ap and advp practice class #4 (#5 2012-03-20/21. first, let’s really…
TRANSCRIPT
AP and AdvP
PRACTICE CLASS #4 (#52012-03-20/21
First, let’s really…
…finish off ADVs and As!
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99)
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS
INDEPENDENTDEPENDENT (PART
OF OTHER PHRASES)
ADVERBIAL:He speaks slowly.
MODIFIER:extremely slowvery slowlyrather a messstraight through the wallover ten victims
COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION:over heretill thenfrom inside
INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS
ADVERBIALS
INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily NON-LINKING:
Provide speaker’s comment
PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily LINKING:
connect sentences
DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS
ADJUNCTS
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (a-k)
DISJUNCTModifier of AdvP /ADJUNCT
CONJUNCT
Modifier of NPModifier of PP
Modifier of APADJUNCTADJUNCT
Modifier of AP
Modifier of APModifier of NP
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (l-q)
Modifier of PPDISJUNCT Modifier of AP
Modifier of APModifier of NP (sich [lovely weather]) or Modifier of AP ([such lovely] weather)
ADJUNCT / Modifier of NP
Modifier of AP
PP
PRACTICE CLASS #42012-03-20/21
Today …
WE MEET PPs…
PP=Project Plan
PP = Parcel Post
PP = Privacy Policy
PP = Prepositional
Phrase
THE PP – its formThe PP typically consists of a prepositional head followed by
an NP as its complement:PP=P+NP e.g. [PPin [NPa village] ]
however, the complement of the preposition is not always an NP, the prepositional complements can also be a FINITE WH-CLAUSE, NON-FINITE -ING CLAUSE or an ADVERB:
PP=P+Clause e.g. [PPfrom [Clausewhat you wrote] ]
PP=P+Clause e.g. [PPat [Clausereading her novel] ]
PP=P+Adv e.g. [PPfor [Advever] ]
THE PP – its function
FUNCTIONS OF THE PP
INDEPENDENT i.e. it’s a sentence element DEPENDENT /
PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES
PARTICLES OF PHRASAL VERBS
THE PP – its function: independent
PP has an independent function in the sentence
ADVERBIAL
Cs / Co
SUBJECT (rarely)
ADJUNCT:He lives in a village.CONJUNCT:In a nutshell, she’s OK.DISJUNCT:To my surprise , she’s OK.
Cs (subject complement):The play is by Webster.The fence is of wood.
Co (object complement):I consider them at great risk.
SUBJECT:In love is how I want to feel.In my house is where I want to be.
THE PP – its function: dependentPP is a part of another
phrase
PART OF NP
PART OF AP
[ the girl with the funny red hat ]
[ the man in the raincoat ]
[ the book on the table ]
[ grateful for your help]
[ suitable for the job ]
[ complex beyond our expectations]
They can also be parts of AdvP:
He drives faster [PP than John].
page 117 – exercise 1 (a-d)
P + Cl (ing) P + NP
P + NP P + NP
P + NP
P + Cl (wh)
page 117 – exercise 1 (e-h)P + NP P + NP
P + NP
P + Cl (ing)
P + NP
page 117 – exercise 1 (i-l)P + Cl (ing)
P + NP P + NP
P + Cl (wh)
P + NP P + NP
page 117 – exercise 1 (m-p)P + Cl (ing)
P + Cl (ing)
P + NP
P + Adv
page 117 – exercise 2 (a-d)
P + NP, Co (object complement)
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, disjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP=Det+N+PP)
page 117 – exercise 2 (e-h)P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + Coordinated NP, adverbial, disjunct
P + Adv, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, Cs (subject complement)
page 117 – exercise 2 (i-l)P + NP, Cs (subject complement)
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct OR postmodification in NP (NP=Det + N + PP)
P + NP, Cs (subject complement)
page 118 – exercise 2 (m-q)P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
SAME AS: 1 H)
P + NP, postmodification in AP (AP= A + PP)
P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP= Det + N + PP)
P + NP, Co (object complement)
page 117 – exercise 1 (a-d)
P + Cl (ing), adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + Cl (wh), adverbial, adjunct
page 117 – exercise 1 (e-h)P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP=Det + N + PP)
P + Cl (ing), adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, postmodification in AP (AP=Adv + A + PP)
page 117 – exercise 1 (i-l)P + Cl (ing), adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct BUT within the subordinate clause “When you come out of the station”
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + Cl (wh), postmodification in NP (NP=Det+N+PP)
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP=Det+N+PP)
page 117 – exercise 1 (m-p)P + Cl (ing), postmodification in AP (AP=A + PP)
P + Cl (ing), postmodification in NP (NP=Det + N +PP)
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + Adv, adverbial, adjunct
page 119 – exercise 5 (a-e)
IN IN
AT ON OF
OFF /ON AT
AGAINST
WITH
page 119 – exercise 5 (f-i)
IN
IN
TO
BY
page 119 – exercise 6 (a-d)
PREP ADV
PREP ADV
PREP PREP
PREP
page 119 – exercise 6 (e-h)ADV
ADV
PREP
ADV
page 119 – exercise 6 (i-j)PREP ADV
PREP
CONJUNCTION
BUT – parts of speech• BUT can be a CONJUNCTION:
– It wasn’t the red skirt but the blue one.– By the end of the day we were tired but happy.– I am sorry but I can’t stay any longer.– I had no choice but to sign the contract.
• BUT can be an ADVERB:– There were a lot of celebrities there: Tom Cruise and Angelina Jolie, to
name but two.• BUT can be a NOUN:
– With so many ifs and buts, it is better to wait.• BUT can be a PREPOSITON:
– The problem was anything but easy.– Everyone was there but him.– I came last but one in the race. (next to last)
BASIC PREPOSITIONAL MEANINGS
PREPOSITIONAL MEANINGS
SPACE
TIME
PROCESSCONTINGENCY
OTHER MEANINGS
SPACEPrepositions denoting spatial relations can be classified into several subgroups on the
basis of two criteria:
TYPE OF REFERENCE POINT
STATIC OR DYNAMIC POSITION
Type of reference point:
TIME
PROCESS
CONTINGENCY
OTHER MEANINGS
page 118 – exercise 4 (a-e)
TIME: location TIME: location
SPACE: surface, direction SPACE: location, point
SPACE: point, direction
SPACE: point, direction (destination)
SPACE: surface, location
SPACE: surface, direction
page 118 – exercise 4 (f-j)
CONTINGENCY: purpose, goal
CONTINGENCY: purpose, goal
SPACE: area, direction
CONTINGENCY: purpose, goal SPACE: location, point
TIME: metaphorical extension of the meaning of space
page 118 – exercise 4 (k-o)
SPACE: surface, passage
SPACE: line, location, relative position
SPACE: metaphorical extension of space
PROCESS: instrument
PROCESS: instrument
page 119 – exercise 4 (p-t)CONTINGENCY: cause, reason PROCESS: agent
TIME: location PROCESS: manner
PROCESS: manner
CONTINGENCY: condition
OTHER: respect
CONTINGENCY: concession
THE ENDThank you for your time!