appendix a: key to archaeological interventions391 appendix b: urban features table b.1 roman...
TRANSCRIPT
389
Appendix A: Key to Archaeological Interventions
Abbreviation Excavator
AOC AOC Archaeology Group
AS Archaeological Solutions Ltd
ASE Archaeology South-East
BAG Braughing Archaeology Group
BAS Basingstoke Archaeological Society
CA Cotswold Archaeology
CAT Cotswold Archaeological Trust Ltd
CSAS Cranleigh School Archaeological Society
DGLA Museum of London, Department of Greater London Archaeology
ECCAU Essex County Council Archaeology Unit
EH English Heritage
EHAS East Hertfordshire Archaeological Society
EHRD English Heritage Research Department
EEHAS Epsom & Ewell History and Archaeology Society
FA Foundations Archaeology
FrA Framework Archaeology (OA + WA)
FDMS Fareham and District Museum Society
FMS Farnham Museum Society
HAS Hertfordshire Archaeological Society
HAT Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust
HFCAS Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society
HN Heritage Network Ltd
JMHS John Moore Heritage Services
LMAS London & Middlesex Archaeological Society
L-PA L-P Archaeology
MoLAS Museum of London Archaeology Service
OAHS Oxford Architectural and History Society
OAU Oxford Archaeological Unit
OUSA Oxford University School of Archaeology
PCA Pre-Construct Archaeology Ltd
RPS RPS Consultants
SAU Staines Archaeological Unit
SCAU Surrey County Archaeological Unit
SAFG Spelthorne Archaeological Field Group
SyAS Surrey Archaeological Society
THN The Heritage Network Ltd
TRAA Tempus Reparatum Archaeological Associates
TVAS Thames Valley Archaeological Services
UTAC Upper Thames Archaeological Committee
WA Wessex Archaeology
WSA West Sussex Archaeology Ltd
390
Category definitions
Category Information value - description
Good Good - High standard of accurate reporting. Detailed data on finds and features. Expert
opinion included.
Moderate Moderate – part accurate reporting/part summary/part discussion. Lacking detail regarding
features and finds.
Poor Poor - summary information with minimal detail and little context.
391
Appendix B: Urban Features
Table B.1 Roman Braughing: urban features from all archaeological investigations potentially relating to the function of market centre.
For all tables below, cell contents: ‘ND’ represents no data available, N/A not applicable and ‘?’ uncertain data.
Site T NGR Locati
on
Early Roman AD 43 - 150 Mid-Roman AD 150 - 250 Late Roman AD 250 - 410 Undated features
and additional
information
Braughing TL c.
38732377
Ermine
Street
1st C and 2nd C buildings either side of
road
1st C and 2nd C buildings either
side of road
ND N/A
Braughing TL 39062416 Gt
Chester
ford
Road
ND ND ND Kiln debris
Braughing
Bath
House
TL 39402360 Gt
Chester
ford
Road
AD 120 - 140 small bath house ND ND N/A
Braughing
buildings
3 and 4
TL 38952414 Main
street
2 large stone buildings (?official
function)
ND ND N/A
Braughing
residential
area
TL 39002401 Betwee
n road
junctio
n and
river
ND ND ND Timber buildings and
open spaces
392
Braughing
roadside
buildings
TL 38602401 Ermine
Street
Post-AD 68: hearths, clay floors,
gullies, pits, postholes - timber
buildings 'appeared' to be workshops.
Possible workshops 3rd C line of strip buildings with
porticoes fronting Ermine Street
set up over earlier timber
structures, tiled roofs, wattle and
daub walls rendered with
whitewash. An associated with the
manufacture of iron, bronze and
bone.
Buildings on both
sides of street
Braughing
Skeleton
Green
workshop
TL 38602380 Ermine
Street
Timber buildings: floors of flint and
gravel 15 BC to AD 40. Replaced c.43-
65 AD by rectangular timber buildings
of sill-beam type and the excavator
believed, planked floors and thatched
roofs. Abandoned end of the 1st
century.
AD 200 - 300: manufacturing of
bronze, iron, bone objects
AD 200 - 300: manufacturing of
bronze, iron, bone objects
N/A
Braughing
building 2
TL 38982415 Main
street
AD 80 - 350 street front portico - stone
(20m x 18.5m)
AD 80 - 350 street front
porch/veranda around -stone (20m x
18.5m)
AD 80 - 350 street front - entrance
blocked AD 260
Building function
unknown - temple?
Many coins found.
Braughing
, street
layout
TL c.
38732419
Internal Established. by AD 80 Still in existence Still in existence Only known in
patches
Braughing
Wickham
Hill
TL 38802400 Ermine
Street
AD 43 - 200: buildings on both sides of
street
AD 43 - 200: buildings on both
sides of street
ND N/A
Braughing
Wickham
Hill Farm
TL 38932379 Gt
Chester
ford
Road
AD 50 -80: occupation - brick, animal
bone, oyster shell
ND ND N/A
Braughing
Wickham
Kennels
TL 39052433 Gt
Chester
ford
Road
AD 30 - 50: road surface and kiln
debris
ND ND N/A
393
Table B.2 Roman Dorchester-on-Thames: urban features from all archaeological investigations potentially relating to the function of market centre.
Site
T NGR Location Early Roman AD 43 - 150 Mid-Roman AD 150 - 250 Late Roman AD 250 - 410 Undated features
and additional
information
Dorchester
(SW)
SU 57709410 Silchester-
Alchester
Road surface ND Buildings on old road surface
3rd/4th c
N/A
Dorchester
fort
SU 57809370
military fort with wooden buildings,
1st c
ND ND Crop marks of
possible fort site
Dorchester
11 Queen
St (extra-
mural)
SU 57839438 Silchester-
Alchester
Open farm land (pits, ditches,
track), 1st C
ND ND N/A
Dorchester
24 Manor
Farm Rd
SU 57979435 N/A Building: frag. of stone, timber, tile
+ pits + metalled floor/yard?
ND Pits + posthole = occupation
3rd/4th C
N/A
Dorchester
45 Watling
Ln.
SU 57709410 N/A date? ND ND Kiln site
Dorchester
86 High
Street
SU 57729461 Silchester-
Alchester
ND Mid- 3rd C field ditch Field system close to town wall
with pits, 3rd C
N/A
Dorchester
Allens Pit
and
Bishops
Court
(extra-
mural)
SU 57709380 N/A 1st C kiln/oven ND ND N/A
Dorchester
allottments
SU 57709400 Silchester-
Alchester
Mid-/late 1st C well, 2nd C palisade
and ditched enclosure near to N-S
road. Structure with tessellated
pavement, bricks, date ?
Late 2nd C- unusual building with
associated large hoard of oyster
shells, some of which pre-date
building. A well. 3rd C? gravel
spread
ND N/A
394
Dorchester
Beach
House
hotel
SU 57709430 N/A ND Town house, 3rd C Hearths, ovens and kilns N/A
Dorchester
Castle Inn
SU 57809400 Silchester-
Alchester
1st C+ timber buildings, 2nd C Buildings fronting street E-W street
- timber with clay/gravel floors, 3rd
C
ND N/A
Dorchester
centre
SU 57809420 Silchester-
Alchester
Gravelled area: 35m x 33m,
bordered by multi-room building +
veranda macellum?
Multi-room building with veranda -
2nd/3rd C
ND N/A
Dorchester
edge of
town
SU 57709420 Silchester-
Alchester
3 pottery kilns ND ND N/A
Dorchester
extra-
mural
suburb
SU 57809380 Silchester-
Alchester
1st/2nd C occupation ND ND N/A
Dorchester
'Hallidays'
SU 57829427 Silchester-
Alchester
1st/2nd C agricultural/horticultural
land (plough soil)
Agricultural/horticultural layer - 2nd
C
Agricultural/horticulture land to
north of site - late 3rd C, then non-
agricultural until 4th C
N/A
Dorchester
Minchin
Recreation
ground
SU 57869475 ? ND ND Rectilinear ditched enclosure (20m
x14m) + waterhole (4.4m) with
stepped access
N/A
Dorchester
S rampart
SU 57779396 Silchester-
Alchester
date? ND ND Blacksmith? - on
latest road surface
(iron coulter,
ploughshare, other
agricultural tools)
Dorchester
St Birinus
(extra-
mural)
SU 57809430 Silchester-
Alchester –
S road
Occupation: pottery, metalwork
from 1st C, but mainly 2nd C
Occupation: pottery, metalwork
from 3rd C
Occupation: pottery, metalwork
from 4th C
N/A
395
Dorchester
SW
Bishop's
Court
SU 57109440 Silchester-
Alchester –
S road
date? ND Open gravel area + possible timber
building. Farmstead - ditches,
postholes, 2 corn drying ovens,
3rd/4th C. Rectilinear enclosure -
long, compartmented, ditched,
right-angle to Thames, 4th C.
Rectilinear timber
building - 2 phases
396
Table B.3 Roman Ewell: urban features from all archaeological investigations potentially relating to the function of market centre
Site
T NGR Loc. Early Roman AD 43 - 150 Mid-Roman AD 150 - 250 Late Roman AD 250 - 410 Undated features
and additional
information
Ewell, St
Mary's
Churchyd
TQ 22406315 Stane
St
Strip buildings either side of road - end
of 1st C. 8 m cobbled yard to W of road
AD 70-160
Cobbled yard, until AD160-350
when covered by occupation layer.
ND N/A
Ewell, 46-
50 High
Street
TQ 22006253 Stane
St
ND ND ND Brick + tile frag.
indicate substantial
building nearby. Iron
slag-smithying?
Ewell,
North
Looe
House
TQ 22786080 N/A Farmstead - mainly 1st-2nd C, but
existed into 4th C
Farmstead Farmstead N/A
Ewell,
Priest Hill
Farm
TQ 22806120 N/A Small farming settlement pre- and post-
Conquest.
ND ND N/A
Ewell,
Hatch
Furlong
TQ 22106230 Stane
St
ND ND ND Area of pits and
quarries. Flue
oven/drier ?date
Ewell,
Market
Parade
TQ 21976268 Stane
St
ND ND ND Foundations of
Roman building -
date?
Ewell, 2
Church
St.
TQ 22006260 Stane
St
ND ND ND 'rammed flint
cobbling sealing R-B
material' = a yard?
Ewell,
Holman
Court,
Church
St.
TQ 22146281 Stane
St
ND ND ND Tiled Roman floor -
?date
397
Ewell,
King
William
IV
TQ 22006260 Stane
St
ND Large post holes - possible barn?.
Chunks of wall - nearby masonry
building.
ND N/A
Ewell, 2-
16 West
St
TQ 21906250 Stane
St
ND Mid- to late 2nd C cobbled surface -
yard?
ND N/A
Ewell,
Grove
School,
West St
TQ 21936244 Stane
St
ND ND 3rd/4th C compacted surface -
yard? New surface laid -late 4th C
N/A
398
Table B.4 Roman Neatham: urban features from all archaeological investigations potentially relating to the function of market centre
Site
T NGR Location Early Roman AD 43 - 150 Mid-Roman AD 150 - 250 Late Roman AD 250 - 410 Undated features
and additional
information
Neatham,
3-4 Manor
Cottages
SU 74234077 ? 2 pits (iron slag fill). Mid-2nd
century mortar + daub building
Mid-2nd C building overlain by late
2nd C Structure (clay floor),
overlain in 3rd C by 2 buildings
with cobbled yard between.
2 pits: 1 x slag fill, 1 x ash fill,
?late 3rd-4th C occupation
Roman building, pit
+ well
Neatham,
Area A
(crossroad
s)
SU 73904110 Crossroads Structures 1, 2 and then 3 by road
(AD 70 -125)
2 Structure aligned Silchester-
Chichester road + 4 Structure along
S edge Winchester-London road,
?yards between. Later replanned
with regular plots. Structure 5 faced
both roads. Structure 4, late 2nd C
(? row of shops). Buildings
destroyed by fire. Gravelled over.
3 Structures along Winchester-
London road + pits
Structure 8 had clay
oven (dates disputed)
Neatham,
Area B (S
of Area
A)
SU 73924112 Silchester-
Chichester
Road only 2 properties W of Silchester-
Chichester road + ovens, pits (AD
150 to end Roman) + wells +
cisterns (>3rd c).
Structure layout as for Mid- (4th C
phase has painted wall plaster).
Angled side road (no date), flanked
by Structure 17 + 18 (mid-late 3rd
c). Bath house.
N/A
Neatham,
Area C (N
of Win-
Lon. road)
SU 73904120 Winchester
-
London/Sil
chester-
Chichester
ND Late 2nd-mid 3rd C Silchester-
Chichester road resurfaced.
Defensive enclosure.
Gravelled in late 3rd. ? Defensive
ditches/bank
N/A
Neatham,
Area D (
Sil.-Chi.
road)
SU 73904135/
73584159
Silchester-
Chichester
ND Structure 19 - timber aisled building
9.5m x 18m, room divided, clay +
flint floors, oven + hearth. ?
Contemporaneous with mansio.
ND N/A
399
Neatham,
Area E (N
of By-
Pass)
SU 74004100 Silchester-
Chichester
ND Structure21 on E side Silchester-
Chichester road approximately 5m
wide + veranda + white clay floor,
>3rd c. Gravel area 15m wide to S
of building. Gravel side road to N of
buildings.
ND N/A
Neatham,
Area F
(By-
pass/river)
SU 74004090 Silchester-
Chichester
1st/2nd c. cemetery: 4 cremation + 2
inhumation
ND Stone-built Structure pre mid-4th
c. Structure 22 timber built.
Structure 24 + small oven. Large
gravelled courtyard extending to
river edge.
N/A
Neatham,
bath
house
(Area B)
SU 73004100 Sichester-
Chichester
ND ND ND ?Bath house: 2
rooms (frigidarium +
?cold plunge room)
site behind timber
street-facing
building. Well built,
mortared with
coursed flint.
Neatham,
Cuckoo's
Corner
SU 74404120 Silchester-
Chichester
on it
1st C ditch 7m wide 2m deep
running 90 degrees to road.
ND 3rd - 4th C occupation layers +
narrow street, built over earlier
ditch.
N/A
Neatham,
enclosure
SU 73924131 Silchester-
Chichester
- joining
road
ND pre 3rd C rectangular enclosure (2.6
ha) bisected by Rm road [minor
joining road?]. Military style
ditches. ? Fortlet/posting station. 3rd
C building in N of enclosure.
ND N/A
Neatham,
Holybour
ne Depot
site
SU 47391410 Winchester
-London
<50m
ND Mid-/Late ditches, pit and rectilinear
Structure
Mid-/Late pit + rectilinear post-
built Structure 10m x 5m (no floor
or hearths found) + ditches (no. 11
& 13) with pottery fill > late 3rd c.
N/A
Neatham,
'market
area'
SU 74164097 Silchester-
Chichester
350m
ND ND 21m x 15 m gravel area +
occupation layers (sand/flint
floors) + aisled timber building on
N boundary c. AD 270
N/A
400
Neatham,
Str 8 and
9
SU 73004200 E-W road ND E-W cobbled road (?date) + major
Structure 8 (post holes) + Structure
9 (sill beam + rubble). Late 2nd-
early 3rd oven + charcoal pit.
ND N/A
Neatham,
Str 7
SU 73924112 Silchester-
Chichester
ND Structure 7 – single corner post +
remains of clay floor + sill beam.
Structure had bipartite division +
narrow front bay ?shop. Destroyed
by fire mid-3rd c.
ND E of Structure 7 =
cobbled surface
contemporaneous
with the road surface
(?date).
Neatham,
Structure
4 and 5
SU 73984116 Silchester-
Chichester
3 Structures facing road + open area
with pit (demolished AD 125)
Structure 4 narrow strip building E
of Silchester-Chichester road (AD
194 - 201). Structure 5 E of
Silchester-Chichester road + fronted
Winchester-London = ?shops
Structures 11 + cobbled alley. N/A
Neatham,
? Mansio
enclosure
SU c.
73734150
Silchester-
Chichester
ND Double defensive ditch enclosure,
late 2nd c, enclosed section of
Silchester-Chichester road. 180m x
130m. ? Defences beyond.
ND N/A
401
Table B.5 Roman Staines-upon-Thames : urban features from all archaeological investigations potentially relating to the function of market centre.
Site
T NGR Location Early Roman AD 43 - 150 Mid-Roman AD 150 - 250 Late Roman AD 250 - 410 Undated features
and additional
information
Staines,
Central
Trading
Estate
TQ 3407174 London-
Silchester
Drainage ditches for subsistence
agriculture? Refuse in pits (road
quarries?) beside road. Large building
in area (tegulae, brick, flue tile
fragments., etc). Gravelled yard +
storage pits (Area 2 - east end, north
of road).
ND ND N/A
Staines,
Courages
Brewery
(Binbury
Island)
TQ 3207170 London-
Silchester
4.25km
ND ND Enclosed farm site N/A
Staines,
Friends'
Burial
Ground
TQ 3507150 London
Silchester
Beam slot and box-frame
workshop/houses with painted plaster
walls. Gravel pit containing ash, slag,
bronze + iron frag. Large circular
pond with hoof prints around edge =
watering hole, filled in AD 120-130.
CAD130 improved buildings.
ND ND N/A
Staines,
Tilly's
Lane
TQ 3507160 London-
Silchester
Pits - domestic& industrial waste
(specified). Evidence for kiln nearby.
High status building - stone wall
foundations & tessellated floor.
ND ND Occupation over
entire Roman period
Staines,
Percy
Harrisons
TQ 3617160 High
Street -S
side
Mid-2nd C 2 ovens back-to-back ND ND N/A
402
Staines,
Prudential
TQ 3657170 High
Street -N
side
AD 70-80 well? AD80-100 clay
floored buildings fronting street. AD
120-140 building continued along
street. Timber buildings and midden
accumulation 1st-2nd c
ND Rectilinear timber building in
backlands 4th C and possible 4th C
wealthy building fronting road
(tesserae, opus signinum,
whitewash plaster)
N/A
Staines,
Johnson
and
Clarks
TQ 3487152 High
Street S
side
Gravel quarry pits dating late 1st C
and AD 140-180). 1st C timber and
daub building and another with
painted wall plaster and tessellated +
opus signinum floors. Late 1st C
wattle + daub building. AD140-180
slipway?
ND Pink wall and floor plaster - high
status building nearby?, wood-
lined well
Large quantity of
building material:
tile, hypocaust tile,
tegulae, imbrices,
plaster, tesserae,
daub and brick =
substantial buildings
near High Street.
Staines,
County
Sports
TQ 3427153 High
Street W,
S - side
AD 60-150 round houses - sequences
of floors, no postholes therefore walls
lay on soil - central hearth.
Circular building (1+?) with clay,
then gravel floor. Gully boundary?
late 2nd/early 3rd C well - box-lined
Early/mid-3rd C cessation of
occupation
N/A
Staines,
Elmsleigh
Centre
TQ 3707160 High
Street E,
S-side
Succession of recut pits, dumps.
1st/2nd C timber buildings - 1 with
road front colonnade, boundary
ditches and possible substantial
building AD80-120 robbed out.
Buildings fronting on road lasted only
early to late 2nd C. Near backlands
mx of buildings/pits AD 120-160.
Late 2nd/early 3rd abandoned - dark
earth across near backlands on
buildings along road. Mid-2nd to
late 3rd near backlands - poss
construction. Buildings fronting
road on S. side until late 2nd/early
3rd C
Little 4th C evidence. Elmsleigh
House (Trench Z) contained some
beam slots - buildings (2) or
embankment? Some sparse
resettlement of road frontage 4th c.
N/A
Staines,
Hengrove
Farm
TQ 5297180 London-
Silchester
s-side
1st C ditches, 2nd C rectilinear post-
built building 12m x 6m - aisled barn,
granary, barn?
ND ND Trackway, multiple
enclosures,
paddocks, ditches,
pits, waterholes -
ongoing throughout
Roman period
403
Appendix C: Rural sites around Roman Braughing
Table C.1 Rural sites with local communications network and periods of activity within 10 km of Roman Braughing.
Blank cells = no information. ? = uncertainty. Distance is given as a direct line.
Site Location
(TL)
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman Roman road Trackway/
minor road
River Dist.
km
Bishop's Stortford 49002100
Roadside settlement Roadside settlement Roadside settlement Stane Street
Stort 10
Bishop's Stortford (W &
SW - Cannons
Close/Meads/Thorley)
49302220
Settlement/farmstead Settlement/farmstead Stane Street
Stort/Ash 10
Bishop's Stortford North 47402239 (MIA) Field
system
Field system
Stane Street
Stort 9
Bishop's Stortford, Grange
Paddocks
49062207
/4893220
8
Field /enclosure Roadside settlement.
Field/enclosures
Field/enclosures Stane Street
Stort 10
Bishop's Stortford, Stane
St
49492191 Occupation Roadside settlement Roadside settlement
Stane Street
Stort 8
Bishop's Stortford, School 48801972
Occupation? Stane Street
Stort 8
Bowl's Dell 38272242
Quarry (HPS) >
AD100
Quarry (HPS) Quarry (HPS) Ermine Street
Rib/Ash 1.5
Bromley Hall 41892140 Trackway 1 pottery kiln. Road
6 pottery kilns, 3 (?5) tile
kilns, road, timber building
Stane Street Connecting
road
Rib/Ash 3.5
Bromley Hall, Barley Hill 41902165
1 pottery kiln. Several tile
kilns
Stane Street Connecting
road
Rib/Ash 3.5
Bromley Hall, Joan's Field 41702170
> 2 tile kilns - date? Stane Street Connecting
road
Rib/Ash 3.5
Buntingford 36502890 Activity Enclosures
Ermine Street
Rib 5
Buntingford, Causeway 36702960
2 enclosures
Ermine Street
Rib 5
Buntingford, Longmead 35682936
Field system
Ermine Street
Rib 5
Buntingford - Owles Lane 36802900
Farmstead.
Ermine Street
Rib 5
404
Exnalls Farm 45101958 Farmstead.
Stock
enclosures/field
boundaries
Farmstead. Stock
enclosures.
Ash 7.5
Gatesbury 39242388 Occupation Occupation
Ermine Street Track Rib 0.5
Hertford, Mangrove Hall 32501250
33061214
Settlement
burials Ermine Street
Lea 10
Hertford, Millbridge 32501200
Enclosures.Structur
es. Quay/bridge
posts - date?
Enclosures.Structure
s. Quay/bridge posts
- date?
Enclosures.Structures.
Quay/bridge posts - date?
Ermine Street
Lea 10
Hormead, Mutton Hall 41312828 Occupation Occupation
Gt
Chesterford
Road
Quin 8
Little Hadham, Caley
Wood
41282125
/4203216
1 check
on map
Occupation
Activity
Stane Street Connecting
road
Rib/Ash 4
Little Hadham, Pigs Green 41852157
kiln and double-ditched
enclosure - date?
Stane Street Connecting
road
Rib/Ash 4
Mentley Lane East,
Puckeridge
38602360 Activity close-
by
Field boundaries.
Cremations
Ermine Street Track Rib 1
Much Hadham, St
Elizabeth's
44301670
Enclosures.Farmstead/tem
porary military camp
Stane Street Connecting
road
Ash 8
Puckeridge, Pumps Mead 38612351 Settlement Settlement.
Workshops?
Ermine Street
Rib 0.5
Ralph Sadleir School 38802360 Farmstead. Activity
Ermine Street
Rib 0.5
Sacombe Wood 40102415 ? ? ? ? Gt
Chesterford
Road/Stane
Street
Rib 1
Standon, Plashes Farm 38002040 Activity kiln Occupation features Occupation features Ermine Street
Rib 1.25
Stapleford 31001700 Activity Drove way.
Rectilinear stock
enclosure.
Verulamium
road
Drove road Beane 9
405
Thundridge 36171637 TrackwayAciti
vity
Ermine Street
Lea 9
Wadesmill, By-pass site 2 36301770 Small enclosed
settlement.
small enclosed
settlement
Ermine Street
Rib 7
Wadesmill, By-pass site 3 36881866 Farmstead.
Trackway
Farmstead.
Trackway
Ermine Street
Rib 6.5
Ware 35001400
Settlement. Metal
working. Bone
working.
Settlement.Kiln.
Clay pits
Ermine Street
Lea 10
Ware Football Club 35501450
Roadside settlement Roadside settlement Activity Ermine Street
Lea 10
Ware, Buryfields 35361445
Activity Activity Activity Ermine Street
Lea 10
Ware, GSK 35201420 Activity Roadside
settlement.
Roadside settlement.
Workshops
Roadside settlement.
Workshops
Ermine Street
Lea 10
Ware, GW, Building 10 35301450
Roadside
settlement. Animal
husbandry.
Roadside settlement.
Animal husbandry
Activity Ermine Street
Lea 10
Ware, Lock 35301430
Burial Occupation. Wharf? Activity Ermine Street
Lea 10
406
Appendix D: Rural sites around Roman Dorchester-on-Thames
Table D.1 to show rural sites with local communications network and periods of activity within 10 km of Roman Dorchester-on-Thames.
Blank cells = no information. ? = uncertainty. Distance is given as a direct line from small town.
Site Location
SU
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman Roman
road
Trackway
or minor
road
River Dist.
km
Abingdon,
Barton Court
Farm
50409740 Farmstead Ditched enclosure/buildings Abandoned late
2nd/early 3rd c
Farmhouse/villa.
Enclosures +
paddocks
Thames
6.5
Abingdon, 66/68
Bath Street
49509734
Occupation debris
Thames
6.5
Abingdon,
Fitzharris Arms
PH
49279803
Occupation debris. 'Industrial
waste'
Thames
6.5
Abingdon,
Museum
49799705
Metalled road to Dorchester-on-
Thames?Occupation debris
Thames
6.5
Abingdon,
Station Inn
49819727 ?Oppidum
ditches
Successive domestic
buildings/debris
Thames
6.5
Appleford 52179359 Occupation Field system. Trackways Field system.
Trackways
Field system.
Trackways
Thames
5
Appleford
Sidings
52209260
Double-ditched linear
enclosure.Extensive field
system.Trackway?villa. > AD20
Thames
5
Aston Tyrrold
Site 2
55938612
Ditches/gullies
Thames
10
Benson 62009150
Field system, droveway +
?settlement
SE road
Thames
3
Benson, Battle
Farm east
62209060 Occupation Occupation debris
SE road
Thames
3
Benson, St
Helen’s Avenue
61509150 Settlement Settlement- ?date
SE road
Thames
3
407
Berinsfield 57409630 Tracks +
enclosures
Ditches, enclosures, ponds.
Occupation debris.
Pottery kiln site.
Ditches, enclosures,
ponds. Occupation
debris
Alchester
road
Thames
1.5
Berinsfield,
Broadfield Barn
58009770 Farming Enclosure complex + track.
Modified IA field system.
Alchester
road
Thames
1.5
Berinsfield,
Mount Farm
58309680 Settlement Settlement ?Settlement
Alchester
road
Thames
1.5
Berrick Salome 61209360 Occupation Yard/track Activity Rural settlement SE road
Thames 3
Bishop’s Court 57309540 Farmstead Rural farmstead Thames 1
Blackbird Leys 55502800
3 pottery kilns + pot
drying area
Alchester
road
7
Brightwell-cum-
Sotwell
57809010 Enclosures,
ditches, pits
Enclosures, roundhouse workshop
+ buildings < AD70
Occupation debris Silchester-
Alchester
road
Thames
3
Crowmarsh
Gifford
61709000 farmland
Field system
SE road
Thames
5
Culham 50909450
Enclosures complexes 2
Thames 5
Didcot, Land
north of the
A4130
55709050
Ladder type stock
enclosures/occupation
ladder type stock
enclosures/occupatio
n
Thames
6
Didcot,
sewerage
scheme
53909030
Farmsteads 3 date? Farmsteads 3 date? Farmsteads 3 date?
Thames
6
Didcot,
Rutherford
Appleton Lab.,
Site B
52008790
Ditched enclosure. ? Building.
Thames
6
Halfpenny Lane ?47608600 (MIA
occupation)
Occupation. Large
building nearby.
Silchester-
Alchester
road
Thames
9
Kiln site 58108390
Kiln. Puddling hole.
Pottery.
Kiln. Puddling hole.
Pottery.
Silchester-
Alchester
road
Thames
9.5
408
Little
Wittenham, Hill
Farm
57179616 (EIA hut) Double-ditched enclosures, track,
small villa date?
Silchester-
Alchester
road
Local
tracks
Thames
2.5
Little
Wittenham,
Castle Hill
56359255 Hillfort Occupation debris Enclosures 4,
masonry building
Occupation debris Silchester-
Alchester
road
Local
tracks
Thames
1.5
Little
Wittenham,
Wittenham
Clumps
56809240 Occupation Building/small villa ?Occupation Occupation Silchester-
Alchester
road
Local
tracks
Thames
1.5
Lollingdon Hill
Sites 1/2
56509250
Occupation debris +
iron working
Silchester-
Alchester
road
Thames
1.5
Long
Wittenham,
Round Hill
56808500/
8502
Settlement Farmstead - building + timber
outbuilding.Ditched enclosure.
Track.
Local
tracks
Thames
1.5
Long
Wittenham,
College Farm
54609380
Field system + connecting E-W
track. date?
Local
tracks
Thames
1.5
Long
Wittenham,
Neptune Wood
55009370
Trackway (2nd-4th c)
+ field system (late
2nd-late 3rd c)
Trackway (2nd-4th
c) + field system
(late 2nd-late 3rd c)
Local
tracks
Thames
1.5
Long
Wittenham,
Northfield Farm
55209370 Ditches Track + ditched enclosure with
palisade
Local
tracks
Thames
1.5
Long
Wittenham,
Northfield Farm
west
55909520 Settlement Extensive enclosures.Tracks. 4
timber/stone/wattle-lined wells.
Local
tracks
Thames
1.5
Marsh Baldon 55809470
10 pottery kilns -date?
Silchester-
Alchester
road
Trackway Thames
1.5
Moulsford,
North Road
56209770 Occupation Ditches + gullies marking
enclosures
Silchester-
Alchester
road
Thames
10
409
Overy 58708360
Settlement (6.5 ha) - building
enclosures, hearths. Road to
junction Dorchester road + bridge.
date?
Silchester-
Alchester
road and
SE road
Minor road Thames
and
Thame
0.5
Wallingford,
Cold Harbour
Farm
58409380
Farmstead.T-shape
corn drier (4th c).
Cemetery
SE road
Thames
5
Wallingford,
Mackney,
Sherwood Farm
63108900 (MIA ring
gully
roundhouse)
Ditch ?date
Silchester-
Alchester
road
5
Wallingford, 60
Radnor Road
57998980
Occupation
Silchester-
Alchester
road
Thames
4
Wallingford,
Winterbrook
59898954
Occupation (cattle
rearing?)
Occupation (cattle
rearing?)
Silchester-
Alchester
road
Thames
3
Wally Corner 58149554
Enclosure + field
complex.
Waterholes.
Silchester-
Alchester
road and
NE road
Thames
and
Thame
3
Warborough,
Cooks cottages
58039548
Field system: 13 rectilinear ditched
enclosures, double-ditched
trackway
SE road
Thames
1.5
410
Appendix E: Rural sites around Roman Ewell
Table E.1 to show rural sites with local communications network and periods of activity within 10 km of Roman Ewell.
Blank cell = no information. ? = uncertainty. Distance is given as a direct line.
Site Location
(TQ)
LIA evidence Early Roman -features
AD 43-150
Mid-Roman - features AD 150-250 Late Roman -
features AD 250-410
Road (<
2 km)
Track
way/
minor
road
River
(access
< 2 km)
Dist. km
Ashtead
villa and
tile works
17706010
1st century villa
(constructed AD70s or
80s). Bathhouse. Tile kiln
+ brick industry (pre-date
villa?).
Villa. Bathhouse. Tile kiln + brick
industry.
Stane
Street
Minor
road
Rye
(trib. of
Mole)
6
Beddington,
villa
29806580 Enclosed
settlement -
abandoned by
Roman period.
Cobbled yard surface (AD 200). Late
2nd century corridor villa: house, bath
house, 2 large barns, 3 other buildings
= workshops or livestock barns?
Wings built on villa
(late 3rd century). 2
barns replaced by
aisled structure.
Cobbled yard surface.
Wandle 9
Burgh
Heath,
Chapel
Way
23905810
Small low status settlement
(2nd century).
Low status settlement Low status settlement
5
Carshalton,
former
Queen
Mary's
Hospital
27806240 Occupation
(continued from
BA
enclosure/chalk
quarries). Early
and Late
Roman
Farm AD 50-250 Farm until AD 250
Wandle 6
Chessingto
n, Barwell
Court Farm
17016314
Pits, ditches, postholes - agricultural
settlement
Agricultural settlement
5
411
Chessingto
n (RAF),
Mansfield
Rd
17506400 Occupation
Farmstead 2nd/3rd century (crop
processing).
Occupation.
Hogsmil
l
5
Chessingto
n, St.
Mary's
18526359 Occupation
(?BA)
Occupation
Trib. of
Hogsmil
l
3.5
Croydon,
15-17
Brighton
Road
32776303 Occupation Agricultural activity (2
ditches and pit - AD 120-
180).
Agricultural activity.
London-
Portslad
e
10
Croydon,
Lower
Coombe
Street
32266488
Mid-1st century
occupation (4 gravel pits).
London-
Portslad
e
Wandle 10.2
Ewell,
North Looe
House
22786080 Occupation Native' farmstead (Little
Woodbury type) - mainly
1st/2nd century.
Farmstead 2nd/3rd C - crop
processing.
Farmstead Stane
Street
Hogmill 2
Ewell,
Priest Hill
Farm
22556187 Small pre-
Conquest farm
Small farming settlement -
post-Conquest.
Stane
Street
Hogsmil
l
1.5
Farthing
Down
30025788
Track and field system.
Track
way
8
Horton,
Green Man
Farm
18506131
AD50-170 tile kiln Tile kiln < AD 170
Stane
Street
Hogsmil
l
4
Kingston-
upon-
Thames,
Skerne
Road
17906970
Occupation. Occupation (quarry pits). Occupation (quarry
pits 3rd century).
Thames 8
Leatherhea
d Downs
18005460 Field system. Field system.
Ermyn 1Street
Mole 8.5
1 To the south of Ewell, Stane Street is often labelled ‘Ermyn Street’.
412
Leatherhea
d, Hawks
Hill
15505540 IA farmstead -
Little
Woodbury type
Ermyn
Street
Mole 9
Leatherhea
d,
Woodlands
Park
15105870 Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation. Ermyn
Street
Mole 8.2
North Looe 22806080 Occupation Occupation late 1st/early
2nd century.
Occupation late 2nd century
Stane
Street
Hogsmil
l
2
Old
Malden,
St John’s
vicarage
21206615 Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation Stane
Street
Hogsmil
l
4
Tolworth,
Alpine
Avenue
20066583 LIA farmstead. Occupation until AD 50
Hogsmil
l
5
Walton
Heath
23085367
Villa - ?date Villa - ?date Villa - ?date
9
Walton-on-
the-Hill
22485542 Occupation
('Patch Grove'
sherds)
Early villa building - < AD
100
Villa rebuilt/restyled c AD180 (baths
and octagonal room added).
Occupation not continuous from Early
period.
Villa in ruins by AD
270-4. Part
reconstructed AD 280-
300.
8
413
Appendix F: Rural sites around Roman Neatham
Table F.1 to show rural sites with local communications network and periods of activity within 10 km of Roman Neatham.
Blank cell = no information. ? = uncertainty. No data for trackways is available. Distance is given as a direct line.
Site Location
(SU)
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman Roman road
(</= 2 km)
River Dist. km
Alton 71393890
1st C cemetery. IA/Roman coin +
jewellery hoard.
3rd/4th C settlement Winchester-
London
3
Alice Holt,
High
plateau R42
80654110
Farmstead
Farmsteads (R43, R44, R45,
R47)
Winchester-
London
River Wey 6
Binsted
'Oppidum'
76704095 Oval
enclosure
complex+
field
system
NW of enclosure (Steyne Farm (7580
4130) field manuring (pottery scatter).
Winchester-
London.
Silchester-
London
Lodden/Ludde
n stream
3
Binsted,
above
escarpment
79004115
Pottery assemblage Winchester-
London.
Silchester-
Chichester
3
Binsted,
Holt Pound
80604350
Religious site - 1st-2nd century votive
offerings: copper-alloy brooches,
coins, shears, sceptre terminal and
pieces of beaded torcs.
Winchester-
London
River Wey 7
Binsted,
R35
76904143
Occupation: walled
building, post-built
structure with chalk floors,
sites R36, R37, R38.
Winchester-
London.
Silchester-
Chichester
River Wey.
Kingsley
stream
3.5
Binsted
Wyke
75883938 Villa estate (?vineyard) Silchester-
Chichester
River Slea 2.5
Crondall 80204680 ?circular
enclosure
Tessellated pavement – date unknown Winchester-
London
Tributary -
Hart River
8
414
Glade Farm 77914582 2 rectangular buildings plus courtyard
– date unknown
Winchester-
London
River Wey
(2.5km)
6
Holybourne
Down
73404260 D-shaped
enclosure
(c 5 ha)
?Farmed land
Winchester-
London.
Silchester-
Chichester
3
Isington 77984220 Small corridor villa pre 250 AD London-
Winchester
River Wey 4
Kingsley 78823833 Square
area (64
ha) used
for
livestock?
Multiple
trackways.
Occupation 1st-3rd C: pottery, quern,
iron slag (site R26)
? Occupation
Kingsley
stream (River
Wey S
branch)
5
Kingsley,
Country
Market
80203860
3 Kilns
River Slea 6
Kingsley,
Ranks Hill
81103880 Preshistori
c enclosure
- LIA?
4th C farmstead
Tributary of
River Wey (S
branch)
7
Kinsley:
R31, R32,
R33
76803890
3rd - 4th C occupation
(R32A, R33). Roman road.
Kingsley
stream (River
Wey S
branch)
5
Neatham
Manor
74004000 ‘Romano-British’ villa with mosaic
floor – date unknown
Silchester-
Chichester
River Wey
500m
600m
Odiham 74325105
River
Whitewater
9
South Hay 77153920 Trackway ? Occupation
Arable land. 40 acres rough
grazing.
Silchester-
Chichester
Tributary of
Slea
4
South Hay,
Reynolds
Hanger
77853935
Temple site.
Winged corridor villa.
Stockyard with ?barn. 65 ha
arable land. 30 ha pasture.
Silchester-
Chichester
Tributary of
Slea
4
415
South Hay,
Walters
Mead
77903910 Occupatio
n
?Occupation
Masonry building Silchester-
Chichester
Tributary of
Slea
4
Wheatley 78903990 Pear-
shaped
enclosure
+ hollow
way.
Early 3rd C
?reorganisation
of settlement.
Rectangular
farmyard and
building
(?villa). 53 ha
arable farmland:
Celtic fields on
slopes Upper
Greensand
?4th century occupation
River Slea 5
416
Appendix G: Rural sites around Staines-upon-Thames
Table G.1 to show rural sites with local communications network and periods of activity within 10 km of Roman Staines-upon-Thames.
Blank cell = no information. ? = uncertainty. Distance is given as a direct line.
Site Location
TQ (+ 0)
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman Roman
road
Minor
road
River Dist
km
Agar's Plough SU
97807820
Ladder enclosure (E-W).
Quarry pit -?date
Ladder enclosure (?stock
pens). Trackway.
Abandoned 2nd/3rd C Enclosures
modified
Track
way
Thames 9.25
Ashford Prison 05407140 MIA-LIA unenclosed
settlement ~ 9-10
roundhouses. ?Ritual site.
Linked to Hengrove site.
New 'Roman' field system
imposed - ?late 1st-3rd C
London-
Silchester
Ash 2
Datchet,
Southlea Farm
SU
99207620
Neolithic-post-Roman
enclosure complex
Ditched rectangular
enclosure complex. Field
system.
Ditched rectangular
enclosure complex. Field
system.
Ditched
rectangular
enclosure
complex. Field
system.
Thames 6.5
East Bedfont 08007370 Boundary ditches - ?oppidum
80 huts (?site of earlier
henge).
Occupation Occupation Occupation London-
Silchester
Longfor
d
5
Harlington,
Cranford Lane
09527736 Uncertain
Enclosure
complex
London-
Silchester
Drove
way
Crane 6
Harlington,
Imperial
College Sports
Ground
08257765 Enclosed settlement.
Roundhouses.
Expansion of LIA
settlement along track.
Continued use of LIA
roundhouses.
London-
Silchester
NE-
SW
trackw
ay
6
Heathrow,
Caesar's Camp
08507660 Settlement - 11 non-
contemporary hut circles.
Temple.
Occupation of LIA site
London-
Silchester
Crane 6
Hengrove
Farm
05297180 Open settlement. ?
Roundhouses.
Multiple enclosures.
Paddocks. Waterholes.
Multiple enclosures.
Paddocks. Waterholes.
Multiple
enclosures.
London-
Silchester
Track
way
Ash 1.5
417
Paddocks.
Waterholes.
Horton,
Berkyn Manor
Farm
02407640 Occupation Occupation including
cobbled area.
Thames.
Colne
4
Horton,
Kingsmead
Quarry
02007550 Settlement with roundhouses.
Field system.
Reorganised field system.
Waterholes. LIA
roundhouses in use.
Field system. Waterholes.
LIA roundhouses in use.
Field system.
Waterholes. LIA
roundhouses in
use.
Colne 4
Horton, Lower 01777517 Field system/? occupation Field system/? occupation Field system/? occupation Field system/?
occupation
Colne 4
Laleham,
Fairyland
Caravan Park
05406948 Field system. Paddocks.
Enclosures.
Field system. Paddocks.
Enclosures.
Large pit-
domestic rubbish
Thames 2.5
Mayfield Farm 07707360 ? Roundhouses. Enclosed settlement as for
LIA. ? Kiln. Cobbled area.
London-
Silchester
4
Perry Oaks,
Heathrow T5
05507570 Nucleated settlement. Field
boundaries.
Settlement. Large number
watering holes.
Enclosure complex
expanded to include > 4
rectangular buildings.
Network of trackways.
Settlement
continued + 2
timber buildings.
London-
Silchester
Colne 4.5
Shepperton 07716668
?Fish weir
Thames 6.5
Slough, Bath
Road
SU
49511807
Farmstead Farmstead
Thames 10
Thorpe,
Coldharbour
quarry
02606890 BA evidence. No LIA. Field system. Water holes. Water holes 4 large watering
holes.T-shape
corn drier.
Thames 2
Thorpe Lea
Nurseries
01826980 Unenclosed settlement Enclosed settlement (W
part only).
Enclosed settlement (W
part only).
Enclosed
settlement (W
part only).
Waterholes
Minor
road
Thames.
Redbour
ne
2
Wraysbury,
Waylands
Nursery
00127440
Triple-ditched
enclosure
Thames 3
418
Appendix H: Agricultural sites
Sites (small town and rural hinterland): evidence interpreted as relating to agricultural structures and activity.
Notes for tables:
• ‘-‘in a cell indicates no data available.
• To complement the data set constructed here, where the Roman Rural Settlement Project has referenced the same site material the latter’s site classification has been included in
the final column2:
o ‘Unclassified’ resulting from lack of sufficient data, eg no site plan or truncated excavation site.
o ‘Unenclosed’ refers to open settlements without defining occupation enclosures (making up 6% of RRSP South region sites). Field ditches and enclosures may be present.
o ‘Enclosed’ settlements are characterised by an enclosed domestic occupation area (making up 68% of RRSP of sites in the South region).
o ‘Complex’ sites include either a large sub-divided enclosure or a system of adjoining enclosures, incorporating different dedicated activity areas including fields and
tracks (making up 26% of RRSP sites in the South).
Table H.1 Roman Braughing and hinterland
Site Soil
No
Dist.
(Km)
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman Unspecified Roman
period
Enclosure/settle
ment type by
RRSP category
Braughing 7 0 Skeleton Green/LIA Roadside settlement Settlement Decline - Complex
settlement
Braughing, town
site
7 0 - - - - Rural farmstead (crop
marks and debris).
-
Braughing,
Warrenhill
7 0 - Farmstead Farmstead Farmstead Farmstead (surface finds
only).
-
2 http://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/archaeology/Reading_April_14_talk_AS.pdf [Accessed 9.01.2017]
419
Bishop's Stortford 7 10 - Roadside settlement Roadside
settlement
Roadside
settlement
- -
Bishop's Stortford
(Cannons
Close/Meads/Thorl
ey)
7 10 - - Settlement/farmst
ead
Settlement/farmst
ead (rectangular
buildings).
- -
Bishop's Stortford
North
9 9 (MIA) Field system Field system - Dwelling Ditched stock enclosures
or field boundaries. Farm
dwellings and barn.
-
Bishop's Stortford,
Grange Paddocks
7 10 - Field /enclosure Roadside
settlement.
Field/enclosures
Field/enclosures - Unclassified
Bishop's Stortford,
Stane St
7 8 Occupation Roadside settlement Roadside
settlement
- - -
Bishop's Stortford,
School
9 8 - - - Occupation? - Unclassified
Buntingford 7 5 Activity Enclosures - - - -
Buntingford,
Causeway
9 5 - 2 enclosures - - - -
Buntingford,
Longmead
7 5 - Field system - - - -
Buntingford -
Owles Lane
9 5 - Farmstead. - - - -
Exnalls Farm 9 7.5 Farmstead - stock
enclosures/field
boundaries/barns or
dwellings. Pits
Farmstead - stock
enclosures/field
boundaries/barns or
dwellings. Pits
- - - Unclassified
Gatesbury 7 0.5 Occupation Occupation - - - -
Hertford,
Mangrove Hall
6 10 - Settlement - burials - -
Hertford,
Millbridge
20 10 - Enclosures.Structures.
Quay/bridge posts - date?
Enclosures.Struct
ures. Quay/bridge
posts - date?
Enclosures.Struct
ures. Quay/bridge
posts - date?
- Unclassified
420
Hormead, Mutton
Hall
9 8 Occupation Occupation - - - -
Little Hadham,
Caley Wood
7 4 Occupation - Activity - - Unclassified
Little Hadham,
Pigs Green
9 4 - - - kiln and double-
ditched enclosure
- date?
- -
Mentley Farm,
Puckeridge
7 1 - Villa/farm ? Villa Villa - -
Mentley Lane East,
Puckeridge
7 1 Activity close-by Field boundaries.
Cremations
- - - -
Much Hadham, St
Elizabeth's
9 8 - - - Enclosures.Farmst
ead /temporary
military camp
- -
Puckeridge, Pumps
Mead
7 0.5 Settlement Settlement. Workshops? - - - -
Ralph Sadleir
School
7 0.5 Farmstead. Activity - - - -
Standon, Plashes
Farm
18 1.25 Activity kiln Occupation
features
Occupation
features
- Unclassified
Stapleford 6 9 Activity Drove way. Rectilinear
stock enclosure.
- - - -
Thundridge 7 9 Trackway. Acitivity - - - - -
Wadesmill, By-
pass site 2
9 7 Small enclosed
settlement (animal
bone deposit)
small enclosed settlement - - - Enclosed
Wadesmill, By-
pass site 3
9 6.5 Farmstead. Trackway Farmstead. Trackway - - - Unclassified
Ware 7 10 - Settlement. Metal
working. Bone working.
Settlement.Kiln/cl
ay pits
- - -
Ware Football
Club
9 10 - Roadside settlement Roadside
settlement
Activity Large timber post structure
and a pond.
Complex
settlement
Ware, Buryfields 7 10 - Activity Activity Activity Large timber-post structure
and pond (?date)
-
421
Ware, GSK 7 10 Activity Roadside settlement. Roadside
settlement.
Workshops
Roadside
settlement.
Workshops
Ditches/ field enclosures/
?industrial activity/
woollen industry.
-
Ware, GW,
Building 10
7 10 - Roadside settlement.
Animal husbandry.
Roadside
settlement.
Animal husbandry
Activity - Complex rural
settlement
Ware, Lock 7 10 - Burial Occupation.
Wharf?
Activity - Complex rural
settlement
Ware Road 7 10 - - - - Road, large timber post
structure, pond
-
Westmill 7 3.5 - - - - Settlement/? villa. Crop
marks of enclosures. 2
linear features (? tracks).
-
Youngsbury 7 9 - - - - - -
422
Table H.2 Roman Dorchester-on-Thames and hinterland
Site Soil
No.
Dist.
(Km)
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman Unspecified
Roman
period
Enclosure/settle
ment type by
RRSP category
Dorchester-on-
Thames
7 0 Dyke
Hills/Gatesbury/
LIA
- Settlement developed Settlement continued - -
Abingdon, Barton
Court Farm
7 6.5 Farmstead Ditched enclosure/buildings Abandoned late
2nd/early 3rd c
Farmhouse/villa.
Enclosures + paddocks
- -
Abingdon, 66/68
Bath Street
7 6.5 - Occupation debris - - - -
Abingdon,
Fitzharris Arms PH
7 6.5 - Occupation debris. 'Industrial
waste'
- - - -
Abingdon,
Museum
7 6.5 - Metalled road to Dorchester-on-
Thames? Occupation debris
- - - -
Abingdon, Station
Inn
7 6.5 ?Oppidum
ditches
- Successive domestic
buildings/debris
- - -
Abingdon, Thrupp
House Farm
(452000 197200)
7 6.75 Roundhouses,
field ditches,
enclosures
Farmstead < AD 100 - - - Unclassified
Appleford 7 5 Occupation Field system. Trackways Field system. Trackways Field system.
Trackways
- -
Appleford Sidings 7 5 - Double-ditched linear enclosure.
Extensive field
system.Trackway?villa. > AD 120
- - Paddocks Enclosed
Aston Tyrrold Site
2
5 10 - Ditches/gullies - - - -
Benson 7 3 - Field system, drove way +
?settlement
- - - Unclassified
Benson, Battle
Farm east
7 3 Occupation Occupation debris - - - -
Benson, Jubilee
Villa
7 3 - Horse and cereal remains - - - -
423
Benson, St Helen’s
Avenue
7 3 Settlement Settlement- ?date - - - -
Berinsfield 7 1.5 Tracks +
enclosures
Ditches, enclosures, ponds.
Occupation debris.
Pottery kiln site. Ditches,
enclosures, ponds.
Occupation debris
- - -
Berinsfield,
Broadfield Barn
7 1.5 Farming Enclosure complex + track.
Modified IA field system.
- - - -
Berinsfield, Mount
Farm
7 1.5 Settlement/enclo
sures
Settlement/enclosures + tracks enclosures/tracks until
3rd C.
- - Complex
Berrick Salome 18 3 Occupation Yard/track Activity Rural settlement - Unclassified
Blackbird Leys 6 7 - - 3 pottery kilns + pot
drying area
- - -
Brightwell-cum-
Sotwell
6 3 Enclosures,
ditches, pits
Enclosures, 2 roundhouses,
workshop + buildings < AD70
- Occupation debris Paddocks Unclassified
Crowmarsh Gifford 5 5 Farmland - Field system - - -
Culham 7 5 - Enclosures complexes 2 - - - -
Didcot, Land north
of the A4130
6 6 - - Ladder type stock
enclosures/occupation
ladder type stock
enclosures/occupation
- -
Didcot, sewerage
scheme
18 6 - Farmsteads 3 date? Farmsteads 3 date? Farmsteads 3 date? - Unclassified
Didcot, Rutherford
Appleton Lab., Site
B
5 6 Farmstead Farmstead - ditched enclosure. 1
roundhouse.
Farmstead Farmstead/T-shape corn
drier
- Unclassified
Didcot, Great
Western Park
(450850 190150)
5 9 Trackway, pits,
ditches,
postholes
Trackway, enclosures, wells - Small villa (3rd C)/3
different shape corn
driers + 2 T-shape.
Waterholes/
ponds
Complex
Halfpenny Lane
(Moulsford)
5 9 (MIA
occupation)
- - Occupation. Large
building nearby.
- -
Little Wittenham,
Hill Farm
7 2.5 (EIA hut) Double-ditched enclosures, track,
small villa date?
- - - -
Little Wittenham,
Castle Hill
7 1.5 Hillfort Occupation debris Enclosures 4, masonry
building
Occupation debris - Enclosed
Little Wittenham,
Wittenham Clumps
7 1.5 Occupation Building/small villa ?Occupation Occupation - -
424
Lollingdon Hill
Sites 1/2
5 1.5 - - - Occupation debris +
iron working
Evidence of
paddocks
Unclassified
Long Wittenham,
Round Hill
7 1.5 Settlement Farmstead - building + timber
outbuilding. Ditched enclosure.
Track.
- - - -
Long Wittenham,
College Farm
7 1.5 - Field system + connecting E-W
track. date?
- - - -
Long Wittenham,
Neptune Wood
7 1.5 - - Trackway (2nd-4th c) +
field system (late 2nd-
late 3rd c)
Trackway (2nd-4th c) +
field system (late 2nd-
late 3rd c)
- -
Long Wittenham,
Northfield Farm
7 1.5 Ditches Track + ditched enclosure with
palisade
- - - -
Long Wittenham,
Northfield Farm
west
7 1.5 Settlement Extensive enclosures. Tracks. 4
timber/stone/wattle-lined wells.
- - - -
Moulsford, North
Road
5 10 Occupation Ditches + gullies marking
enclosures
- - - -
Overy 20 0.5 - Settlement (6.5 ha) - building
enclosures, hearths. Road to
junction Dorchester road + bridge.
date?
- - - -
Wallingford, Cold
Harbour Farm
7 5 - - - Farmstead. T-shape
corn drier (4th c).
Cemetery
- -
Wallingford, 60
Radnor Road
7 4 - - Occupation - - -
Wallingford,
Winterbrook
7 3 - - Occupation (cattle
rearing?)
Occupation (cattle
rearing?)
- -
Wally Corner 7 3 - - - Enclosure + field
complex Waterholes.
- Unclassified
Warborough,
Cooks cottages
7 1.5 - Field system: 13 rectilinear ditched
enclosures, double-ditched
trackway
- - - -
Warpsgrove,
Oxfordshire
18 8 - - - Horse remains and
cereal evidence.
- -
425
Table H.3 Roman Ewell and hinterland
Site Soil
No.
Dist.
(Km)
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman Enclosure/s
ettlement
type by
RRSP
category
Ewell 18 0 - Settlement developed Settlement decline Settlement revival -
Ashtead villa
and tile works
18 6 - 1st century villa (constructed
AD70s or 80s). Bathhouse. Tile
kiln + brick industry (pre-date
villa?).
Villa. Bathhouse. Tile kiln + brick industry. - -
Beddington,
villa
22 9 Enclosed settlement -
abandoned by Roman
period.
- Cobbled yard surface (AD 200). Late 2nd
century corridor villa: house, bath house, 2
large barns, 3 other buildings = workshops or
livestock barns?
Wings built on villa (late
3rd century). 2 barns
replaced by aisled
structure. Cobbled yard
surface.
Enclosed
Burgh Heath,
Chapel Way
6 5 - Small low status settlement
(2nd century).
Low status settlement Low status settlement Unclassified
Carshalton,
former Queen
Mary's
Hospital
18 6 Occupation
(continued from BA
enclosure/chalk
quarries). Early and
Late Roman
Farm AD 50-250 Farm until AD 250 - Unclassified
Chessington,
Barwell Court
Farm
18 5 - - Pits, ditches, postholes - agricultural settlement Agricultural settlement -
Chessington
(RAF),
Mansfield Rd
18 5 Occupation - Farmstead 2nd/3rd century (crop processing). Occupation. Unclassified
Chessington,
St. Mary's
18 3.5 Occupation (?BA) Occupation - - -
Croydon, 15-
17 Brighton
Road
6 10 Occupation Agricultural activity (2 ditches
and pit - AD 120-180).
Agricultural activity. - -
426
Croydon,
Lower
Coombe
Street
6 10.2 - Mid-1st century occupation (4
gravel pits).
- - -
Ewell, North
Looe House
7 2 Occupation Native' farmstead (Little
Woodbury type) - mainly
1st/2nd century.
Farmstead 2nd/3rd C - crop processing. Farmstead -
Ewell, Priest
Hill Farm
7 1.5 Small pre-Conquest
farm
Small farming settlement -
post-Conquest.
- - -
Farthing
Down
3 8 - Track and field system. - - -
Kingston-
upon-Thames,
Skerne Road
6 8 - Occupation. Occupation (quarry pits). Occupation (quarry pits
3rd century).
Unclassified
Leatherhead
Downs
3 8.5 Field system. Field system. - - -
Leatherhead,
Hawks Hill
3 9 IA farmstead - Little
Woodbury type
- - - -
Leatherhead,
Woodlands
Park
18 8.2 Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation. -
North Looe 7 2 Occupation Occupation late 1st/early 2nd
century.
Occupation late 2nd century - -
Old Malden,St
John’s
vicarage
22 4 Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation Unclassified
Tolworth,
Alpine
Avenue
18 5 LIA farmstead. Occupation until AD 50 - - Unclassified
Walton Heath 8 9 - Villa - ?date Villa - ?date Villa - ?date -
Walton-on-
the-Hill
6 8 Occupation ('Patch
Grove' sherds)
Early villa building - < AD 100 Villa rebuilt/restyled c AD180 (baths and
octagonal room added). Occupation not
continuous from Early period.
Villa in ruins by AD 270-
4. Part reconstructed AD
280-300.
Unclassified
427
Table H.4 Roman Neatham and hinterland
Site Soil
No.
Dist.
(Km)
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman Enclosure/settlem
ent type by RRSP
category
Neatham 6 0 - Roadside settlement Settlement developed Settlement flourished Complex
Alton 6 3 - 1st C cemetery. IA/Roman
coin + jewellery hoard.
- 3rd/4th C settlement -
Alton, 89
High
Street
6 3 - - Roadside settlement. Masonry walls. Roadside settlement Unclassified
Alice
Holt, High
plateau
R42
17 6 - Farmstead - Farmsteads - 6 (R43, R44,
R45, R47)
-
Binsted
'Oppidum'
6 3 Oval enclosure
complex+ field
system
NW of enclosure (Steyne
Farm (7580 4130) field
manuring (pottery scatter).
- - -
Binsted,
R35
6 3.5 - - - Occupation: walled
building, post-built
structure with chalk floors,
sites R36, R37, R38.
-
Holybourn
e Down
5 3 D-shaped enclosure
(c 5 ha)
?Farmed land - - Enclosed
Kingsley 10 5 Square area (64 ha)
used for livestock?
Multiple trackways.
Occupation 1st-3rd C:
pottery, quern, iron slag
(site R26)
? Occupation - -
Kingsley,
Ranks Hill
10 7 Prehistoric
enclosure - LIA?
- - 4th C farmstead -
Kinsley:
R31, R32,
R33
10 5 - - - 3rd - 4th C occupation
(R32A, R33). Roman road.
-
South Hay 6 4 Trackway ? Occupation - Arable land. 40 acres rough
grazing.
-
428
South
Hay,
Reynolds
Hanger
6 4 - Temple site. Villa - Villa. Stockyard with ?barn.
65 ha arable land. 30 ha
pasture.
-
South
Hay,
Walters
Mead
6 4 Occupation ?Occupation - Masonry building -
Wheatley 6 5 Pear-shaped
enclosure + hollow
way.
- Early 3rd C ?reorganisation of settlement.
Rectangular farmyard and building. 53 ha arable
farmland: Celtic fields on slopes Upper
Greensand
?4th century occupation -
Wyck,
villa
6 5 - - Villa site and bath house. Villa site/bath house Unclassified
429
Table H.5 Roman Staines-upon-Thames and hinterland
Site Soil
No.
Dist.
(Km)
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman Enclosure/settle
ment type by
RRSP category
Staines-upon-
Thames
6 0 - Settlement flourished Settlement declined Settlement
continued
-
Agar's Plough 7 9.25 Ladder' enclosure (E-W).
Quarry pit -?date
Ladder' enclosure (? stock
pens). Trackway.
Abandoned 2nd/3rd C Enclosures modified Unclassified
Ashford Prison 6 2 MIA-LIA unenclosed settlement
~ 9-10 roundhouses. ?Ritual
site. Linked to Hengrove site.
New 'Roman' field system
imposed - ?late 1st-3rd C
- - Unenclosed
Datchet, Southlea
Farm
7 6.5 Neolithic-post-Roman enclosure
complex.
Ditched rectangular enclosure
complex. Field system.
Ditched rectangular enclosure
complex. Field system.
Ditched rectangular
enclosure complex..
Field system.
Enclosed
East Bedfont 6 5 Boundary ditches - ?oppidum
80 huts (?site of earlier henge).
Occupation Occupation Occupation -
Harlington,
Cranford Lane
6 6 Uncertain use - - Enclosure complex Complex
Harlington,
Imperial College
Sports Ground
6 6 Enclosed settlement.
Roundhouses.
Expansion of LIA settlement
along track. Continued use of
LIA roundhouses.
- - Complex
Heathrow,
Caesar's Camp
6 6 Settlement - 11 non-
contemporary hut circles.
Temple.
Occupation of LIA site - - -
Hengrove Farm 6 1.5 Open settlement. ?
Roundhouses.
Multiple enclosures.
Paddocks. Waterholes.
Multiple enclosures. Paddocks.
Waterholes.
Multiple enclosures.
Paddocks.
Waterholes.
Complex
Horton, Berkyn
Manor Farm
6 4 Occupation Occupation including
cobbled area.
- - Unclassified
Horton,
Kingsmead
Quarry
6 4 Settlement with roundhouses.
Field system.
Reorganised field system.
Waterholes. LIA roundhouses
in use.
Field system. Waterholes. LIA
roundhouses in use.
Field system.
Waterholes. LIA
roundhouses in use.
Complex
Horton, Lower 6 4 Field system/? occupation Field system/? occupation Field system/? occupation Field system/?
occupation
-
430
Laleham,
Fairyland
Caravan Park
6 2.5 Field system. Paddocks.
Enclosures.
Field system. Paddocks.
Enclosures.
- Large pit- domestic
rubbish
Unclassified
Mayfield Farm 22 4 ? Roundhouses. Enclosed settlement as for
LIA. ? Kiln. Cobbled area.
- - Unclassified
Perry Oaks,
Heathrow T5
6 4.5 Nucleated settlement. Field
boundaries.
Settlement. Large number
watering holes.
Enclosure complex, expanded to
include > 4 rectangular buildings.
Network of trackways.
Settlement
continued + 2 timber
buildings.
Complex
Slough, Bath
Road
22 10 Farmstead Farmstead - - -
Thorpe,
Coldharbour
quarry
6 2 BA evidence. No LIA. Field system. Water holes. Water holes 4 large watering
holes.T-shape corn
drier.
Enclosed
Thorpe Lea
Nurseries
6 2 Unenclosed settlement Enclosed settlement (W part
only).
Enclosed settlement (W part only). Enclosed settlement
(W part only).
Waterholes
Enclosed
Wraysbury,
Waylands
Nursery
6 3 - - - Triple-ditched
enclosure
Enclosed
431
Appendix I: Sites by soil category
Site Soil
Class.
No.
Distance
(Km)
LIA Early Roman Mid-Roman Late Roman
Roman Braughing
Braughing 7 0 Skeleton Green/LIA Roadside settlement Settlement Decline
Bishop's
Stortford
7 10
Roadside settlement Roadside settlement Roadside settlement
Bishop's
Stortford
(Cannons
Close/Meads/Th
orley)
7 10
Settlement/farmstead Settlement/farmstead
Bishop's
Stortford North
9 9 (MIA) Field system Field system
Dwelling
Bishop's
Stortford,
Grange
Paddocks
7 10
Field /enclosure Roadside settlement. Field/enclosures Field/enclosures
Bishop's
Stortford, Stane
St
7 8 Occupation Roadside settlement Roadside settlement
Bishop's
Stortford,
School
9 8
Occupation?
Buntingford 7 5 Activity Enclosures
Buntingford,
Causeway
9 5
2 enclosures
Buntingford,
Longmead
7 5
Field system
432
Buntingford -
Owles Lane
9 5
Farmstead.
Enalls Farm 9 7.5 Farmstead. Stock
enclosures/field
boundaries
Farmstead. Stock enclosures.
Gatesbury 7 0.5 Occupation Occupation
Hertford,
Mangrove Hall
6 10
Settlement
burials
Hertford,
Millbridge
20 10
Enclosures.Structures.
Quay/bridge posts - date?
Enclosures.Structures. Quay/bridge posts -
date?
Enclosures.Structures.
Quay/bridge posts - date?
Hormead,
Mutton Hall
9 8 Occupation Occupation
Little Hadham,
Caley Wood
7 4 Occupation
Activity
Little Hadham,
Pigs Green
9 4
kiln and double-ditched
enclosure - date?
Mentley Farm 7 1 Villa? Villa Villa
Mentley Lane
East, Puckeridge
7 1 Activity close-by Field boundaries. Cremations
Much Hadham,
St Elizabeth's
9 8
Enclosures.Farmstead/temporar
y military camp
Puckeridge,
Pumps Mead
7 0.5 Settlement Settlement. Workshops?
Ralph Sadleir
School
7 0.5 Farmstead. Activity
Standon,
Plashes Farm
18 1.25 Activity kiln Occupation features Occupation features
Stapleford 6 9 Activity Drove way. Rectilinear stock
enclosure.
Thundridge 7 9 Trackway.Acitivity
Wadesmill, By-
pass site 2
9 7 Small enclosed
settlement.
small enclosed settlement
Wadesmill, By-
pass site 3
9 6.5 Farmstead.
Trackway
Farmstead. Trackway
433
Ware 7 10
Settlement. Metal working.
Bone working.
Settlement..Kiln. Clay pits
Ware Football
Club
9 10
Roadside settlement Roadside settlement Activity
Ware,
Buryfields
7 10
Activity Activity Activity
Ware, GSK 7 10 Activity Roadside settlement. Roadside settlement. Workshops Roadside settlement.
Workshops
Ware, GW,
Building 10
7 10
Roadside settlement. Animal
husbandry.
Roadside settlement. Animal husbandry Activity
Ware, Lock 7 10
Burial Occupation. Wharf? Activity
Ware Road 7 10
Westmill * 7 3.5
Youngsbury* 7 9
Villa?
Roman Dorchester-on-Thames
Dorchester-on-
Thames
7 0 Dyke
Hills/Gatesbury/
LIA
Settlement developed Settlement continued
Abingdon,
Barton Court
Farm
7 6.5 Farmstead Ditched enclosure/buildings Abandoned late 2nd/early 3rd c Farmhouse/villa. Enclosures +
paddocks
Abingdon,
66/68 Bath
Street
7 6.5
Occupation debris
Abingdon,
Fitzharris Arms
PH
7 6.5
Occupation debris. 'Industrial
waste'
Abingdon,
Museum
7 6.5
Metalled road to Dorchester-on-
Thames?Occupation debris
Abingdon,
Station Inn
7 6.5 ?Oppidum ditches
Successive domestic buildings/debris
Appleford 7 5 Occupation Field system. Trackways Field system. Trackways Field system. Trackways
434
Appleford
Sidings
7 5
Double-ditched linear
enclosure.Etensive field
system.Trackway?villa. > AD20
Aston Tyrrold
Site 2
5 10
Ditches/gullies
Benson 7 3
Field system, drove way +
?settlement
Benson, Battle
Farm east
7 3 Occupation Occupation debris
Benson, St
Helen’s Avenue
7 3 Settlement Settlement- ?date
Berinsfield 7 1.5 Tracks + enclosures Ditches, enclosures, ponds.
Occupation debris.
Pottery kiln site. Ditches, enclosures, ponds.
Occupation debris
Berinsfield,
Broadfield Barn
7 1.5 Farming Enclosure complex+ track.
Modified IA field system.
Berinsfield,
Mount Farm
7 1.5 Settlement Settlement ?Settlement
Berrick Salome 18 3 Occupation Yard/track Activity Rural settlement
Blackbird Leys 6 7
3 pottery kilns + pot drying area
Brightwell-cum-
Sotwell
6 3 Enclosures, ditches,
pits
Enclosures, roundhouse
workshop + buildings < AD70
Occupation debris
Crowmarsh
Gifford
5 5 Farmland
Field system
Culham 7 5
Enclosures complexes 2
Didcot, Land
north of the
A4130
6 6
Ladder type stock enclosures/occupation ladder type stock
enclosures/occupation
Didcot,
sewerage
scheme
18 6
Farmsteads 3 date? Farmsteads 3 date? Farmsteads 3 date?
Didcot,
Rutherford
Appleton Lab.,
Site B
5 6
Ditched enclosure. ? Building.
435
Halfpenny Lane
(Moulsford)
5 9 (MIA occupation)
Occupation. Large building
nearby.
Little
Wittenham, Hill
Farm
7 2.5 (EIA hut) Double-ditched enclosures,
track, small villa date?
Little
Wittenham,
Castle Hill
7 1.5 Hillfort Occupation debris Enclosures 4, masonry building Occupation debris
Little
Wittenham,
Wittenham
Clumps
7 1.5 Occupation Building/small villa ?Occupation Occupation
Lollingdon Hill
Sites 1/2
5 1.5
Occupation debris + iron
working
Long
Wittenham,
Round Hill
7 1.5 Settlement Farmstead - building + timber
outbuilding.Ditched enclosure.
Track.
Long
Wittenham,
College Farm
7 1.5
Field system + connecting E-W
track. date?
Long
Wittenham,
Neptune Wood
7 1.5
Trackway (2nd-4th c) + field system (late 2nd-
late 3rd c)
Trackway (2nd-4th c) + field
system (late 2nd-late 3rd c)
Long
Wittenham,
Northfield Farm
7 1.5 Ditches Track + ditched enclosure with
palisade
Long
Wittenham,
Northfield Farm
west
7 1.5 Settlement Extensive enclosures.Tracks. 4
timber/stone/wattle-lined wells.
Moulsford,
North Road
5 10 Occupation Ditches + gullies marking
enclosures
Overy 20 0.5
Settlement (6.5 ha) - building
enclosures, hearths. Road to
436
junction Dorchester road +
bridge. date?
Wallingford,
Cold Harbour
Farm
7 5
Farmstead.T-shape corn drier
(4th c). Cemetery
Wallingford, 60
Radnor Road
7 4
Occupation
Wallingford,
Winterbrook
7 3
Occupation (cattle rearing?) Occupation (cattle rearing?)
Wally Corner 7 3
Enclosure + field complex
Waterholes.
Warborough,
Cooks cottages
7 1.5
Field system: 13 rectilinear
ditched enclosures, double-
ditched trackway
Roman Ewell
Ewell 18 0 LIA Settlement developed Settlement decline Settlement revival
Ashtead villa
and tile works
18 6
1st century villa (constructed
AD70s or 80s). Bathhouse. Tile
kiln + brick industry (pre-date
villa?).
Villa. Bathhouse. Tile kiln + brick industry.
Beddington,
villa
22 9 Enclosed settlement
- abandoned by
Roman period.
Cobbled yard surface (AD 200). Late 2nd
century corridor villa: house, bath house, 2
large barns, 3 other buildings = workshops or
livestock barns?
Wings built on villa (late 3rd
century). 2 barns replaced by
aisled structure. Cobbled yard
surface.
Burgh Heath,
Chapel Way
6 5
Small low status settlement (2nd
century).
Low status settlement Low status settlement
Carshalton,
former Queen
Mary's Hospital
18 6 Occupation
(continued from BA
enclosure/chalk
quarries). Early and
Late Roman
Farm AD 50-250 Farm until AD 250
437
Chessington,
Barwell Court
Farm
18 5
Pits, ditches, postholes - agricultural settlement Agricultural settlement
Chessington
(RAF),
Mansfield Rd
18 5 Occupation
Farmstead 2nd/3rd century (crop processing). Occupation.
Chessington, St.
Mary's
18 3.5 Occupation (?BA) Occupation
Croydon, 15-17
Brighton Road
6 10 Occupation Agricultural activity (2 ditches
and pit - AD 120-180).
Agricultural activity.
Croydon, Lower
Coombe Street
6 10.2
Mid-1st century occupation (4
gravel pits).
Ewell, North
Looe House
7 2 Occupation Native' farmstead (Little
Woodbury type) - mainly
1st/2nd century.
Farmstead 2nd/3rd C - crop processing. Farmstead
Ewell, Priest
Hill Farm
7 1.5 Small pre-Conquest
farm
Small farming settlement - post-
Conquest.
Farthing Down 3 8
Track and field system.
Kingston-upon-
Thames, Skerne
Road
6 8
Occupation. Occupation (quarry pits). Occupation (quarry pits 3rd
century).
Leatherhead
Downs
3 8.5 Field system. Field system.
Leatherhead,
Hawks Hill
3 9 IA farmstead -
Little Woodbury
type
Leatherhead,
Woodlands Park
18 8.2 Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation.
North Looe 7 2 Occupation Occupation late 1st/early 2nd
century.
Occupation late 2nd century
Old Malden,St
John’s vicarage
22 4 Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation
Tolworth,
Alpine Avenue
18 5 LIA farmstead. Occupation until AD 50
438
Walton Heath 8 9
Villa - ?date Villa - ?date Villa - ?date
Walton-on-the-
Hill
6 8 Occupation ('Patch
Grove' sherds)
Early villa building - < AD 100 Villa rebuilt/restyled c AD180 (baths and
octagonal room added). Occupation not
continuous from Early period.
Villa in ruins by AD 270-4.
Part reconstructed AD 280-300.
Roman Neatham
Neatham 6 0
Roadside settlement Settlement developed Settlement flourished
Alton 6 3
1st C cemetery. IA/Roman coin
+ jewellery hoard.
3rd/4th C settlement
Alice Holt, High
plateau R42
17 6
Farmstead
Farmsteads (R43, R44, R45,
R47)
Binsted
'Oppidum'
6 3 Oval enclosure
comple+ field
system
NW of enclosure (Steyne Farm
(7580 4130) field manuring
(pottery scatter).
Binsted, R35 6 3.5
Occupation: walled building,
post-built structure with chalk
floors, sites R36, R37, R38.
Holybourne
Down
5 3 D-shaped enclosure
(c 5 ha)
?Farmed land
Kingsley 10 5 Square area (64 ha)
used for livestock?
Multiple trackways.
Occupation 1st-3rd C: pottery,
quern, iron slag (site R26)
? Occupation
Kingsley, Ranks
Hill
10 7 Preshistoric
enclosure - LIA?
4th C farmstead
Kinsley: R31,
R32, R33
10 5
3rd - 4th C occupation (R32A,
R33). Roman road.
South Hay 6 4 Trackway ? Occupation
Arable land. 40 acres rough
grazing.
South Hay,
Reynolds
Hanger
6 4
Temple site. Villa
Villa. Stockyard with ?barn. 65
ha arable land. 30 ha pasture.
South Hay,
Walters Mead
6 4 Occupation ?Occupation
Masonry building
439
Wheatley 6 5 Pear-shaped
enclosure + hollow
way.
Early 3rd C ?reorganisation of settlement.
Rectangular farmyard and building. 53 ha
arable farmland: Celtic fields on slopes Upper
Greensand
?4th century occupation
Roman Staines-upon-Thames
Staines-upon-
Thames
6 0
Settlement flourished Settlement declined Settlement continued
Agar's Plough 7 9.25 Ladder' enclosure
(E-W). Quarry pit -
?date
Ladder' enclosure (?stock pens).
Trackway.
Abandoned 2nd/3rd C Enclosures modified
Ashford Prison 6 2 MIA-LIA
unenclosed
settlement ~ 9-10
roundhouses.
?Ritual site. Linked
to Hengrove site.
New 'Roman' field system
imposed - ?late 1st-3rd C
Datchet,
Southlea Farm
7 6.5 Neolithic-post-
Roman enclosure
complex.
Ditched rectangular enclosure
complex. Field system.
Ditched rectangular enclosure complex. Field
system.
Ditched rectangular enclosure
complex Field system.
East Bedfont 6 5 Boundary ditches -
?oppidum 80 huts
(?site of earlier
henge).
Occupation Occupation Occupation
Harlington,
Cranford Lane
6 6 Uncertain use
Enclosure complex
Harlington,
Imperial College
Sports Ground
6 6 Enclosed
settlement.
Roundhouses.
Expansion of LIA settlement
along track. Continued use of
LIA roundhouses.
Heathrow,
Caesar's Camp
6 6 Settlement - 11
non-contemporary
hut circles. Temple.
Occupation of LIA site
Hengrove Farm 6 1.5 Open settlement. ?
Roundhouses.
Multiple enclosures. Paddocks.
Waterholes.
Multiple enclosures. Paddocks. Waterholes. Multiple enclosures. Paddocks.
Waterholes.
440
* indicates no close dates available but definitely Roman.
Horton, Berkyn
Manor Farm
6 4 Occupation Occupation including cobbled
area.
Horton,
Kingsmead
Quarry
6 4 Settlement with
roundhouses. Field
system.
Reorganised field system.
Waterholes. LIA roundhouses in
use.
Field system. Waterholes. LIA roundhouses in
use.
Field system. Waterholes. LIA
roundhouses in use.
Horton, Lower 6 4 Field system/?
occupation
Field system/? occupation Field system/? occupation Field system/? occupation
Laleham,
Fairyland
Caravan Park
6 2.5 Field system.
Paddocks.
Enclosures.
Field system. Paddocks.
Enclosures.
Large pit- domestic rubbish
Mayfield Farm 22 4 ? Roundhouses. Enclosed settlement as for LIA.
? Kiln. Cobbled area.
Perry Oaks,
Heathrow T5
6 4.5 Nucleated
settlement. Field
boundaries.
Settlement. Large number
watering holes.
Enclosure complex expanded to include > 4
rectangular buildings. Network of trackways.
Settlement continued + 2
timber buildings.
Slough, Bath
Road
22 10 Farmstead Farmstead
Thorpe,
Coldharbour
quarry
6 2 BA evidence. No
LIA.
Field system. Water holes. Water holes 4 large watering holes.T-shape
corn drier.
Thorpe Lea
Nurseries
6 2 Unenclosed
settlement
Enclosed settlement (W part
only).
Enclosed settlement (W part only). Enclosed settlement (W part
only). Waterholes
Wraysbury,
Waylands
Nursery
6 3
Triple-ditched enclosure
441
Appendix J: Soil category usage charts
Each of the five case study towns are represented below by tabulated data followed by four pie charts representing site/soil type usage as a visual percentage
for each period of activity (IA, Early, Mid- and Late Roman).
Key information:
• All tables and pie charts include a single entry for the small town and each of the rural sites, regardless of the number of archaeological interventions.
• Rural sites here include all those identified (by features or finds evidence) as being occupied or at least a focus of activity during a particular period.
• Rural sites known to be actively involved in a non-agricultural activity (eg. quarrying or kiln site), but where no additional evidence of agriculture has
been found, have been omitted.
All soil numbers represent the Soilscape categories used by LandIS3.
3 Under public access license (Database Licence Terms and Conditions): Soils Data © Cranfield University (NSRI) and for the Controller of HMSO 2017.
442
Table J.1 Soil classifications key by Soilscape number (LandIS4 categories)
Soil Class. Fertility Description Natural/potential land cover (modern description) Agriculture (modern usage)
So
ilsc
ap
e
no
.
(H/M
/L)
Water conditions and soil texture. Resources available for subsistence and commercial
farming
Arable Pasture
3 Moderate Well-drained lime-rich on chalk/limestone
bedrock
Herbaceous downland. Rough limestone pasture.
Woodland including beech hangers.
Autumn/spring sowing
cereal
Limited grazing.
5 Moderate Well-drained loam, lime-rich. Herbaceous pastures on chalk and limestone bedrocks.
Deciduous woodlands.
Autumn/spring sowing -
cereals. (Grass for cattle
feed)
Poor
6 Low Free-draining loamy, slightly acid Pasture land. Deciduous woodland. Heathland. Spring/autumn sowing Long grazing
season
7 High Free-draining, loamy, base-rich, slightly acid Rich pasture land. Deciduous woodland. Spring/autumn sowing Grassland
8 Moderate Poorly drained, loam and clay, slightly acid. Variety of pasture land. Varied woodland. Autumn cropping Grassland
9 High Less well-drained, lime-rich, loamy with
clay
Rich pasture land. Ancient woodland on boulder clay.
Localised wet areas and flushes.
Autumn sowing Grassland
10 Low Well-drained, sandy, dry, acidic. Dry pasture land. Deciduous and coniferous woodland.
Lowland heath potential.
Autumn/spring sowing.
Market garden crops.
Poor
17 Low Slow draining acid loam and clay. Wet pasture land (according to season). Woodland. Fodder crops Grassland
18 Moderate Base-rich, loam and clay. Slightly acid. Poor
drainage - seasonally wet.
Wet pasture land (according to season). Woodland. Cattle feed - cereal Cattle feed - grass
20 Moderate High water table. Loam with clay. Water meadows. Localised wet carr woodland. Cereal crops Grassland
22 Low High water table. Loam. Water meadows. Woodland. Root crops Poor
4 Cranfield University website at http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/soilguide.cfm [Accessed 14.11.2016]. Under public access license (Database Licence Terms and Conditions): Soils Data © Cranfield University (NSRI) and for the Controller of HMSO 2017.
443
Roman Braughing
Braughing Soil Key (for further information on each soil see Table J.1):
Table J.2 Number of sites within 10km of Braughing by soil type, for each period (a single site may appear in multiply cells)
Pie chart
key
number
Soil
number
Fertility All
periods
IA
(mostly
LIA)
Early
Roman
Mid-
Roman
Late
Roman
1 6 Low 2 1 2 0 1
2 7 High 22 10 15 12 9
3 9 High 11 5 8 1 4
4 18 Moderate 1 1 1 1 1
5 20 Moderate 1 0 1 1 1
(Note the Ware Road and Westmill sites are counted in the above table, but are not included in the period-specific tables below as dates are vague.)
444
6%
59%
29%
6%
Soil types supporting IA settlements in Braughing area within 10km.
1
2
3
4
7%
55%
30%
4% 4%
Soil types supporting Early Roman period settlements within 10km of Braughing.
1
2
3
4
5
0%
80%
6%
7%7%
Soil types supporting Mid-Roman period settlements within 10km Braughing.
1
2
3
4
5
7%
56%
25%
6%6%
Soil types supporting Late Roman period settlements within 10km of Braughing.
1
2
3
4
5
445
Roman Dorchester-on-Thames
Dorchester-on-Thames Soil Key (for further information on each soil type, see Table J.1):
Table J.3 Number of sites within 10km of Dorchester-on-Thames by soil type, for each period
Pie chart
key
number
Soil Fertility All
periods
IA
(mostly
LIA)
Early
Roman
Mid-
Roman
Late
Roman
1 5 High 6 3 3 2 2
2 6 Low 3 1 1 2 2
3 7 High 28 15 21 11 9
4 18 Moderate 2 1 2 2 2
5 20 Moderate 1 0 1 0 0
446
15%
5%
75%
5% 0%
Soil types supporting IA sites within 10km of Dorchester-on-Thames.
1
2
3
4
5
11%
3%
75%
7%4%
Soil types supporting Early Roman Dorchester-on-Thames and rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
4
5
12%
12%
64%
12% 0%
Soil types supporting Mid-Roman Dorchester-on-Thames and rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
4
5
14%
13%
60%
13%0%
Soil types supporting Late Roman Dorchester-on-Thames and rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
4
5
447
Roman Ewell
Ewell Soil Key (for further information on each soil type, see Table J.1)
Table J.4 Number of sites within 10km of Ewell by soil type, for each period
Pie chart
key
number
Soil
number
Fertility All
periods
IA
(mostly
LIA)
Early
Roman
Mid-
Roman
Late
Roman
1 3 Moderate 3 2 2 0 0
2 6 Low 5 2 5 4 1
3 7 High 3 3 3 2 1
4 8 Moderate 1 0 1 1 1
5 18 Moderate 8 6 6 7 4
6 22 Moderate 2 2 1 2 2
448
14%
13%
20%
0%
40%
13%
Soil types supporting IA settlements in Ewell area.
1
2
3
4
5
6
11%
28%
17%5%
33%
6%
Soil types supporting Early Roman Ewell and rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
4
5
6
0%
25%
12%
6%
44%
13%
Soil types supporting Mid-Roman period Ewell and rural sites within 10 km.
1
2
3
4
5
6
0% 11%
11%
11%
45%
22%
Soil types supporting Late Roman Ewell and rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
4
5
6
449
Roman Neatham
Neatham Soil Key (for further information on each soil type, see Table J.1):
Table J.5 Number of sites within 10km of Neatham by soil type, for each period
Pie chart
key
number
Soil
number
Fertility All
periods
IA
(mostly
LIA)
Early
Roman
Mid-
Roman
Late
Roman
1 5 Moderate 1 1 1 0 0
2 6 Low 8 4 6 2 7
3 10 Low 3 2 1 1 2
4 17 Low 1 0 1 0 1
450
14%
57%
29%
0%
Soil types supporting IA sites within 10km of Neatham.
1
2
3
4
11%
67%
11%
11%
Soil types supporting Neatham and Early Roman rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
4
0%
67%
33%
0%
Soil types supporting Neatham and Mid-Roman
rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
4
0%
70%
20%
10%
Soil types supporting Neatham and Late Roman
rural sites within 10 km.
1
2
3
4
451
Roman Staines-upon-Thames
Staines-upon-Thames Soil Key (for information on each soil type, see Table J.1):
Table J.6 Number of sites within 10km of Staines-upon-Thames by soil type, for each period
Pie chart
key
number
Soil
number
Fertility All
periods
IA
(mostly
LIA)
Early
Roman
Mid-
Roman
Late
Roman
1 6 Low 15 13 13 8 11
2 7 High 2 2 2 2 2
3 22 Low 2 2 0 0 0
452
76%
12%
12%
Soil types supporting IA rural sites within 10km of Staines-upon-Thames.
1
2
3
87%
13%0%
Soil types supporting Staines-upon-Thames and Early Roman rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
80%
20%
0%
Soil types supporting Mid-Roman Staines-upon-Thames and rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
85%
15%0%
Soil types supporting Late Roman Staines-upon-Thames and rural sites within 10km.
1
2
3
453
Appendix K: Soil maps
Maps to show the general distribution of soil types in each of the case study areas (source:
LandIS5).
Roman Braughing
5 Available free from http://www.landis.org.uk/services/soilscapes.cfm [Accessed 1.12.2018]
* Roman Braughing
454
Roman Dorchester-on-Thames
* Roman Dorchester-on-Thames
455
Roman Ewell
* Roman Ewell
456
Roman Neatham
* Roman Neatham
457
Roman Staines-upon-Thames
* Roman Staines-upon-Thames
458
Appendix L: Animal bone charts for all sites
Graphs showing the percentages of cattle, sheep/goat and pig bone fragments making up
assemblages recovered from sites within each of the small towns and their rural
hinterlands, according to period (Early Roman: AD 43-150, Mid-Roman: AD 150-250,
Late Roman: AD 250-410).
Early Roman period
Figure L.1 Roman Braughing small town sites (no data for rural sites available)
Figure L.2 Roman Dorchester-on-Thames and hinterland rural sites
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Braughing,bathhouse
Braughing, Sof WickhamHill (LIA/ER)
Braughing,Skeleton
Green
Braughing.Ermine St.
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
459
Figure L.3 Roman Ewell – hinterland rural sites only
Figure L.4 Roman Neatham town - 2 sites combined ( includes Early and Mid-Roman periods)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Neatham, Areas A and B
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
460
Figure L.5 Roman Staines-upon-Thames and hinterland rural sites
Mid-Roman period
Figure L.6 Roman Braughing – one town site only
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Braughing. Ermine St.
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
461
Figure L.7 Roman Dorchester-on-Thames - one rural hinterland site with data
Figure L.8 Roman Ewell - one rural hinterland site with data
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Crowmarsh Gifford
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Croydon, Lower Coombe Street
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
462
Figure L.9 Roman Staines-upon-Thames - three town sites only with data
Late Roman period
Figure L.10 Roman Braughing - one town site and one rural hinterland site with data
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
CentralTradingEstate
ElmsleighCentre
Friends'Burial
Ground
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Bishop'sStortford, School
Braughing.Ermine St.
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
463
Figure L.11 Roman Dorchester-on-Thames - town and hinterland sites
Figure L.12 Roman Ewell hinterland - two rural sites with data
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Beddington, villa Croydon, LowerCoombe Street
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
464
Figure L.13 Roman Neatham - two town sites with data
Figure L.14 Roman Staines-upon-Thames - town and rural hinterland sites with data
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Neatham, Areas A andB
Neatham/Holybourne,Depot site
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
465
Appendix M: Cereal data for all sites
Site
Early Roman Mid- Roman Late Roman
Grain notes Reference Sp
elt
wh
eat
Em
mer
wh
eat
Bre
ad
wh
eat
Ba
rley
(hu
lled
) S
pel
t
wh
eat
Em
mer
wh
eat
Bre
ad
wh
eat
Ba
rley
(hu
lled
) S
pel
t
wh
eat
Em
mer
wh
eat
Bre
ad
wh
eat
Ba
rley
(hu
lled
)
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Gra
in
Hu
sk/s
talk
Roman Braughing
Bishops
Stortford,
Grange
Paddocks
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Landscape was
cultivated but open
(2nd - late 4th C).
Very little evidence
of wheat, barley or
oats in samples.
Noakes H and Cavanagh
N (2010) and Crank, N.,
McDonald, T. and
Murray, J. (2001)
Ware,
Football
Club
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Significant amounts
of spelt wheat
remains found in
ditch, not free-
threshing grain, so
probably grown
locally and
transported to site
(Going in Walker
1995).
Walker, C. (1995)
466
Ware, GSK
Restaurant
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
< Moderate density
cereal grains/chaff.
Mostly spelt wheat,
then barley, then
oats. Glume bases of
spelt wheat
common. No figures
given.
Humphrey, R. (1999)
Roman Dorchester-on-Thames
Abingdon,
Barton
Court Farm
Mo
der
ate
Mo
der
ate
Min
or
Mo
der
ate
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r M
ino
r M
ino
r A
bu
nd
ant
Min
or
Min
or
Min
or
Late Roman corn
drier: chaff and
malted spelt grain.
Miles, D. (1984)
Appleford
Mo
der
ate
Min
or
Min
or
Mo
der
ate
Min
or
Min
or
Mo
der
ate
Min
or
Min
or
Samples from wells.
Hay meadows
suggested.
Hinchcliffe, J. and R
Thomas (1980)
Appleford
Sidings
Mo
der
ate
Min
or
Charred grain.
Wheat chaff noted.
Booth, P. and A
Simmonds (2009)
Benson,
Jubilee Villa
Min
or
Min
or
Husks and evidence
of milling.
Pine, P. (2005)
Berinsfield
Yes
Y
es
By 2nd C proportion
of spelt wheat
increased to 70%.
Lambrick, G. (2010)
467
Berinsfield,
Mount
Farm
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r A
bu
nd
ant
Min
or
By end 2nd C 70%
of cereal grains are
spelt wheat.
Lambrick, G (2010)
Berrick
Salome
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r M
ino
r M
od
erat
e
Wilson, T. (2008)
Brightwell-
cum-Sotwell
Mo
der
ate
Min
or
Chaff present = on-
site processing
Wilson, T. (2008)
Crowmarsh
Gifford
Min
or
Ford, S, J Lowe and J
Pine (2006)
Didcot,
sewerage
scheme
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Farmsteads
recorded, but no
dates available.
Dorchester-
on-Thames,
Bishops
Court SW
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Farmstead with 2
corn drying ovens,
3rd/4th C.
Oxoniensia. Vol
XVII/XVIII (1952/3)
p.223; Vol XI (1958)
p.151; Vol XLII (1977)
pp.42-79.
http://oxoniensia.org/vol
umes/1977/may.pdf
468
Dorchestero
n-Thames,
Hallidays
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Agricultural/horticul
tural land (evidence
of plough soil) from
1st/2nd C to the late
3rd C.
Moore, J. & G.
Williams, (2007)
Dorchester-
on-Thames,
86 High St.
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Ditched field system
(3rd C) close to
town wall with pits -
crop growing or
possible livestock
grazing.
Gilbert, D & A.
Ainsworth (2008)
Dorchester-
on-Thames,
St. Birinus
School
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
No wheat only peas. Torrance, L.J. and T.
Durden (1999)
Moulsford,
Halfpenny
Lane
Yes
Y
es
Pits produced spelt,
barley
Ford, S. (1990)
Wallingford
, Cold
Harbour
Farm
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r
4th C T-shape corn
drier (samples
included 1000
glume bases) -
?drying malted
grain.
Vitolo, M. (2009)
Warpsgrove
,
Oxfordshire
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Very small
quantities of cereal
grain (Late).
Ford, S. I Howell and K
Taylor (2004)
469
Little
Wittenham
Clumps,
Round Hill N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Grain: seeds/glumes
present in flot
samples of both
spelt and emmer
wheat. No. figures
available. Emmer
rarely present this
far west in Upper
Thames Valley.
WA (2004)
Little
Wittenhams
, Castle Hill
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Charred seed Allen, T., Cramp, K.,
Lamdin-Whymark, H.
and Webley, L. (2010)
Roman Ewell
Beddington,
villa
Mo
der
ate
Mo
der
ate
Ab
un
dan
t A
bu
nd
ant
Min
or
Mo
der
ate
Samples represent
LIA (not listed),
Early and Late
Roman. 2 large
barns of Mid-Roman
period replaced by
single aisled
building in Late
period.
Carlshalton,
former
Queen
Marys
Hospital Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r M
ino
r A
bu
nd
ant
Min
or
Min
or
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r M
ino
r
Samples from
ditches/pits AD 50-
300. Regular small
scale processing -
spelt glumes present.
Godden, D. (2008)
470
Chessington
(RAF),
Mansfield
Rd
Ab
un
dan
t M
od
erat
e A
bu
nd
ant
Mo
der
ate
AD 100-300.
Farmstead 2nd/3rd
century (crop
processing).
Torrance, L.J. and T
Durden (2003) An
evaluation and
excavation of Iron Age
and Roman occupation
at Mansfield Road, RAF
Chessington,
1994, Surrey
Archaeological
Collections 90 , 233-
246 http://dx.doi.org/10.
5284/1000221
Croydon,
Lower
Coombe
Street
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r M
ino
r M
od
erat
e
Sample from gravel
quarry pit - 1st/2nd
C AD. All charred.
Chaff present.
Suggested end
stages of processing
in preparation for
storage.
Taylor, J. (2011)
Ewell,
Church
Meadow
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Grain (mainly spelt
and barley) evidence
sparse - no
processing or
storage at this site.
Cowlard, N. pers. comm.
Ewell,
Hatch
Furlong
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Area of pits and
quarries. Flue
oven/drier ?date
Cotton, J., Sheldon, H.
(2006)
471
Ewell, King
William IV
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Phase 5/6
foundations of a
stoke pit for a corn
drier, not Tshaped
but very like the one
found at Foxholes
(97) and Phase 4 my
Early (AD 70-120) 4
pits and remains of a
light timber type
building (95) 5m (N-
S) x 2.5m (E-W) –
orientation not = to
end on strip
building. Solid floor
mooted as a
Granary?
Orton, C, (1997)
Ewell,
North Looe
House
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Farmstead - mainly
1st-2nd C, but
existed into 4th C.
Farmstead 2nd/3rd
C - crop processing.
Cotton, J. (1974)
Ewell,
Priest Hill
Farm
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Small farMinorg
settlement pre- and
post-Conquest
Cotton, J. (2001)
472
Kingston-
upon-
Thames,
Skerne
Road
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r
AD 250-350 sample,
although site
occupied whole
Roman period. 16%
sprouted = spoiled
or for malting? And
Spelt, barley and
oats (poss grown
nearby) found in
sampling Austin, et
al in (Bradley 2005,
181). Wheat glumes
indicate grain
processing
(winnowing stage)
on site.
Bradley, T. (2002)
Roman Neatham
Alice Holt,
high plateau N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Early and Late
Roman farmsteads.
Lyne, M. (2012)
Alton,
Oceanic
House
Ab
un
dan
t
Yes
Min
or
Min
or
Yes
Charred grain and
chaff indicating
domestic processing
pre-storage.
Garland, N., Swift, D.
(2012)
473
Binsted
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
NW of enclosure
(Steyne Farm (7580
4130) field
manuring (pottery
scatter). Several
tracks identified
along with
farmsteads within
this field system
(arable): R35-41
(Lyne 2012, 35).
Lyne, M. (2012)
Frith End,
Abbotts
Wood
Ab
un
dan
t
Mo
der
ate
Min
or
Amounts refer to
charred chaff (+ few
seeds) resulting
from kiln fuel.
Graham, D. (2000)
Frith End,
Grooms
Farm
Ab
un
dan
t
Sample from Late
Roman quarry - c.
3000 grains hulled
wheat, few glumes.
Cooke, N. and A G
Powell (2014)
Neatham,
Vindomis
Close
Late Roman
pits/well samples.
Unclear grain
analysis.
Millett, M. and D
Graham (1986)
Neatham/H
olybourne,
Depot site
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r
RRSP = no figures!
Variations between
ditch deposit
samples with some
high % wheat chaff.
High number spelt
grains. Minorated
barley grains ~
malting.
Trevarthen, M. and A
Manning (2009)
Roman Staines-upon-Thames
474
Datchet,
Southlea
Farm
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Field systems
associated with
enclosure complex
spanning whole
Roman period.
Martin, J. (2010)
East
Bedfont,
Mayfield
Farm
Min
or
Min
or
Pits/ditch samples of
charred grain and
chaff = on-site
processing. Prob.
Early Roman period.
Jefferson, P., (2003)
Egham,
Thorpe Lea
Nurseries
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Spelt Moderate,
barley Abundant -
water-logged sample
all Roman periods.
Hayman, G.N. (1992)
Harlington,
Imperial
College
Sports
Ground N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Charred grain and
increasing amounts
chaff, suggesting
local processing and
storage (pits seem to
have been used). A
pair of 1st C AD
Romano-British
corn-driers
identified near a
timberlined well
which was infilled in
the 3rd C.
Crockett, A., Nowell, J.
(1998)
Heathrow,
Perry Oaks
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Whole Roman
Barley 26 rachis
frag./228 spelt
glume bases + 6
spikelets/ 29 emmer
glume bases + 33
spiklets/ some bread
wheat evidence ?no.
Lewis, J., et al. (2006)
475
Heathrow,
Terminal 5
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r M
od
erat
e A
bu
nd
ant
Min
or
Min
or
Min
or
LIA:
Abundant/Moderate/
Minor/Moderate
Lewis, J. and A Smith
(2010)
Hengrove
Farm N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
2nd C rectilinear
post-built building
12m x 6m - aisled
barn/granary/barn?
Bartlett, A.D.H. (1997)
and Poulton, R. (2003;
2004; 2007)
Horton,
Kingsmead
Quarry N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Whole Roman
period:
Abundant/Minor/Mi
nor/Abundant. 45
water-logged
samples. Cereal
processing on site -
waste material burnt.
Chaffey, G (2009)
Horton,
Lower
Horton
Channel
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
da
ta
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
N
o
d
at
a
Whole Roman
period: uncleaned
Minor/none/Minor/
Minor
Preston, S. (2003)
Horton,
Manor
Farm
Min
or
Min
or
Preston, S. (2003)
Spelthorne,
Ashford
Prison
New Roman field
system imposed -
?late 1st-3rd C - for
livestock or crops is
unknown.
Carew, T. (2003)
476
Staines-
upon-
Thames, 42-
54 London
Road Min
or
Min
or
Hayman, G.N. (2000)
Staines-
upon-
Thames,
Central
Trading
Estate Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r A
bu
nd
ant
Ab
un
dan
t A
bu
nd
ant
Ab
un
dan
t A
bu
nd
ant
Min
or
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r
Sam
ples:
charred
and
water-lo
gg
ed.
Hay
(fod
der/th
atch
?) 1st/2
nd
C
AD
.
McKinley, J.I. (2004)
Staines-
upon-
Thames,
Central
Trading
Estate 15
7
85
dit
ch/b
urn
t
area
) 7
9
23
17
42
(p
its/
flo
or)
4
2
29
1
11
All charred
(McKinley 2004,
Table 9 S17)
McKinley, J. I (2004)
Thorpe,
Coldharbou
r Quarry
Ab
un
dan
t M
ino
r M
ino
r M
od
erat
e
Charred grain
sample from corn
drier. Corn drier
may have been for
pre-storage
processing or
malting.
Riccoboni, P. (2006) and
Margetts, A. and J
Robertson (2013)
Blank data cells represent no specific period/type data.
477
Appendix N: Quernstone data
Mayen Lava
Mayen Lava was imported in large quantities in the Roman period from the Eifel district (including Andernach and Neidermendig) close to the Rhine River
in Germany. Round lava querns worked from stone quarried in this area were introduced to Britain by the Roman army (Mould 2011, 170) and originally
associated with military sites in the north of Britain (Mould, 2011, 170). Lava stone was gritty enough for the purpose of grinding but not particularly
effective, durable but easy to work into shape and to score channels in the grinding surface (Rees 2011, 111). Green points out that this rock does not survive
well when exposed and so often only small fragments have been recorded (2014, 15).
Often cited in support of Londinium as a key entry port for Mayen Lava is the evidence of No.1 Poultry, where c.1000 fragments of broken Mayen
quernstones were used (c. AD 70-90), as hard-core standing for a water tank (Williams and Peacock in Hill and Rowsome 2011, 349-351; Williams and
Peacock undated). This assemblage may have had a number of sources6 as the fragments are mostly worn and not exclusively Mayen; Millstone Grit and
Granite are also present in small quantities (Hill and Rowsome 2011, 453; Williams undated, 18). It may therefore be concluded that this assemblage need
not be directly related to the import and distribution of Mayen querns and should be viewed with caution in this respect. Fragments recovered from sites in
Southwark were of lava querns from Mayen and Niedermendig (Cowan et al. 2009, 99), but the author notes that these were in very small quantities. As no
fragments of other stone, such as Greensand, were found this may imply that corn was not ground on any scale in Southwark or that the stone has simply
been reused in land reclamation or building work here.
Hertfordshire puddingstone
6 A variety of possible sources, such as ship’s ballast, have been suggested, although none are without problems (Williams and Peacock undated, 2-3, 18-20).
478
The sources of Hertfordshire Puddingstone are largely confined to modern Hertfordshire (Green 2011, 144 Fig. 17; 2014, 3 Fig. 1). These quernstones are
thought to have been quarried from small isolated outcrops, or fashioned from surface boulders found to the north and west of St. Albans, although further
concentrations have been found to the south of the town and centred around Bishop’s Stortford and Harlow (Green 2011, 144 Fig. 2; Green et al. 2016, 359;
Green 2016, 353 Fig. 4). The only substantiated quarry sites located to date have been at Bowl’s Dell (Collier’s End) close to Braughing and another further
west at Great Gaddesden (Green et al. 2016, 359, Fig.3). Dates for the production of Hertfordshire Puddingstone and the occupation of sites on which
fragments of quernstones have been found, can be contradictory in the literature, but can very roughly be taken to lie within the Early Roman period.
Poudingue
The proximity of the Bowl’s Dell quarry to the LIA/Early Roman settlement at Skeleton Green, thought to include Continental residents (Partridge 1981),
invites a connection with Gaul. Similarities between the Hertfordshire Puddingstone industry and Poudingue of northern France suggest that they were
linked in some way, perhaps the former being worked by migrant workers from France (Green and Peacock 2014, 38).
Worms Heath Puddingstone
During the pre-Conquest period Worms Heath Puddingstone may have been worked in conjunction with Poudingue stone as part of the same industry (Green
2014, 13; Green 2016, 352). Although the extraction site is located at Warlingham in Surrey, no quern examples have been found in the county, the nearest
7 This map is based on the distribution of sites known in 2009; the version published by Green in 2014 essentially demonstrates the same pattern. 8 http://www.sal.org.uk/fundraising/research/pudding/ [Accessed 14.3.2014].
479
being that found in Croydon to the north. Examples have been found at other sites in south-east England dating from the Pre-conquest and Early Roman
periods (Green and Peacock 2014, 2-3).
Old Red Sandstone (ORS)
Quarries in the Wye Valley and the Forest of Dean (Gloucestershire) to the west of the River Severn9, exploited thick layers of ORS (Upper and Lower) and
a layer of Quartz Conglomerate for the manufacture of rotary quernstones, an industry established during the IA and continuing into the Roman, particularly
the Early, period (Shaffrey 2006, 62). This region is also known to have been a source of iron ore and coal during the Roman period. Shaffrey has argued
that the quarry sites were not however the point of distribution for the quernstones, this she suggests may have been conducted further to the east (across the
Severn Estuary), from Cirencester or from Ashton Keynes. The latter site has been interpreted as a quern storage site due to the large numbers recovered
(Shaffrey 2006, 20, 67). This reasoning is strengthened by the lack of quernstone remains close to the quarry sites, compared to clear concentrations of finds
around the latter settlements. Nevertheless, this pattern may simply reflect consumer demand for quernstones from the nearest suitable source in this area of
Britain: a large number of quernstones remaining at the quarry sites would simply indicate over-production. The large number of apparently complete ORS
quernstones10imported to Cleveland Farm11, Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, (Powell et al. 2007, 18) has invited the interpretation that this site may have acted as
a redistribution point for these querns (Allen 2015, 98).
Lodsworth (Lower Greensand)
9 Roughly as illustrated by Green in Fig. 2 (2014, 4). 10 Confusingly, Powell refers to large numbers of fragments and Shaffrey to a ‘hundred querns’ suggesting complete stones! 11 Interestingly, imports to this site of Surrey quernstones are noted (Powell et al.2007, 20)
480
Known as the Hythe Beds, this Lower Cretaceous band of rock is found around the rim of the Weald valley running through Surrey, Kent, East Sussex and
West Sussex. ‘Lodsworth’ in particular refers to stone identified as coming from the best known Roman quarry site, at Lodsworth in West Sussex12, although
this stone may additionally have been extracted from other, as yet unexplored, sites on the edge of the Weald. It is thought that Lodsworth stone was worked
to form rotary querns as early as the IA that the industry continued to expand into the Early Roman period (most common during 1st and 2nd centuries AD),
before, like ORS, declining over the remaining Mid- to Late Roman periods (Peacock 1987). Unlike ORS however, it has not been accepted that sites with
high numbers of these quernstones, such as Silchester, acted as distribution points (Shaffrey 2003), simply that a number were in use in the settlement.
Millstone Grit
The use of Millstone Grit for quernstone manufacture is mostly attributed to the 4th and 5th centuries AD, although examples have been dated earlier in the
Roman period. The source of this stone is mainly to be found in Wales13, the Midlands and the Central Pennine region of Britain 14.
Sarsen
The use in some areas by local sarsen stone boulders is viewed as a ‘desperate measure’ by Green as barely fit for purpose and difficult to work (2104, 17).
12 Location of this type of stone is shown on geology map of south-east England – see Fig 1 (Green 2014, 3). 13 Millstones from Penallt were apparently transported via the River Wye, the River Severn and Somerset to sites in the Upper Thames Valley (Shaffrey 2006, 47). 14 Roughly as illustrated by Green in Fig. 2 (2014, 4).
481
Table N.1 Quernstone data for sites in all five case study areas
Site NGR Site type Occupation
period
Mayen Lava Upper Greensand Lodsworth
(Greensand)
Lower Greensand HPS
Roman Braughing
Bowl’s Dell TL38
3022
40
Quarry AD 100+
Rough
querns
Brent Pelham Hall TL43
2031
30
Occupation Roman
1
Hormead TL41
9029
90
Occupation LIA/Roman
1
Ware, GSK TL35
2814
49
Settlement LIA/Roman Present
Roman Dorchester-on-Thames
Abingdon Reservoir Sites
110/416
SU43
8093
56
Rural
settlement/f
arm
Abingdon, Ashville
Trading Estate
SU48
3097
30
Rural
occupation
BA - Roman
Abingdon, Barton Court
Farm
SU50
4097
40
Farm
complex
Finds
Early/Late
Roman
Eiffel lava quern
Berinsfield SU57
4096
30
Enclosures/t
racks
LIA/Early
mainly
Present Fragments local Culham Present
Berinsfield, Mount Farm SU58
3096
80
Farm LIA- Mid-
Roman
4 (3 Early + 1
Late) Hythe
Beds.
Fragments Culham (1 Early
+ 3 Late)
Upper
fragment
2nd C
482
Site NGR Site type Occupation
period
Mayen Lava Upper Greensand Lodsworth
(Greensand)
Lower Greensand HPS
Brightwell-cum-Sotwell,
Mackney Court Farm
SU57
8090
10
Occupation
debris
Late Roman
Dorchester-on-Thames,
Beech House
SU57
7094
30
Town site Late Roman
(?earlier)
Dorchester-on-Thames,
Bishop's Court
SU57
1094
50
Farmstead Early
activity/mainl
y Late Roman
Dorchester-on-Thames,
Old Castle Inn
SU57
9094
00
Town site Early Roman Small fragments
Little Wittenham, Castle
Hill
SU56
8092
40
Hillfort.
Enclosure +
building
LIA. Mid-
/Late Roman
Roman Ewell
Croydon, Lower Coombe
Street
TQ3
2266
488
Rural site Early 1 upper and 1
lower (Early) +
1 (?Late)
Ewell By-pass TQ2
2346
287
Activity ND
Ewell, 46-50 High Street TQ2
2006
253
Town site Roman
Ewell, Grove School TQ2
1936
244
Town site Early/Late 1 fragment
Ewell, King William IV TQ2
2006
260
Town site Roman Present
483
Site NGR Site type Occupation
period
Mayen Lava Upper Greensand Lodsworth
(Greensand)
Lower Greensand HPS
Ewell, Puberry Shot TQ2
1856
214
Town site Early
Ewell, St. Mary's
churchyard
TQ2
2406
315
Town site Roman 1 fragment
(Late)
2 fragments
(Mid-/Late)
Ewell, The Grove TQ2
1906
230
Town site Roman
(mainly Early)
1 piece (Early)
Ewelll, Church Meadow TQ2
2116
296
Town site Roman Present
Present
North Looe TQ2
2806
080
Farmstead LIA/Roman
(mainly Early)
Sanderstead, Atwood TQ3
4216
074
Occupation LIA/Early Upper quern
(Niedermendig)
Walton-on-the-Hill TQ2
3305
570
Villa Intermittent
Early-Late
Roman Neatham
Neatham, enclosure SU73
9241
31
Enclosure Mid-Roman
Neatham, Area B SU73
9041
10
Occupation Early Roman
1 - late 2nd C, 1 - 3rd-4th, 2 - mid-
4th, 1- late 4th C, 1 -late 4th C,1-
saddle quern.
Basingstoke, Kennel
Farm
SU60
4047
90
Occupied
enclosure
LIA/Early +
484
Site NGR Site type Occupation
period
Mayen Lava Upper Greensand Lodsworth
(Greensand)
Lower Greensand HPS
Kingsley, Country
Market
SU80
2038
60
Rural site Roman
(mainly
?Late)
Saddle quern (LIA)
Holybourne, Depot site,
Howard's Farm
SU47
4014
11
Activity Mid-/Late
Roman
6 fragments
Kingsley SU78
8238
33
Rural site Early Roman
Neatham, Area A SU73
9041
10
Crossroads Early/Late
Roman
1 - 2nd/3rd C, 5 - large rotary
quern late 3rd C, 1 - late 4th C.
Neatham, Area F (By-
pass/river)
SU74
0040
90
Occupation ?Late Roman
2 - lower stone.1 - upper fragment
(3rd C)
Binsted SU76
8041
00
Activity Early/Mid-
Roman
Roman Staines-upon-Thames
Harlington, Imperial
College Sports Ground
TQ0
8257
765
Rural site LIA/Early ? Fragments
(Early)
? Fragments (Early)
Heathrow, Terminal 5 TQ0
5507
560
Rural
settlement/f
arm
LIA-Roman
1 -
LIA/Early. 4
- Roman
Hengrove Farm TQ0
5297
180
Rural site Early
see LGS 41 fragments upper and
lower (?Lodsworth)
Staines, Friends' Burial
Ground
TQ0
3507
150
Town site Early/?Late 22-29 fragments
485
Site NGR Site type Occupation
period
Mayen Lava Upper Greensand Lodsworth
(Greensand)
Lower Greensand HPS
Staines-upon-Thames,
County Sports
TQ0
3427
153
Town site Early/Mid-
Roman
1 fragment
1 fragment
Staines-upon-Thames,
Elmsleigh Centre
TQ0
3707
160
Town site Early/Mid-
/?Late
13 fragments
(Early)
17 - 1st C AD. 1 - Mid-
Roman. 1 - Late Roman.3 -
saddle (Early)
Staines-upon-Thames,
Old Police Station/10-18
London Rd.
TQ0
3997
175
Town site Late Roman
2 fragments (Late)
Staines-upon-Thames,
Percy Harrison
TQ0
3617
160
Town site Early/?Mid-
/Late
Saddle quern (late 1st/early
2nd C). Fragment (mid-2nd
C).
Staines-upon-Thames,
Tilly's Lane
TQ0
3507
160
Town site Roman 1 fragment
1 fragment
Thorpe Lea Nurseries TQ0
1806
980
Rural site LIA/Early/Lat
e
33 fragments
(Early/Mid-?)
57 fragments (Early/Mid-)
+ 7 fragments LGS Bargate
Wraysbury, Waylands
Nursery
TQ0
2007
440
Rural site Late 2 fragments
(Late)
486
Table N.1 continued… sites repeated with remaining columns showing quernstone finds
Site
Wo
rms
Hea
th
Pu
dd
ing
-
sto
ne
Old Red
Sandstone
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
t
Sarsen Sandstone other Unknown rock Comment/context
Roman Braughing
Bowl’s Dell
Present Quarry site
Brent Pelham Hall
Hormead
Upper stone frag. - original
diameter 11 3/4 "
Ware, GSK
Roman Dorchester-on-Thames
Abingdon Reservoir
Sites 110/416
2 (Arkose S.)
Abingdon, Ashville
Trading Estate
4 frags
14 pieces saddle quern
local Corallian Beds, 1
Cotswold limestone
4 fragments Topsoil/postholes
Abingdon, Barton
Court Farm
Mill
stones
Berinsfield
Present
Berinsfield, Mount
Farm
10 fragments
(upper/lower)
Early
Ditch/water hole
Brightwell-cum-
Sotwell, Mackney
Court Farm
2 (or ?4) quern
stones: 1 is
complete lower
stone
Dorchester-on-
Thames, Beech House
2 large pieces
(Warwick
Worcs.)
Reused in hearth
487
Site
Wo
rms
Hea
th
Pu
dd
ing
-
sto
ne
Old Red
Sandstone
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
t
Sarsen Sandstone other Unknown rock Comment/context
Dorchester-on-
Thames, Bishop's
Court
Lower rotary quern
+ ?upper. Also 6
fragments.
Ditch. Accounts confusing
Dorchester-on-
Thames, Old Castle
Inn
date uncertain
Little Wittenham,
Castle Hill
1
Roman Ewell
Croydon, Lower
Coombe Street
1 upper with
unusual collar
(?Late)
Pits
Ewell By-pass
Fragment Roadside
Ewell, 46-50 High
Street
Fragment Pits
Ewell, Grove School
1 fragment
Ditch/surface finds
Ewell, King William
IV
Fragme
nt(s)
Pits
Ewell, Puberry Shot
Fragment Drawing but no details
available.
Ewell, St. Mary's
churchyard
Ewell, The Grove
Ditches
Ewell, Church
Meadow
Present Present
? Fragments
(Bargate)
38 fragments (est. 16 querns)
North Looe
Fragments Pits/ditches
488
Site
Wo
rms
Hea
th
Pu
dd
ing
-
sto
ne
Old Red
Sandstone
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
t
Sarsen Sandstone other Unknown rock Comment/context
Sanderstead, Atwood Upper +
lower quern
LIA lower saddle quern of
Wealden ironstone, upper of
Ightham stone (2nd /3rd C BC)
Walton-on-the-Hill
1
fragmen
t
Roman Neatham
Neatham, enclosure
? sandy limestone
Neatham, Area B
Fragments Wells
Basingstoke, Kennel
Farm
1 saddle quern
(LIA), 4 rotary
(?Greensand - not
local).
Pits
Kingsley, Country
Market
Holybourne, Depot
site, Howard's Farm
Kingsley
1 fragment
Neatham, Area A
Wells
Neatham, Area F
(By-pass/river)
Structures 26 and 19.
Binsted
1 fragment
Roman Staines-upon-Thames
Harlington, Imperial
College Sports
Ground
489
Site
Wo
rms
Hea
th
Pu
dd
ing
-
sto
ne
Old Red
Sandstone
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
t
Sarsen Sandstone other Unknown rock Comment/context
Heathrow, Terminal
5
1 fragment
(LIA/Early).
2 fragments
(Roman)
1
fragmen
t
Pits
Hengrove Farm
Waterholes
Staines, Friends'
Burial Ground
Staines-upon-
Thames, County
Sports
Staines-upon-
Thames, Elmsleigh
Centre
4 - saddle
(Early). 2 -
saddle
(Mid-/Late)
1 - NW Surrey
(Late)
1 fragment Purbeck
marble (Mid-)
Middens
Staines-upon-
Thames, Old Police
Station/10-18 London
Rd.
Staines-upon-
Thames, Percy
Harrison
Staines-upon-
Thames, Tilly's Lane
Thorpe Lea Nurseries
18 saddle
fragments
(Early/Mid-
?)
Wraysbury,
Waylands Nursery
490
Notes
1. No secure data for Poudingue (French Puddingstone) was available, so this column has been removed.
2. If not specified, cell numbers represent fragments rather than whole quern stones. Empty cells equate to no finds recorded.
3. Narrower dates have been recorded where available, otherwise ‘Roman’.
4. The terms ‘fragments’ or ‘present’ indicate that no specific numbers were recorded, although low figures are implied.
491
Appendix O: Pottery tables for Roman Braughing
The hinterland of Roman Braughing includes much of the area of the Hadham pottery kilns15: focussed around Bromley Hall16, Caley Wood, Wickham
Spring and the villages of Much Hadham and Little Hadham, to the south-east. Although a large number of kiln sites17 and manufacturing debris have been
found, this has been mostly the result of field walking (Landon 2010). The industry has not been extensively studied nor has a fabric series yet been
established as a guide to identification of Hadham wares (Stewart Bryant pers.comm.). Nonetheless, sherds identified as MHAD are common in the data
records of sites over an extensive area although nothing is known of the marketing of these wares.
15 The Study Group for Roman Pottery website based on Dr Vivien’s Swan’s gazetteer of kiln sites in Britain, plus recent additional discoveries, provides details of most known kiln sites
across Roman Britain, including Hadham http://romankilns.net/map.php?lat=51.66914840783795&lng=-2.13958740234375&z=8
[Accessed 2016] 16 Grey ware was manufactured on this site two centuries before oxidised wares were produced thus chronologically distinguished (Landon 2010, 18). For further details of Hadham pottery
types probably made here (Landon, 2010, 22). 17 An initiative to work on the archive of Bernard Barr’s kiln data is being created, but remains unpublished (Willis pers. comm.).
492
Table O.1 Roman Braughing and hinterland pottery sources
Site
Dis
t. (
km
)
Ro
ad
Co
ars
e/fi
n
e w
are
- n
o
det
ail
s
Bel
gic
G-B
elg
ic
Arr
etin
e
Sa
mia
n
BB
2
OX
F
PO
RD
MH
AD
HA
R
VR
NV
CO
L18
Up
chu
rch
HIG
H
BB
1
SV
Bishop's Stortford 10 Stane St. x
x
Bishop's Stortford (Cannons Close/Meads/Thorley) 10 Stane St. x
x
Bishop's Stortford North 9 Stane St. x
Bishop's Stortford, Grange Paddocks 10 Stane St.
x
x
x x x
x
Bishop's Stortford, Grange Paddocks 10 Stane St. x
Bishop's Stortford, villa 8 Stane St.
x
x x x x
Bishop's Stortford, School 8 Stane St. x
x
x
x x
Bromley Hall/Caley Wood 3.5 Stane St. -spur
x
Buntingford, Alswick Hall Farm 5 Ermine St. x
Buntingford, Causeway 5 Ermine St. x
Buntingford, Longmead 5 Ermine St.
x x
x
x
Buntingford - Owles Lane 5 Ermine St.
x
x
x
Buntingford, St. Bartholomews 5 Ermine St x
Braughing 0
x x
Braughing 0 Gt Chesterford
x
Braughing 0 All roads
x
Braughing, bath house 0 Gt Chesterford
x x
18Early Colchester wares and some Belgic pottery manufactured documented at Sheepen (Hawkes and Hull 1947; Niblett 1985) a short-lived site (maybe AD 5-60) possibly home to
migrant workers from the Continent (Niblett 1985, 50).
493
Braughing, Rib
x x
Braughing, Ford Bridge 0 Gt Chesterford x
Braughing, Friars Road
x
x
Braughing, Friars Rd Allotments
x
Braughing, roadside 0 Ermine St.
x x
Braughing, Skeleton Green 0 Ermine St.
x x
Braughing, building 0 Road
x
x x
Exnalls Farm 7.5
x
x
Gatesbury 0.5 Gatesbury track x
x x
x
Gatesbury Earthwork 0.5 Gatesbury track
x
Gatesbury track 0.5 Gatesbury track
x x
Hertford, Millbridge 10 Ermine St. x
Hormead 9 Gt Chesterford x
Hormead, Mutton Hall 8 Gt Chesterford x
?
Mentley Lane East 1 Ermine St.
x
Much Hadham
x
Puckeridge, Pumps Mead 0.5 Stane St. x
x
x
Puckeridge, Ralph Sadler School
x
Puckeridge, Station Road
x x
Standon 1.25 Stane St.
x
Standon, Pearce's Farm shop
Ermine St. x
Standon,Plashes Farm 3.5 Ermine St.
x
x
x x x x x
Thorley 5
x
Wadesmill 6.5 Ermine St. x
Ware 10 Ermine St.
x
x
494
Ware, Buryfields 10 Ermine St.
x
x
x
Ware Football Club 10 Ermine St x
x
x
x x
x
Ware, Football pitch 10 Ermine St.
x
x
Ware, GSK, N10 10 Ermine St.
x
x x x
x x
x x
Warren Hill Cottage 2.25 Stane St.
x
?
x
Westmill 3.5 Ermine St.
x
Wickham Kennels 0 Gt Chesterford
x x
Youngsbury 6.5
x
Pottery data (CD-Rom):
Table O.2 Early Roman pottery data
Table O.3 Mid-Roman pottery data
Table O.4 Late Roman pottery data
495
Appendix P: Pottery tables for Roman Dorchester-on-Thames
Of particular significance to Roman Dorchester-on-Thames is the proximity of the Oxfordshire potteries Britain19 (Frere 1962; Young 1977 – updated 2000;
Henig and Booth 2000; Booth et al. 2007). The chronological development of this industry (2nd - 4th century AD) is set out by Booth (ibid) and Beckley and
Radford (2012, 16-17); by the Late Roman period, pottery around Oxford was being manufactured on a large scale (2007, 308-311) 20 and distributed beyond
the local area into southern Britain21. Further, the distribution of white ware mortaria would appear to be most closely determined by proximity to rivers and
coastal ports; the red/brown slipped ware closely associated with coastal sites and those on the main ridges such as the North and South Downs and the
Chilterns, perhaps driven by demand by villa owners. Early theorising advocated distribution along the Thames River (Fulford and Hodder 1974: Henig and
Booth 2000, 170) although this idea has more recently found less favour (Beckley and Radford 2011, 27), tempered by the necessity to transport vessels
overland to Severn Valley. The use of long distance waterways may indicate that pottery constituted part-loads on boats, being traded opportunistically
rather than via centralised marketing. The distribution range22 would theoretically favour Dorchester-on-Thames as a market centre for OXF wares.
Fulford and Hodder determined a best fit linear regression line which plotted the overall reduction in the percentage of OXF fine ware pottery as the distance
from the potteries increases, as might be anticipated; also highlighted are the differences in amounts of pottery from one site to another (Fulford and Hodder
1974, Fig. 1, 26 and Fig. 2, 27). The positive and negative residuals calculated by the authors and mapped out do appear to infer that water transport was
19 A number of kiln sites are known close to Dorchester-on-Thames: = Allen’s Pit Early/Mid-/Late, three early kilns on the edge of town, at least two other extra-mural kilns close to
Watling Lane of unknown date. Hinterland: Berinsfield kiln 2nd – 5th C, Blackbird Leys Late three kilns, Marsh Baldon at least 10 kilns mid-3rd-4th C, Nuneham Courtenay kiln site AD
100-350 (peaked late 3rd C). Beyond hinterland: Cowley (Rose Hill) Mid-/Late kiln. May be more kilns yet to be found at these sites. (Booth et al. 2007, 304). 20 In summary, Early Roman coarse ware manufacture appears to have led to an expansion of vessel types during the 2nd C (Booth et al.2007, 308-9) to include mortaria (stylistically
influenced by Verulamium imports), and flagons. Although not yet accounted for, a change occurred in the mid-3rd C and production switched to fine ware: characteristically red/brown
colour coated, mortaria and bowls, apparently in imitation of samian ware. This was later followed by the development of white ware and ‘parchment’ ware fabrics. 21 The quality and consistency in style of products by the 4th century suggests a high degree of organisation. 22 Distribution of OXFWW mortaria (Tyers 2004 http://potsherd.net/atlas/Ware/OXMO ) and
Late Roman Oxford red/brown slipped wares (Tyers 2004 http://potsherd.net/atlas/Ware/OXRS )
496
key to the distribution of Late Roman OXF fine ware (Fulford and Hodder 1974, Fig. 3, 29), contra Young (1977). By this reasoning the distribution of
OXF pottery was only limited in areas lacking natural waterways or where there was competition from other wares such as from the New Forest kilns.
Table P.1 Roman Dorchester and hinterland pottery sources
Site
Dis
tan
ce
(km
)
Ro
ad
(dis
tan
ce
km
)
Bel
gic
23
Ga
llo
-
Bel
gic
Sa
mia
n
BB
1
OX
F24
MH
AD
HA
R/S
.
Mid
lan
ds
VR
/Bro
ck
ley
Hil
l
NV
AH
/F/O
ve
rwey
NF
/Sa
ver
na
ke
Sil
ches
ter
25
Abingdon, Barton Court Farm 6.5
x x x x x x x
x
Abingdon, 66/68 Bath Street 7
x x x
Abingdon, Fitzharris Arms P. H. 7
x
x
Abingdon, former Station Inn 7
x
x
x
Appleford 5
x
x x
x
x
Appleford Sidings 5
x
x
Aston Tyrrold Site 2 10
x
x
23 ‘Local’ and possibly ‘Belgic-style’ pottery was being produced in this area before the designated start of the Oxfordshire industry; Early Roman data may therefore appear in either
category in the tables. 24 ‘Local’ pottery is, in some cases, included in this category. 25 ‘Silchester Ware’ - coarse ware of later prehistoric tradition found at other sites in SE Britain, particularly Kent, Essex and Hertfordshire through the LIA and into the Roman era (Timby
2012).
497
Benson 3 London-Silchester 300m
x
Benson 3 London-Silchester 300m
x
x
Benson, E. of Battle Farm 3 London-Silchester 600m
x
?
Benson, SE of Crowmarsh Battle Farm 3 London-Silchester 600m
x
?
Berinsfield 1.5 Alchester road
x x x
Berinsfield, Mount Farm 1.5 Alchester road
x x x
Berrick Salome 3 London-Silchester 1.5km
x
Blackbird Leys 7 Alcester road 400m x
x x
Brightwell-cum-Sotwell 3 Silchester road? 100m
x x
Brightwell-cum-Sotwell, Mackney Court Farm 3 Silchester road? 200m
?
Cowley, Rose Hill 9 Oxford road
x
Didcot, Belgrave Farm 6
x
x
Didcot, sewerage scheme 6
x
x
Dorchester 0 Silchester road
x x
x
Dorchester, 9 Wittenham Lane 0 Silchester road
x
x
x
Dorchester, 10 Tenpenny 0 Silchester road
x
x
498
Dorchester, Rose Cottage, 10 Wittenham Ln 0 Silchester road x
x
Dorchester, 11 Wittenham Ln 0 road to Dyke Hills?
x x x
x
Dorchester, 24 Manor Farm Rd 0 Silchester road
x
Dorchester, 45 Watling Ln 0 Silchester road
x
?
Dorchester, 60 Watling Ln 0 Silchester road
x
Dorchester, 80 High St 0 Silchester road
x ?
Dorchester, 86 High St 0 Silchester road
x
Dorchester, Abbey 0
x
x x x
x
x
Dorchester, allottments 0 Silchester road x
x
x
Dorchester, Beech House Hotel 0 Silchester road
x
?
Dorchester, Bridge End 0 Silchester road
x
Dorchester, Castle Inn 0 Silchester road
x
Dorchester, defences 0
x x
Dorchester, edge 0 Alchester road
?
Dorchester, Manor Farm Rd 0 Silchester road
?
Dorchester, Fleur-de-Lys Inn 0 Silchester road
x x x
499
Dorchester, former garage 0 Silchester road
x x x
x
x
Dorchester, 'Hallidays' 0 Silchester road
x
Dorchester, Haven Close 0 Silchester road
x
x
Dorchester, Minchin Recreation Ground 0 Silchester road
x
Dorchester, Old Castle PH 0 Silchester road
x
x
Dorchester, St Birinus School 0 Silchester road
x x x x
x x x x x
Dorchester, SW Bishop's Court 0 Silchester road
x
Dorchester, the Priory 0 Silchester road
x
Halfpenny Lane, nr Moulsford 10 Silchester road? 500m
x x x
Little Wittenham, Castle Hill 1.5 local tracks x
x
x
Little Wittenham, Castle Hill,Environs 1.5 local tracks x
x
x
x
Little Wittenham,Wittenham Clumps 1.5 local tracks
x x x
x
Lollingdon Hill Site 1 9
x x
Lollingdon Hill Site 2 9
x
x
Long Wittenham 1.5 local tracks
x x x
Long Wittenham, Neptune Wood 1.5 local tracks
x
500
Long Wittenham, Northfield Farm 1.5 local tracks
x
x
Marsh Baldon 4 Alcester road 600m
x
Moulsford North Road 8 Silchester road 400m
x
Nuneham Courtenay 6 Oxford road ?
x x
x x x x x
Rutherford Appleton Lab., Didcot, Site B 9
x
Wallingford, 60 Radnor Rd 3 Silchester road 1.5km
x x
Wallingford, Mackney, Sherwood Farm 4 Silchester road 300m
x
Wallingford, Winterbrook 3 Silchester road 500m
x
x
x x
Wally Corner 1 Oxford road
x
Pottery Data (CD-Rom)
Table P.2 Early Roman pottery data
Table P.3 Mid-Roman pottery data
Table P.4 Late Roman pottery data
501
Appendix Q: Pottery tables for Roman Ewell
No pottery industry existed close to Roman Ewell and the pottery record for the town is largely the product of sites excavated close to the route of Stane
Street. Any pottery potentially marketed through Ewell must first have been imported some distance from a variety of sources during the Roman period
(Table Q.1). Pottery data from hinterland sites is meagre.
Table Q.1 Roman Ewell and hinterland pottery sources
Site
Dis
tan
ce (
km
)
Ro
ad
(d
ist.
fro
m)
Bel
gic
'
Lo
cal/
GW
/un
kn
ow
n
Sa
mia
n
Po
mp
eia
n/C
olo
g
ne/
Tri
er
BB
1
BB
2
OX
F
PO
RD
/Ov
erw
ey
MH
AD
VR
NV
CO
L
AH
(S
U/F
)
Up
chu
rch
/
No
rth
Ken
t/H
oo
HIG
H
LO
ND
W w
are
NF
Ashtead villa and tile works 6 Stane St. 1km
x x
x?
x?
Ashtead, junction 5.5 Stane St. 1km
x x
Beddington, villa 9 London-Portslade 1km
x x x
x
x
x
x
Burgh Heath, Chapel Way 5 Stane St. 5km
x x
x x
Carshalton, former Queen Mary's Hospital 6 Stane St. 5km
x
x
Chessington, Mansfield Rd 5
x
Croydon, 15-17 Brighton Road 10 London-Portslade
x
x
x
Croydon, Lower Coombe Street 10.2 London-Portslade
x x x
x x x
x
x x x x?
Ewell, 10 Purberry Grove 0 Stane St.
x
x
Ewell, 2-16 West St. 0 Stane St.
x x
x
x
x
Ewell, 24-26 High St. 0 Stane St.
502
Ewell, 46-50 High Street 0 Stane St.
x x
x
x x
x
Ewell, 56-58 High St. 0 Stane St.
x
Ewell, 7 High St. (now PO yard) 0 Stane St.
x
x
Ewell, 82-83 High St. 0 Stane St.
x x
Ewell, Bourne Hall 0 Stane St. 100m
x
Ewell, Church Meadow 0 Stane St.
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
Ewell, Church St. 0 Stane St.
x
Ewell, Council School 0 Stane St.
x x
x
x
x
Ewell, Ewell House 0 Stane St
x
x
Ewell, Glyn House 0 Stane St.
x x
x
x
x
x
Ewell, Grove Cottage, Cheam Rd 0 Stane St.
x x
x x x x
x
x x
Ewell, Grove School, West St 0 Stane St.
x x
x x x x x
x x
Ewell, Hatch Furlong 0 Stane St. 0.25
x
Ewell, High St. (Lord Nelson PH) 0 Stane St.
x
Ewell, King William IV 0 Stane St.
x x
x? x? x
x x x
x
x
Ewell, North Looe House 1.5 Stane St. 800m
x
Ewell, Purberry Shot 0 Stane St. x x x
x
x
Ewell, St. Mary's churchyard 0 Stane St.
x x
x x x x x x x x x
Ewell, The Grove 0 Stane St.
x x
x? x?
x
x
x
Ewell, The Looe 0 Stane St.
x
x
Ewell, West Street 0 Stane St.
x
Farthing Down 8 London-Portslade 2 km
x x
x
x
Kingston-upon-Thames, Skerne Road 8
x
x
x
x
x x x
Leatherhead, Woodlands Park 8.2 Stane St. ?km
x
x
x x
x
x
x
RAF Cheesington, Mansfield Road 4.5
x
503
Sanderstead, Atwood 10 London-Portslade
x x
x
Walton-on-the-Hill 8 Stane St. 3km
x x
x
x
Sites in Ewell have received the most archaeological attention: St. Mary’s church (Orton 1997; Pemberton 2015; Cowlard 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016), but
clearly as the result of archaeologists aiming to establish the path of Stane Street. Evidence excavated from the northern edge of the Roman settlement
illustrates the broad range of pottery which found its way to the small town. Over 10,000 sherds of pottery26 were recovered during the excavations at Church
Meadow (2012-14) which, although still being analysed, is known to range from a mixture of coarse and fine ware, local and regional vessels, to a large
quantity of imported fine ware including terra nigra27 and samian28 vessels (Cowlard 201629). However, despite the broad range represented, sherds tend to
be present in only small quantities.
26 The collection includes partial but no whole pots and a number of examples of lead repairs. 27 The remains of a terra rubra dish (of earlier first century AD date) were found at Walton- on- the- Hill. 28 Cowan has commented that the supply of imported samian to Southwark appeared similar to that north of the river (Cowan et al. 2009, 92-3) with La Graufesenque and Lyon ware
dominating assemblages (highlighting the great floruit of fine ware supply through the mid and later first century AD). 29 “As well as the ubiquitous SAND (grey wares), including AH/SU and later AH/F wares, and oxidised wares, there are quantities of: V (1st-2nd century AD) and OXF wares (3-4th
century AD); HW C, Patchgrove, NK shelly ware, BB1, BB2 and BBS, PORD (4th c,), Local mica (LOMI) and Local oxidised ware (LOXI)), Fine micaceous ware (FMIC), Fine, HOO,
Early Roman Sandy (ERSA), Rusticated (RUST), Flint tempered, Grog tempered (GROG) – not a definitive list.” Regional fine ware sherds of Colchester colour coated wares, London
ware (from a London29 or North Kent source), Nene Valley beakers, Ring and Dot beaker fabric (RDBK), as well as mortaria pieces from Verulamium and Oxford. Imported samian,
probable Cologne (KOLN) ware, Argonne (ARGO), Trier and Eponge (EPON) have also been recorded.
504
Pottery data (CD-Rom):
Table Q.2 Early Roman pottery data
Table Q.3 Mid-Roman pottery data
Table Q.4 Late Roman pottery data
505
Appendix R: Pottery tables for Roman Neatham
Roman Neatham, like Braughing and Dorchester-on-Thames, lay in proximity to a pottery industry. Apart from the initial archaeological investigation of
sites within the town (Millett and Graham 1986) the most enduring attention has been devoted to the various pottery kiln sites nearby constituting the Alice
Holt30 industry (particularly Lyne 2012)31. Thus much of the material available for research is concerned with this industry, and possibly less attention has
been given to other wares in assemblages. Closeness of the kilns has led to conjecture that Neatham must have been involved in marketing these goods,
although Peacock has argued for the role of negotiators during the Late Roman period (1982,112).
The pottery data available for Roman Neatham and the surrounding countryside (Table R.1) is particularly challenging to assess. Much of the data has been
chronologically conflated to represent the whole Roman period rather than phased, thereby obscuring changes over time. It is also commonplace in the
literature that assemblages from different sites are amalgamated and discussed as one, which although producing an overall picture where evidence is thin,
loses sight of the differences between individual assemblages and their finds contexts.
Millett and Graham’s early summary of the pottery assemblages for Neatham town (1986) set out a striking, but unsurprising, profile dominated by Farnham
ware32, with individual sites registering between 85% and 99.5% of the weight of each assemblage regardless of size (Table R.6). Generally, the remains of
samian ware ranged from zero to 4.5%, consistent with some other small towns (Willis 2005, 7.2.5) and, according to Booth, with rural sites in Upper
Thames Valley (Bird 2012, 259). NF wares registered from 0.1% to 4.4%, OXF wares from all but five sites: 0.1% to 2.9%. Of NV wares, eight out of
30 Millett and Graham (1986) used the nomenclature ‘Farnham ware’, but modern reports tend to identify these vessels as Alice Holt/Surrey (AH/SU) for early production pieces and Alice Holt/Farnham (AH/F) for later wares, reflecting a small geographical shift in active kiln sites. 31 M. Lyne’s extensive investigation of the Alice Holt kiln sites (2012) incorporates data from the mainly commercial excavations carried out in the 1970s and 1980s and those more recently since 2000. New kiln sites (additional sites to those of Lyne and Jefferies 1979) are listed pp 37-38. 32 See note 23.
506
twenty sites produced less than 1%, except for one site with 3.8%, OXF mortaria on nine of twenty sites accounted for up to 3.7% of assemblage, compared
to NF wares on seven of twenty sites with up to 2.5%.
Table R.1 Roman Neatham and hinterland pottery sources
Sit
e
Dis
tan
ce (
km
)
Ro
ad
pro
xim
ity
AH
Ho
lt/(
SU
/F)
Sil
ches
ter
wa
re
Ro
wla
nd
s C
ast
le
NF
Bel
gic
Ga
llo
-Bel
gic
Sa
mia
n
BB
1
OX
F
Ov
erw
ey/T
ilfo
rd
PO
RD
VR
LN
V
Alice Holt, High plateau R42 6 Winchester-London 2km
x
Binsted Wyke Villa 2.5 Silchester-Chichester 1km
x
x
Binsted, above escarpment 3 Winchester-London 2km; Silchester-Chichester
2.5km
x
Binsted, Holt Pound 7 Winchester-London ?1km
x
Binsted, R35 3.5 Winchester-London 2km; Silchester-Chichester
2.5km
x
x
x
Binsted, R40, R41 villa 3 Winchester-London 2km; Silchester-Chichester
2.5km
x
Dockenfield 9 Silchester-Chichester 6km
x
Frith End/Bucks Horn Oak (A325) 6.8 Silchester-Winchester 5 km
x
Glade Farm villa (Mon. No. 243745) 6 Winchester-London 2km ?
507
Holybourne Down 3 Winchester-London 1.5km, Silchester-Chichester
0.5km
x
Holybourne, Depot site 0.3 Winchester-London <50m
x
x x
x x x
Isington 4 Winchester-London 1km
x
Kingsley 5 Silchester-Chichester 3km
x
x
Kingsley, Country Market 6 Silchester-Chichester 3km
x
Kingsley, Frith End Quarry 7 Silchester-Winchester 5.5 km
x
x
Kingsley, Ranks Hill 7 Silchester-Chichester 5km
x
x?
Kinsley: R31, R32, R33 5 Silchester-Chichester 3km x
x
x
Neatham (conflated data,Millett and Graham
1986))
0 Silchester-Chichester x
x
x x
? x
Neatham Manor 600
m
Silchester-Chichester 150 m x
Neatham, 3-4 Manor Cottages 0 Silchester-Chichester x
Neatham, 4 Manor Cottages (goes with record
above)
0 Silchester-Chichester ?
Neatham, Area A (crossroads) 0 Crossroads x
x
x
x
Neatham, Area B (S of Area A) 0 Silchester-Chichester x
x
x
x
Neatham, Area C (N of W-L road) 0 Winchester-London/Silchester-Chichester ?
x
x
Neatham, Area D (up the S-C road) 0 Silchester-Chichester ?
x
Neatham, Area E (N of By-Pass) 0 Silchester-Chichester ?
x
Neatham, Area F (By-pass/river) 0 Silchester-Chichester ?
x
Neatham, Cuckoos Corner 0 Silchester-Chichester (on) x
Neatham, enclosure and mansio 0.1 Silchester-Chichester - joining road ?
Neatham, 'market area' 0.35 Silchester-Chichester 350m ?
Odiham, Cholseley 9 Silchester-Chichester 4.5km ?
South Hay 4 Silchester-Chichester 2km x
x x
x
x
South Hay, Reynolds Hanger 4 Silchester-Chichester 2km x
x
508
South Hay, Walters Mead 4 Silchester-Chichester 2km x
Wheatley 5 Silchester-Chichester 3km x
x
x
x
It has been generally thought (Millett 1975; Lyne and Jefferies 1979; Millett and Graham 1986) that Roman Neatham acted as the main distribution centre
for AH pottery to the local area and more distance regions (including Southwark and Londinium), possibly owing its economic existence to this function.
Three periods of pottery supply have been identified by Millett and Graham: Early/Mid-Roman period (up to AD 200) when Neatham was ‘comparatively
small and had only limited trade connections’ (1986, 87); Mid-/Late Roman period (AD 200-275) defined by access to fine wares generally available in this
period; Late Roman (AD 275- 400) characterised by a wider range of pottery generally and a wide distribution range for AH/F wares (1986, 89).
The logistical picture of Roman Neatham connected to the Silchester-Chichester road and mooted road from Winchester to London (Lyne and Jefferies 1979,
58), and to minor connecting roads33 from the town to the main area of AH kilns 6-7 km to the west (Millett 1975, 213: Millett and Graham 1986, 2), has
encouraged a market centre characterisation. Despite this trope, Lyne favours the use of river transport for the distribution of AH pottery, utilising the two
Wey rivers, the Slea River and the Thames River, to sites across southern Britain as tabulated in Appendix 3 (Lyne and Jefferies 1979)34.
The AH potteries were in operation from at least as early as AD 43 and continued to produce mainly coarse kitchen ware until c. AD 270, with fine oxidised
and lead-glazed table wares introduced in the 2nd century AD (Lyne 2012, 136). The interpretation of the excavation site, AH 52, which included remains
thought to be indoor kilns and ‘heated drying sheds’, supports the idea that this industry but may have been active all year-round (Lyne 2012, 136),
particularly during the late 1st century, with workers living on site. A succession of fewer industrial structures in the early and mid- 2nd century, has led Lyne
33 Another minor road, potentially connecting kiln sites, has been identified from South Hay across to Wheatley (Lyne 2012, 28). 34 More recent data is obviously not included.
509
to think that subsequently this arrangement may have reduced to seasonal working. By the 3rd century, kilns endured with floors and external structures
replaced when necessary, which Lyne has interpreted as a return to year-round manufacture and coincides with the expansion in the production and
distribution of AH pottery (2012, 138). Such changes to workforce and production may be reflected in close examination of phase pottery data below.
Pottery data (CD-Rom):
Table R.2 Early Roman pottery data
Table R.3 Mid-Roman pottery data
Table R.4 Late Roman pottery data
510
Table R.5 Late Roman period imported pottery for Binsted and Kingsley (source: Lyne pers. comm. 2015)
Location OXF LNV NF Rowlands Castle Other
R1 Late RC jar sherd
c.300-350
R2 RC sherd c.240-400 Purple CC beaker
sherd. c.260-400
R4 2 RC beaker sherds c.240-400
R5A RC rouletted bowl c.300-400
2 mortaria sherds c.240-400
CC beaker sherd
c.160-300
4 CC sherds c.260-
400,
R8 ?mortarium c. 240-300 CC beaker 2 sherds
c.160-300
CC beaker sherd
c.260-400.
R23 Hampshire Grog-
tempered ware
sherd c.270-420
R25 RCC C51 bowl sherd. C.240-400
R26 RCC bowl base c.240-400
R31 RC C51 bowl sherd c.240-400 PA mortarium
sherdc.270-400
New Forest Purple
Colourcoat beaker
sherd c.260-400
R32A RC C51 bowl sherd c. 240-400
R35 2 RC C51 bowl sherds c. 240-400 CC closed form
sherd c.250-400
R38 CC sherd. C.260-400
(NB 90% pottery on the above rural sites is AH/F)
511
Table R.6 Percentages of pottery fabrics, by weight (of total feature assemblage) for Roman period Neatham from selected features (after Millett and Graham 1986, 64 Table 20).
512
Appendix S: Pottery tables for Roman Staines-upon-Thames
It is a commonplace in the literature on Roman Staines-upon-Thames that the town acted as a market centre for the surrounding countryside and as a
redistribution point for goods destined for Londinium. Furthermore, Bird has particularly suggested that ‘the town may have acted as a centre for the
dispersal of high quality pottery produced locally’(2004, 59). Jones has refined this to assert that the town ‘almost certainly provided marketing facilities,
whatever civic, religious or other function it could have served, but probably within the mercantile sphere of influence of Londinium’ (2010, 86).
A consensus of the sources of pottery (Table S.1) supplied to the town35 can be found in the literature (Crouch and Shanks 1984; McKinley 2004, 6), but the
detailed reports (Jones 2010) attest to little uniformity, at least to some extent due to sites being occupied at different periods in time. Jones has speculated
that Roman Staines-upon-Thames developed as a redistribution centre for pottery (and possibly contents such as honey) imported from manufacturing areas
such as Alice Holt (Peacock 1982, 112) and Verulamium (Figure 5 and Table 5). The idea has persisted - Lyne and Jefferies expressed the same opinion
over 30 years ago (1979, 56) – buoyed by the presence of the London-Silchester road which bisected the town (2010, 27). However, any road link between
the small town and pottery production centres is unclear. At least two roads are known to connect Verulamium directly to Londinium (Margary 1d and 167),
and a probable, but as yet only partially identified, road link between Winchester and London would have connected the Alice Holt/Farnham potteries at
least to Southwark. These roads could account for pottery from these origins reaching customers in Londinium directly, without recourse to Staines-upon-
Thames.
35Also to Hengrove Farm, immediately to the east of the town, according to Jones in (Poulton 2006, 4).
513
Table S.1 Roman Staines-upon-Thames and hinterland pottery sources
Site D
ista
nce
(k
m)
Ro
ad
pro
xim
ity
Sta
ines
-up
on
-
Th
am
es/l
oca
l
coa
rse
wa
re
Sta
ines
-up
on
-
Th
am
es/l
oca
l fi
ne
wa
re
Lo
cal
/? C
oln
e
Va
lley
wa
res
(Ea
rly
/Mid
-/L
ate
):
gre
y/g
rog
-
tem
per
ed
/sh
elly
/sa
nd
y/o
xid
ised
/ora
ng
e w
are
s
Sil
ches
ter
wa
re
NF
Sa
mia
n
BB
1
Lo
wer
Rh
ine
OX
F w
are
s
PO
RD
Ov
erw
ey/T
ilfo
rd36
VR
NV
CO
L
AH
/F
HIG
H/L
ON
DW
37
Agar's Plough 9.25
x
Datchet, Southlea
Farm
6.5
x
x x
x
x
Harlington,
Cranford Lane
6 London-
Silchester
3km
x x
x
Harlington,
Imperial College
Sports Ground
2.5 London-
Silchester
3km
x
x
x
x x
x
Hengrove Farm 1.5 London-
Silchester
(on S side)
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
Horton,
Kingsmead
Quarry
4 London-
Silchester
4km
x
x
x
x x
x
Horton, Lower
Horton
4 London-
Silchester
4km
x
x x
x
x
x
36 Overwey/Tilford wares are recorded in reports sometimes as products of the wider Alice Holt industry and sometimes as products of separate industries. The latter circumstance has been
applied in the table. 37 The location of kilns producing ‘London’ wares is unclear and has been grouped here with Highgate Wood ware for convenience.
514
Horton, Manor
Farm
4 London-
Silchester
4km
x
x
x
x
x
Mayfield Farm 4 London-
Silchester
300m
x
x
x
x
x
Perry Oaks/
Heathrow T5
4.5 London
Silchester
2.5km
x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
Slough, Bath Road 10
x
x
x
x
Staines, Central
Trading Estate
0 London-
Silchester
<200m
? ? x
x x
x
Staines, County
Sports
0 London-
Silchester
(High
Street) W,
S - side
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
Staines, Elmsleigh
Centre
0 London-
Silchester
(High
Street) E,
S-side
x x
x
x x
x
Staines, Friends'
Burial Ground
0 London
Silchester
x x
x x
x
x x x x x
Staines, Johnson
and Clarks
0 London-
Silchester
(High
Street) <
50m S side
x
Staines, Majestic
House
0 London-
Silchester
x
x
x
Staines, Old Police
Station
0.5 London-
Silchester
x
x x
x
x
x
515
Staines, Percy
Harrisons
0 London-
Silchester
(High
Street) -S
side
x x x
x
x
x x
Staines, Prudential 0 London-
Silchester
(High
Street) -N
side
x x x
x x
x x x
Staines, Tilly's
Lane
0 London-
Silchester
50m
x x x
x
x
x x x
x x
Thorpe Lea
Nurseries
2 London-
Silchester
road
(?route)
x
x
x
Thorpe,
Coldharbour
quarry
2 London-
Silchester
road
(?route)
x
x
x
Wraysbury,
Waylands Nursery
3
x x x
x x
x
Pottery data (CD-Rom):
Table S.2 Early Roman pottery data
Table S.3 Mid-Roman pottery data
Table S.4 Late Roman pottery data