ap biology - montgomery independent school...

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AP Biology

2007-2008AP Biology

DomainBacteria

DomainArchaea

DomainEukarya

Common ancestor

Kingdom: Animals

Domain Eukarya

AP Biology

Animal Characteristics

� Heterotrophs

� must ingest others for nutrients

� Multicellular

� complex bodies

� No cell walls

� allows active movement

� Sexual reproduction

� no alternation of generations

� no haploid gametophyte

AP Biology

Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms

Nematoda

Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata

Annelida Echinoderm

mollusks

multicellularity

Ancestral Protist

tissues

bilateral symmetry

body cavity

segmentation

Animal Evolution

coelom

starfish vertebrates

endoskeleton

segmentedworms

insectsspiders

backbone

AP Biology

� 3 body layers

� ectoderm

� mesoderm

� endoderm

Body Cavity

How much is

the digestive tract separated

from the rest of the body?

ectoderm

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

acoelomate

pseudocoelomate

coelomate

coelom cavity

pseudocoel

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Porifera

� Sponges

� no distinct tissues or organs

� do have specialized cells

� no symmetry

� sessile (as adults)

food taken into each cell by endocytosis

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Cnidaria

� Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral

� tissues, but no organs

� two cell layers

� radial symmetry

� predators

� tentacles surround gut opening

� extracellular digestion

� release enzymes

into gut cavity

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AP Biology

AP Biology

hydra

stinging cellwith nematocyst

trigger

dischargednematocyst

undischargednematocyst

tentacles

mouth

sensorycell

stingingcell

Stinging cells of Cnidarians

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

� Flatworms

� tapeworm, planaria

� mostly parasitic

� bilaterally symmetrical

� allows high level of specialization within parts of the body

� now have a mouth at one end & an anus at the other!

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Nematoda

� Roundworms


� have both mouth & anus

� well-developed digestive system

� many are parasitic

� hookworm

C. elegans

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Mollusca

� Mollusks

� clams, snails, squid

� bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions)

� soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells

� true coelem

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Annelida

� Segmented worms

� earthworms, leeches

� segments are not specialized


� true coelem fan worm leech

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Arthropoda

� Spiders, insects, crustaceans

� most successful animal phylum


� segmented

� allows jointed appendages

� exoskeleton

� chitin + protein

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AP Biology

AP Biology

Arthropod groups

insects6 legs, 3 body parts

crustaceansgills, 2 pairs antennae

crab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp

arachnids8 legs, 2 body partsspiders, ticks, scorpions

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Echinodermata

� Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber

� radially symmetrical

� spiny exoskeleton

AP Biology

Invertebrate quick check…

� Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?

� Which group is the sponges?

� Which are the flatworms?

…segmented worms?

…roundworms?

� Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?

� Which two groups are radially symmetrical?

� Which group has no symmetry?

Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,

Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata

AP Biology

� Vertebrates

� fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

� internal bony skeleton

� backbone encasingspinal column

� skull-encased brain

postanaltail notochord

hollow dorsalnerve cord

pharyngealpouches

Chordata

becomes brain & spinal cord

becomes vertebrae

becomes gills or Eustachian tube

becomes tail or tailbone

Oh, look…your first

baby picture!

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Fishsalmon, trout, sharks

450 mya450 mya

� Characteristics

� body structure

� bony & cartilaginous skeleton

� jaws & paired appendages (fins)

� scales

� body function

� gills for gas exchange

� two-chambered heart;

single loop blood circulation

� ectotherms

� reproduction

� external fertilization

� external development inaquatic egg

gills

body

AP Biology

Transition to Land

Evolution of tetrapods

Tibia

Femur

Fibula

Humerus Shoulder

RadiusUlna

Tibia

FemurPelvis

Fibula Lobe-finned fish

Humerus

Shoulder

Radius

Ulna

Pelvis

Early amphibian

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AP Biology

AP Biology

lung

buccalcavity

glottisclosed

Vertebrates: Amphibian

� Characteristics

� body structure� legs (tetrapods)

� moist skin

� body function� lungs (positive pressure) &

diffusion through skin for gas exchange

� three-chambered heart;veins from lungs back to heart

� ectotherms

� reproduction� external fertilization

� external development in aquatic egg

� metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

frogs

salamanders

toads

350 mya350 mya

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Reptiles� Characteristics

� body structure� dry skin, scales, armor

� body function� lungs for gas exchange

� thoracic breathing; negative pressure

� three-chambered heart

� ectotherms

� reproduction� internal fertilization

� external development inamniotic egg

250 mya250 myadinosaurs, turtles

lizards, snakes

alligators, crocodile

embryoleatheryshell

chorion

allantoisyolk sac

amnion

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Birds� Characteristics

� body structure� feathers & wings

� thin, hollow bone;flight skeleton

� body function� very efficient lungs & air sacs

� four-chambered heart

� endotherms


� external development inamniotic egg

150 mya150 myafinches, hawk

ostrich, turkey

trachea

anteriorair sacs

lung

posteriorair sacs

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Mammals� Characteristics

� body structure� hair

� specialized teeth

� body function� lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure

� four-chambered heart

� endotherms


� internal development in uterus

� nourishment through placenta

� birth live young

� mammary glands make milk

220 mya / 65 mya220 mya / 65 myamice, ferret

elephants, bats

whales, humans

musclescontract

diaphragmcontracts

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Mammals� Sub-groups

� monotremes� egg-laying mammals

� duckbilled platypus, echidna

� marsupials� pouched mammals

� short-lived placenta

� koala, kangaroo, opossum

� placental� true placenta

� shrews, bats, whales, humans

AP Biology

Vertebrate quick check…

� Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?

� Which vertebrates are covered with scales?

� What adaptations do birds have for flying?

� What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?

� Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic

� Why must amphibians live near water?

� What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful?

� What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-

groups of mammals?

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AP Biology

2007-2008AP Biology

That’s

the buzz!

Any

Questions?

ap biology - montgomery independent school...

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