A.P. MITRA

National Physical LaboratoryNew Delhi

MAJOR PROGRAMMES

1992 PADDY FIELD CAMPAIGN

ALGAS 1996-97

MAC-98 1998

INDOEX 1997/1998

NATCOM 2002-2004

ABC CURRENT

Redefined Indo-Gangetic Plain Region

Pakistan

12

34

5

1. Defining Basins of both the rivers : GANGES and INDUS (with tributaries)

2. Defining Plain : Topography, Slope, Contours

3. Defining Alluvial Plain :

4. Redefining with respect to

I. Administrative Boundary : District / Tehsil

II. Contiguity and / or Mapability

5. Defining Biophysical settings

* Climate, Soil, Vegetation, Land Use land Cover

Hierarchical Steps Followed

OZONE EFFORTSEMRC SITES

IMD OZONESONDESDOBSONBREWERSURFACE

NOT YET DECIDED

RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

DELHI *AHMEDABADMOUNT ABUTRIVANDRUMPUNE-SINIGARH *

ABC SITES (?)

SPECIAL SITES

HANLEDARJEELING *SUNDARBANSPOET BLAIR *IIT-KHARAGPUR *

Himalayan Chandra Telescope on Mt. Saraswati in Hanle, Ladakh

Hanle, Laddakh Observatory

Lat.: 32046’NLong.: 78057’EAlt.: 14823 feet

Observatory of Indian Institute of Astrophysics

At Mount SarswatiLaddakh, India

Darjeeling Hills Campaign Measurements July, 1999May, 2001April, 2003 November, 2003

Ozone CONOxCO2AerosolUV

Darjeeling2500 meters

Sangdongfu4200 meters

North Bengal University, Siliguri

Pyramid Station

5034 meters

Kathmandu ICIMOD-

UCSD Station

Altitude Gradient

CONCEPTUAL NETWORK

METHANE EFFORTS

Observational Site

Campaigns:Dec 10, 2001- Jan 4, 2002Apr 11 – Apr 21, 2003January 2004

Parameters:OzoneCONOxAerosol UV

Fig 11-1 : Location and countries covered in the Tropical Asia region.

181.7 Myanmar

2.1

2.7 Vietnam

2.6

29.1

Jakarta

4.9

2.7

ALGAS-II 67.6 Tg

ALGAS-II / WORLD 18%

CH4 Emissions In Tg/4

1.5

ALGAS 1990 VALUESCO2 CH4/CH4eq CH4-CO2/CO2

%Bangladesh 34 1.7 (36) 106PRC 1816 29 (609) 34India 585 18 (378) 65Pakistan 76 2.6 (55) 72Philippines 124 1.5 (32) 26Thailand 164 2.7 (57) 35Vietnam 53 2.6 (55) 104USA 4521 27 (567) 13ALGAS-II 2905 68 (1428) 49Annex-II 9774 65 (1365) 14World 26400 375 (7875) 30

India 1990(million

tons)

1994(million

tons)

CAGR (%)1990-1994

2000(million

tons)

CAGR(%)1994-2000

CO2

Fossil Fuel 536 668 5.7 950 6.02

Forestry 0.4 15 147 29 11.5

Cement 24 36 10.7 90 16.4

Total 560.4 719 6.4 1069 6.8

CH4 (CO2-Eq) 267 283.5 2.3 420 6.7

N2O (CO2-Eq) 84.0 87.0 0.3 100 2.3

TOTAL (CO2-Eq) 911(2.6 %)

1090(3%)

3.9 1589(6.6%)

6.4

China*** CO2-Eq 2570 4403(10.3%)

Japan! CO2-Eq 149.2(0.4%)

156.4(0.42%)

1.2% 138(0.32%)

-2%

Germany! 1212(3.45%)

1085(2.9%)

-4.3% 10262.4%

0.9%

USA* CO2-Eq *6043(17.2%)

*6325(17.2%)

1.0 *6816(16%)

1.2

Global* CO2 -Eq. **35116 **36876 2.6 !42826 2.5

Comparison of Indian GHG emissions with other countries and global emissions

*Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States, DOE/EIA-0573(00);: down loaded from http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/plugs/plgg2000.html

! From second national communication to the UNFCCC of the respective countries

**From EDGAR 3.2!From IPCC, SRES scenarios, WKG-I, 2001, b2 scenario

Figures within brackets indicate % of the world emissions

***Case Study: Issues and Options in Greenhouse Emissions Control for China, Summary Report sponsored by the Chinese National Environmental Protection Agency, the State Planning Commission for China, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank.

TREND IN TOTAL METHANE EMISSION FROM INDIAN RICE PADDY FIELDS FROM 1979 TO 1999

3.500

3.600

3.700

3.800

3.900

4.000

4.100

4.20019

79

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

TOTA

L M

ETH

AN

E EM

ISSI

ON

(Tg/

Y)

TOTAL Methane Emission [Growth Rate: 0.0114 Tg/Y]

CUMULATIVE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM INDIAN PADDY WATER REGIMES FROM 1979 TO 1999

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

TOTA

L M

ETH

AN

E EM

ISSI

ON

(Tg/

Y)

Rainfed- FP Rainfed-DP Irrigated- CFIrrigated- IF-SA Irrigated- IF-MA Deep Water

VARIABILITY IN METHANE EMISSION FROM INDIAN STATES (Tg/Y) -1994

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80W

.B.

Bih

ar

M.P

.

U.P

.

Oris

sa A.P

.

Ass

am T.N

.

Punj

ab

MA

H

KA

R

HR

Oth

ers

Guj

arat

Ker

ala

RA

J

J &

K

H.P

.

CH

4 Em

issi

ons

(Tg/

Y)

CUMULATIVE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM PADDY WATER REGIMES IN INDIAN STATES (1994)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

W.B

.

Bih

ar

M.P

.

U.P

.

Oris

sa A.P

.

Ass

am T.N

.

Punj

ab

MA

H

KA

R

HR

Oth

ers

Guj

arat

Ker

ala

RA

J

J &

K

H.P

.

Met

hane

Em

issi

ons

(Tg/

Y)

Rainfed- FP Rainfed-DP Irrigated- CFIrrigated- IF-SA Irrigated- IF-MA Deep Water

0.49 0.56 0.

994 4.

24.

56.

6 6.9 7.

30.

86 0.88 0.91

0.61

8 1.81 2.

244.

24

012345678

CH4

emis

sion

in

mill

ion

tons

Mines Animals Agriculturalresidue

199019942000

Comparative CH4 emission

INDIAN CHANGING SCENARIO

SPECIES/YEAR 1990 1995 2000

CO2 640 860 1040

CH4-CO2 330 420 510

RATIO (%) 52 49 49

Regional methane emissions projections (2000, 2010, 2020, 2030)

Ref: Garg et al., 2003

OZONE EFFORTS

Hanle

DarjeelingSundarbans

Port Blair

CO ~ 150-600 ppbvO3 ~ 30-45 bbbv

CO ~ 250-700 ppbvO3 ~ 20-30 bbbv

CO ~ 150-650 ppbvO3 ~ 25-70 bbbv

O3~20-70 ppbv

DelhiO3- 20-100 ppbvBC- 5-25 µg/m3

Trace gas measurements facilities in India

Special Observation SitesTotal Ozone : DobsonTotal Ozone : Brewer

Ozone SurfaceOzonesonde

New Observing Stations in India

Hanle

DarjeelingSundarbans

Port Blair

CO ~ 150-600 ppbvO3 ~30-45 ppbv

CO ~ 250-700 ppbvO3 ~ 20-30 bbbv

CO ~ 150-650 ppbvO3 ~ 25-70 ppbv

O3~20-70 ppbv

DelhiO3- 20-100 ppbvBC- 5-25 µg/m3

PM2.5 EquipmentPrecipitation Station

K2 StationKathmandu

Stakana (20 km from Leh)

Weekly grab sampling for GHG

O C C U R R E N C E S O F S U R F A C E O Z O N E M O R E T H A N 8 0 P P B A T N E W D E L H I D U R IN G 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 2

8 3

3 9

1 1 3

2 5

1 5 8

1 1 2

02 04 06 08 0

1 0 01 2 01 4 01 6 01 8 0

1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2

Y e a r s

Occ

urre

nces

80PPB

Year Location Latitude Longitude Jan Feb Mar Mean2001 Ludhiana 30.9 75.84 52.7 48.2 49.4 50.12001 Hissar 29.03 75.75 43.6 41.2 39.9 41.566672001 Delhi 28.4 77.22 43.6 39.4 40.6 41.22001 Lucknow 26.85 80.92 45.5 40.8 42.9 43.066672001 Bhagalpur 25.62 86.13 50 46.6 49.1 48.566672001 Calcutta 22.57 88.36 62.3 63.1 60.7 62.033332002 Location Latitude Longitude Jan Feb Mar Mean2002 Ludhiana 30.9 75.84 72.6 51.4 48 57.333332002 Hissar 29.03 75.75 46.9 47.5 46.4 46.933332002 Delhi 28.4 77.22 45.9 42.9 46.4 45.066672002 Lucknow 26.85 80.92 54.7 50.1 53.1 52.633332002 Bhagalpur 25.62 86.13 54 52.8 57.6 54.82002 Calcutta 22.57 88.36 60.7 60.5 61 60.73333

BeigBeig, IITM, IITM

O3 concentrations in different areas in and around Varanasi city

0102030405060

Ref

eren

cear

ea

Indu

stria

l and

urba

n ar

ea

Periu

rban

are

a

Urba

n ar

ea

Rur

al a

rea

Sites

O3

conc

entra

tion

(ppb

)

summer winterrainy annual mean

z

OZONE

December2001(Normal rainfall)

December2002(Deficit rainfall)

December 2001

December 2002

CO

December2001(Normal rainfall)

December2002(Deficit rainfall)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Pune (18o)

Jul'03 Sep'03 Nov'03 Jan'04 Mar'04 May'04

Observation Model

O3 (

ppb)

Time (Months)

Long term changes

Ozone /decade

3

Figure 2a: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) for rural sector from biofuel source as obtained in this work after gridding

1

2

5

4

3

Mumbai

New Delhi

Kolkata

Chennai

Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu 5.

Kerala2. Maharashtra 4. Andhra Pradesh Figure 2b: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) for

urban sector from biofuel source as obtained in this work after gridding

1

2

5

4

Mumbai

New Delhi

Kolkata

Chennai

Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu 5.

Kerala2. Maharashtra 4. Andhra Pradesh

Figure 2c: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) combined for rural and urban sectors from biofuel source obtained after gridding

1

2

5

4

3

Mumbai

New Delhi

Kolkata

Chennai

Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu 5.

Kerala2. Maharashtra 4. Andhra Pradesh

Figure 3: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) for vehicular traffic (liquid fossil fuels) source obtained in this work aftergridding

Mumbai

New Delhi

Kolkata

Chennai

1

2

5

4

3

6

7

8

9

Pune

Ahmedabad

Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 4. Andhra Pradesh 7. West Bengal 2. Maharashtra 5. Karnataka 8. Punjab3. Tamil Nadu 6. Gujarat 9. Bihar

Figure 4: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) from coal combustion obtained in this work after gridding

1

3

2

Mumbai

New Delhi

Kolkata

Chennai

Index for States

1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. West Bengal

Mumbai

New Delhi

Kolkata

Chennai

1

2

5

3

4

6

Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu 5.

Karnataka 2. Maharashtra 4. Punjab 6. BiharFigure 5: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) from

burning of agricultural crop residue obtained in this work after gridding

Figure 6: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) from all sources as obtained in this work after gridding

Index for States 1. Jammu & Kashmir 2. Rajasthan 3.

West Bengal

1

3

Mumbai

New Delhi

Kolkata

Chennai

2

CO (1991)

CO Change (1991-2001)

Emission Scenario for CO (1991-2001)

NOx Change (1991-2001)

NOx (1991)

Emission Scenario for NOx (1991-2001)

3-D Model simulated Ozone (ppbv) for July at the surface

3-D Model simulated Change (ppbv) in Ozone, CO, and NOx, from 1991 to 2001 (July) at the surface

(Beig & Brasseur, GRL, 2006)

Model Experiment-2

• Scenario-2 (India zero scenario):

The emissions of for Indian geographical regions are set to zero, while for other regions they are kept as in scenario-1.

• Background level (SA-Impact) Or• Influence of anthropogenic south Asian region

emissions on India.

Location Campaign(Year/Moth)

Continuous (Month/Year)

Source of Data(UV Based measurement)

July, 1999, May 2001, April 2003, September 2005

December, 2003

August, 2005

September, 2003

2006 (Planned)

April 1997

Ahmedabad 1991 Dr. Shyam Lal, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad

Gadanki 1993 Dr. Shyam Lal, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad

Tranquebar 1997-2000 Dr. D.B.Jadhav, India Institute of Tropical Meterology, Pune

Pune 2000 Dr. G.Beig, India Institute of Tropical Meterology, Pune

Delhi 1997 Dr.S.L.Jain, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi

Mt. Abu 1993-2000 Dr. Shyam Lal, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad

Varanasi 2001 Dr. Madhoolika Agarwal, Banaras University, Varanasi

North East 2002 Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi

Anantapur 2000 Dr. R. Reddy, Anantapur University, Aanatapur

March, 2002

Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi

Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi

Dr. T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi

Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi

December 2001, January 2002, April 2003

Hanle May, 1999, May 2000,July 2003

Dr, P.R.Nair, Space Physics Laboratory, Trivandrum

Darjeeling

Port Blair

Sunderban

Thumba

KEY REFERENCESOn CH41. A.P. Mitra (Ed), Greenhouse Gas Emission in India: 1991 Methane Campaign,

Centre On Global Change, National Physical Laboratory Scientific Report No. 2, June 1992

2. Prabhat K. Gupta and A.P. Mitra, Greenhouse Gas Emission in India, ADB_ Methane Asia Campaign [MAC98], Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 19, Oct 2004

3. Sumana Bhattacharya and A.P. Mitra, A Scientific Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 20, Dec 2004

4. Prabhat K. Gupta, C.Sharma and A.P. Mitra, Methane Measurements from Rice Fields in India, Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 21, 2004

5. Prabhat K. Gupta et al, Reducing uncertainties in Methane Emission from Rice Cultivation in : Climate Change and India – Uncertainity Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates Ed. A.P. Mitra et al, Universities Press, Delhi, 171-222, 2004

6. Mahadeswara Swamy et al, Reduction in Uncertainities from Livestock Emissions, in : Climate Change and India- uncertainities Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates, Ed A.P. Mitra et al, University Press, Delhi 223 – 243, 2004

On Ozone1. Mandal T.K, Beig G. and Mitra A.P., Ozone and UV Scenario over India: Climatology,

Trend and Future, Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 22, 2004.

2. INDOEX Campaigns

3. S.Lal et al, High levels of ozone and related gases over Bay of Bengal during winter and early spring of 2001, Atm.Env., 40, 1633- 1644, 2006

4. Gufran Beig and Grey P. Brasseur, Influence of anthropogenic emissions on tropospheric ozone and its precursors over the Indian tropical region during a monsoon GRL, 33, L07808, 2006

5. Mohit, Dalvi et al, A GIS based methodology for gridding of large scale emission inventories: Application to carbon monoxide emissions over Indian Region, Atm. Env., 2006.

Books1. Climate Change and India: Uncertainity Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates,

Ed. A.P.Mitra et al, Universities Press, 2004.

2. Climate Change and India: Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation, Ed. P.R. Shukla et al , University Press, Delhi, 2004.

Table-13: India's Inventory for CH4 Emission from Rice Paddy Cultivation (1979-1999, Tg/Y)

Years Methane Emission Tg/Y Methane Emission Range

1979 3.68 1.021980 3.73 1.031981 3.79 1.051982 3.62 1.001983 3.75 1.041984 3.80 1.061985 3.80 1.061986 3.79 1.061987 3.63 1.011988 3.75 1.051989 3.83 1.081990 3.88 1.091991 3.86 1.091992 3.78 1.081993 3.80 1.081994 4.09 1.191995 3.82 1.091996 3.84 1.101997 3.85 1.111998 3.92 1.131999 3.95 1.14

Table 14: Indian States' Methane Budget from Rice Paddy Field for the base year 1994 [Tg/Y]----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------STATES TOTAL Methane Emission (Tg/Y) TOTAL Methane Emission Range

W.B. 0.59 0.17Bihar 0.57 0.17M.P. 0.53 0.16U.P. 0.52 0.15Orissa 0.42 0.12A.P. 0.35 0.10Assam 0.28 0.08T.N. 0.21 0.06Punjab 0.20 0.06Maharashtra 0.13 0.04Karnataka 0.08 0.02Haryana 0.07 0.02Others 0.05 0.01Gujarat 0.05 0.01Kerala 0.02 0.01Rajasthan 0.01 0.00J & K 0.00 0.00H.P. 0.00 0.00---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total 4.09 1.19

Table-3: State wise methane emission(Gg/yr) from Enteric fermentation

State IPCC CLRI NDRI NPL NATCOM ALGAS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AP 787.18 539.68 735.61 708.42±62.54 661.69±174.40 474.90Arunachal 10.19 7.93 9.07 10.84±1.06 9.32±1.93 6.81Assam 347.29 250.30 295.69 343.26±35.69 297.44±66.95 211.88Bihar 986.35 714.30 866.60 974.69±90.51 856.92±209.07 626.24Goa 5.10 3.56 4.58 4.69±0.48 4.28±1.04 2.99Gujrat 486.43 325.86 446.86 419.72±38.31 398.94±105.82 288.89Haryana 281.15 176.25 251.79 222.37±20.78 216.90±60.45 155.95Himachal 108.74 78.24 100.24 102.59±9.77 93.83±22.52 69.31J&K 147.84 108.24 130.24 142.00±13.67 126.38±28.88 98.73Karnataka 642.25 453.64 575.07 603.35±56.89 544.81±132.95 399.10Kerala 131.75 95.49 104.17 122.52±17.66 107.51±21.13 78.95MP 1265.43 870.88 1100.54 1166.90±118.03 1048.45±254.53 744.73Maharastra 835.66 594.35 759.29 789.01±77.46 717.20±170.22 518.66Manipur 26.22 20.26 24.13 27.64±2.84 24.04±5.23 16.55Meghalaya 20.38 14.76 16.52 20.11±2.18 17.15±3.98 12.38Mizoram 2.24 1.58 1.80 2.08±0.23 1.82±0.39 1.36Nagaland 12.04 9.32 10.41 12.37±1.42 10.72±2.10 7.90Orissa 506.96 367.51 436.54 502.73±51.35 436.39±98.02 313.70Punjab 381.22 247.44 360.71 306.62±31.62 305.26±85.25 213.02Rajasthan 868.67 569.34 733.82 735.01±60.15 680.31±171.24 545.99Sikkim 6.22 4.82 5.28 6.53±0.72 5.57±1.16 4.18TamilNadu 460.37 326.96 407.98 432.13±42.51 389.22±91.18 294.05Tripura 30.07 22.09 24.77 29.92±3.36 25.70±5.57 18.69UttarPradesh 1757.46 1174.13 1599.36 1542.29±146.53 1443.39±377.50 1028.15WestBengal 623.36 448.09 516.64 618.60±61.92 531.20±119.19 397.91Union Territories 22.10 14.52 20.60 17.99±1.88 17.78±4.90 12.58-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

India 10752.67 7439.54 9538.30 9864.37±949.59 8972.23±2215.58 6543.60

Table-6: State wise methane emission (Gg/yr) from manure managementIPCC CLRI NPL NATCOM

AP 76.71 63.25 75.48±9.80 67.66±11.45Arunachal 1.87 1.71 2.03±1.09 1.89±0.21Assam 37.74 31.59 40.29±8.92 36.34±5.94Bihar 91.54 76.26 100.53±14.87 89.79±15.98Goa 0.84 0.75 0.84±0.40 0.79±0.07Gujrat 45.99 37.13 44.37±4.41 39.97±6.48Haryana 29.40 24.07 25.28±3.95 23.68±2.32Himachal 9.94 8.03 10.30±1.20 9.13±1.73J&K 13.22 10.81 13.39±2.19 12.09±1.91Karnataka 60.37 49.25 62.54±8.22 55.82±9.97Kerala 13.45 10.31 11.96±1.71 11.08±1.27MP 122.54 98.71 124.61±13 112±19Maharastra 78.90 63.69 81.39±10 72±14Manipur 3.96 3.54 4.34±2 4±1Meghalaya 3.07 2.72 3.19±1 3±0Mizoram 0.66 0.62 0.660± 1±0 Nagaland 3.22 3.02 3.26±2 3±0Orissa 48.92 39.92 52.74±8 47±9Punjab 38.01 30.37 32.72±2 30±4Rajasthan 78.85 63.83 71.48±12 66±8Sikkim 0.73 0.63 0.79±0 1±0TamilNadu 44.85 36.63 44.56±8 40±6Tripura 3.54 2.98 3.72±1 3±0UttarPradesh 178.50 146.83 171.20±25 156±23WestBengal 59.22 48.59 63.26±11 57±9Union Territories 2.36 1.90 2.10±0 2±0

India 1048.39 857.16 1047.03±153 946±150

Methane Emission from Livestock – 1994 (Gg/ year)NATCOM IPCC

EF MM EF MMCattle 201843 5343.43 565.87 6243.48 591.85Dairy 57019 1682.26 201.27 2622.87 302.20Indigenous 51304 1436.51 179.56 2359.98 271.91Crossbred 5715 245.75 21.71 262.89 30.29Non dairy 144824 3661.17 364.60 3620.61 289.65Indigenous 135525 3451.53 346.48 3388.13 271.050-1 yr. 25411 228.69 30.491-3 yr. 33424 768.75 93.59Adult 76690 2454.08 222.40Crossbred 9299 209.64 18.12 232.48 18.600-1 yr. 3271 35.98 3.601-3 yr. 2748 68.70 6.32Adult 3280 104.96 8.20

Description Population

Methane Emission from Livestock – 1994 (Gg/ year)NATCOM IPCC

EF MM EF MMBuffalo 86059 3055.93 312.19 4733.25 404.48Dairy 41162 2058.10 181.113 2263.91 193.46Non dairy 44897 997.83 131.077 2469.34 211.020-1 yr. 17935 143.48 32.281-3 yr. 15090 331.98 51.31Adult 11872 522.37 47.49Sheep 53180 212.72 9.57 265.90 9.57Goat 117469 469.88 21.14 587.35 21.14Hor. & Pon. 725 13.05 1.16 13.05 1.16Donkeys 835 8.35 0.81 8.35 0.81Camels 971 44.67 1.90 44.67 1.90Pigs 13105 13.11 58.97 13.11 58.97Total 474187 9161.12 971.63 11909.13 1089.89EF + MM 10132.75 12999.02

Description Population

Defining Biophysical Settings ; Vegetation

NDVI Image of SPOT sensor during Feb 21, 2005 in IGPR showing agriculturally productive zone of the region

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Locations

(1. W. Bengal, 2.Bihar Plateau, 3. Bihar Plains, 4. UP-East, 5. UP-West, 6. Punjab, 7. Haryana, 8. Rajasthan)

Av.

Ann

ual R

ainf

all (

mm

)

Rainfall distribution in Indo-Gangetic Plains

Defining Biophysical Settings ; Climate

Thanks