AP Biology

2008-2009

Circulatory Systems

AP Biology

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Exchange of materials Animal cells exchange material across

their cell membrane fuels for energy nutrients oxygen waste (urea, CO2)

If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy! diffusion

If you are many-celled that’s harder

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Overcoming limitations of diffusion

O2

CHO

CHO

aa

aa

CH

CO2

NH3aa

O2

CH

aa

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

NH3

NH3 NH3

NH3

NH3

NH3

NH3NH3

O2

aa

CH

aa

CHO

O2

Diffusion is not adequate for moving material across more than 1-cell barrier

AP Biology

In circulation… What needs to be transported

nutrients & fuels from digestive system

respiratory gases O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills

intracellular waste waste products from cells

water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea) protective agents

immune defenses white blood cells & antibodies

blood clotting agents regulatory molecules

hormones

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BLOOD!!! What is it good for????

55% of blood volume = plasma45% of blood volume = cells, platelets

ERYTHROCYTES (rbc’s) •Last about 120 days•No organelles!•Produced in red bone marrow, sternum, ribs, some long bones•“old” rbc’s removed by spleen and liver•Hemoglobin on rbc’s is what carries O2 -> lack of hemoglobin = anemia

Each rbc has 280 million molecules of hemoglobin. How many hem. mol. in your body if have 5 million rbc’s per mL of blood and usually have body volume of 5L? <-MATH ATTACK!

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BLOOD, cont.

Leukocytes (wbc’s)•Immunity!•TWO TYPES:

1. Granular (produced in bone marrow)*Neutrophils (most abundant) – phagocytic*Eosinophils – allergic reactions*Basophils – allergic reactions (histamines)

2. Agranular*Lymphocytes – produce antibodies*Monocytes (largest WBC) – phagocytic

LEUKEMIA = cancer of wbc’s (overabundance of wbc’s – leads to weakness/impaired clotting)

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Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas!!!

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

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Circulatory systems All animals have:

circulatory fluid = “blood” tubes = blood vessels muscular pump = heart

open closed

hemolymph blood

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Open circulatory system Taxonomy

invertebrates insects,

arthropods, mollusks

Structure no separation

between blood &

interstitial fluid hemolymph

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Closed circulatory system Taxonomy

invertebrates earthworms, squid,

octopuses vertebrates

Structure blood confined to

vessels & separate from interstitial fluid 1 or more hearts large vessels to smaller

vessels material diffuses

between blood vessels & interstitial fluid

closed system = higher pressures

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Vertebrate circulatory system Adaptations in closed system

number of heart chambers differs

4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure

What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?

2 3 4

low pressureto body

low O2

to body

high pressure & high O2

to body

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Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system

fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals

A A

VV V VV

A AAAA

V

2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber

Birds ANDmammals!

Wassssup?!

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Evolution of 4-chambered heart

convergentevolution

Selective forces increase body size

protection from predation bigger body = bigger stomach for

herbivores endothermy

can colonize more habitats flight

decrease predation & increase prey capture

Effect of higher metabolic rate greater need for energy, fuels, O2,

waste removal endothermic animals need 10x energy need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 to cells

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Vertebrate cardiovascular system Chambered heart

atrium = receive blood ventricle = pump blood out

Blood vessels arteries = carry blood away from heart

arterioles veins = return blood to heart

venules capillaries = thin wall, exchange / diffusion

capillary beds = networks of capillaries

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Blood vesselsarteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

artery

arteriolesvenules

veins

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Arteries: Built for high pressure pump Arteries

thicker walls provide strength for high

pressure pumping of blood narrower diameter elasticity

elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes

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Veins: Built for low pressure flow Veins

thinner-walled wider diameter

blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure

lower pressure distant from heart blood must flow by skeletal muscle

contractions when we move squeeze blood through veins

valves in larger veins one-way valves

allow blood to flow only toward heart

Open valve

Blood flowstoward heart

Closed valve

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Capillaries: Built for exchange Capillaries

very thin walls lack 2 outer wall layers only endothelium

enhances exchange across capillary

diffusion exchange between

blood & cells

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Controlling blood flow to tissues Blood flow in capillaries controlled by

pre-capillary sphincters supply varies as blood is needed after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from

digestive tract to skeletal muscles capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually

filled to capacity

sphincters open sphincters closed

Why?

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Exchange across capillary walls

Arteriole

Bloodflow

Venule

Lymphaticcapillary

Interstitialfluid

Fluid & solutes flows out of capillaries to tissues due to blood pressure “bulk flow”

Interstitial fluid flows back into capillaries due to osmosis plasma proteins osmotic pressure in capillary

BP > OP BP < OP

15% fluid returns via lymph

85% fluid returns to capillaries

What aboutedema?

Capillary

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Lymphatic system Parallel circulatory system

transports white blood cells defending against infection

collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood maintains volume & protein

concentration of blood drains into circulatory system

near junction of vena cava & right atrium

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Lymph systemProduction & transport of WBCs

Traps foreign invaders

lymph node

lymph vessels(intertwined amongst blood vessels)

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Mammaliancirculation

What do blue vs. red areas represent?What do blue vs. red areas represent?

pulmonary

systemic

systemic

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Mammalian heart

Coronary arteries

to neck & head& arms

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Coronary arteries

bypass surgery

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AV

SL

AV

Heart valves 4 valves in the heart

flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow

Atrioventricular (AV) valve between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back

into atria when ventricles contract “lub”

Semilunar valves between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from arteries into

ventricles while they are relaxing “dub”

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AV

SL

AV

Lub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds

closing of valves “Lub”

recoil of blood against closed AV valves

“Dub” recoil of blood against

semilunar valves

Heart murmur defect in valves causes hissing sound when

stream of blood squirts backward through valve

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With every beat of your heart….

Watch me go!

SA (Sinoatrial) node (pacemaker) = in wall of right atrium – when this fires, action potential spreads to both atria via gap junctions in intercalated discsAV (Atrioventricular) node = in lower right atrium – acts as delay/relay – sends message to ventricles to contract

Cardiac center in medulla communicates with heart to regulate (hormones can speed up/slow down)

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“Issues of the heart”

What Women Think The Facts60% Cancers 35% Heart disease19% Heart disease 23% All cancers13% Don’t know (4% breast)4% Other causes 20% Other causes2%Stress 8% Strokes1% Old age 4% Pulmonary dis.1% Smoking 4% Pneumonia/flu

3% Accidents3% Diabetes

What actually kills women????

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Issues of the heart cont.

•Heart murmur – improper closing of heart valve(s) – can lead to need for repair/replacement•Cardiomegaly – enlarged heart – ranges from mild to severe (need for replacement)•“hole in heart” – improper closing of septum between L and R ventricles (open before birth b/c babies don’t need lungs until born) – foramen ovale•Hypoplasia – only one side of heart functions properly•Brugada Syndrome – sudden cardiac death – irregular heart rhythms (genetic)•Mitral stenosis – narrowing of mitral valve – decreased blood flow to body•SO MANY MORE -CHECK THEM OUT

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Cardiac cycle

systolic________diastolic

pump (peak pressure)_________________fill (minimum pressure)

1 complete sequence of pumping heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase

systole ventricles pumps blood out

relaxation phase diastole atria refill with blood

110

____

70

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Measurement of blood pressure

High Blood Pressure (hypertension) if top number (systolic pumping) > 150 if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90

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Bloody well asksome questions, already!