapabilities
ons an o umeons an o ume
SwellSwell
Constant StressConstant Stress
SwellSwellniversal Solutionniversal Solution
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Triaxial ( UU,CU,CD)Triaxial ( UU,CU,CD)
Consolidation and SwellConsolidation and Swell
Unconfined CompressionUnconfined Compression
California Bearing RatioCalifornia Bearing Ratio
Triaxial CyclicTriaxial Cyclic
Constant Rate of Consol .Constant Rate of Consol .
Stress PathStress Path
Resilient ModulusResilient Modulus
PermeabilityPermeability
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Common to all Geocomp Systems (LoadTrac-II, FlowTrac-II, ShearTrac-II,..)
Logic programmable chips
Embedded controller with three (03)
CPU’sFour analog channels with signalconditioning and power supplies built-in
22 bit Data Ac uisition and Control
Front panel LCD and Keypad for truemanual controls
All in 100x100 mm2 PCB
Easily removable and Upgradeable
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Control Board: All Software programmable
t roug t e eypa com nat on
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Volume and PressureMeasurements
Manual panels with air
pressure regulators
digital gages
Volumes read of graduated
burettesOperator subjectivity, not
consuming
V l d P
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Volume and Pressure
Measurements
d l
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Modern Volume Pressure Systems:
M cro- tepper r ven F ow pump
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Micro-stepper Motor
PS and Drive
Solenoid valves
Piston/Cylinder
Limit switches
Control Board
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∆V = 5.363e-4 cc/step x ∆Steps
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-ow rac- ow pump u zes :
A high speed, precision micro stepper motor to regulatepressure and volume to the cell or specimen
A built-in microprocessor to control the micro steppermotor, which drives a piston in and out of a sealed
c linder. A pressure transducer on the end of the cylinder providesthe feedback for control of pressure. The number of
.
Two two-way electronic valves are used to control thedirection of flow to the cell or sample (output valve), and
e manua ra n opera on supp y va ve .
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FlowTrac-II Ca abilities
Apply and maintain the desired. .
while monitoring volume changes
.
ow rates can e set to any va ue between 0.000006 ml/sec. and 3.0.
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a ages
Strain Gages
LVDT
Position sensors
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Position sensors employcon uct ve-p ast cresistance and collector
means of measuringosition without the need of
a solid mechanical coupling.
Position Sensors: Special
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Position Sensors: Special
ea ures
Long life – 100 x 106 movements – .
Repeatability= 0.002 mm
Double bearin s stem on shaftInsensitive to shock and vibration
Spring loaded
Price comparable or even less thanLVDT’s for 10 times superior
P M t
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Pressure Measurements:
Mercury pots
Pressure Sensors: Special
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Pressure Sensors: Special
Features
Reliable semiconductor technologyCalibrated and temperature compensated
Small size, rugged, stainless steelpackage
FS ranges up to to 25000 kPa.
Pressure non-linearity: ±0.1 %FSS
Pressure hysteresis: ±0.015 %FSSRepeatability: ±0.010 %FSS
. .
P S V
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Pressure Sensors: Vent
Load Sensor:
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Load Sensor:
Features pec cat ons
Universal:Tension
Compression
Environmentally sealed
NTEP/OIML approved
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22 bit analog to digital conversion external to the systemcontroller, which operate over an ARC-Net network.
The ARC-Net network permits much higher speedtransmission of data and commands over a longer distance
than does a serial network such as RS232.It also permits the system to be expanded to several loadframes and flow pumps operated from the same computer.
, ,
etc. can be run from one computer with the Windows XPor 2000 operating system. System can log data up to 2000
.
Daisy–chained up to 256 units with unique ID
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Daisy–chained up to 256 units with unique ID
num ers
ONE (01) PC controls several
stations
Pressure-VolumeController
FlowTrac II
Pressure-VolumeController
FlowTrac II
Geocomp
Motor Power
CPU Power
Net Tx
N etR x
Limit Empty
FlowOut
Flow In
LimitFull
OutputValve
SupplyValve
www.geocomp.com
CorporationGeocomp
7
4
1
-
Menu
8
5
2
0
9
6
3
.
Esc
Ent.
Alt
Motor Power
CPU Power
Net Tx
N etR x
Limit Empty
FlowOut
Flow In
LimitFull
OutputValve
SupplyValve
www.geocomp.com
CorporationGeocomp
7
4
1
-
Menu
8
5
2
0
9
6
3
.
Esc
Ent.
Alt
To PC
Terminator
Network line
Terminator
ona un s
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uu --
Remote access and control through
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e ote access a d co t o t oug
Virtual Network Computing (VNC)
VNC can substantially
mprove:
Efficiency
Cost-effectiveness
Fully Automated Triaxial:
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Fully Automated Triaxial:
xamp e o utomat on ene ts
The program takes intoThe program takes intoaccount the followin when itaccount the followin when itapplies the vertical stress:applies the vertical stress:
••Axial load (+) Axial load (+)••Uplift force due to theUplift force due to theconfining (cell) pressure (confining (cell) pressure (--))
•• Weight of the piston (+)Weight of the piston (+)
•• Piston frictionPiston friction --
Full Automation throughout all phases
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Full Automation throughout all phases
of a test until final report
a ura ona ura on asease
Capabilities of AutomatedS stems from the Basic to the Most
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S stems from the Basic to the Most Advanced Geotechnical Test
UC CU
CBR
Incremental
D
CKoU(L)
Consol. with Ko
o
CKoD(L)
CK D U
StrainRowe cell
Triaxial stress path
Cyclic Triaxial
consolidation Resilient Modulus
Typical Outputs: CU & CD
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yp p
r a x a e s s
Typical Stress Paths
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Stress Paths from Ko = 1 Condit ion
LoadingUnloading
40
Compression v increasing
h decreasing
0
20
,
k P a
-20
q
h increasingv decreasing
-60
-40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Extension
p, kPa
Stress Path applications in the real
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wor
Stress Paths
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Ko ConsolidatedExtension Test (CKoE)
o .
20
40
60 Compression
Loading Unloading
5 4
3
21 dewatering, consolidation2 Ko loading3 foundation loading
-40
-20
0
,kPa
Extension 9
8
7
5 active wall
6 pore pressure buildup7 excavation unloading
8 pure shear
9 jack reaction
-60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
p, kPa
Consolidation with LoadTrac-II
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Swell: free and constantvolume
Fixed RingFloating Ring
With Excess Pore Water
Measurements
Consolidation with Mini-
L Tr -III
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L Tr -III
Incremental
Swell: free and constantvolume
xe ngFloating Ring
Measurements
Constant Rate of Consolidation
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Hydraulic Rowe Cell
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Consolidation
Specimen diameters up
to 250 mm
vertical, horizontal and
combined drainage
C clic Triaxial
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All phases run
au oma ca y
Isotropic and
consolidation
Resilient Modulus
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automaticallyaccording to thelatest AASHTOspecifications
Application of Resilient Modulus
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in Pavement Design
Fully Automated
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All hases run
automatically Capable of running
residual strength and
creep tests
Fully Automated Direct
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mp e ear
Universal Shear System
developed by NGI All phases run automatically
and undrained ( constant
volume) shear tests
Full Automated Permeabilit
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All phases run
Ca able of runnin bothconstant gradient andconstant flow rate
ex e wa
permeability tests
Geolo 6: Data Ac uisition
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Designed asDesigned aslow cost wa tolow cost wa toadd dataadd dataacquisition toacquisition toexistingexistingequipmentequipment
Customized Systems
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Large consolidometer up to280 mm (11in.) diameter
Elastic Modulus and PoissonRatio Testing of Soft Rock
Resilient Modulus of As haltCores
Fatigue Life Testing
Pressure Measurements Rowe-Barden Consolidation
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Diameter = 50 cm (20 in.)
H:D ratio = 1:1 and 2:1
Labor saved with Automated
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onso a on es ng
Soil Type Test Time, days Labor, hours
d
Silty sand 16-18 0.5-1 4-12 1
Silty Clay 16-18 1-2 8-16 1
Plastic Clay 16-18 2-3 12-32 1
Includes 12 load steps with one log cycle of secondary compression. Times include preparing specimen,
running test and reporting results. Times for conventional tests assume standard practice of applying each
increment for 24 hrs.
Labor saved with Automated
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Soil Type Test Time, days Labor, hours
d
Silty sand 1 0.5 6-8 2
Silty Clay 2 1 10-16 2
Plastic Clay 5 2 12-24 2
Times include preparing specimen, running test and reporting results.
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700+ Visi tors
Innovation and Success Through Partnership
Iowa State University: HighIowa State University: High--Tech MobileTech Mobile
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eo ec n ca aeo ec n ca a
Iowa State University High-Tech Mobile
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Iowa State University High-Tech Mobile
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eo ec n ca a
Iowa State University High-Tech Mobile
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eo ec n ca a
A special application of the LoadTrac-II unit for
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University of British Columbia, CanadaUniversity of British Columbia, Canada
A special application of the ShearTrac-II unit for
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Scripps Institution of Oceanography: UCSDScripps Institution of Oceanography: UCSD
Research on hydraulic properties of swelling
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Advantages of Automated
a qu pmen
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a qu pmen
Maintain and Manage Information FlowFinish Tests Faster
Provide Consistenc in Test Procedures andResults
Permit More Detailed Analysis of Test
Ma e More pec a ze Tests Poss e
Advantages of Automated
a qu pmen
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a qu pmen
Utilize Facilities Better mprove ua y
Present Data to Meet Specific Client Needs
Make Lab Work More Interesting for theTechnician
Improve Image of Lab to ClientsSave Mone :Onl ONE PC Run Several TestinStations
Problems with Automated
Systems
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Systems
-
Longer time to train new users
g er now e ge eve o ec n c ans
Problems if staff turn over
Too much reliance by technician on thecomputer
Problems in Lab Testin
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Shortage of people with interest in the lab and hands-on
knowledge of soil behavior
Decreased appreciation of importance of soil behavior by practitioners
ow eve o n eres n qua y es sCK oU triaxial tests – should be SOP
–
stress path – closest to reality
Future of Geotechnical Testing:
on the dark side
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on the dark side
Gross imbalance between what is taught in,
and what is actually done in practice
commodity service
Bad ast ex eriences: slow results
confusing and contradictory, expensive,resulting in practice alterations to avoid
testing
n e r g s e
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n e r g s e
Rapid demand for test results
More complex designs
requiring more detailed
models, and input parameters
,legal action
Answering public’s demand for
min. negative impact from
constructions
Strain contours from failure analysis
for reinforced slope
Guiding Principle for Test
Conditions
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Conditions
laboratory test
conditions
design as closely
Thank ou for our attention
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