ap biology animal behavior chapter 51 ap biology why study behavior? ...
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AP Biology
Animal BehaviorChapter 51
AP Biology
Why study behavior?
________________________________________— the study of behavior
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Ethologypioneers in the study of animal behavior
Niko TinbergenKarl von Frisch
1941 | 1973
Konrad Lorenz
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What is behavior?
Behavior
Defined as observable and coordinated
________________________________________to environmental
________________________________________.
Result of ________________________________________&
________________________________________factors
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What is behavior? Innate Behaviors
________________________________________, “instinctive”
________________________________________& consistent
“Built-in”, no “learning curve”
Despite different environments,
all individuals exhibit the behavior
Ex. early survival, reproduction, ________________________________________,
________________________________________
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Evolutionary perspective Learned behaviors
Modified by
______________________________________ Variable, changeable
change with experience & environment Flexible with a complex & changing environment Ability to learn is inherited, but the behavior
develops during animal’s lifetime
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Levels of Behavioral Analysis Proximate causes
______________________________________ stimulus & mechanism
______________________________________ &
______________________________________ interaction
Sensory motor mechanisms
“______________________________________” &
“______________________________________” questions
male songbird what triggers
singing? how does he
sing? why does he
sing?
male songbird what triggers
singing? how does he
sing? why does he
sing?
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Levels of Behavioral Analysis
Ultimate causes
______________________________________ significance
how does behavior
contribute to survival
& ______________________________________
“______________________________________ ” questions
how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring?
how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring?
Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions
Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions
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Innate Behaviors-developmentally fixed Taxis Kinesis Migration FAP Animal Signals & Communication
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Innate Behaviors-Taxis Automatic response ______________________________________ or
______________________________________ from a stimulus. Automatic movement toward
(______________________________________ taxis) or
from ______________________________________ (negative taxis) a stimulus
phototaxis Chemotaxis
Examples: Trout are and swim upstream so as not to be swept away.
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A change in the activity ______________________________________ in response to a stimulus.
______________________________________ directed, unlike taxis. Example:
Sow bugs are more active in dry areas and less in humid ones; this keeps them in moist environments.
Innate Behaviors- Kinesis
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Innate behavior: Fixed action patterns (_______) Unlearned
Usually carried to ______________________________________ once started
Triggered by a ______________________________________
male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality
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Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Do humans exhibit Fixed Action Patterns? The “eyebrow-flash”
Digger wasp
Human babies always smile at a
mask with two dark spots for
eyes.
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Fixed Action Patterns Examples
Male stickleback fish will show aggression toward any shape that has a red area.
attack on red belly stimuluscourt on swollen belly stimulus
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Figure 51.3 Classic demonstration of innate behavior
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Complex Innate behaviors Migration
“migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred & raised in captivity Migration is learned, but how to learn them is innate
______________________________________ navigation- by sun, stars, Earth magnetic fields
Monarchmigration
Sandpiper
ancient fly-ways
Bobolink Golden plover
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Examples of Migration
______________________________________ butterflies from our area migrate to Mexico in the fall and the next generation flies north in the spring.
Snow ______________________________________ fly 2,700 km from James Bay, Canada to Louisiana nonstop in 60 hours.
The green sea turtle migrates 2,200 km across the Atlantic ocean from the east coast of South America to Ascension Island (10 km across) every 2-3 years where the adult females lay eggs.
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks
______________________________________ Rhythms “Sleep, wake cycle”
Humans~about 24 hours long
______________________________________ the normal clock is 24.2 hrs Mutant flies have cycles of 19 & 28 hrs.
______________________________________—active during the ___________
______________________________________—active during hours of _______
______________________________________—having greatest activity during
____________________ hours or at ______________________________ or both
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks Lunar cycles Ex.
Grunion swarm from April-June when the spring tides occur
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks What controls the biological clock?
No single mechanism—an ______________________________________ of a
number of ______________________________________ processes
The ______________________________________ gland is thought to play a role in the timing system of rats, birds and some other vertebrates.
In mammals, regions of the ______________________________________ are involved.
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks How much is internal and how much is governed by external clues?
Answer: There is usually a strong ______________________________________ (internal) component, but
an ______________________________________ (external) cue is necessary to keep the behavior properly timed in the real world.
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Animal Signals & Communication An action by a sender that influences the behavior of a receiver.
Does not have to be ______________________________________ Ex. bat sound pulses influence moth evasive behavior.
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Communication: Chemical Works both day and night
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Social interaction requires communication __________________________
______________________________________ signal that stimulates a response from other individuals
Ex. Female moths secrete chemicals which attract males. Cheetahs and other cats mark their territory with
______________________________________ ,
______________________________________ , and anal gland secretions. alarm pheromones sex pheromones
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Pheromones
Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey
Female mosquito use CO2 concentrations to locate victims
marking territory
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Communication: Auditory
______________________________________ than chemical and also effective both night and day.
Can be modified by loudness, pattern, duration, and repetition. Ex. Male crickets have calls and birds may have one song for courting,
another for distress, and still another for marking territories. Humpback whales have complicated songs. Nonhuman primates have up to 40 different vocalizations.
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Communication by song Bird song
species identification & mating ritual mixed ______________________________________ &
______________________________________ critical learning period
Insect song mating ritual & song innate, genetically
controlled
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Communication: Tactile Occurs when one animal
______________________________________ another. Ex. A male leopard nuzzles a female’s neck to calm her and to
stimulate her willingness to mate.
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Honey bee communication dance to communicate location of food source
______________________________________ dance Discovered by Karl von
______________________________________ in the 1940s. Waggle dance indicates both distance to and direction of food.
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Communication: Visual Most often used by species that are active during the
_____________________________________. Contests between males involve threat postures and possibly
prevent fighting. Ex. Male birds often put on courtship dances to attract females. Much human communication is nonverbal such as smiling,
blushing, body posture.
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Learned Behavior: Modified behaviors by experience
Habituation Imprinting Associative learning
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
Cognition
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Learning: Habituation Loss of response to
______________________________________
“______________________________________ ” effect
______________________________________ in response to repeated occurrences of stimulus
enables animals to disregard unimportant stimuli ex: falling leaves not triggering fear response in baby
birds
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Innate & Learning: Imprinting Learning to form social attachments at a specific ___________________________
(_________________________ )
______________________________________ both learning & innate components
Konrad ______________________________________ spent time with geese hours after hatched
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Figure 51.9 Imprinting: Konrad Lorenz with imprinted geese
Konrad Lorenz
ImprintingImprinting
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Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the birds a migration route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an Ultralight plane acts as a surrogate parent.
Conservation
Wattled crane conservation
teaching cranes to migrate
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Associative learning Learning to associate
a stimulus with a consequence
______________________________________ conditioning
BF ______________________________________
Trial & error learning
Associate ______________________________________ with
______________________________________ or
______________________________________
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Associative learning Classical conditioning
______________________________________ conditioning
Associate ______________________________________ with
______________________________________ or
______________________________________
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Operant Conditioning •Gradual strengthening of stimulus-response connections.•Examples:
• Teaching an animal a trick by rewarding correct behavior with affection or food.
• B.F. Skinner’s experiments
• ____________________________________________connect sugar treat with pressing a
____________________________________________.
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Operant conditioning ____________________________________________ box
mouse learns to associate behavior (pressing lever) with reward (food pellet)
B. F. Skinner
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Critical period
As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate.
As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate.
Sensitive phase for optimal
_______________________________________________ some behavior must be learned during a
receptive time period
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Classical conditioning Ivan ______________________________________dogs
connect reflex behavior
(____________________________________________ at sight of food)
to associated stimulus (ringing ____________________________________________)
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Learning: Cognition Ability for
____________________________________________
system to store, perceive, and process information
tool use
problem-solving
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Social Behavior Some animals are largely solitary and join with a member of the
opposite sex only for
____________________________________________; others pair, bond and cooperate in the raising of offspring.
Still others form a society in which members are organized in a
____________________________________________ manner.
____________________________________________— a group of individuals of the same species that cooperate in an adaptive manner; e.g. bee hive, flock of birds, wolf pack, school of fish.
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Social behaviors Interactions between individuals
develop as evolutionary adaptations Result in survival and reproductive success Agonistic behaviors Dominance hierarchy Cooperation Altruistic behavior
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Social behaviors
____________________________________________ behaviors Threatening & Submissive rituals
symbolic, usually no harm done
ex: ____________________________________________, competitor aggression
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Social behaviors
____________________________________________ hierarchy
social ranking within a group
___________________________________ order
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Dominance Hierarchies
A ____________________________________________ ranking animal has greater access to
____________________________________________ than a lower ranking animal.
Decided by ____________________________________________ during which one animal gives way to another.
Once established, little or no time is wasted in fighting. Dominant male mate more often with the females.
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Territoriality-- Protecting an area against other individuals. Male songbirds sing to signify their territories and other males know to stay
away. The song also alerts females to presence of a male. May be adaptive—tends to reduce conflict, to control
____________________________________________ growth, and to ensure the
most efficient use of ____________________________________________ by spacing organisms throughout a habitat.
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Social behaviors
Pack of African dogs hunting wildebeest
cooperatively
White pelicans “herding” school of fish
Cooperation
working ____________________________________________ in coordination
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Social behaviors Altruistic behavior
____________________________________________
____________________________________________ fitness but
____________________________________________ fitness of others in a
____________________________________________
___________________________________selection increasing survival of close relatives passes
these genes on to the next generation
How can this be of adaptive value? Belding ground squirrel
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Examples of Altruistic Behaviors In social insects such as bees, only the queen
bee and her mate reproduce.
A female chimp often mates with several males in a group because they are all related and share genes in common.
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Mating & parental behavior Genetic influences
changes in behavior at different stages of mating pair bonding competitor aggression
Environmental influences modifies behavior
quality of diet social interactions learning opportunities
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Social Behavior & Reproduction
__________________________________________________________________has favored mechanisms that promote successful reproduction.
Behavior is thus adaptive—behavioral traits can evolve.
____________________________________________ competition among males has contributed to the evolution of large
____________________________________________, brilliant breeding
____________________________________________, antlers, etc.
Known as ____________________________________________ __________and the traits are called secondary sexual characteristics.
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Social Behavior & Reproduction Courtship rituals may be long and elaborate. May serve as a sign signal to trigger nest
building and ovulation. Male spiders offer food. Female praying mantis eats head of male
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Behavior: Nature or Nurture?
Behavior is also shaped by
____________________________________________ influences
(____________________________________________). Studies of human twins have been used to help determine to what
extent behavior is inherited. Identical twins come from a single
____________________________________________. Fraternal twins are derived from two different fertilized eggs.
Fraternal twins, even when raised together, do not have similar behaviors.
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Identical twins raised separately are sometimes very similar; for example, the German twins raised in Germany and the Caribbean both liked sweet liqueurs, stored rubber bands on their wrists, read magazines from back to front, dipped buttered toast in their coffee, and had similar personalities.
Data seems to show that about 50% in human personality traits are due to polygenic inheritance and 50% are due to environmental influences.
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Any Questions??