a.p. european history / unit ii – thirty years war wars of religion the emergence of the modern...
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A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Wars of Religion
The Emergence
of the Modern
State
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Characteristics of a Modern StateCharacteristics of a Modern State..
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Effective Armed ForcesAn abled bureaucracyA theory of state that
restrained dynastic exuberance and defined the political interests in practical terms.
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Peace of Augsburg
•Cuius regio, eius religio
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1. Reinforce German particularism.
2. Secularized the institutions of the emperor
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Thirty Years War
Four Horsemen of
the Apocalypse rode across
Central Europe
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CausesCauses
•Dynastic RivalriesDynastic Rivalries•Religious AntagonismReligious Antagonism
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OriginsOrigins
• Rudolf II (1557 - 1612) king of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor launched a religious crusade against Protestantism.
• Rudolf’s brother, Arch Duke, king of Hapsburg, withdrew his religious toleration.
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Expansion of Catholic and Expansion of Catholic and Protestantism AntagonismProtestantism Antagonism
• Emperor Rudolf II refuses to increase Protestant representation.
• German Catholic states sought Spanish intervention.
• 1609, Maximilian of Bavaria organizes the Catholic League.
• Six Protestant princes for Protestant Union.
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Arch-duke Ferdinand of Austria
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• Becomes Holy Roman Emperor 1619.
• Launches a Catholic Crusade.
• Ferdinand disbanded assemblies.
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Cultural and Societal Differences
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Defenestration of Prague
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Bohemian Revolt 1618
• Protestant leaders established a provisional government in Bohemia.
• Bohemia rose in full revolt against the church and the Hapsburgs.
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Internationalization of the Internationalization of the Protestant CauseProtestant Cause
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Ferdinand II
Frederick V
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Dynastic considerations. Ferdinand received enough votes to
become Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
Protestant rebels refused to recognize his authority and offered the throne to Frederick.
Ferdinand, without an army, turned to outside help.
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Expansion of the Conflict
• The Catholic Leagues success increased the determination to crush all Protestant resistance.
• Also increase Protestant determination to survive.
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The Danish Period
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• Christian IV, the Protestant king of Denmark, led his troops into northern Germany against Frederick
• Subsidized by England and France
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Albert Wallenstein (1583 - 1634)
• Catholic entrusted by Ferdinand
• Crushed the Danish general.
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Treaty of Lubeck and Edict of Resititution
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Swedish Interlude
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•Gustavus Adolphus, “Lion of the North”•Entered the war on the Protestant side.•Subdued Poland.•Battled against Wallenstein at Lutzen, and was killed.
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What began as a religious struggle became a dynastic struggle between France and Hapsburg Austria.
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Raison d’ etat
• Fear of Hapsburg hegemony
• Richelieu
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Treaty of Westphalia
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Effect of Thirty Years War
• Last Religious war• Religious motives gave way to
political considerations.• Spread to embrace all of
Europe.• Decimated 1/3 of Central
Europe’s population.
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Europe 1648
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