appendix 11 - engie uk & ireland · 2018. 3. 20. · appendix 11.1 jca archaeological...

Appendix 11.1

JCA Archaeological Assessment

Battery Storage Facility, Barnahely, Co. Cork

``

Battery Storage Facility, Barnahely, Co Cork Archaeological Assessment

Prepared by John Cronin & Associates 3a Westpoint Trade Centre

Ballincollig Co. Cork

For

Fehily Timoney & Company Core House

Pouladuff Road Cork

March 2018

Battery Storage Facility, Barnahely, County Cork Archaeological Assessment 2

Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3

2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 4

3. The existing environment .................................................................................................................... 6

4. Description of subject site .................................................................................................................. 20

5. Assessment of impacts ........................................................................................................................ 21

6. Conclusion and recommendation .................................................................................................... 22

7. References ............................................................................................................................................... 23

Appendix: Photographic record ................................................................................................................ 24


1. Introduction John Cronin & Associates have been commissioned by Fehily Timoney & Company to assess the potential archaeological impact of a proposed Battery Storage Facility in lands at Shanbally townland to the west of Ringaskiddy village in County Cork. The proposed development will consist of eight metal containers housing the batteries, substation, eight invertor stations with 38kV step up transformers, sixteen Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) units, substation compound, parking and welfare facilities, a hardstanding area, access track and fencing and gates and related works. The site is directly adjacent to the ESB substation at Barnahely. The study area for this assessment comprised the internal area of the proposed Battery Storage Facility combined with the lands extending for 1km from the outer boundaries of the site. There are 21 recorded archaeological sites within this study area, none are located within c.350m of the site. The report structure is designed to, firstly, outline the methodology adopted in its compilation and provide a description of the existing environment. It then provides a description of the legal and cultural heritage context for the study area. A summary of potential impacts is presented and is followed by a number of proposed recommendations relating to cultural heritage mitigation measures.


2. Methodology This assessment commenced with a desktop survey which identified all known archaeological, architectural and other cultural heritage sites within the study area. The desk top survey also endeavoured to identify any hereto now unrecorded features or areas of archaeological, architectural and cultural heritage significance.

2.1 Desktop study A desktop survey of archaeological sites within the study area was carried out in order to assess potential archaeological constraints. This assessment is based on a survey which identified all known archaeological sites within the vicinity of the study area. The principal sources reviewed for this assessment of the known archaeological resource are the files and records of the Archaeological Survey of Ireland (ASI). Between 1984 and 1992, the ASI issued a series of county Sites and Monuments Records (SMRs). These county SMRs, revised in the light of further research and fieldwork, formed the basis for the statutory Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) (established under Section 12 of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 1994). Similar in format to the SMRs (comprising a list and set of maps), the RMPs were issued for each county in the State between 1995 and 1998. Monuments included in the statutory RMP are legally protected and are generally referred to as ‘Recorded Monuments’. Since the publication of the original county SMRs and RMPs, the ASI has continued to record and add entries to the Sites and Monuments Record. In addition, the ASI has developed an online database and web viewer known as ‘Historic Environment Viewer’. This has been developed to “enhance the user’s experience by facilitating access to the database of the National Monuments Service Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) in a seamless one stop point of access for both data resources” (Source: www.archaeology.ie). In addition, the following sources were consulted:

• Cartographic Sources - The detail on cartographic sources can indicate past settlement and land use patterns in recent centuries and can also highlight the impact of modern developments and agricultural practices. This information can aid in the identification of the location and extent of unrecorded, or partially levelled, features of archaeological or architectural heritage interest. The cartographic sources examined for the study areas include the 1st edition of the 6-inch Ordnance Survey (OS) maps (surveyed and published in the 1830s-40s) and the 25-inch OS maps (surveyed and published 1887-1913).

• Aerial photography – In parallel with the cartographic study, a review publicly-accessible aerial photographic sources from the Ordnance Survey, Google and Bing Maps was undertaken.

• Development Plans - The local authority development plans relevant to the study area was

consulted as part of this assessment. These plans outline the local authorities’ policies for

the conservation of the archaeological and architectural heritage resource and include the

Record of Protected Structures (“RPS”) and any designated Architectural Conservation

Areas (“ACAs”). The relevant development plan for the study area is the Cork County

Development Plan 2014.

• Database of Irish Excavation Reports - The Database of Irish Excavation Reports contains

summary accounts of all archaeological excavations carried out in Ireland (North and South) from 1970 to 2015.

http://www.archaeology.ie/


• Placenames Database of Ireland - The Placenames Branch (Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht) provides a comprehensive management system for data, archival records and placenames research conducted by the State. Its primary function is to undertake research in order to establish the correct Irish language forms of the placenames of Ireland and to publish them on a public website (www.logainm.ie).

• National Inventory of Architectural Heritage - The function of the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (“NIAH”) is to record built heritage structures within the Republic of Ireland and to advise local authorities in relation to structures of interest within their areas. The NIAH commissions surveys of sites of architectural significance to assist in evaluating structures to be included in the RPS. Listing on the NIAH does not necessarily carry any statutory protection but does highlight the culturally significant aspects of the structure which ought to be conserved.

2.2 Field survey An archaeological inspection of the landholding of the proposed development site was undertaken on the 12th of December 2017 in dry weather conditions that provided generally good landscape visibility. This survey entailed the field walking of the lands that contain the layout of the proposed development and encompassed all areas to be impacted by the proposed development. All areas were accessible, and the site was assessed in terms of landscape, land use, vegetation cover, presence or lack of both known and potential archaeological sites. A photographic record of the site inspection was compiled, and extracts are presented in the Appendix to this report.


3. The existing environment 3.1 Environmental context The proposed development is located at Shanbally townland to the immediate west of Ringaskiddy in Co. Cork. The proposed development is located within a heavily overgrown area to the west of the Barnahely substation. There are 21 recorded archaeological sites within this study area, none are located within c.350m of the site. Bedrock in this area comprises mudstone, sandstone and thin limestone with soil profiles of Coarse loamy drift with siliceous stones.

Figure 1: Location of the proposed Battery Storage Facility circled

3.2 Legal context The management and protection of cultural heritage in Ireland is achieved through a framework of international conventions and national laws and policies (Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht 2004, 2011, 35). This framework was established in accordance with the provisions of the ‘European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage’ (the Valletta Convention) and ‘European Convention on the Protection of Architectural Heritage’ (Grenada Convention). Cultural heritage can be divided loosely into the archaeological resource covering sites and monuments from the prehistoric period until the post-medieval period and the architectural heritage resource, encompassing standing structures and sites of cultural importance dating from the post-medieval and modern period. In addition, local placenames, folklore and traditions are considered part of our cultural heritage. In summary, the national policy statements, guidelines and advice notes relevant to this assessment include:

• National Monuments Act 1930 (and amendments in 1954, 1987, 1994 and 2004); • Heritage Act (1995); • National Cultural Institutions Act (1997);


• Policy for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands 1999);

• Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and National Monuments Act (1999); • Local Government (Planning and Development) Act (2000); and • Department of Environment, Heritage, and Local Government’s Architectural Heritage

Protection: Guidelines for Planning Authorities (2004). 3.2.1 Relevant archaeological legislation The National Monuments Acts 1930 to 2004, the Heritage Act 1995 and relevant provisions of the National Cultural Institutions Act 1997 are the primary means of ensuring the satisfactory protection of archaeological remains, which are deemed to include all man-made structures, of whatever form or date, except buildings habitually used for ecclesiastical purposes. A National Monument is described as ‘a monument or the remains of a monument, the preservation of which is a matter of national importance by reason of the historical, architectural, traditional, artistic or archaeological interest attaching thereto’ (Section 2, National Monument Act, 1930). There are a number of mechanisms under the National Monuments Act that are applied to secure the protection of archaeological monuments. These include the Register of Historic Monuments, the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP - formerly the Sites and Monuments Record), and the placing of Preservation Orders and Temporary Preservation Orders on endangered sites. The administration of national policy in relation to archaeological heritage management is the responsibility of the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DoCHG). The State may acquire or assume guardianship of national monuments by agreement with site owners or under compulsory order. Once the site is in ownership or guardianship of the State it may not be interfered with without the written consent of the Minister. There are no monuments in the ownership or guardianship of the State within the study area. Section 12 (1) of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act, 1994 made provision for the establishment and maintenance of a RMP deemed to have cultural heritage potential. The record replaced the earlier SMR and provides a list of monuments and relevant places with accompanying maps. All sites recorded on the RMP receive statutory protection under the National Monuments Act 1994 and any work undertaken at these sites must be done so under licence (Section 12 (3)). The Archaeological Survey of Ireland lists 21 recorded archaeological sites within a 1km radius of the boundaries of the proposed Battery Storage Facility. These sites are listed in Table 1, which also provides their locations in ITM format. 3.2.2 Relevant architectural heritage legislation Protection of the architectural/built heritage resource is provided through a range of legal and policy instruments. The Heritage Act, (1995) protects all heritage buildings owned by a local authority from damage and destruction. The Architectural Heritage Act, 1999, requires the Minister to establish a survey to identify; record and evaluate the architectural heritage of the country. The function of the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (“NIAH”) is to record built heritage structures within the Republic of Ireland and to advise local authorities in relation to structures of interest within their areas. There are nine NIAH structures within 1km of the proposed development, none are within c.600m of the proposed development. The Local Government (Planning and Development) Act, 2000, requires all Planning Authorities to keep a “Record of Protected Structures” (“RPS”) of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest. As of the 1st January 2000, all structures listed for protection in current Development Plans, have become ‘protected structures’. Since the introduction of this legislation, planning permission is required for any


works to a protected structure that would affect its character. No such structures were recorded within 1km of the proposed development.

3.3 Archaeological and historical context There are 21 recorded archaeological sites within this study area, none are located within c.350m of the development site. It is recognised that the potential exists for the presence of unrecorded sub-surface archaeological features and artefacts within the proposed development site.

Figure 2: Location of recorded archaeological sites (yellow points) within 1km of the proposed Battery

Storage Facility (Source: Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs)

Table 1: List of recorded archaeological sites within 1km of proposed development site

Monument No Class Townland ITM Ref (E,N) CO087-038---- Kiln – lime Shanbally (Kerrycurrihy By.) 575492,564677 CO087-039---- Ringfort – rath Shanbally (Kerrycurrihy By.) 575234,564195 CO087-040---- Enclosure Shanbally (Kerrycurrihy By.) 575241,563920 CO087-041---- Enclosure Shanbally (Kerrycurrihy By.) 575404,563727 CO087-045---- Standing stone Coolmore (Kerrycurrihy By.), 576406,563129 CO087-046---- Ringfort – rath Raheens 576316,563545 CO087-047---- Ringfort – rath Raheens 576523,563654


Monument No Class Townland ITM Ref (E,N) CO087-048---- Ringfort – rath Barnahely 576862,563867 CO087-050001- Redundant record Barnahely 577133,564119 CO087-050002- Gate lodge Barnahely 577043,563915 CO087-061---- Ecclesiastical site Ballintaggart 576559,564831 CO087-064---- Redundant record Coolmore (Kerrycurrihy By.) 576486,563123 CO087-102---- Souterrain Raheens 576316,563545 CO087-103---- Souterrain Raheens 576316,563545 CO087-104---- Souterrain Raheens 576316,563545 CO087-106---- Enclosure Barnahely 575957,564412 CO087-119---- Souterrain Shanbally (Kerrycurrihy By.) 575234,564195 CO087-132---- Burnt pit Barnahely 577168,564161 CO087-145---- Burnt spread Barnahely 576822,563900 CO087-146---- Kiln - corn-drying Barnahely 576823,563852 CO087-156---- Kiln - corn-drying Barnahely 576823,563860

Early Prehistoric Traditionally, the earliest recorded evidence for human settlement in Ireland dates to the Mesolithic period (7000–4000 BC) when groups of hunter-gatherers arrived on the island, however recent evidence in the form of a butchered bear patella found in Alice and Gwendoline Cave near Ennis in Co. Clare now suggests that humans were present in Ireland during the Paleolithic period between 12,800 to 12,600 cal BC (Dowd and Carden, 2016, 161). While the Mesolithic settlers did not construct any settlements or monuments that leave any above ground traces, their presence in an area can often be identified by scatters of worked flints in ploughed fields or shell middens adjacent to the coastline. There are no recorded sites dating to the Mesolithic period within the study area. The Neolithic period (4000-2400 BC) began with the arrival and establishment of agriculture as the principal form of economic subsistence, which resulted in more permanent settlement patterns. As a consequence of the more settled nature of agrarian life, new site-types, such as more substantial rectangular timber houses and various types of megalithic tombs, begin to appear in the archaeological record during this period. While there is archaeological evidence for a dispersed settlement pattern within the Leinster region during the Mesolithic period, that developed into a more extensive settlement during the Neolithic period. There are no recorded sites dating to the Neolithic period within the study area.

Late Prehistoric periods Metalworking arrived in Ireland with the advent of the Bronze Age period (c. 2400–500 BC). This period was also associated with the construction of new monument types such as standing stones, stone rows, stone circles and fulachta fia. Fulacht fia translates as cooking places of the wild (or of deer), they are often interpreted as the remains of cooking sites and are the most numerous archaeological site type in Ireland, radiocarbon dating of excavated examples has generally produced dates in the Bronze Age (c.2400-500BC). A number of alternative interpretations have been forwarded as to the function of these archaeological sites, such as their potential uses as bathing, saunas, garment washing and dyeing, leather processing and even brewing sites. The development of new burial practices saw the construction of funerary monuments such as cairns, barrows, boulder burials and cists. The later first millennium BC and the early centuries AD comprise the Irish Iron Age, which is the most obscure period in the Irish archaeological record. While there is general agreement that the introduction of an iron technology was a significant factor in the eventual demise of bronze working on a large scale, but how, why and when this came about in Ireland is far from clear. A standing stone (RMP no. CO087-045----) located within the study area likely dates from this period.


Early Medieval This period began with the introduction of Christianity in Ireland and continued up to the arrival of the Anglo-Normans during the 12th-century (c. 400–1169 AD). The establishment of the Irish church was to have profound implications for political, social and economic life and is attested to in the archaeological record by the presence of church sites, associated places for burial and holy wells. The early medieval church sites were morphologically similar to ringforts but are often differentiated by the presence of features such as church buildings, graves, stone crosses and shrines. This period saw the emergence of the first phases of urbanisation around the large monasteries and the Hiberno-Norse ports. However, the dominant settlement pattern of the period continued to be rural-based in sites such as ringforts, which comprise roughly circular enclosures delimited by roughly circular earthen banks formed of material thrown up from a concentric external ditch. Ringforts are one of the most numerous monuments in the Irish landscape and the early medieval terms for these sites – rath/lios/dun these still form some of the most common place-name elements in the country. Archaeological excavations indicate that the majority of ringforts were early medieval farmsteads with internal timber buildings and were surrounded by associated field systems. The study area contains a number of ringforts, souterrains, corn-drying kilns and enclosures which likely date to the early medieval period. Late and Post Medieval The arrival and conquest of large parts of Ireland by the Anglo-Normans in the late 12th-century broadly marks the advent of the Irish late medieval period, which continued up until the beginning of the post-medieval period in c.1550. Within the late medieval period, towns, markets, and fairs were established and change and reform was attempted in the Irish church. By the 15th-century the native Irish chieftains and lords began to establish tower houses and smaller castles as centres of territorial control. There are a number of likely late medieval recorded archaeological sites within the study area including an Ecclesiastical enclosure and church site, a number of moated sites, and a tower house and bawn. The post-medieval period (1550+) saw the development of high and low status stone houses throughout the Irish country. During this period any given settlement cluster is likely to have consisted primarily of single-storey thatched cottages with associated farm buildings while two-storey farm houses became more common in the 19th-century. In the latter half of the 20th-century, there was a radical change in the nature and character of Irish domestic architecture manifested by the replacement of older stone-built structures with modern bungalows of concrete blockwork construction. A lime kiln (RMP no. CO087-038----) and a gate lodge (RMP no. CO087-050002-) located within the study zone date to the post Medieval period. The site of the proposed development is located within Carrigaline parish; which is described as follows during the 19th century (Lewis 1837):

CARRIGALINE, a parish, partly in the county of the city of CORK, and partly in the barony of KINNALEA, but chiefly in that of KERRICURRIHY, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER 7 miles (S. E.) from Cork; containing 7375 inhabitants. This place was in early times called Beavor, or Bebhor, and derived its name from the abrupt rocky cliff on which are the remains of the ancient castle, built by Mile de Cogan in the reign of King John, and for nearly two centuries occupied by the Earls of Desmond, by whom it was forfeited, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The castle, together with the lands of Carrigaline and Ballinrea, was then granted by the queen to Sir Anthony St. Leger, who demised them to Stephen Golding, from whom they were purchased by Sir Richard Boyle, afterwards Earl of Cork, and from him descended to the present proprietor, the Earl of Shannon. In 1568, the Lord-Deputy Sidney, after relieving the Lady St. Leger in Cork, advanced against this fortress, which he took from James Fitzmaurice after an obstinate resistance, and from this time during the entire reign of Elizabeth it had the reputation of being impregnable. In 1589, Sir Francis Drake, with a squadron of five ships, being chased by a Spanish fleet of superior force, ran into Cork harbour; and sailing up Crosshaven, moored his squadron in a safe basin, sheltered by Corribiny Hill, close under Coolmore. The Spaniards pursued, but,being unacquainted with the harbour, sailed round the shores without discovering the English fleet, and giving up the search, left it here in perfect security. The basin in which Sir Francis lay has since been called Drake's pool.


The parish is situated on the road from Cork to Tracton, and contains 14,254 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at 16,606 per annum; the surface is pleasingly undulated, and the soil is fertile; a considerable part is under an improved system of tillage, and the remainder is in demesne, meadow, or pasture land. There is neither waste land nor bog; coal, which is landed at several small quays here, is the chief fuel. A light brown and purplish clay-slate is found; and limestone of very superior quality is raised at Shanbally, in large blocks, and after being hewn into columns, tombstones, &e., is shipped to Cork and other places. The appearance of the country is beautifully varied: the views from the high grounds are extensive and picturesque, commanding the course of the Awenbwuy, with its capacious estuary, called Crosshaven, and embellished with numerous gentlemen's seats. The principal are Maryborough, the residence of W. H. Worth Newenham, Esq., situated in a beautiful demesne of 545 acres, with a lofty square tower a little to theeast of the house, which commands a magnificent prospect of the town and harbour of Cove, and the rich cenery of the river; Mount-Rivers, of M. Roberts, Esq.; and Ballybricken, of D. Conner, Esq. The village has a very pleasing appearance; it consists of several good houses and a number of decent cottages, extending into the parish of Kilmoney, on the south side of the river, over which is a bridge of three arches. There are two large boulting-mills, the property of Messrs. Michael Roberts and Co., which grind 12,000 sacks of flour annually, of which the greater part is shipped for England from Cork. The trade consists chiefly in the export of corn, flour, and potatoes, and the import of coal and culm. The channel of the river has been lately deepened six feet, and vessels can now deliver their cargoes at the bridge. A creek runs up to Shanbally, and another forms the channel of Douglas, both of which are navigable for vessels of 70 tons' burden, which bring up lime, sand, and manure, and take away limestone and bricks, the latter of which are made near Douglas. Salmon, white trout, sole, plaice, and oysters of superior quality, are obtained in these inlets, and, in the latter part of the summer, herrings are occasionally taken in great quantities. The river Awenbwuy, winding through a rich corn country, is well situated for commerce, and several large mills are in course of erection on its banks. Fairs are held in Carrigaline on Easter-Monday, Whit-Monday, Aug. 12th, and Nov. 8th, for cattle, sheep, and pigs. There is a penny post to Cork; and a chief constabulary police force has been stationed here. Petty sessions are held in the court-house every Tuesday, and a manorial court once in three weeks. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Cork, and in the patronage of the Earl of Shannon: the tithes amount to 1080. The church is a very handsome edifice of hewn limestone, in the later English style of architecture, with a massive square tower crowned with pinnacles and surmounted by an elegant and lofty octagonal spire pierced with lights: it was erected in 1823, near the site of the former church, and enlarged in 1835, by the addition of a north transept; the windows are very light, chaste, and beautiful, particularly the eastern one, the upper part of which is ornamented with stained glass. Near the west front is a lofty arch, beneath which is an altar-tomb of grey marble, with a recumbent leaden figure, now much mutilated, of Lady Susanna Newenham, who died in 1754. A chapel of ease has been built at the village of Douglas, in the northern division of the parish, within the liberties of the city of Cork. There is no glebe-house, but a glebe of 6a. 3r. 9p. In the R. C. divisions the parish partly forms the head of a union or district comprising the four ploughlands called Carrigaline and the parishes of Templebready and Kilmoney, and is partly in the union of Douglas or Ballygervin, and partly in that of Passage: the chapel is in that part of the village of Carrigaline which is on the south side of the river. The male and female parochial schools are supported by subscription; the school-rooms were built in 1834. At Raheens are schools for boys and girls, the former supported by a donation of #50 per ann. from W. H. W. Newenham Esq., and the latter by Mrs. Newenham; a school is aided by annual subscriptions, amounting to #4, and there are other hedge schools in the parish, altogether affording instruction to about 450 children, and a Sunday school. Here is also a dispensary. At Ballinrea there is a mineral spring, which is considered to be of the same kind as that of Tunbridge Wells, and has been found efficacious in cases of debility; and near it is a holy welt dedicated to St. Renogue, which is resorted to by the country people on the 24th of June.

3.5 The excavations database Thirteen archaeological investigations have been undertaken within the townlands falling within the 1km wide study area around the proposed Battery Storage Facility (see Table 2 below). These excavations have identified archaeological remains from the prehistoric period onward.


Table 2: Summaries of archaeological excavations (www.excavations.ie) Site Name Licence Summary

Ballintaggart, Cork

- This investigation was carried out to fulfil a condition on a planning decision for further development at the Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Production Corporation facility. The request was made due to the recording of a possible ecclesiastical enclosure on the site by the Co. Cork SMR. It was thought that the enclosure, the precise location of which had not been established, might extend into the area being redeveloped. Two long parallel, east-west test-trenches were opened along external wall-lines of the proposed building on the site. The trenches revealed graded soils covering a stripped surface. Field-drains cut into the subsoil were noted, indicating that the stripped surface had not substantially reduced the original ground level. There were no archaeological features.

Ringaskiddy Port, Barnahely, Cork

- Intertidal and marine inspection of proposed development area at Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, focused on Ballybricken Point, where reclamation is proposed, in the East Basin, and the area behind the Dolphin Ramps. No material of archaeological significance was observed exposed on the seabed or on the foreshore.

Barnahely, Cork

96E0086 Monitoring and trial excavation took place on the site of the Merfin factory at Barnahely, Ringaskiddy, to fulfil conditions of the planning permission for the scheme. Mechanical excavation took place in early April 1996, with ground clearance monitoring carried out later in the month. The archaeological excavation was carried out prior to the commencement of topsoil-stripping or development works. The site was landscaped at the turn of the century to facilitate the construction of a military barracks and its associated facilities. Forty test-trenches were mechanically excavated to natural subsoil to establish the presence of any archaeological soils or features on the site. One trench revealed an area of burning which consisted of a circular, shallow, fire-reddened pit, 0.75m in diameter, filled with charcoal and ash. The area around this feature was later monitored. During the site assessment, a millstone and two incomplete fragments of millstones were discovered with other stones against the field boundary. They may have been placed in this location during field clearance prior to the construction of the barracks. No associated archaeological structures were revealed in connection with the millstones during trenching and monitoring. The work fulfilled the archaeological requirements for the development.

Castle Warren, Barnahely, Cork

99E0279 The site at Castle Warren consists of a complex of medieval and post-medieval buildings around a courtyard and includes a tower-house and bawn of probable late 16th-century date and Castle Warren House, which dates to the 18th century. It is currently owned by the Industrial Development Authority, who wished to secure the site by erecting a chain-link fence with an access gate around the tower-house and bawn, at a distance of 10m from the boundary walls. Five trenches were excavated by machine just inside the line of the fence before the digging of the foundation pits for the fence. No archaeological features relating to the later medieval occupation at the site were uncovered during excavation of the test-trenches or monitoring of the excavation of the foundation pits.


Site Name Licence Summary

Barnahely, Cork

04E1246 Test-trenching was undertaken in advance of the construction of a road network and ancillary trenching on a land bank at Barnahely, Ringaskiddy. The closest monuments are Castle Warren and an enclosure. The excavation did not uncover any archaeological feature or find.

Barnahely, Cork

04E1685 Twelve test-trenches were excavated in the vicinity of a ringfort as part of a pre-development assessment of a potential factory site. The trenches were opened across a number of potential archaeological features identified during a geophysical investigation of the site. Two previously unrecorded archaeological sites were identified during the course of this testing. These appeared to be the remains of a keyhole-shaped kiln, located c. 10m to the west of the ringfort, and a levelled fulacht fiadh, located c. 20m to the north-west of the ringfort. Both of these sites were recorded and left in situ. A full excavation of these sites was recommended prior to commencement of any construction project in the area to the west of the ringfort.

Castle Warren, Barnahely, Cork

04E0774 Cork County Council proposes to construct a dual carriageway from Cork to Ringaskiddy, which is an area of expanding industrial development supported by a deepwater shipping berth. As part of the route selection process the National Roads Office in Cork considered several route corridor options. The alignment of one such option passed close to Castle Warren (otherwise known as Barnahely Castle) and to the nearby Barnahely graveyard (SMR 87:51). Test-trenching was undertaken, from late July to mid-August 2004, in the general area surrounding Castle Warren. This was part of a series of site investigation methods intended to assess the archaeological potential of lands adjacent to Castle Warren. Other methods included a geophysical survey (04R065), a topographical survey and a building survey. Testing typically involved the insertion of 2mwide centre-line trenches with regular offshoots averaging every 10m on alternate sides. A total of 63 trenches (T1-T63) were inserted across six discrete study areas, Areas A-F. Overall, testing revealed the surrounding area to be largely devoid of archaeological remains. Areas A and C revealed no evidence of archaeological activity. Area B encompassed the greater part of a partially extant early 19th-century walled garden located to the west of Castle Warren. Overall, some isolated features were identified which appeared to relate to the use of the garden. No earlier features of archaeological significance were identified. In Area D, the only feature of potential consisted of an isolated stake-hole and shallow pit of suspected prehistoric date, identified in the southern end of Trench 1. The upper sloping ground to the southwest of the castle contained 0.4-1m of modern fill, including plastic and other debris. The crest of the hill to the west of the castle complex had exposed surface bedrock. Modern concrete shed foundations were noted, but there was no evidence of a 19th-century O’Sullivan house. Area E revealed clusters of recent parallel furrows criss-crossing the study area. A wide ditch cut was identified in trenches T29 and T33. The ditch ran in a west-south-west/east-north-east direction along the base



of a slight valley between the higher ground to the north and south. It contained high concentrations of unworked stone towards its base and was interpreted as a field drain. It produced no finds and is assumed to be post-medieval/early modern in date, although an earlier date cannot be ruled out. Virtually all of the features identified in Area E are considered to be agricultural in nature. Testing did not reveal any evidence of domestic/settlement activity. In general, Area F revealed a similar pattern of agricultural land use. However, some parallel ditches (possibly garden plots) were identified to the east of the castle, a finding supported by geophysical results. Testing failed to produce any dating evidence for the ditches. The only other sign of archaeological activity from Area F was in the form of a single charcoal-flecked pit in T38 and a stray find of medieval green-glazed pottery from the topsoil.

Ringaskiddy Port, Barnahely, Cork

- Intertidal and marine inspection of proposed development area at Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, focused on Ballybricken Point, where reclamation is proposed, in the East Basin, and the area behind the Dolphin Ramps. No material of archaeological significance was observed exposed on the seabed or on the foreshore.

Barnahely, Cork

12E0109

Three 2m-wide trenches were manually excavated at a ringfort in Barnahely townland as part of a preliminary site assessment in order to inform a potential research project. A metal detector (12R0040) was used during the excavation in order to aid in artefact recovery and a programme of on-site sieving was also employed. The bank along the west and south-west sides survives to height of 1m above existing internal ground level. The U-shaped ditch is partially open in these areas and measures up to 1.5m deep and 5.6m wide at top. The bank survives to the north and east as a denuded, low feature and the ditch is completely infilled in these areas. A gap in the bank in the north-west quadrant may mark the location of an entrance feature. The excavation project was preceded by geophysical and topographical surveys of the entire ringfort. The geophysical survey (Target Archaeological Geophysics: 11R0115) identified internal anomalies interpreted as the remains of probable hearth/kiln features and pits. Trench 1 This trench extended southwards from outside the north end of the ringfort ditch and continued across a denuded section of the bank. It then extended for 15m into the west half of the enclosure and the south end was expanded to investigate a 5m² area containing a cluster of geophysical anomalies. The infilled ditch measured 2m deep by 5m wide at top and the sides gradually tapered to the 2.1m-wide rounded base. The six ditch fills were composed of silty clays containing occasional charcoal fragments, small stones and gravel deposits. The partially collapsed ringfort bank survived as an 8m wide by 1.4m high earthen feature disturbed by frequent animal burrows and gorse roots. The extent of disturbance was demonstrated by the presence of modern inclusions within the centre of the bank. The three main deposits in the north end of the bank were composed of sterile re-deposited subsoil and appeared to represent the core of the bank. Two linear U-shaped cuts were uncovered in the subsoil under the bank and both extended under the east and west baulks. The southern example measured 0.8m wide by 0.8m deep and contained four sterile sandy silt deposits while the



northern example measured 0.6m wide by 0.4m deep and contained one sterile fill. The depth of topsoil within the enclosure increased from 0.2m inside the bank to 0.8m at the south terminal of the trench. It contained moderate inclusions of post-medieval and early modern pottery, some of which were present at the base of the topsoil. Five east-to-west-orientated shallow linear features, a pit and two stone-lined cut features were uncovered in the subsoil. The linear features were uncovered under the shallow topsoil in the north half of the trench. They averaged 0.5m wide and survived as 0.05m deep, rounded cuts. The fills were sterile and no traces of associated post/stake-holes were noted. According to local information, the interior of the ringfort was under cultivation in recent decades and these features appeared to have originated from this activity. They were not identified in the geophysical survey, perhaps due to the shallow nature of the cuts in the subsoil. The absence of identified structural features in this area may be due to the presence of the nearby possible entrance to the north-west. A pit was partially exposed in the south end of the 2m-wide section of the trench. It extended for 1.2m from the west baulk and measured 0.47m deep by 0.8m wide. The presence of charcoal inclusions in the two fills and ephemeral traces of burnt subsoil along its sides and base were indicative of a kiln/hearth function. An east-west orientated, stone-lined linear cut feature was partially revealed in the 5m² trench expansion. The east terminal was exposed within the trench while the opposite end extended under the west baulk. The visible extent of the feature measured 2.65m long and it ranged from 0.4m wide at east to 0.88m at the west baulk. Following consultation with the National Monuments Service, it was agreed to excavate a section through the backfill while leaving the stone lining in situ. The backfill was composed of three soil deposits with occasional inclusions of charcoal fragments. The subsoil at the base sloped gradually down from the east terminal and then extended as a flat surface towards the west baulk where the cut measured 0.94m in depth. The dry stone lining on both sides was composed of sub-angular field stones, with a possible quern stone noted in the south side. There were no traces of in situ or collapsed stone roof lintels identified. A similar stone-lined cut feature was partially exposed against the baulk in the north-west corner of the 5m² excavation area. This was orientated north to south and extended for 0.6m from the west baulk. A 1m by 0.6m sondage was excavated to a depth of 0.64m when the subsoil at the base of the cut was encountered. The dry stone lining on the east side was composed of six rough courses of field stones and three courses of stone lining were also noted in the north baulk. All of the exposed stone lining was left in situ. The cut contained two soil deposits, with moderate charcoal inclusions, and a rotary quern stone was recovered from the basal fill. The intersection between this feature and the similar east-west feature to the south extended under the baulk and it was not possible to ascertain their stratigraphic relationship. They are interpreted as the possible remains of at least one souterrain but this remains tentative as they were not identified in the geophysical survey and their full extent remains to be determined. The presence of two quern stones may also indicate a kiln function. Trench 2 This 15m long trench commenced in the plough zone outside the south end of the ringfort and extended northwards across the infilled ditch, through the projected line of the bank and then continued for 4m inside



the ringfort interior. The geophysical survey encountered massive magnetic interference in this area and this appears to have been caused by metal inclusions in spreads of modern dumped material in this area. The topsoil in the interior measured up to 0.8m deep and contained occasional modern inclusions. The truncated basal remains of the ringfort bank were revealed under the topsoil and it was faced by a possible internal stone revetment. The ringfort ditch measured 4.5m wide at top and the steep sides tapered slightly inwards before they turned to a 2.4m wide, flat base. The sterile ditch fills contained occasional large stones and were prone to flooding with groundwater during the excavation. Trench 3 This 14m long trench extended in a north-west/south-east line through the north-east quadrant of the ringfort interior in order to intersect at a right-angle with a north-east/south-west linear geophysical anomaly. The topsoil was 0.8m in maximum depth and overlay a number of features cut into the subsoil. These comprised three post-holes, one stake-hole, four linear features and one possible north-east/south-west field drain. While the layout of the post- and stake-holes did not indicate the plan of a possible building, their presence nonetheless demonstrated the presence of structure(s) in the north-east quadrant. There were no traces of post/stake-holes noted in any of the linear features and their shared orientation and sterile fills were indicative of cultivation features. The potential that a number of the partially exposed linear features within this trench (and in Trench 1 to the west) may be archaeological in origin is not discounted.

Barnahely, Cork

16E0301 Testing was carried out ahead of proposed site development works at Barnahely, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork to inform a planning application. The site is comprised of 10ha of undeveloped fields of pasture to the south of the R613 Carrigaline to Ringaskiddy road, within the western townland boundary with Raheens. A total of 65 test trenches, measuring 3,070 linear metres, were excavated across the test area over the course of 10 days in June and July 2016. These targeted geophysical anomalies identified in the survey undertaken in June and the greenfield areas (Earthsound Geophysics, 16R0081). Five Archaeological Areas (AA 1‒5) were identified during testing which appear to represent the remains of small-scale settlement features dating to the prehistoric and medieval periods. The possible medieval features, including a kiln and a field ditch in AA1 and AA 3, may be associated with the occupation of the ringfort CO087-048 to the north of site. Investigation of the burnt spread and pit in AA 2 suggests it may be the remains of a heavily truncated prehistoric burnt mound. The pits in AA 4 and AA 5 have currently provided no diagnostic dating evidence however they may represent ephemeral remains of prehistoric settlement activity. They are possibly related to nearby recorded prehistoric activity to the east (C0087-147 and CO087-148). Excluding the archaeological features in AA 1–5 the geophysical survey combined with test trenching has indicated that the remaining anomalies and features on site are geological in nature or represent modern disturbance. Groundworks associated with the proposed development will have a significant direct negative impact on the features identified during



testing in AA 1–4, and any associated archaeological remains. These areas have been subject to agricultural truncation and the features are ephemeral in nature. They are considered as possessing a local significance. It was recommended that these areas be preserved by record in advance of construction. The features identified in AA 5 are located in a proposed temporary carpark zone to be used during the construction phase of the project. An area around these features will be fenced off and protected during and after the establishment of the temporary carpark and will be preserved in situ. There is also the potential for previously unrecorded sub-surface remains to exist in the areas outside of the current test trenches and as such it was recommended that ground disturbances be subject to monitoring.

Crosshaven, Cork

02E1863, 02D132

Cork County Council proposes to construct a pipeline close to the foreshore along the southern bank of the Owenboy River between the townlands of Crosshaven and Carrigaline East, to tie into an existing sewerage scheme serving the town of Carrigaline, to the west of Crosshaven. The scheme will also include an outfall pipe across the foreshore at Crosshaven. Cork County Council requested a desktop survey of the route of the pipeline and a survey with testing of the route of the outfall pipe on the foreshore. No archaeological stratigraphy was recorded in the test-trenches on the foreshore.

Shanbally, Cork 06E0949 Fifteen test-trenches were opened on this proposed development site at Shanbally, Carrigaline, using a mechanical excavator. The site is in the environs of a circular enclosure. Topsoil was removed to a depth of 0.3–0.6m in the trenches. This overlay a mid-orangey-brown sandy silty clay subsoil with occasional small stones. No archaeological finds or levels were noted in the trenches.

Shanbally, Cork 14E0019

Testing was required to inform the development of a waste water treatment plant. Two test trenches were excavated in the vicinity of the two recorded monuments, CO087-040 and CO087-041. The trenches were located outside the known extent of both monuments, tangentially to the outer circumference of the demarcation circles/buffer zones of both monuments. No archaeological finds or features were revealed in Trench 1, i.e. the area to the east of the demarcation circle for monument CO078-041. Two features were identified in Trench 2 on the eastern side of CO078-040. These were both isolated features of unknown date, however the depth at which they occur (c. 0.35m below the surface) indicates that they may be associated with the adjacent ringfort. Such findings indicate that features associated with the ringfort may occur outside the original bank and ditch of the enclosure, consequently it was recommended that no element of the proposal be excavated/constructed within the demarcation circle for this monument.

3.6 Cartographic evidence The detail on historic cartographic sources demonstrates the nature of past settlements and land use patterns in recent centuries and also highlights the impact of modern developments and agricultural practices. This information can aid in the identification of the location and extent of unrecorded or partially levelled features of archaeological or architectural heritage interest. The cartographic sources examined for the study areas include the 1st edition of the 6-inch OS maps (surveyed and published in the 1830s-40s) and the 25-inch OS maps (surveyed and published


1887-1913). The 1st edition of the 6-inch OS maps for the area were surveyed in the 1830-40s (Figure 3) with the 2nd edition 25-inch O.S. maps (Figure 4) for this area being surveyed about the beginning of the 20th century.

Figure 3: Extract from 1st edition O.S map (surveyed c.1840), showing general location of proposed

development site

Figure 4: Extract from 2nd edition O.S map (surveyed c.1900), showing general location of proposed

development site


The proposed Battery Storage Facility is depicted as enclosed farmland on the 1st edition 6-inch O.S. map adjacent to the townland and parish boundary to the east. On the 25-inch O.S. map the proposed site is largely unchanged, aside from the removal of a number of field boundaries and a building by the road side to the south. The development site has been significantly altered in the recent past, having been levelled during the early 1990s (as evident on the 1995 OSI orthophotograph of the area). Significant industrial development has occurred in the surround areas during the late 20th century. There were no features of archaeological or architectural significance noted on the footprint of the proposed development during the inspection of these sources.

3.7 Placenames The proposed development is located within Shanbally townland with the wider study area encompassing parts of Ballintaggart, Ballybricken, Barnahely, Carrigaline East, Coolmore, Raheens and Raheens East townlands (see Table 3). Townlands are the smallest unit of land division in the Irish landscape and many may preserve early Gaelic territorial boundaries that pre-date the Anglo-Norman conquest. The boundaries and nomenclature of the Irish townlands were recorded and standardised by the Ordnance Survey in the 19th-century. The Irish roots of townland names often refer to natural topographical features but some name elements may also give an indication of the presence of past human activity within the townland, e.g. dun, lios or rath indicate the presence of a ringfort while temple, saggart, termon or kill record an association with a church site. The following table provides the available translation of the Irish origins of the townland names from within the study area. Table 3: Translation of townland names within study area (Source: www.logainm.ie)

Townland Irish root Translation

Ballintaggart Baile an tSagairt baile townland, town, homestead 'town of the priest'

Ballybricken Baile Uí Bhreacáin

baile townland, town, homestead 'O'Breckan's town'

Barnahely Bearn na hÉille

bearna (also: bearn, bearnaidh) gap 'Healy's gap'

Carrigaline East Carraig Uí Leighin Thoir carraig rock 'O'Lyne's rock'

Coolmore An Chúil Mhór mór great, big cúil corner, nook 'great corner or angle'

Raheens An Ráithín

ráithín small ring-fort

Raheens East An Ráithín Thoir

ráithín small ring-fort

Shanbally An Seanbhaile

baile townland, town, homestead sean old

http://www.logainm.ie/

https://www.logainm.ie/en/gls/14-baile


https://www.logainm.ie/en/gls/20-bearna

https://www.logainm.ie/en/gls/34-carraig

https://www.logainm.ie/en/gls/117-m%C3%B3r

https://www.logainm.ie/en/gls/60-c%C3%BAil

https://www.logainm.ie/en/gls/127-r%C3%A1ith%C3%ADn

https://www.logainm.ie/en/gls/127-r%C3%A1ith%C3%ADn


https://www.logainm.ie/en/gls/135-sean


4. Description of subject site An inspection of the proposed development site was undertaken on the 12th of December 2017 in dry weather conditions that provided generally good landscape visibility. The site is at the east end of a larger landholding which was levelled prior to 1995; the western side of the landholding is free of vegetation. The proposed development is to be accessed from the south and the proposed access track will fall gradually from east to west and to the south. The site of the proposed development is within an area of scrub adjacent to the Barnahely substation and mounds of clearance and demolition material were evident within the site.

Figure 5: Aerial photograph of the subject site – general area of the development is encircled in white

(Source: Google)

During levelling carried out prior to 1995, as evident on aerial images, the ground level in this area was reduced. Nothing of an archaeological nature was noted during the inspection of the site. A photographic record is included in the Appendix of this report.


5. Assessment of impacts 5.1 Construction Phase The proposed development is located within the eastern portion of a larger landholding to the west of the Barnahely substation. There are no known archaeological monuments within c.350m of the site. The site has been heavily disturbed in the recent past, as evident during site inspection and from the aerial images of the area, the potential for archaeological remains to survive is therefore negligible. The proposed development will therefore have no predicted impact upon any archaeological sites or deposits.

Figure 6 Proposed layout of the development, outlined in red (wider landholding in blue)

5.2 Operational Phase No archaeological impacts are anticipated during the operation of the facility.


6. Conclusion and recommendation 6.1 Conclusion There are no known archaeological monuments within c.350m of the site. The site has been heavily disturbed in the recent past, as evident during site inspection and from aerial images of the area. The potential for archaeological remains to survive is therefore negligible. The proposed development will not give rise to impacts upon any archaeological sites or deposits.

6.2 Recommendation As the proposed development site has been subjected to extensive disturbance and ground reduction, and that little or any original soil cover is present on the site, it is recommended that the development can proceed without archaeological intervention.


7. References Lewis, S. (1837) Topographical Dictionary of Ireland. 2 Volumes, Lewis & Company, London Websites consulted http://gis.teagasc.ie/soils/map.php (Soil) http://map.geohive.ie/mapviewer.html http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V2,591271,743300,1,10 (Maps) http://spatial.dcenr.gov.ie/imf/imf.jsp?site=GSI_Simple (Bedrock) www.archaeology.ie www.excavations.ie www.logainm.ie


Appendix: Photographic record

Plate 1 looking east towards proposed development (at mast at centre)

Plate 2 Western end of landholding, looking west - devoid of soil cover


Plate 3 Ground level cut away within west side of proposed development, looking north

Plate 4 Scrub and mounds of clearance and demolition material at north side of proposed site, looking northeast


Plate 5 Scrub at south side of site, looking southeast

appendix 11 - engie uk & ireland · 2018. 3. 20. · appendix 11.1 jca archaeological...

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