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HAMZAH AHMED

20236717

APOLLO 13

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THE SPACE RACE

After WW2, two super powers emerged; the United States of America and the USSR.

Both of these nations were bitter enemies and both wished to show to the world how

one was more dominant than the other in ever aspect, including militar and space

e!ploration.

With the USSR accomplishing man feats before the Americans, such as sending the

first man in space in "#$", the first woman in space, the first satellite %nown asSputni%, completing the first space wal% and more, the USA %new it had to reach the

moon to avoid further embarrassment.

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MISSION BRIEF

Apollo "&  was intended to be the third lunar landing b the United States after

becoming the first nation to reach the moon in "#$#. 'ommanded b astronaut (ames

)owell with (ohn Swigert as a command module pilot and *red +aise as a lunar module

pilot. he mission launched on April "", "#-.

he main mission ob/ective was to land on the moon and e!plore a region %nown as the

0*ra 1auro highlands; a series of pea%s on the lunar surface containing an 341crater in its centre.

+owever the mission was not successful due to

an e!plosion in one of the o!gen tan%s in

lunar orbit which forced the crew to abort the

landing and return home on limited o!gen

suppl.

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THE SATURN V

he Saturn 5 roc%et was the tallest and

most powerful roc%et ever built. 6t had a

paload of ""3 ons and was the wor%

horse of the Apollo lunar e!ploration

program which spanned from "#$3 to

"#-2 carring a total of 27 astronauts to

the moon. he diagram on the right

shows the 7 stages involved in the

launch and landing of the Apollo

spacecraft.

he first stage alone generated -.$

16))689 pounds of thrust to lift the

roc%et into the stratosphere.

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A:8))8 "& <S6=9

he Apollo space craft was designed

so that when the astronauts were in

space the could command the

spacecraft from the command module

until the reached the moon and then

descend in the lunar lander whilst the

command module remained in the

moons orbit. he would then go bac%

to the command module and return to

earth. he craft had the instruments in

the service module and the crew

remained in the command module

during lift off and re entr into the

earths atmosphere. <><R?+69= in

the Apollo spacecraft e!cept the

command module would either be lost

or destroed

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he Apollo landing module detailed

on the right was to separate in

lunar orbit, land and then

rende@vous with the orbiting

command module after the moon

landing was completed. he craft

on the right was speciall designed

to land on the lunar surface and

 was used in all the Apollo moon

landing missions.

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)A969= 1A9<U><R

Below is a diagram of what the lunar

landing maneuver would have loo%ed li%e

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6n order to get to the moon, the Apollo spacecraft would use the force of the earths

gravit to send it into the pull of the moons gravitational field. his is %nown as a

gravit turn and it is almost li%e a slingshot in outer space. Below is the gravit turn for

the Apollo "" mission but it would have been similar to all the moon landings in terms

of gravitational maneuvers.

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16SS689 AB8R 69'6<9 +8US89 W<><

=8 A :R8B)<1

uring the Apollo "& mission while the crew were in the moons gravitational orbit 5$

hours into the mission, command module pilot (ohn Swigert activated the hdrogen

and o!gen tan% stirring fans, two minutes later the crew heard a loud bang and initiall

thought the had been struc% b a meteorite. An o!gen tan% in the service module had

e!ploded resulting in a fire which rapidl increased pressure in the spacecraft. he

service module blew off panels due to immense pressure and the crew was forced to

shut down the command module to save it and ta%e refuge in the luner lander. 6f the

crew did not ta%e shelter in the lander the mission would have been fatal.

he spacecraft was crippled with limited o!gen and food supplies. here was enough

food supplies to sustain two people for

one and a half das, not three people for

four das.

When the crew became aware of the trouble

the notified mission control with the famous

 words 0+ouston weve got a problem.

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OXYGEN TANK EXPLOSION

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<16S< 8* )U9AR <C:)8RA689

After "72 hours in space Dappro!imatel si! das in spaceE the crew of Apollo "&touched down in the pacific ocean. After Apollo "&s failure, Apollo "7 was launched

and was successful in "#-". he last Apollo mission was conducted on ecember - th 

"#-2, which signaled the end of the US e!ploration of the moon and the end of the

space race. While the USA was conducting its lunar program, the Soviet Union

launched the first space station, the Salut " in "#-" to e!plore space further as its

moon landing plans had been abandoned. his paved wa for the 1ir space station which was eventuall even visited b 9ASA and <SA astronauts when the USSR

collapsed 6n "##".

With the end of the space race, came a massive decline in space e!ploration, the USSR

 was bro%en up and the USA began building the 6nternational Space Station with Russia

in "##3.

6t has been nearl 75 ears since man%ind has last been to the moon.

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SOURCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY

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