“creation of predecessors – our art and...

“Creation of predecessors – Our art and culture”

1

lh=sf=b=;+=!(÷)#(÷$) e=k'=lh=x'=sf=b=g+=!÷)^!÷)^@

jÌ{ #^ cÆ * g]=;+=!!#( lj=;+=@)&^ c;f/ A.D.2019

;Dkfbs M nId0f hf]zL -labf_

;xfos ;Dkfbs M cfzf s'df/ lrs+a~hf/

8]:s6k M wgnIdL Toft

d'b|0f MeQmk'/ ckm;]6 lk|G6;{

Aof;L, eQmk'/ ^^!#***

cfj/0f ;Hhf M /]0f' d"No ?= @%.–

sfof{no M eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf sfof{no ejg

kmf]g g+= M )!–^^!#)$#

email : [email protected]

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f k|sflzt=^^!#(%&, ^^!)#!) ˆofS; M ^^!#@)^

website : http://bhaktapurmun.gov.np

email : [email protected]

‘eQmk'/’ dfl;sdf k|sflzt n]v /rgfdf cleJoQm ljrf/x¿;“u k|sfzs / ;Dkfbs d08nsf] ;xdlt clgjfo{ 5}g .

tl:a/x¿ M eQmk'/ gkf -pNn]v ul/Psf afx]s_

-tl:a/

M OG6

/g]6_

Bhaktapur Municipality

Pp6f tl:a/ x]g/L PDa|f]h cf]N8lkm8n] ;g\ !*%# df agfPsf] kml; b]uM;lxtsf] lrq


2

o; c°dfqm=;+= zLif{s n]vs k[i7!_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] kfFrf}+ gu/;ef pb\3f6g ;df/f]x – #@_ Vjk sn]hdf ‘cfly{s ljsf;df Joj:yfkgsf] e"ldsf’ ljifodf /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg – !%#_ eQmk'/ dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf ul/g] – !^$_ ljkb\sf] ;dodf JolQmut l/; / dgd'6fjn] sfd ug{ gx'g] – !&%_ eQmk'/ gkfsf ultljlw kf/bzL{ – !*^_ u'7L hUuf / d7x¿sf] lhDdf :yfgLo txnfO{ lbg'kg]{ – @)&_ lzlIft / :j:y gful/sn] ;dfhsf] a9L ;]jf ug{ ;Sg] – @!*_ eQmk'/sf] b/af/ If]qdf xl/ofnL If]q k|j4{g sfo{qmd – @$(_ k|b]z # ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] a}7s – @%!)_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] s'g} JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ geO{ l;+uf] ;dfhsf] lxtdf sfd ug]{ – @^!!_ xf8f5]+ ejg / OGb|fo0fL Bf]5]F lznfGof; – @*!@_ lrlgofF k|ltlglw d08n eQmk'/ gkfdf – @(!#_ /fhgLltzf:q cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ b]zsf] nflu cfjZos – #)!$_ k|x/L ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ffcGtu{t cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{ k|lzIf0f – #!!%_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ah]6 th'{dfsf] nflu gu/jf;Lx¿af6 /fo ;'emfj ;+sng – #$!^_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6 z}lIfs C0f ljt/0f ;'¿ – #*!&_ Aof;L–sdnljgfos j}slNks ;8s agfpg'kg]{df hf]8 – #(!*_ :yfgLo tx alnof] ePdf k|hftGq alnof] x'G5 – $@!(_ s0ff{nL lhNnfdf 3g / xFl;ofsf] /ftf] em08f b]Vbf ljb]zLx¿ ;d]t cGof]ndf – $$@)_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] a}7s lg0f{o – %@@!_ jM r6fd/Lsf] dxŒj cf]d wf}e8]n ^(@@_ g]kfn ;Djt\ / o'u k|df0f 8f= jL/]Gb|k|;fb sfo:y &@@#_ jfs'klt rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/sf] ehg kmNrf -kmn]÷kf6L_ sf] lznfn]v 8f=k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7 &%@$_ dn sf/vfgf :yfkgf cfjZos ;lag Vofh" &*@%_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] df]8n eQmk'/ /fd]Zj/ af]x/f *@@^_ ljBfyL{nfO{ z}lIfs C0fM k9fO ;Sg';\ clg ltg'{;\ x]d/fh 9sfn *^@&_ c8\8f xf];\ t o:tf] ;'/]Gb| sfkm\n]÷vu]Gb| e8f/L *&@*_ RofDxfl;+xdf Vjk c:ktfn aGb} k|sfz wf}nfsf]6L, eQmk'/ *(@(_ b]lvg] eOg\ eQmk'/sL ‘/fgL’ ¤ pk]Gb| nfld5fg] ()#)_ SKETCHES FROM NIPAL (38) Henry Ambrose Oldfield (@#!_ s[lif k|wfg b]zdf jflif{s 8]]9 va{ a9Lsf] s[lifhGo j:t' cfoft–(^ -;Dkfbssf] k[i7_ – (^;fydfgu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt;“u g]kfn 6«:6sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] e]6–!#÷af}4 wd{nfO{ ef}ltsjfbL bz{gsf] ¿kdf JofVof ug'{k5{ M k|d'vk|hfklt–@)÷gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltnfO{ O;L8Lsf lzIfsåf/f 1fkg kq a'emfOof]–@@÷eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+=( nfdufn rp/df j[Iff/f]k0f–@@÷;kmfO dhb'/x¿sf] e]nf –@#÷u0f]z dfljdf kf]zfs ljt/0f–#!÷eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= # / % df aflN6g ljt/0f–#@÷k|x/Lpk/LIfs k|wfgnfO{ :jfut / P;=kL= >]i7nfO{ ljbfO–##÷sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf P]ltxfl;s lx6L k|0ffnLaf/] sfo{zfnf uf]i7L–#(÷eQmk'/gkfåf/f lrQkf]nsf] Nof]l;+u“'df j[Iff/f]k0f–$)÷ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;df ;Dkbfx¿ ;/;kmfO–$!÷‘;/sf/ ;d[l4sf] gf/f nufP/b'u{lttkm{ uO/x]sf] 5’–$!÷/+uLg k[i7–$&–%)÷d+untLy{b]lv /fddlGb/;Dd ;/;kmfO –%!÷al;laof“nf]–&$÷Vjk ;Msf] %) c+s;Ddsf]ofqf–*!÷eQmk'/ gkf 3/b}nf] gl;{· ;]jf @)&^ h]7 dlxgfsf] k|ltj]bg–(!÷g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, efu–##÷;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf-$%_–(#÷efG5f–kfoN;df s] vfg], s] gvfg] <–($÷h]7 dlxgfsf] ko{6s tYof°–(%÷

‘c1fg h:tf] zq' csf]{ 5}g .’– rf0fSo


3

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] kfFrf}+ gu/;ef c;f/ (ut]af6 ;'¿ eof] . gu/;efsf] pb\3f6g g]kfn dhb'/ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_n]ug{ 'eof] .

s f o { q m d s f ]pb\3f6g ug{ 'x ' Fb } cWoIflah'S5]+n] hgk|ltlglwx¿n]hgtfsf] dtnfO{ cK7\of/f]x 'g ] sfd ug { gx 'g ] /hgtfsf] dtsf] sb/ ug{'kg]{atfpg'eof] .

g ]k fnsf u '7LhUufx¿ nyfln +u

cj:yfdf /x]sf] rrf{ ug{'x'Fb} pxfFn] u'7L hUufsf] lgoGq0fug{ pkTosfsf u'7Lx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L k|b]z jf :yfgLo;/sf/x¿nfO{ lbg' pko'Qm x'g] atfpg'eof] .

hgtfsf] qmozlQm sdhf]/ x' Fbf Jofkf/ /pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf;df k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ / ljsf; ;Dejgx'g] atfpg'x'Fb} cWoIf /f]lxtn] ax'dt hgtfsf] qmozlQmalnof] ePdfq Jofkf/Lx¿sf] qmozlQm klg alnof] x'g] /Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ klg kmfObf k'Ug] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn]

ls;fgx¿aLr ;dfgtf Nofpg df]lxofgL xssf] dfu plrtePsf] atfpg'eof] .

pTkfbgsf] ;fwgnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f ug] {,of]Uotfcg';f/sf] sfd / sfdcg';f/sf] Hofnf g} ;dfhjfbLl;4fGt ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} sf=/f]lxtn] 6f]n–6f]ndf ePsf;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fsf] lhDdf klg :yfgLo txnfO{g} lbP Jojl:yt ¿kdf sfo{ ;DkGg x'g] atfpg'eof] .

cWoIf lah'S5]+n] gu/kflnsfleq vfB u'0f:t/hfFr ug]{ k|ljlw, sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If tflndx¿,;8s k]6L Joj:yfkg, ;kmf kz' jwzfnf, cfb/lgs]tgsf]nflu cfjZos P]g agfpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

sfo{qmdsf ljz]if cltly ;+3Lo ;f+;b Pjd\g ]dlskfsf ;lrj k| ]d; 'jfnn ] sf7df8f } +pkTosfdf cJojl:ytcfjf; of]hgf ;~rfngx' Fbf s[lifof ]Uo e"ldsf]ljgf; eO/x ]sf ]atfpg'eof] . eQmk'/sf]gu/sf]6–jfuLZj/LnfO{hnfwf/ ;+/If0f If ]q

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] kfFrf}+ gu/;ef pb\3f6g ;df/f]x

cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+

;f+;b k|]d ;'jfn


4

3f]if0ff ug{'kg]{ dfu u/]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} ;f+;b ;'jfnn] ljsf;lgdf{0f, k'gMlgdf{0f tyf hL0ff]{4f/sf] sfo{ cdfgt jfpkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ u/fpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

;f+;b ;'jfnn] ;/sf/sf] gjf}++ k~rjifL{o of]hgfdfeQmk'/nfO{ ;f+:s[lts gu/ 3f]if0ff ug]{ of]hgf ePsf] t/ah]6 jQmJodf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ d]3fl;6L agfpg]of]hgfnfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmdsf ;efklt eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v;'lgn k|hfkltn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfly{s jif{@)&^÷&& sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd k|:t't ug{'eof] . pxfFn];+3Lotfsf] cy{ k|zf;lgs, ljQLo :jfoQtf / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr Psn /;femf clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u, k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf]pkof]u / afF8kmfF6df ;dGjo x'g cfjZos ePsf]atfpg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn]eGg 'eof ]– …; +3Lotfsfof { Gjogsf nflusf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t ljsf;nfO{b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df¿kfGt/0f ul/g' cfjZos5 . ;–;fgf sfdsf] nfluk|wfgdGqL / dGqLx¿sf]cfb]z rflxg] k|yfsf] cGTo

x'g'k5{ .Ú pxfFn] :yfgLo txnfO{ dflysf] cfb]z kfngfug]{ OsfOaf6 d'Qm u/]/ :jfoQ 9·n] cf–cfÇgf] If]qsf]

ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{' g} ;+3Lotfsf] dd{ ePsf] k|:6kfg{ 'eof] .

e Q m k ' /gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v/hgL hf]zLn] ;dfhnfO{Jojl:yt 9+un] cufl8a9fpg 8fS6/ /OlGhlgo/afx]s e"uf ]n,Oltxf;, snf–;+:s[lt //fhgLlt zf:qnufotsflji fox¿sf ] cWoog

cfjZos ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} gu/kflnsfn] oL ljifox¿sf]nflu 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/sf] uf}/jzfnL snf–;+:s[ltnfO{ hf]ufpg/ hLjGt agfO /fVg gofF k':tfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf]vfFrf] cf}+Nofpg'x'Fb} pkk|d'v hf]zLn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfnfO{

ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynsf]¿kdf ljsf; ub} { nfg]k|lta4tf JoQm ug{'eof] .

eQmk'/sf k|d'vlhNnf clwsf/Lgf/fo0fk|;fb e§n] eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn ] ;dfh¿kfGt/0fsf nflulzIf fnfO { pRrk|fyldstfdf /fVb} cfPsf]

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt

pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL

k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lgf/fo0fk|;fb e§


5

k|x/L pk/LIfs ;lag k|wfg

j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVj

k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tofdnfn clwsf/L

k"j{ k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t/f]lxt/fh kf]v/]n

rrf{ ug{'x'Fb} ;+:sf/o'Qm bIfhgzlQmnfO { ;dfh¿kfGt/0fsf ] nf lukl/rfng ug{ ' cfjZosePsf] atfpg'eof] . k|lhce§n ] eQmk '/gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;bfrf/ /e|i6frf/d'Qm gu/sf] ¿kdfJofVof ug{ ' plrt x'g ]

atfpg'eof] .dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ eQmk'/sf k|x/L

pkl/Ifs ;lag k|wfgn]gu/kflnsf / k|x/LaLrsf];xsfo {n ] hgdfg;dfzflGt / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltu/fpg d2t k ' Ug ]atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] cj}wnfu'cf}ifw ;]jg / lgoGq0fug{ ;a} ;a}sf] ;xsfo{sf]cfjZostf ePsf ]

atfpg'eof] .sfo{qmddf eQmk'/

gu/kf lnsfsf k |d 'vk|zf;sLo clws[t ofdnfnclwsf/L eQmk'/sf] k[ysklxrfg eg]sf] pkef]Qmfhfu?s ePsf] / o;nfO{lg/Gt/tf lbOg'kg]{, eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf k"j{ k|d'vk |zf;sLo clws [t/f]lxt/fh kf]v/]nn] z}lIfsa]/f]huf/LnfO{ ¿kfGt/0fug]{ lzIff k|0ffnLdf hf]8lbg 'kg ] { , eQmk '/gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ( sfj8fWoIf /laGb| HofVjn]gu/;ef ;Dk "0 f {gu/af;Lx¿sf ] ;efePsf ]nufotsf ljrf/k|:t't ug{'ePsf] lyof] .


6

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] kfFrf}+ gu/;ef c;f/!* ut] ;DkGg eof] .

kfFrf}+ gu/;efn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfly{sljw]os @)&^, ljlgof]hg ljw]os @)&^ / eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] cf=j= @)&^÷&& sf] @ ca{ !# s/f]8 !)nfvsf] ljlgof]lht ah]6 ;j{;Ddltn] kfl/t u¥of] .

;ef ;Daf]wg ug'{x'Fb} ;efWoIf Pjd\ gu/ k|d'v;'lgn k|hfkltn] gu/ ljsf;sf] nflu ;Lldt ah]6nfO{clwsQd ;b'kof]u ug]{ atfpg'x'Fb} ah]6 ljlgof]hg cfjZostf/ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] atfpg'eof] .

uf¥xf] sfdb]lv g8/fpg] /fhg}lts sfo{stf{c;n sDo'lgi6sf] ljz]iftf x'g] atfpg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn]hgtfsf] ;]jfdf h:tf];'s} sl7g sfd ug{ klg ;Fw} tof/x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . xfdL sDo'lgi6 sfo{stf{ xf}+, xfdLn]cfkm"nfO{ xf]Og 3/ agfpg g;s]/ 6x/fdf a:g] e"sDkkLl8tnfO{ Wofg lbP/ sfd ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .pxfFn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf hgk|ltlglw tyf sd{rf/Lx¿dflns xf]Og ;]jssf] efjgfn] clek|]l/t eP/ sfd ug]{ljrf/ /fVg'eof] .

cf=j= @)&^÷&& sf] ah]6df ;Dkbf lzIff,:jf:Yo / ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fvLah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} eQmk'/nfO{ gd'gf gu/zAbn] geO{ Jojxf/n] k"/f ug]{ / eQmk'/nfO{ Pp6f cfbz{gu/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf] :ki6 kfg'{eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn]cfly{s ljw]os, ljlgof]hg ljw]os / cf=j= @)&^÷&&sf] jflif {s ah]6df ;ef;b\x¿åf/f JoQm ul/Psflh1f;fx¿af/] :ki6 kfg'{x'Fb} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ug'{k"j{ ;DefJotf cWoog u/L cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{atfpg'eof] .

;efn] kfFrf}+ gu/;efdf k]z ePsf lg0f{ocg'df]bg, ;]jf s/f/ sfo{kflnsfnfO{ clwsf/ lbg],;+u7g:j¿k / b/aGbL, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;,vr{ ;dy{g, k|f]b\efjL n]vf k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{, of]hgfhfFr kf; tyf km/kmf/s, jflif{s vl/b of]hgf, clGtdn]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg, k'/fgf] gu/ If]qsf] kl/efiffyk ug]{, lgdf{0f ;DkGg k|df0fkq b:t'/ / sd{rf/Lx¿sf]af/]df u/L yk !# j6f k|:tfjx¿ ;j{;Ddltn] kfl/tu¥of ] .

a'waf/ cfly{s ljw]osdfly ePsf] 5nkmndf;ef;b\x¿ ;"o{k|;fb >]i7, kz'klt k|hfklt, xl//Tguf]vf{nL, l;l4/fd cjfn, an/fd lGx;'t', ;Demgf vfOh',lzjk|;fb afnfnufotn] ;'emfjx¿ /fVg'eof] .

;efdf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= & sf j8fWoIfps]z sjf+n] gu/;efsf yk k|:tfax¿ k]z ug'{ePsf]lyof] eg] eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf /ljGb|HofVjn] kf“rf}+ gu/;efaf/] ;+If]kdf k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{ePsf]lyof] .

uf¥xf] sfdb]lv g8/fpg] /fhg}lts sfo{stf{ c;n sDo'lgi6sf] ljz]iftf


7

gu/ ;ef;b\Ho"x¿,k|hftGq / u0ftGq :yfkgfsf nflu ePsf hgcfGbf]ngPj+ ;+3if{x¿df cfÇgf] hLjg jlnbfg ug' {ePsfk|ftM:d/0fLo zxLbx¿k|lt xflb{s >4f~hnL ck{0fug{ rfxG5f}+ . hgcfGbf]ngdf 3fOt] x'g'ePsf, k|jf; /e"ldut eP/ /fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdfdxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf of]4fx¿k|lt pRr;Ddfg JoQm ub{5f}+ .g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGgePsf] b'O{ jif{ k"/f eof] . o; cjlwdf eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf xfdL hgk | ltlglwx¿ gu/ /gu/jf;Lx¿s} lxtnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ sfd ub}{5f}+ .gu/kflnsfsf] sfddf ;w}+ ;fy / ;xof]u ug'{x'g];Dk"0f{ gu/jf;L bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿df eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] tk{maf6 xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5f}+/ lg/Gt/ ;xof]usf] ck]Iff klg ub{5f}+ .xfdL g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf] tk{maf6 lgjf{lrthgk|ltlglwx¿ xf}+ . lgjf{rgsf] a]nf hgtfaLr g]dlskfn]cufl8 ;f/]sf] lgjf{rg 3f]if0ffkq g} xfd|f] sfd ug]{cfwf/ xf] . 3f]if0ffkqsf x/]s a'FbfnfO{ Ps Ps u/Lk"/f ug{ xfdL k|ltj4 5f}+ .eQmk'/ ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s gu/ xf] . oxfFsfk'/ftflTjs dxŒjsf ;Dkbfx¿n] ljZjs} Wofg cfslif{t

u/]sf 5g\ . ljZj ;Dkbf ;"lrdf ;"lrs[t eQmk'/sf]b/af/ If]q, 6f}d9L If]q / bQfqo If]qsf] dxŒj emg\emg\ a9\b} 5 . o; gu/nfO{ ko{6sLo uGtJo :yn /1fg lj1fgsf] s]Gb| agfpg] p2]Zo cg'¿k gu/kflnsfsfhgk|ltlglwx¿ ;s[o 5f}+ .;+3Lotfsf] cy{ k|zf;lgs / ljQLo :jfoQtf /ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf] . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr Psn/ ;femf clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u, k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf]pkof]u / afF8kmfF8df ;dGjo x'g cfjZos 5 . ;+3n]k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ tyf k|b]zn] :yfgLo txnfO{x:tIf]k /f]Sg' cfjZos 5 .g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g,@)&$ ad]flhd ;a} :yfgLo txx¿ :jfoQ 5g\ .hgtfsf] glhssf] ;/sf/ / hgefjgf cg';f/ sfdug{] gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ egf{ug]{ clwsf/ :yfgLo txnfO{ x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;+3 /k|b]zn] :yfgLo txsf] nflu sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ sfdufpF ufpFdf l;+xb/af/sf] gf/f cg'¿k 5}g . of] :yfgLotxsf] :jfoQtfs} ckx/0f xf] . of] sfg"gL k|fjwfg:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% eGbf klg k|ltufdL5 . o;sf] vf/]hL cfjZos 5 .;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf nflu sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t ljsf;nfO{b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df ¿kfGt/0f ul/g' cfjZos5 . ;–;fgf sfdsf] nflu k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx¿sf]cfb]z rflxg] k|yf unt 5 . :yfgLo txnfO{ dflysf]cfb]z kfngf ug]{ OsfOaf6 d'Qm u/]/ :jfoQ 9·n]cf–cfÇgf] If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ g};+3Lotfsf] dd{ xf] . t/ k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ ;+3sf]OsfOsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ub}{ ;+3sf] dftxtdf a:g'kg]{jf lgb]{zg kfngf ug]{ OsfOsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug'{k+rfotL dfgl;stf xf] / of] ;+3Lotf, ;+ljwfg /sfg"gsf] efjgfljk/Lt 5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg"geGbfdfly sf]xL x'g ;Sb}g . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] ;Ldfdf /xL :jfoQ ¿kdf sfdug]{ k|fjwfgdfly ;+3 / k|b]zsf lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx¿x:tIf]k ub}{5g\, h'g cfklQhgs 5 .o;cl3;Dd ls;fgx¿sf] nflu rflxg] /f;folgs dnljqmL ljt/0f ug{ :yfgLo txn] l;kmfl/; ub}{ cfPsf]dfxfn} k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf] a}7sn];ldlt u7g u/L k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt


8kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog O{sfO{n] l;kmfl/; dfkm{t ug]{lg0f{o ug'{ :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ s6f}tLs} ¿k xf] .;+3Lo ;+;b / k|b]z ;+;b d"nt gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ ynf]x'g\ . ;f+;bx¿ gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ x'g\ . :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ljsf;sf] gfddf k|wfgdGqL, dGqL / ;f+;bx¿sf]l;kmfl/;df ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug'{ /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fxf]Og . ljutdf :yfgLo tx gePsf] a]nf /flvPsf]lgjf{rg If]q ljsf; sf]if x6fpg / ljsf; ah]6:yfgLo txdf k7fpg cfjZos 5 .eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0f jf hL0ff]{4f/tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f u'0f:t/Lo agfpg, :yfgLohgtfsf] ckgTj sfod ug{ / :yfgLo hgtfnfO{/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ cdfgt / pkef]Qmf;ldltdfk{mt sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tflb+b} hfg]5f}+ .b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf cjl:yt d7–dlGb/, kj{, ;+:s[lt/ ;Dkbfx¿ ;+/If0fsf nflu u'7L hUuf / cGocfo:tfsf] Joj:yf 5 . t/ p2]Zocg'¿k d7–dlGb/x¿,kj{ / ;Dkbfx¿ ;+/If0f x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . u'7Lsf]hUuf a]rljvg u/L s}of}+ dxGt / d7fwL;x¿ cj{kltag]sf 5g\ . hUuf sdfpg] hf ]tfxf ls;fgx¿clxn];Dd df]lxofgL xsaf6 al~rt 5g\ . o;y{ u'7LhUuf sdfpg] hf]tfxf ls;fgx¿nfO{ df]lxofgL xslbg'sf ;fy} /}tfgLsf] clwsf/ k|bfg ug'{ cfjZos5 . u'7L ;+:yfg vf/]h u/L d7 dlGb/x¿sf] cfo:tf/ ;Dklt :yfgLo txx¿nfO{ lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .u'7L;DalGw ljw]os kl/dfh{g u/L k]z ug{ ;+3Lo;/sf/;+u dfu ub{5f}+ .b'O{ jif{sf] cjlwdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] u/]sf sfo{x¿hgtfaLr ;fj{hlgs u/]sf 5f}+ . lzIff, :jf:Yo,;/;kmfO, ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ljsf; lgdf{0f, v]ns'b,ahf/ cg'udg h:tf ljifox¿df eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . b'O{ jif{df u/]sfsfdnfO { cfwf/ agfp Fb } cfufdL cfly {s jif {gu/jf;Lx¿sf] lxtdf cem a9L sfd ug{ xfdL k|lta4eP/ nfUg]5f}+ . oxL ljZjf;sf ;fy cf=j= @)&^÷&&sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd k|:t't ub{5f}+ .

lzIff!= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] b'O{j6f OlGhlgol/· sn]h;lxt

;ftj6f z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]dfljBfyL{sf] dfu / ;dosf] cfjZostfcg';f/ gofFljifox¿ ylk+b} nlug]5 . oxL z}lIfs jif{b]lv Vjksn]hdf s[lif lj1fg sIff ;~rfngsf] tof/L ul/g]5 .

Vjk df=lj= df sIff !! / !@ df sfg"g / lrqsnfljifosf] k9fO z'? ul/g]5 . Vjk ax'k|fljlws cWoog;+:yfgdf klg gofF ljifo yKg k|s[of cufl8 a9fOg]5 .

@= gu/leq ;~rflnt ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnosf]z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] cGt/nfO{ sd ub}{ ;a} ljBfnox¿sf];dfg z}lIfs u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ gLlt sfof{Gjogul/g]5 . ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd;Fu}cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

#= ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df z}lIfs u'0f:t/ j[l4;Fu}ljBfnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]usf]gLlt lnOg]5 .

$= nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+;bdf ljrf/fwLg Vjk ljZjljBfnoljw]os cufl8 a9fpg lg/Gt/ kxn hf/L /flvg]5 .To;sf] nflu k|fl1s JolQmTjx¿ dWo]af6 VjkljZjljBfno sfo{bn u7g ul/g]5 .

%= hgHof]lt k':tsfnonfO{ /fli6«o :t/sf] k':tsfnosf]¿kdf ljsf; ug{ O–nfOa|]/Lsf] Joj:yfsf] ;fy}cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ub}{ nlug]5 . o'jflk+9Ldfem cWoog ;+:sf/ j[l4 ug{ hgHof]lt k':tsfnosf]tkm{af6 ;do ;dodf cltl/Qm s[ofsnfk tyf;flxlTos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf ul/g]5 .j8f–j8fdf /x]sf k':tsfno tyf jfrgfnox¿nfO{cfjZostfcg';f/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]usf] Joj:yfldnfOg]5 .

^= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :yfgLo Oltxf;, e"uf]n, /fhgLlt,;Dkbf, snf–;+:s[lt, efiff, v]ns'b nufotaf/]hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd agfO{ sIff !,@, ^ / & df nfu" ub}{ cfPsf]df cfufdL jif{ sIff #/ * df klg nfu" ul/g]5 .

&= eQmk'/sf] Oltxf;, e"uf]n, snf ;+:s[lt, efiff, k'/ftTj,jftfj/0f, ;/;kmfO, vfg]kfgLnufot ljleGg ljifodfcWoog—cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg] cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{cfly{s ;xof]usf] gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . ;fy}ljleGg ;+sfodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿ eQmk'/gu/kflnsfdf OG6g{ ug{ rfx]df cfjZostf cg';f/;f]sf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

*= Oltxf;, e"uf]n, /fhgLltzf:q, ;+:s[lt / g]kfnefiffljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ 36\b} uPsf]x' Fbf tL ljifodf pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ rfxg]ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ p2]Zon] ljz]if 5fqj[lQlbg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . ;fy} pRr lzIffxfl;n ug{ rfxg] of]Uo t/ cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/


9ePsf gu/jf;L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ z}lIfs k|df0fkq lwtf]/fvL ?= % nfv;Dd ;x'lnot Jofhb/df C0f lbg]Joj:yfnfO{ cfufdL jif{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

(= lrlsT;fzf:q cGtu{t ljleGg ljifox¿df :gftsf]Q/tx -Pd8L jf ;f] ;/x_ cWoog ug{ rfxg] gu/jf;LljBfyL{x¿dWo] jflif{s @ hgfnfO{ gu/kflnsfsf]tkm{af6 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yfnfO{ cfufdL jif{ lg/Gt/tflbOg]5 . 5fqj[lQ kfpg] lrlsT;sx¿n] slDtdf %jif{ Vjk c:ktfndf k"0f{sfnLg ;]jf ug'{kg]{5 .

!)= lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|x¿df sfo{/t lzlIfsfx¿sf]:t/f]Ggltsf] nflu ;dofg's'n tflndsf] Joj:yful/g]5 . ;fy} lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|x¿sf] ef}ltsk"jf{wf/x¿sf] klg ;'wf/ ub}{ nlug]5 .

!!= gu/kflnsfleq ;~rflnt sn]hx¿df cWoogcWofkgsf] ;fy} cg';Gwfgdf klg hf]8 lbOg]5 .

!@= :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ adf]lhd gu/leqljz]if ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df To;nfO{ cg'dltlbO{ ljBfno ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos ;xof]uul/g]5 .

!#= ljBfnox¿df sfo{/t jfnljsf; ;xhstf{ -O;L8LlzIfs_ x¿sf] ldx]gtsf] sb/ ub}{ yk ;'ljwf k|bfgug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

!$= gu/sf s'g} Ps ;fd'bflos ljBfnonfO{ gd"gf ljBfno3f]if0ff u/L ljz]if cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

!%= gu/leqsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf] :t/f]GgtLnfO{k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ ;an ljBfnon] b'j{n ljBfnonfO{x]g{ p;flxt ul/g]5 .

!^= hgk|ltlglw, sd{rf/L, lzIfsnufotnfO{ cfÇgf;Gtfgx¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWoogsf nflupT;flxt ul/g]5 .

:jf:Yo!&= egkfn] RofDxfl;+x, ejutL:yfg / Jof;L u/L # j6f

zx/L :jf:Yo s]Gb|x¿dfk{mt\ lj/fdLx¿sf] ;]jf ub}{cfPsf] 5 . hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|df gofF gofF pks/0fx¿h8fg u/L ;]jfx¿ yKb} nlug]5 .

!*= 3/b}nf] gl;{· ;]jfnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L ljBfno tx;Ddk ' ¥o fOg ]5 . ljBfnox¿df ;do ;dodflrlsT;sx¿åf/f :jf:Yo hfFrsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .lrlsT;s / g;{x¿af6 ljBfnox¿df :jf:Yo ;DaGwLsIff ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

!(= zf/Ll/s tyf af}l4s ckf+utf ePsf gu/jf;Lx¿sfnflu lgoldt :jf:Yo kl/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

@)= cfo'j]{lbs :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L j8f j8fsf]

;fy} sn]h–ljBfno;Dd k'¥ofpg cfjZos Joj:yful/g]5 .

@!= j8f j8fdf ljleGg /f]ux¿ tyf :jf:Yo r]tgf;DalGwlzlj/x¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

@@= SofG;/, d[uf}nf, d'6'sf] zNos[of, dl:tis3ft h:tfs8f /f]u nfu]sf lj/fdLx¿nfO{ lbOb} cfPsf] cfly{s;xof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

@#= RofDxfl;+xdf ;~rflnt lhNnf ;fd'bflos cfFvfs]Gb|sf] ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . xfn !% lbgsf] ! k6sdfq} zNos[of x'Fb} cfPsf]df ca lgoldt zNos[ofsf]Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

;Dkbf / ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f@$= eQmk'/sf] snf–;+:s[lt ;+/If0f ug{ lg/Gt/ s[ofzLn

/xg] bfkmf–ehg tyf k/Dk/fut ;f+:s[lts snfsf// u'?x¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

@%= eQmk'/ b/af/ If]q jl/kl/sf] P]ltxfl;s (( rf]styf hugfy dlGb/ If]qsf] pTvggsf] cWoog sfo{nfO{cufl8 a9fOg]5 .

@^= eQmk'/df dgfOg] ufOhfqf b]zs} ljlzi6 / 5'§}klxrfg af]s]sf] x'Fbf ufOhfqfdf k|:t't x'g] l3Gtfª\l3;L,k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs ljwfsf g[To, gf6s tyf Vofn/ s'g} klg ;f+:s[lts ljwfnfO{ k|ltof]lutfTds d"Nof°gu/L k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . o;af6 ufOhfqfkj{nfO{ Jojl:yt, cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt agfpg ykd2t k'Ug]5 . o;;“u} cfw'lgs ljwfsf ;f+:s[lts tyf;flxlTos k|ltof]lutfx¿ klg ;~rfng ul/g]5 . o;sf;fy} cGo gu/kflnsfx¿;+u ;f+:s[lts cfbfgk|bfgu/L cfk;L ;DaGw ;'wf/ ub}{ nlug]5 .

@&= k/Dk/fut afhf tyf ljleGg ;f+:s[lts ljwfx¿gofF k':tfdf x:tfGt/0f ug{ k|lzIf0f lbg] 6f]nLx¿nfO{d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df ;xof]usf] gLlt lnOg]5 .ljBfnox¿df ;f+:s[lts k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

@*= eQmk'/sf] k/Dk/fut ;f+:s[lts ljwfx¿sf] gu/AofkLk|ltof]lutf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

@(= eQmk'/sf] ;f+:s[lts, k'/ftflTjs dxŒj af]s]sf kf6L–kf}jf, 9'·]wf/f, kf]v/L, Ogf/, ;Qn, Bf]5]+ nufotsf;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . tL;Dkbfx¿ k'gMlgdf{0f jf hL0ff]{4f/ ubf{ cWoogcg';Gwfgsf] ;fy} df}lns z}nLnfO{ hf]8 lbOg]5 .

#)= eQmk'/sf] ;Dkbf ;+/lIft If]qsf] lglZrt ;Ldf tf]sL;f+:s[lts If]q 3f]if0ff ul/g]5 .

ljsf; lgdf{0f#!= @)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t egkf j8f g+= %


106f}d9Ll:yt ljZj k|l;4 ªftfkf]n dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 .

#@= egkf j8f g+= ! l:yt efh'kf]v/L / /fgLkf]v/Lsf]hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

##= egkf j8f g+= # b/af/ If]ql:yt gu/kflnsfsf];fljs ejg -yGy' b/af/_ / b/af/ If]qs} gS;fzfvf /x]sf] ejgsf] df}lns z}nLd} k'gMlgdf{0fsf]sfd cufl8 a9fOg]5 .

#$= egkf @ l:yt k'/fgf] hgHof]lt k':tsfno /x]sf]ejgnfO{ ko{6g k|j4{gsf] p2]Zocg'¿k sf];]nL k;Magfpg] k|s[of cl3 a9fOg]5 .

#%= RofDxfl;+xl:yt Vjk c:ktfnsf] ejg cfufdL b'O{jif{df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo;lxt lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8a9fOg]5 .

#^= egkf ( l:yt a|Dxfo0fL ax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0f;DkGg u/L pkof]udf NofOg]5 .

#&= gu/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ko{6sLo :ynx¿df qmdzM lk|mjfOkmfO{sf] Joj:yf ub{} nlug]5 .

#*= gu/sf 7fpF 7fpFdf afn pBfgsf] ljsf; ug]{tk{mWofg lbOg]5 .

#(= h]i7 gful/sx¿sf] nflu gu/sf] pko'Qm 7fpFdf cfb/lgs]tg ;~rfngsf] nflu k|s[of cufl8 a9fOg]5 .

$)= RofDxfl;+xdf lgdf{0ffwLg 5fQL k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb|sf]lgdf{0f sfo{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{df ;DkGg ul/g]5 .s]Gb|df cfjZos pks/0fx¿sf] h8fg u/L bd vf]sL/f ]usf ] pkrf/ ug { lrlsT;s, g; { tyf:jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ tflnd ;~rfng u/L hgtfsf];]jfdf v6fOg]5 .

$!= egkf j8f g+= ! df ax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{;'? ul/g]5 .

$@= egkf j8f g+= & l:yt dfx]Zj/L v]n d}bfg / egkfj8f g+= @ l:yt zxLb :d[lt v]n d}bfgsf] :t/f]Ggltub}{ v]nf8Lx¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ se8{ xn //·zfnfsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOg]5 . eQmk'/gkf j8f g+= * lnjfnLdf sa8{ xn lgdf{0f sfo{;DkGg ul/g]5 .

$#= ;f+:s[lts gu/sf] klxrfgnfO{ hf]ufO /fVg gu/sfljleGg :yfgx¿df 7"nf tyf ef/L uf8Lx¿nfO{ qmdzMk|j]z lgif]w ub{} nlug]5 . lgodljk/Lt k|j]z ug]{uf8L rfns jf wgLnfO{ s8f b08 hl/jfgfsf]Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

$$= gu/af;Lx¿sf] nflu t/sf/Lsf] ;xh cfk"lt{sf]Joj:yf ug{ gu/leq pko'Qm 7fpFdf t/sf/L ahf/sf]

Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . o;n] t/sf/L pTkfbg ug]{ls;fg / pkef]Qmf b'a}sf] lxt x'g] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 .

$%= dfx]Zj/L kL7, a|Dxfo0fL kL7, xg'dfg3f6, af/fxL:yfg, dxfsfnL :yfgnufot P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s:ynx¿ tyf egkf % l:yt k'/fgf] 8lDkª ;fO6If]qsf] qmdzM u'? of]hgf tof/ ub{} nlug]5 .

$^= hyfefjL uf8L / df]6/;fOsnx¿ kfls{· u/]sf]sf/0f gu/sf] ;f}Gbo{df afwf k'Ug'sf] ;fy} ;8sdflx8\g] ofq'x¿nfO{ ;d:of eO{ b'3{6gf ;d]t x'g] u/]sf]x'Fbf gu/sf] ljleGg :yfgdf uf8L tyf df]6/;fOsnkfls{·sf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

$&= gu/sf 6f]n 6f]ndf ;+slnt s'lxg] / gs'lxg]kmf ]x/dWo] s'lxg] kmf ]x/sf] sDkf]i6 dn agfOls;fgx¿nfO{ ;:tf]df ljqmL ug]{ p2]Zon] sDkf]i6dn KnfG6 lgdf{0f ug]{ k|s[of cufl8 a9fOg]5 .;fy} gs'lxg] kmf]x/nfO{ k'gM k|of]u jf cGo k|s[ofaf6cfosf] >f]t agfOg]5 .

$*= gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ 3'dlkm/ ug]{ pko'Qm 7fpFx¿sf]cefjnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL gu/sf] pko'Qm 7fpFdfkfs{sf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

$(= egkf & l:yt xg'dfg3f6df ljB'tLo zjbfx u[xlgdf{0fsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g]5 .

%)= gu/sf] k'/fgf tyf gofF a:tLx¿ tyf ;Dkbf If]qx¿dfcfjZostf cg';f/ aQLsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

%!= egkf ̂ l:yt b]sf]rfdf cfw'lgs ;'ljwf;DkGg c/lgsf];efejg lgdf{0f sfo{ yfngL ul/g]5 .

v]ns'b%@= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] k'm6an, elnan, 6]a'n 6]lg;,

l;t]l/of] s/ft], alS;·, lhDg]li6ssf] lgoldt k|lzIf0flb+b} cfPsf]df tL v]nx¿sf] k|lzIf0fnfO{ yk k|efjsf/Lagfpg] k|oTg ul/g]5 . ;fy} gu/jf;L o'jfx¿sf]rfxgfadf]lhd yk v]nsf] k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ug]{tof/L ul/g]5 . v]n k|lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfnfO{ Wofgdf/fv]/ k"0f{sfnLg k|lzIfsx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ub}{nlug]5 .

%#= j8f v]ns'b ;ldlt dfkm{t j8f j8fdf /x]sf l6d,SnjnfO{ ;lqmo agfOg]5 .

%$= ljBfno÷sn]hx¿df klg k|lt:kwL{ v]nf8Lx¿ tof/ug{ qmdzM v]n k|lzIfsx¿sf] Joj:yf ub{} nlug]5 .;do ;dodf cGt/ ljBfno v]ns'bsf] cfof]hgf u/Lv]nf8Lx¿sf] k|ltef k|:k'm6gsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{sf;fy} :t/Lo v]nf8Lx¿ pTkfbg ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .

%%= dlxnfdfly x'g] ;Defljt lx+;fTds ultljlwaf6


11gu/jf;L dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg cfTd/Iffsf]tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

%^= ljut jif{ em}+ s'g} Ps v]nsf] cGt/ gu/ v]nk|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . v]ns'bsf] dfWodaf6eQmk'/nfO{ /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf kl/lrt u/fpgk|ltof]lutfn] d2t k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; 5 .

%&= Ho]i7 gful/s, jfnjflnsf tyf o'jfx¿sf] :jf:YonfO{Wofgdf /fvL gu/sf 7fpF 7fpFdf /flvPsf zf/Ll/sJofofd :ynx¿sf] lj:tf/ u/L ljBfno / sn]hsn]hdf k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

ahf/ cg'udg%*= pkef]Qmfx¿sf] :jf:YonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ahf/

cg'udgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . cg'udgsf] qmddfsfg"gljk/Lt Dofb gf3]sf], s'x]sf] jf :jf:Yosf] nfluxflgsf/s s'g} a:t' k]mnf k/]df To:tfnfO{ s8fsfjf{xL ul/g]5 .

s[lif%(= sd hUufdf a9L pTkfbg ug]{ p2]Zon] ls;fgx¿nfO{

ljleGg lsl;dsf t/sf/L jf afnL pTkfbg ;DaGwLs[lif ljz]if1x¿af6 tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

^)= ls;fgx¿sf] nflu cfjZos s[lif pks/0f tyf s[lif;fdu|L, ljpljhg ljt/0f ul/g]5 .

ko{6g^!= eQmk'/nfO{ cfGtl/s tyf afx\o ko{6sx¿sf] pTs[i6

uGtJo:yn agfpg] nIo;lxt eQmk'/ dxf]T;jsf]cfof]hgf ul/g]5 .

^@= eQmk'/ cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ko{6sLoIf]qx¿df :t/Lo zf}rfno, xfl/ofnL k|a4{gnufotsfsfo{x¿ qmdzM ub}{ nlug]5 .

^#= k/Dk/fut ufOhfqf dfu{nfO{ ko{6g k}bn dfu{sf]¿kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ ul/g]5 .

^$= ko{6sx¿sf] a;fO{ nDAofpgsf nflu ;fFemsf] ;dodf7fpF 7fpFdf ;f“:s[lts ultljlwx¿ ;~rfngsf]Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . o;;“u} ;f+:s[lts k|bz{gL s]Gb|:yfkgf ul/g]5 . ;Dkbf If]q / ko{6sLo :ynx¿df;GWofsfnLg aQLsf] aGbf]a:t u/L yk cfsif{0fa9fpg hf]8 lbOg]5 .

^%= gu/leq eO/x]sf] clgoldttf lgoGq0f ug{ / ;xhahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gu/ k|x/Lsf] Joj:yful/g]5 . ;d'bfo–k|x/L ;fe]mbf/L sfo{qmdnfO{ hg:t// ljBfno :t/;Dd k'¥ofOg]5 . ;fy} ko{6s k|x/Lsf]k|efjsf/L kl/rfng u/L eQmk'/nfO{ ;'/lIftko{6sLo :yn agfpg kxn ul/g]5 .

^^= eQmk'/sf df}lns pTkfbgx¿ sfnf] 6f]kL, h'h' wf},xfs'ktf;L, tfORo"g lrp/f h:tf 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]ux¿nfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL 9+uaf6 k|f]T;flxt ug{ljleGg ultljlwx¿ cufl8 a9fOg]5 .

^&= :yfgLo o'jfx¿nfO{ lrlgofF, hfkfgL, c+u|]hL, k|mfG;]nL,:k]lg; efiffnufot ljb]zL efiffx¿sf] tflndlbOg]5 . o;sf ;fy} gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ xf ]d:6];~rfng;DalGw tflnd klg lbOg]5 .

^*= eQmk'/sf] hLjgz}nL, /xg;xg / ;+:s[lt emlNsg];f+:s[lts ;+u|xfnosf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

^(= ko{6sx¿sf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu pko'Qm :yfgdf ko{6sa;kfs{sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

&)= eQmk'/sf] ;'Gb/tf a9fpg / k|b"if0f sd ug{ zx/sf]d'Vo ;8s RofDxfl;+xb]lv efjf{rf];Dd 9'·f 5fKg]sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

&!= ck/fw lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg gu/sf] d'Vo;8s, uNnL / ;Dkbf If]qx¿df ;L=;L= Sofd]/fsf]aGbf]j:t ul/g]5 .

&@= eQmk'/af/] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf k|rf/k|;f/ug{ Pkm=Pd= /]l8of] ;~rfng / 6]lnlehg k|zf/0fsf]tof/L ul/g ]5 . ;fy } gu/kflnsfsf x/ ]sultljlwnfO{ hgtfdfem kf/bzL{ ¿kdf ;dod};Dk|]if0f ug{ tyf gu/jf;Lx¿sf Gofof]lrt u'gf;fx¿sf]tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug]{ x]t'n] gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6ljleGg 5fkf tyf cgnfOg k|sfzg Pj+ ;fdflhs;+hfnsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ul/g]5 .

&#= ;xsf/L / :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf u'0f:t/Loko{6sLo xf]6n ;~rfng ug{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{pT;flxt ul/g]5 .

o'jfnlIft tflndx¿&$= o'jfx¿nfO{ ;Lko'Qm / cfTdlge{/ agfpg sfi7snf,

k|:t/ snf, wft' snf, ljleGg ljb]zL efiff, l;nfO{,/]l8of]–6]lnlehg k|:tf]tf, ky k|bz{snufotsftflndx¿ ;~rfngnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . To;}u/LljB'tLo ;fdu|Lx¿ df]afOn, /]l8of]–6]lnlehg,/]lk|mh]/]6/ h:tf dd{tsf tflndx¿, df]6/ ;fOsndd{t h:tf /f]huf/Ld"ns tflndx¿ ;~rfng u/Lo'jfx¿nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg hf]8 lbOg]5 .

cGo&%= df}lns z}nLsf 3/ / ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu

k'/fgf] gu/ If]qleq lghL 3/ lgdf{0f ug{] 3/wgLx¿nfO{3/sf] df]x8fdf nfUg] sf7, OF6f / lem+u6Ldf lbOFb}cfPsf] cfly{s ;xof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .


12&^= e"sDk kLl8tsf k|df0fkq k|fKt 3/wgLx¿nfO{

gS;fkf;df lbOFb} cfPsf] 5'6nfO{ oyfjt /flvg]5 .&&= gu/sf ljleGg :yfgx¿df hyfefjL 5fl8Psf e':ofxf

s's'/, ufO—e}+;Lh:tf rf}kfofx¿nfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO{;DalGwt 3/wgLx¿nfO{ sfg'gL sfjf{xL ug]{ gLltlnOg]5 .

&*= ljz]if1x¿sf] ;'emfj cg';f/ kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf]:yfoL ;dfwfgsf] nflu gu/kflnsf cufl8 a9\g]5 .kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ul7t sfo{bnåf/fk|:t't k|ltj]bgnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . 3/af6lg:sg] kmf]x/ sd ug]{ p2]Zon] sf};L v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;flxtul/g]5 .

&(= gu/sf d"n ;8ssf bfofFafofF k]6Ldf ?v–lj?jf/f]k]/ xl/ofnL k|a4{g ul/g]5 / ;Dkbf If]qx¿df;d]t ljleGg k|hfltsf km"nx¿ /f]k]/ gu/nfO{k|b"if0fd'Qm / ;'Gb/ agfpg] k|oTg ul/g]5 .

*)= ;–;fgf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ j8f:t/af6} ;DkGgug{ / l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jfsf] nflu lglZrt /sdj8faf6} vr{ ug{ ldNg] u/L j8f ah]6sf] Joj:yful/g]5 .

*!= eQmk'/ gu/leq /x]sf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+lIfKtkl/ro;lxtsf] ;Dkbf af]8{ qmdzM /fVb} nlug]5 .

*@= gu/leq sfd ug{ rfxg] s'g} u}/;/sf/L jfcGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] gu/kflnsfsf]clgjfo{ l:js[lt lng'kg]{ / tL ;+:yfn] jif{el/ ug]{sfdsf] ljj/0f / ah]6 k]z ug'{kg]{ gLltnfO{ s8fOsf;fy nfu" ul/g]5 .

*#= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿ ;~rfngdf k|f]T;flxtul/g]5 . tL pBf]ux¿ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg;DalGwt kIf;Fu ;dGjo u/L cufl8 a9\g] Joj:yfldnfOg]5 .

*$= ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cg'udgnfO{hf]8 lbOg]5 / gu/kflnsf / ;xsf/LaLr ;dGjo/ ;fe]mbf/Ldf gu/af;Lx¿sf] lxtdf sfo{ ug{ kxnul/g]5 . gu/leq ;~rflnt ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{pTkfbgd"ns ultljlwdf nufgL a9fpg k|f]T;flxtul/g]5 .

*%= 3/ lgdf{0fdf b]lvPsf] a9\bf] clgoldttfnfO{ Wofgdf/fv]/ ejg lgdf{0f dfkb08nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu"ul/g]5 . dfkb08 ldrL 3/ agfPsfx¿nfO{sfg"gadf]lhd b08 hl/jfgf ul/g]5 .

*^= gu/kflnsf4f/f egkf @ / ^ j8fdf !^%# /f]kgLhUufdf ;~rflnt b]sf] ldjf O6fkfs] cfjf; of]hgf

;dod} ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/g]5 .*&= eQmk'/ cf }Bf ] lus If ]qnfO { :yfgLo ;Lk /

;|f ]t;fwgsf ] pkof ]u u/L jftfj/0fd }qL /ko{6gs]Gb|Lt x:tsnf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ¿kdf ljsf;ug{ kxn ul/g]5 .

**= gu/af;Lx¿ / Joj;foL tyf 3/ axfndf a:g]kl/jf/nfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg s/ ;+sng 6f]nLsf]Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . gu/kflnsf If]qdf 3/hUufd"Nof+sg s/sf] ljifodf gu/jf;L hgtfsf] efjgfsf];Ddfg ul/g]5 .

*(= dd{t ;Def/af6 ;Dkbfx¿ ;+/If0fdf 6]jf k'Ug] x'Fbf;Dkbfx¿sf] lgoldt dd{t 3'DtL 6f]nLsf] Joj:yful/g]5 .

()= gu/af;Lx¿sf] vfg]kfgL ;d:ofnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/gu/leq ljleGg :yfgdf ul/Psf] l8k af]l/ªsf]kfgL lkpg of]Uo agfO{ gu/af;Lx¿nfO{ ljt/0fug { kfgL 6 \ofª \sL / lkmN6 « ];gsf ] Joj:yfldnfOg]5 . ;fy} k'/fgf] gu/df /x]sf] kfOk hL0f{ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]sf] ;'wf/df Wofg lbOg]5 . gu/leqcfsf;] kfgL ;+sng tyf ;b'kof]udf ljz]if WofglbOg]5 .

(!= ;/sf/L / klt{ hUuf cltqmd0f al9/x]sf] x'Fbf hUuf;+/If0f sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

(@= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;df ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5 .sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu ;do ;dodfcfjZos tflndx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;fy}sd {rf/Lx¿sf ] sfo { d " Nof +sg u/L pTs [ i6sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

(#= ;Nnf3f/Lb]lv Aof;L, d'n9f]sf x'Fb} gu/sf]6 hfg];8ssf] j}slNks dfu{ lgdf{0fsf nflu kxnul/g]5 .

($= df;'hGo vfB kbfy{ laqmL ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:ytug{ tyf v'nf :yfgdf kz' aw ug{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 .gu/sf] pko'Qm :yfgdf Jojl:yt kz' jwzfnf lgdf{0fk|lqmof yfngL ul/g]5 .

cGTodf, eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfGtl/s >f]t,k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g] z;t{ / lgMzt{cg'bfg tyf ljQLo cg'bfg;d]tsf] cfwf/df cf=a=@)&^.)&& sf] ah]6 tof/ u/L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{cufl8 a9fOg] k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

ldlt @)&^.#.(-eQmk'/ gkfsf] kf“rf}+ gu/;efsf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdfk|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltåf/f k|:t't gLlt tyf sfo{qmd_


13

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lzIff / :jf:YonfO{ Psl;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6fsf] ¿kdf lnP/ oL b'a} ljifonfO{s]Gb|df /fvL sfd ul//x]sf] lbgsf] 3fd em}+ 5n{·} 5 .lsgeg] xfdLn] xfd|f gu/jf;Lx¿ @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf ;r]tgful/s xf];\ eGg] rfxG5f} / xfdL lzlIft÷;Eosf] ;fy;fy}:j:y x'g ;s]df dfq xfd|f] ;dfh, xfd|f] b]z cl3 a9\g]dfxfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ . To;} cg'¿k xfdL Jojxfl/s 1fg;lxtsf]lzlIft gful/s pTkfbg ug{df nfluk/]sf 5f}+ lsgeg]xfd|f] ;dfhnfO{ lzlIft dfq geO{ Jojxfl/s /fi6«;]jsgful/ssf] vf“rf] /x]sf] xfdL ;a}n] dx;'; ul//x]sf5f}+ . t;y{ e=g=kf=n] lzIffnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL lzz' :ofxf/s]Gb|b]lv pRr lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg] sfd ul//x]sf]oxf“x¿df lalbt} 5 . o;n] eljiodf xfd|f] ;dfh Jojl:yt¿kdf cl3 a9\g] ljZjf;sf ;fy xfdL cl3 a9]sf 5f}+ .

xfdLn] ;'g]cg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿ egf{ x'“bf 7"nf];ª\Vof eP klg P;=O=O= lb“bf;Dd 7"nf] ;ª\Vofn] 5f]l8;Sg]tYof° cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf lzIffdf sf]xL g5'6'g\ eGg]p2]Zon] e=g=kf= n] % nfvsf] C0f k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmof

z'? ul/;s]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfh ;xL 9+un] cl3 a9fpg8fS6/÷OlGhlgo/ afx ]s e "uf ]n÷Oltxf;÷snf;+:s[lt÷/fhgLlt zf:q h:tf ljifox¿ cfjZos kg]{ePsf]n] g=kf=n] oL ljifox¿sf] nflu klg 5fqj[lQsf]Joj:yf ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . To;}u/L gu/jf;Lx¿ :j:yePdf dfq xfd|f] ;dfh cl3 a9fpg ;xh x'g] oyfy{nfO{dWogh/ u/L cfw'lgs ;'ljwf;lxtsf] Vjk c:ktfnlgdf{0f z'? eO;s]sf] 5 / casf] # jif{leq ;~rfngug]{ nIo lnPsf 5f}+ . o; c:ktfndf ltnu+uf cf“vfc:ktfnsf ] s ] Gb |; lxtsf ] OT/MRI/CT SCAN

Major/Minor operration Theater, Maternity Ward

/xg] oxf“ hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' . Prevention is

better than cure eGg] egfO{nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ x/]sj8fjf;Lx¿ :km'lt{nf]÷lg/f]uL xf]pg\ eGg] p2]Zosf;fy;a} j8fx¿ / s]xL z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df Jofofd ;fdu|Lx¿/fvL ;~rfngdf cfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] e=g=kf= n] :jf:YoIf]qdf lj1tf ePsf gu/jf;Lx¿ pTkfbg ug{ x/]s jif{gu/sf @ hgfnfO{ MD jf ;f] ;/xdf 5fqj[lQsf]Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}+ / o;/L g} x/]s ljifodf lj1 gful/stof/ ug{ ;s] ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ ljifox¿df cg';Gwfgaf6}cl3 nfg] nIo lnPsf 5f}+ . cg';GwfgfTds ¿kn] km8\sf]dfg]{5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}+ .

‘k'vf{n] l;h]{sf] ;DklQ xfd|f] snf / ;+:s[lt’xfd|f] klxrfg xf] xfd|f] uf}/j xf] . o;y{ xfd|f o:tfuf}/jzfnL snf ;+:s[ltnfO{ hf]ufO{÷hLjGttf lbg'sf];fy;fy} xfd|f] of] w/f]x/nfO{ gof“ k':tfdf x:tfGt/0f ug'{xfd|f] k':tfsf] st{JonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL xfdLn] ;Dkbf÷;+:s[lt;+/If0fnfO{ k|d'vtfsf] ¿kdf gu/el/ k'gMlgdf{0f÷;+/If0fsf sfdx¿ ul//x]sf] oxf“x¿df cjut 5 . xfdLo; sfo{df bQlrQ eP/ nflu/x]sf 5f}+, nflu/xg] 5f} /o; sfo{df xfd|f gu/jf;Lx¿sf] ;fy xf};nfsf;fylg/Gt/tf x'g]df e=g=kf= ljZj:t 5 .

e=k'= gu/ b]zs} ;fgf] gu/ / oxf+ cGo cfocfh{gsf >f]tx¿sf] cefj /x]sf] xfdL ;a}df ljlbt}5 . oBlk xfd|f] k'vf{n] 5f]8]sf] cg'kd Pj+ clåtLo

xfdL Jojxfl/s 1fg;lxtsf] lzlIftgful/s pTkfbg ug{df nfluk/]sf 5f}+

pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL


14

gf;f]sf] :ofxf/ ;Def/sf ;fy} o;}nfO{ cfo cfh{gsf]>f]t agfp“b} cfO/x]sf 5f} + / e=k'=nfO{ ko{6sLouGtJo:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{ nflu/x]sf 5f}+ eg]xfd|f gu/jf;Lx¿n] cfkm\g} 7fp“df /x]/ o;;“u cfj4Joj;fodf nflu cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ;]jf ub}{ cfocfh{gsf>f]t agfpg ;lsg]5 / ;dfh cl3 a9fpg ;xh x'g]dfxfd|f] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 .

oL / o:tf sfdx¿ ub}{ hf“bf e=g=kf=n] vfg]kfgL/ ;kmfO{ Joj:yfkg -hUuf÷h+unsf] sdL_ ug{ r'gf}tL/x]sf] xfdL hgk|ltlglwx¿n] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5f}+ . tyflko:tf r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ e=g=kf=n] ljleGgsfo{qmdsf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf 5f}+ . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu6\of+s/af6 kfgL ljt/0f eO/x]sf] / gu/sf ljleGg:yfgfx¿df kfgLsf] 6\of+sL lgdf{0f u/L Filtration u/Lljt/0f ug{ tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 . cGo k|of]usf nflucfsfz] kfgL ;+nsg ug{ ;s] xfd|f] kfgLsf] ;d:of w]/}xb;Dd ;dfwfg x'g] xfdLn] 7fg]sf 5f}+ / o;k|lt gu/jf;Lsf]rfxgf a9]sf] xfdLn] dx;'; u/]sf 5f}+ .

To;}u/L csf] { r'gf }lt eg]sf] kmf ]x/ d}nfJoj:yfkg xf] . o;sf] nflu g=kf=n] cWoog cg';Gwfg

6f]nLsf] ;'emfj;lxt of]hgfsf sfdx¿ cl3 a9fpguO/x]sf 5f}+ . tyflk xfdL gu/jf;Lx¿ klg o;df;r]t x'g'kg]{ cTofjZos /x]sf]n] xfdL ;a}n] s'lxg] kmf]x/3/d} Joj:yfkg u/L gs'lxg] kmf]x/nfO{ 5'§} /fv]/ gs'lxg]kmf]x/ lng cfpg] ;dodf dfq NofO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:sf/a;fNg kfof}+ eg] kSs} xfd|f] gu/ ;Eo, ;kmf, ;';+:s[tgu/ aGg]5 / xfd|f] klxrfg cem prfO{df hfg]df lådtgxf]nf . ;“u;“u} s'g} klg ;fdu|Lx¿sf] sd k|of]u÷k'gMk|of]u÷gof“ j:t'df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;s] xfd|f] uf}/j a9\g]ljZjf; 5 .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ug] { x/]s sfddfhg;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}+ / of] cfhsf]cfjZostf klg xf] lsgeg] gu/ eg]sf] oxf“sf] ;+/rgfx¿dfq geO{ gu/jf;Lx¿sf] pkl:ylt / ;xeflutf xf]To;}nfO{ Pp6f k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg ;s] dfqxfd|f] gu/ x/]s kIfaf6 Pp6f ;'Jojl:yt / ;'/lIft gu/aGg ;Sb5 . To;}n] oxf“x¿ ;dIf ;xof]uL xftx¿ hf]8\b}Pp6f ;'Gb/ gu/ / ;Eo gu/jf;L aGg cfx\jfg ub}{ k'gMPskN6 o; kf“rf}+ gu/;efdf xflb{s :jfut ub{} labfx'G5' .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt;Fu

c;f/ !% ut] g]kfn 6«:6sf k|ltlglwx¿n] e]6 ug'{eof] .

eQmk '/ gu/kf lnsf j8f g + = !

;Nnf3f/Ll:yt !)* /f]kgL hUufnfO{

eQmk'/sf hgtfsf] clwsQd lxt x'g] u/L

;b'kof]u ug]{ ljifodf eQmk'/ gkf / g]kfn

6«:6sf k|ltlglwx¿aLr 5nkmn eof] .

5nkmndf eQmk '/ gkfsf

pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL, eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+=

& sf j8fWoIf ps]z sjf+, k|d'v k|zf;sLo

clws[t ofdnfn clwsf/L,eQmk'/ gkfsf

k|zf;sLo clws[t bfdf]b/ ;'jfn, g]kfn

6«i6 ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o ofªhf]d

z]kf{, g]kfn 6«i6 sfof{nosf OlGhlgol/ª

gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt;Fu g]kfn 6«:6sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] e]6>LsfGt e§/fO{, zfvf clws[t cRo'ts'df/ sfkm\n] /

gflk clws[t /flwsf ltldN;gfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .


15

g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfglah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_n] h]7 #! ut] ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf];xsfo{df Vjk dflj / Vjk sn]hsf] cfof]hgfdf ‘g];gnsGkm/]G; cg /f]n ckm Dofg]hd]G6’ (National Confer-ence on Role of Management in Economic Devel-opment) ljifodf ePsf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6gug'{eof] .

sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g ug'{x'Fb} cWoIf lah'S5]+n]hUuf–hldgx¿ ;fdGtjfbL ;dfhsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfDbfgLsf];|f]t x'g] atfpg'x'Fb} ;fdGtjfb hldgsf] cfDbfgLaf6 rNg];dfh ePsf] :ki6 kfg'{eof] . pxfFn] u'7L hUufdf df]lxofgLxs kfpg'kg]{ aGbf]a:t x'g'kg]{ / df]xL ls;fgn] g} kfpg'kg]{cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

hUufaf6 p7]sf s/ hgtfs} nflu vr{ x'g'kg]{dfhf]8 lbg'x'Fb} cWoIf lah'S5]+n] u'7L hUuf / 3/x¿ :yfgLotxnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

cfly{s ;d[l4sf] gf/fn] dfq b]z ljsf; gx'g]atfpg'x'Fb} ;fFrf] cy{df b]znfO{ ;d[l4sf] ofqfdf bf]¥ofpgcfly{s ultljlwx¿df hf]8 lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmdsf ;efklt Vjk sn]h Joj:yfkg;ldltsf cWoIf tyf eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]cfly{s Joj:yf /fhg}lts Joj:yfåf/f lgb]{lzt x'g] atfpg'x'Fb}b]zsf] /fhg}lts, cfly{s / ef}lts zlQm ;dfh s]lGb|tub}{ nfg' g} ;dfhjfblt/ hfg] af6f] xf] eGg'eof] .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s P]g ;+zf]wg u/L sfnf];"lrdf k/]sfnfO{ af]nkqdf efu lng gkfpg], sfd

;lsPsf] % jif{;Dd 7]s]bf/n] g} dd{t ug'{kg]{, d'2f v]lk/x]sf7]s]bf/n] 6]G8/df efu lng gkfpg]nufotsf Joj:yfnfO{! dlxgf glaTb} vf/]h u/L 7]s]bf/x¿;fd' ;/sf/ em's]sf]k|d'v k|hfkltn] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] l;+uf] ;dfhnfO{ a'l4hLjLs/0f ug{ ljleGgsn]hx¿ :yfkgf u/]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} eQmk'/sf] snf–;+:s[lt;+/If0f / ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fdf tLj| ¿kdf cufl8 al9/x]sf]hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ lhNnfsf k|lhc gf/fo0fk|;fb e§n]eQmk'/ gkfn] u'0f:t/Lo / ;+:sf/o'Qm bIf hgzlQmpTkfbg ul//x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} cfr/0fo'Qm / sd{zLn bIfhgzlQmn] d'n'snfO{ ljsf;sf] af6f ]df bf ]¥ofpg]atfpg'eof] .

dxfgu/Lo k|x/L pk/LIfs ;lag k|wfgn] zflGt/ ;'/Iff ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfleq kg]{ atfpg'x'Fb};"rgf k|ljlw / plrt k"“hLsf] ljsf;n] b]zsf] cfly{sljsf;df d2t k'Ug] atfpg'eof] . /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] ljlzi6sfo{kqx¿ k|:t't x'g] ljZjf; k|s6 ug'{x'Fb} g]kfnnfO{ ;d[l4tkm{bf]¥ofpg cg';Gwfgd"ns lzIffdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf Vjk sn]hsf k|frfo{ ¿ks hf]zL,Vjk dfljsf pkk|frfo{ k|sfzs'df/ >]i7, Vjk sn]hsfpkk|frfo{ /fh]zs'df/ >]i7n] klg cf–cfÇgf] wf/0ffJoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf #^ j6f sfo{kq k|:t't x'g] cfof]hs;ldltn] hfgsf/L u/fof] .

Vjk sn]hdf ’cfly{s ljsf;df Joj:yfkgsf]e"ldsf“ ljifodf /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg


16

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf c;f/ !^ut] eQmk'/ gu/leqsf xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6 Joj;foLx¿sf]e]nf / 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v;'lgn k|hfkltn] eQmk'/df cfGtl/s tyf afx\o ko{6sx¿sf]pTs[i6 uGtJo:yn agfpg] nIo;lxt eQmk'/ dxf]T;jsf]cfof]hgf ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] eQmk'/3'Dg cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ko{6sLo If]qx¿df:t/Lo zf}rfno, xfl/ofnL k|a4{gnufotsf sfo{x¿ ub}{nfg] atfpg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn]ko {6sx¿sf ] a;fO {nDAofpgsf nflu ;fFemsf];dodf 7fp F–7fp Fdf;f +:s[lts ultljlwx¿;~rfngsf ] Joj:yfldnfpg ] / ;f +:s [ ltsk|bz{gL s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L;Dkbf If]q / ko{6sLo:ynx¿df ;GWofsfnLgaQLsf] aGbf]a:t u/L ykcfsif {0 f a9fpg ]atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/sf] hLjgz}nL, /xg;xg / ;+:s[lt emlNsg];f+:s[lts ;+u|xfnosf] Joj:yf ul/g] atfpg'x'Fb} pxfFn]u'0f:t/Lo ko{6sLo xf]6n ;~rfng u/L :t/L ko{6sleœofpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgLhf]zLn] ko{6g Joj;fodf ;f+:s[lts ;+/If0fsf] dxŒjaf/]k|:6 kfg'{x'Fb} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo o'jfx¿nfO{lrlgofF, hfkfgL, c+u|]hL, k|mfG;]nL, :k]lg; efiffnufotljb]zL efiffx¿sf] tflnd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 eGg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf /laGb|HofVjn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] o; cfly{s jif{df cfÇgf]gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ dxf]T;j ug]{ tof/L /x]sf]hfgsf/L u/fpg'x'Fb} dxf]T;jnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfngug{ xf]6n–Joj;foLx¿;Fusf] 5nkmnnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ ko{6g ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIf/fd;'Gb/ e]n] / ko{6g ;]jf s]Gb| k|d'v uf}tdk|;fb nfl;jfn]klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf gu/leqsf xf]6n / /]i6'/]G6 e]nfdfpkl:yt Joj;foLdWo] k|sfzdf]xg wf}e8]n, 8f= dfwj;'Gb/dNn, s[i0f;'Gb/ vfOt', ;To/fd ;'jfn, s}nfz wf}a~hf//;fhg n3'n] eQmk'/df xl/ofnL Joj:yfkg ug{, do'/gfr / k/Dk/uft gfrx¿nfO{ hLjGt agfO/fVg,o'jfx¿nfO{ ;Lkd"ns tflnd ;~rfng ug{, eQmk'/sf]

ufOhfqf / ci6dft[sf ?6sf] k|j4{g ug'{kg]{, cfGtl/sko{6s leœofpg hf]8 lbg / kmf]x/ ;+sngnfO{ Jojl:ytagfpg'kg]{nufotsf /rgfTds /fo–;'emfjx¿ k|:t'tug'{ePsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf ul/g]


17

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf c;f/ !# ut]af6;~rflnt rf/lbg] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cled'vLs/0fsfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g ug{'eof] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltn] tflndlnPsfx¿n] ljkb\sf] ;dodf bdsn / PDa'n]G;n] h:t};]jf k|jfx ug{'kg]{ atfpg'x'Fb} gofF k':tfsf o'jf–ljBfyL{nfO{p4f/sf ljleGg tf}/–tl/sfaf/] k|lzlIft ug{ 'kg] {atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] kf7\oqmdd} p4f/sf sfd /sf/afxLaf/] ;r]t agfpg ;s] ;Defljt b'3{6gf /hf]lvdaf6 ;hu x'g d2t k'Ug] atfpg'eof] .

ljkb\sf] ;dodf JolQmut l/; / dgd'6fan]sfd ug{ gx'g] atfpg'x'Fb} pxfFn] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm,Ho]i7 gful/s, afn–aflnsf / dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljz]ifk|fyldstf lbO{ ljkb\sf] ;dodf p4f/ ug{'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] g]kfnL ;]gf;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{u/L sfo{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn]eQmk'/sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf / dxŒjaf/]k|:6 kfg{'x'Fb} dfkb08 / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf gx'Fbfhf]lvd al9/x]sf] atfpg'eof] . ljkb\ Go'gLs/0fsf] nfludfkb08 / cfrf/;+lxtf s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ug{' cfjZosePsf] cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ! sf j8fWoIf Zofds[i0fvqLn] gu/sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf klxrfg u/Lgu/kflnsfn] j8f:t/Lo ljkb Joj:yfkg tflnd ;~rfngu/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

ljkb\sf] ;dodf JolQmut l/; / dgd'6fjn] sfd ug{ gx'g]sfo{qmddf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tflndsf k|lzIfs

;]gfgL euL/y dxtn] g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdfv]ln/x]sf] e"ldsfaf/] k|i6 kfg{'x'Fb} dfgj Iflt Go'gLs/0fu/L kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ hf]lvdaf6 aRg tflndn] dxŒjk"0f{e " ldsf v ]Ng ] atfpg 'eof ] . sfo {qmddf eQmk '/gu/kflnsfsf Zoflg6]zg zfvf k|d'v lblnks'df/ ;'jfnn]klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

To:t} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf ljkb\Joj:yfkg tflnd lzIffno, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|fljlws;xof]udf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL rf/ lbg] cled'lvs/0f;dfkg tyf k|df0fkq ljt/0f sfo{qmd Ps ;df/f]x aLr! g+= j8f sfof{nosf] ;efxndf c;f/ !& ut] ;DkGgeof] .

sfo{qmddf k|d'v cltly eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsfpkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ x/]s s'/fn]

kf]Vt agfpg lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tflndcfof]hgf u/]sf] atfpg' eof] . pxf“n] tflnd k|fKtk|lzIffyL{x¿ :jo\d :km't{ b]zsf] ;]jf / ;dfhsf] p2f/ug{ nflu kg'{ kg]{ atfpg' eof] . pxf“n] ljkb\ slxn] s;/Lx'G5 cg'dfg ug{ uf¥xf] x'g] atfp“b} eljiodf ljkb\ x'g ;Sg]cg'dfg ;lxt tof/L cj:yfdf a:g' kg]{ atfpg' eof] .

pQm sfo{qmddf ! g+ j8fsf j8fWoIf Zofds[i0f vqL, sfo{qmddf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tflnd lzIffno,g]kfnL ;]gfsf ;]gfgL Pj+ k|lzIfs 6f]nLsf ;+of]hs elu/ydxt, k|lzIffyL{ k'?if tkm{ j8f lgl/Ifs /fds[i0fk|hfklt, dlxnf tkm{ rGb|nIdL vqL uf]7] / gu/lg/LIfslblnks'df/ ;'jfnn] klg af]Ng' ePsf] lyof] .


18

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]eQmk'/ gkfåf/f ;~rfng x'g] !% lbg] /]l8of] k|:tf]tftflndsf] h]7 @^ ut] kfg;df lbk k|HHjng u/L pb\3f6gug'{eof] .

sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g ug'{x'Fb} gu/ k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] kf/bzL{ 9+un] cfkm\gfultljlw / sfo{qmdx¿ ljleGg ;~rf/dfWodaf6 k|;f/0fub}{ cfPsf] atfpg'x'Fb} gu/kflnsfn] Vjk Pkm=Pd / Vjk6]lnlehg ;~rfng ug]{ tof/Ldf /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

/]l8of] k|:tf]tfx¿n] c?n] tof/ kf/]sf] ;dfrf/jfrg ug{] dfq geO{ :jcWoog, ljleGg efiffdf bVvn,lzi6tf / ljifoj:t'df hfgsf/ x'g'kg]{ pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt 9+un] cufl8 a9fpg o'jf k':tfnfO{xftdf ;Lk lbg] p2]Zon] gu/kflnsfn] ljleGg tflndx¿k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] atfpg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] tflndn]JolQmTj ljsf; / kl/:s[t x'g d2t k'¥ofpg] ljrf/k|:t't ug'{eof] . pxfFn] gofF k':tfdf Jofks b[li6sf]0fsf]cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn]eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] u/]sf sfd Jofks hgtfdfemk|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ x]t'n] Vjk Pkm=Pd= ;~rfng ug]{ p2]ZoePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} gofF k':tfsf o'jfx¿nfO{ eQmk'/ gkfsf]p2]Zo / nIoaf/] k|:6 x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] VjkPkm=Pd= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] efjgf hgtfdfem k'¥ofpg]k|efjsf/L dfWod aGg]df ljZjf; JoQm ug''{eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= & sf j8fWoIfps]z sjf+n] efiff /fd|f] agfpg cfkm\gf] p2]Zo;Fu ldNg];flxTo cWoogdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ atfpg'x'Fb} k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{gu/kflnsfsf] p2]Zo a'em]/ cufl8 a9\g k|]l/t ug'{eof] .

Vjk ;M sfo{qmdsf ;+of]hs Pjd\ eQmk'/ gkfj8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn] ljb]z hfg] nf]en]gofF k':tfdf 9f“6\g] k|j[lQ ljsf; eO/x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb}eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] o'jf nlIft ultljlw u/L lzIff;Fu;Fu} /f]huf/L lbg] p2]Zon] ljleGg tflndx¿nfO{lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

k|lzIfssf] tkm{af6 tflndsf k|lzIfs dltgfTjfgfaf;'n] k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ tflndsf] dxŒjaf/] k|sfzkfg'{eof] . sfo{qmddf Vjk ;M sfo{qmdsf ;~rfns;b:o lbk]Gb| k|hfklt / cf]d wf}e8]nn] klg af]Ng'ePsf]

lyof ] .eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt !% lbg]

/]l8of] k|:tf]tf tflnd cjlwdf k|lzIffyL{aLr c;f/ # ut];d;fdlos ljifodf gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] dfu{lgb]{zgub}{ u'7L hUufdf df]lxofgL xs sfod x'g'kg]{ / df]xLnfO{/}tfgL ug]{ clwsf/ lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

k|:tfljs u'7L ljw]osdf u'7Lsf] efusf] hUuf;d]t ls;fgn] /}tfgL kl/0ft ug{ rfx] dfnkf]tn] tf]s]sf]d"Nosf] @% k|ltzt lt/]/ /}tfgL u/]/ lng ;lsg] atfpg'x'Fb}k|d'v k|hfkltn] hUuf afF8kmfF6 gx'Fb} ls;fgn] /}tfgL u/]/lng rfx]df @% k|ltzt u'7Lsf] efusf] /sd lt/L /}tfgLu/]/ lng kfpg] aGbf]a:t ;sf/fTds ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf]gLlt / lgb]{zgdf rNg] / sfdbf/ ju{nfO{ zf;s ju{dfp7fpg] kf6L{sf] p2]Zo /x]sf] :ki6 kfg{'eof] . pxfFn] :yfgLotxnfO{ …/fhf aGg vf]h]sf]Ú k|b]z # sf d'VodGqLsf]cf/f]k unt / cfklthgs ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{n] /fhgLlt Jofkf/xf]Og ;]jf xf] eGg] efjgfnfO{ c+lusf/ ul//x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb}pxfFn] /fhgLltnfO{ ;]jf 7fGg]x¿n] dfq} b]znfO{ cufl8a9fpg ;Sg] atfpg'eof] .

;~rf/dfWod aGb's / adeGbf klg zlQmzfnLx'g] atfpg'x'Fb} pxfFn] /]l8of] k|:tf]tfx¿ cfÇgf] p2]Zodfk|:6 x'g'kg]{ / g}ltstfn] glbPsf] sfd ug{ gx'g] tyfck/fwd'Qm ;dfh lgdf {0fdf of ]ubfg k'¥ofpg'kg] {atfpg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] d7flw;x¿ ;fdGtjfbsf h/fx¿x'G5 /fhtGq ;dfKt eP klg ufpF ufpFdf ;fdGtx¿ hLljt

eQmk'/ gkfsf ultljlw kf/bzL{/]l8of] k|:tf]tf tflnd


19g} ePsf] x'Fbf ;fdGtjfb ;dfKt kfg{ h/}b]lv pv]Ng'k5{ eGg'eof] .k|d'v k|hfkltn] u'7LcGtu{tsf d7–dlGb/x¿ :yfgLo txsf]cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t x'g'kg]{ / ;a} lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo txnfO{lbg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf Vjk ;M sfo{qmdsf ;+of]hs tyfeQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf /laGb| HofVj //]l8of] k|:tf]tf tflndsf k|lzIfs k|sfz ;fodL /k|lzIfsx¿n] klg cf–cfÇgf] ljrf/ k|:t't ug{'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt kmf]6f]u|fkmL

tflndsf] pb\3f6g tyf /]l8of] k|:tf]tf tflnd ;dfkgsfo{qmd h]7 @^ ut] eof] . kmf]6f]u|fkmL tflndsf] pb\3f6gk|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] kfg;df lbk k|HHjng u/L ug'{eof]. pQm sfo{qmddf /]l8of] k|:tf]tf tflndsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug{'eof] .

sfo{qmddf gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltn] ;dfhnfO{cg'zfl;t / Jojl:yt 9+un] cufl8 a9fpg o'jf k':tfnfO{;Lk lbg] p2]Zon] gu/kflnsfn] ljleGg tflndx¿ ;~rfngub}{ cfPsf] atfpg'x'Fb} tflndn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgfug{'sf ;fy;fy} JolQmTj ljsf;df d2t k'¥ofpg] ljrf/JoQm ug{'eof] . pxfFn] gofF k':tfdf Jofks b[li6sf]0fsf]cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'x'Fb} k|df0fkqn] dfq gk'Ug] x'Fbf ;Lkljsf; u/L ;dfhdf cf–cfÇgf] txaf6 of]ubfg ug{'kg]{atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] gu/kflnsfn] jif}{e/L lg/Gt/ ljleGg;Lkd"ns tflndx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] atfpg'x' Fb}gu/kflnsfsf ultljlw / sfo {qmdx¿ ljleGg;~rf/dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ub} { cfPsf] ] hfgsf/Lu/fpg'eof] . xfn gu/kflnsfn] Vjk Pkm=Pd / Vjk

6]lnlehg ;~rfng ug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .‘kmf]6f] ;dfhsf] P]gf xf] / kmf]6f]n] Oltxf;

af]s]sf] x'G5’ eGg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] kmf]6f]u|fkmL tflndsf;xefuLx¿n] cf–cfÇgf ] If ]qaf6 ;dfhsf ljs[ltlj;+ultnfO{ x6fpg k|oTgzLn /xg'kg]{ / cfhsf] lje]bk"0f{;dfhnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .ljleGg ;dodf ePsf] ;dfh kl/jt{gdf o'jfx¿sf]dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] :d/0f ug{'x'Fb} pxfFn] ;+:s[lts;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf o'jf k':tfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g]

atfpg'eof] . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]cf=j= @)&^÷&& sf] ah]6df klglzIff / :jf:YonfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf/fv]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'x' Fb } VjkljZjljBfno ;~rfng ug{ cg'dltglbg 'df ;/sf/df uPsf 7 "nf/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] kIffkftk"0f{ /k"jf{u|xL ;f]r /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] 3f]if0ffkqdfpNn]v ePsf sfo{x¿ Ps–Ps ub}{k "/f ub} { cfPsf] atfpg'x ' Fb } VjkljZ?jljBfno ljw]os kfl/t ePdfd]l8sn sn]h ;~rfng ug{ klg gkf;Ifd /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} ( g+= sf j8fWoIf

/ljGb| HofVjn] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"lrdf /x]sf] sf7df8f}+pkTosfnfO{ o'g]:sf]n] vt/fsf] ;"lrdf /fv]sf]df lrGtfJoQm ug{'x'Fb} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cefj/x]sf] / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfn] gu/sf] klxrfg af]s]sf] x'Fbfo;nfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg] lhDdf o'jf k':tfsf] sfFwdf cfPsf]atfpg'eof] . gu/af;Lsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g k|of;/t/x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} o'jf k':tfnfO{ ;Eo / ;'–;:s[lt agfpg]tyf lzIffnfO{ pTkfbg >d;Fu hf]8\b } nfg] nIogu/kflnsfn] lnPsf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] gofF k':tfnfO{;+:s[lt x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg'kg]{df klg hf]8 lbg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf /]l8of] k|:tf]tf tflndsf d'Vo k|lzIfsk|sfz ;fodLn] tflnd ;ls+b}df ;Lk xfl;n gx'g] x'Fbfo;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] eg] kmf]6f]u|fkmLtflndsf k|lzIfs z/b /fO{n] kmf]6f]u|fkmL tflndsf ;fy;fy}kmf ]6f ]u|fkmL ;DaGwL ;flxTonfO{ klg hf]8 lbg'kg] {atfpg'eof] . sfo{qmddf j8f g+= & sf j8fWoIf ps]zsjf + / /]l8of ] k |:tf ]tf tflndsf ;xefuL zDe'/fhe08f/Ln] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .


20

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ! l:yt s'y'axL kl/;/df /x]sf]r}Todf bLk k|HHjng u/L c;f/ * ut] pb\3f6g ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltn] g]kfnLjf:t'snfsf] Oltxf;df r}Tosf] dxŒjk"0f{ b]g ePsf]atfpg'x'Fb} cGwljZjf;sf] lj?4df plePsf] af}4 wd{nfO{ef}ltsjfbL bz{gsf] ¿kdf JofVof ug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

r}To / ljxf/ nf]k x'g' eg]sf] To;sf] Oltxf;;dfKt x'g' xf] eGg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] l5d]sL b]z ef/tn]uf}td a'4sf] hGd ef/tdf ePsf] k|rf/ u/L ;+;f/dfe|d km}nfO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] . g]kfndf ef/tsf] ;f+:s[ltscltqmd0fsf sf/0f a'4 g]kfndf hGd]sf] k|rf/ ug'{k/]sf]lhls/ ug'{x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fug{ jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f z'4 x'g' cfjZos ePsf]atfpg'eof] .

eQmk '/ gu/kflnsfn ] lzIf fnfO { pRrk|fyldstfdf /fvL ;ft j6f z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ vf]n]/b]ze/sf hgtfsf] ;]jf ub}{ cfPsf] atfpg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn]Vjk ljZjljBfno :yfkgf u/L ;dfhnfO{ a'l4hLjLs/0fug]{ / eQmk'/nfO{ pTs[i6 ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynsf] ¿kdfljsf; ug{ cu|;/ eO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ! sf j8fWoIf Zofds[i0fvqLn] j8fdf eO/x]sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb}eQmk'/sf cd"No ;Dkbfsf] dxŒjaf/] gofF k':tfnfO{ klgl;sfpFb} nfg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]gu/af;Lx¿sf] :j:ynfO{ Wofgdf /fvL gu/sf ;a} j8fdf

zf/Ll/s Jofofd ;fdu|L h8fg ul/;s]sf] hfgsf/Lu/fpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf s'y'axL ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIfl;l4/Tg zfSon] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] nfu' u/]sf] :yfgLokf7\oqmdsf] dxŒjaf/] k|:6 kfg'{eof] . clxn]sf] lzIffk|0ffnLn] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o 1fgdfq lbO/x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb}pxfFn] :yfgLo ;+:s[lt, ;Dkbf, efiff, lnkL / k|flrgpkrf/ ljlwnufotaf/] gofF k':tfsf ljBfyL{nfO{ lzlIftagfpg :yfgLo kf7\oqmdn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf af}4 ;Dkbf ;+3sf cWoIf lq/TgzfSo, r}To ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ;ldltsf pkfWoIf /Tgafa'ah|frfo{, d}q]o o'jf ;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf tLy{/fh ah|frfo{,af}4 ;Dkbf ;+3sf lgjt{dfg cWoIf kb\d;'Gb/ zfSo,;KtrGb| ah|frfo{, eGt] wDdzf]eg dxf:yjL/ / wd{rGb|zfSon] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

af}4 wd{nfO{ ef}ltsjfbL bz{gsf] ¿kdf JofVof ug'{k5{ M k|d'v k|hfklt

‘u'7L hUufsf] ;+/If0f g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug{;ls/x]sf] 5}g / ul//x]sf] klg 5}g . ;/sf/df uPsfbnsf g]tfx¿s} ldn]dtf]df d7fwLz / sd{rf/Lx¿n]abdf;L u/]sf] x'Fbf u'7L hUuf / d7x¿sf] lhDdf :yfgLotxnfO{ lbg'k5{ .’

pQm egfO g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIfgf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]F -/f]lxt_ n] g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fgkf6L{ lhNnf ;ldlt eQmk'/åf/f c;f/ ^ ut] cfof]lht;d;fdlos /fhgLltaf/] sfo{stf{ e]nfdf JoQm ug{'ePsf]xf ] .

e]nfdf cWoIf /f]lxtn] @)@! ;fnsf] e"ld;'wf/n]

ax'dt ls;fgsf] hLjg:t/ j[l4 u/]sf] / To;n] ;fwf/0fJofkf/LnfO{ ;d]t kmfObf ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ df]xL ls;fgsf]hLjg :t/ j[l4 ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ e"lddflysf] clwsf/b]lvjl~rt ug{ gx'g] atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] eGg'eof], ‘u'7L ;+:yfgn] h:t} k|flws/0fn]klg ;a} sfd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g glbg hgtfaf6lgjf{lrt :yfgLo txsf hgk|ltlglwnfO{ u'7L hUuf ;+/If0f,Joj:yfkg / :yfgLo hfqf kj{ ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/Llbg'k5{ . hf]tfxf ls;fgsf] lxt x'g], df]lxofgL xs / cfkm"n]hf]t]sf] hUuf /}tfgL ug{ kfpg] u/L NofOPsf] ljw]os s]xLd7fwLzsf] s'/f ;'g]/ lkmtf{ lng' unt 5 .’

u'7L hUuf / d7x¿sf] lhDdf :yfgLo txnfO{ lbg'kg]{


21

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]c;f/ % ut] eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= * lnjfnL se8{ xnsf]lznfGof; ug{'eof] .

lznfGof; sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x' Fb} gu/ k|d'vk|hfkltn] o'jf k':tfnfO{ v]ns'b If]qdf clek]|l/t ug{ ;s];dfhdf ljs[lt–lj;+ult x6\g] ljrf/ /fVg'x“'b} eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] zf/Ll/s Aofofdsf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;a} j8fh8fg ul/;s]sf] / ljBfno tyf sn]h If]qdf /fVb} hfg]

atfpg'eof] . lzlIft / :j:y JolQmn] ;dfhnfO{ a9Lof]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] atfpg'x'Fb} pxfFn] gu/kflnsfsf sfdJojl:yt ;~rfngdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;fy / ;xof]ueO/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

lzlIft / :j:y gful/sn] ;dfhsf] a9L ;]jf ug{ ;Sg]v]ns'b If]qdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ cefjsf sf/0f

/fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o v]nf8L tof/ ug{ ;d:of eO/x]sf]atfpg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] tflnd k|fKt v]nf8Lx¿n]eQmk'/nfO{ /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o :t/df lrgfpg d2t k'Ug]5–pxfFn] eGg'eof] .

eQmk '/ gkfsf pkk |d 'v /hgL hf ]zLn ]gu/kflnsfn] 3/–3/df gl;{ª ;]jf, ;/;kmfO{ / v]ns'bsfIf]qdf u/]sf] sfdaf6 ;dfhdf /f]u Go'gLs/0f x'g] atfpg'x'“b}

eQmk'/df ljleGg v]nsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fn] o'jf k':tfkm"lt{nf] / :j:y x'g] atfpg'eof] .

egkf j8f g+= * sf j8fWoIf dx]Gb| vfodnLn]:yfgLo hgtfsf] ;fy–;xof]udf ljsf;sf sfo{x¿eO/x]sf] atfpg'x'“b} gu/kflnsfsf] ultljlwaf/] :yfgLohgtf hfgsf/ x'g'kg{] atfpg'eof] .

egkf j8f g+= ! sf j8fWoIf Pjd\ o'jf tyfv]ns'b ;ldltsf cWoIf Zofds[i0f vqLn] eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] v]n If]qdf k|ult Pj+ lj:tf/ ul//x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

lnjfnL se8{ xn lgdf{0f pkef]Qmf ;ldltsfcWoIf /fd;'Gb/ af;Lsf] ;efkltTjdf ePsf] pQm

sfo{qmddf ;'lgn af]xh"n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddfj8f g+= ( j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVj, j8f g+= $ j8fWoIfs'df/ rjfn, j8f g+= * sf s[i0fk|;fb sf]h" / :yfgLohgtfsf] pkl:ylt lyof] .

eQmk'/ ;Nnf3f/Ll:yt g]kfn 6«i6sf] gfpFdf/x]sf] hUuf eQmk'/sf ls;fgx¿s} ePsf]n] ;/sf/n]gu/kflnsfnfO{ pknAw u/fO{ hgtfsf] lxtdf pkof]uug{' h¿/L /x]sf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .

g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o;'lgn k|hfkltn] u0ftGqjfbL eGg]x¿n] d7fwLzsf s'/f;'g]/ u'7L ljw]os lkmtf{ ug{' ;fdGtjfbsf] ;]jf xf]eGg'eof] .

pxfFn] eGg'eof], ‘vf]gf / af]ªfsf ls;fgx¿sf];d:ofaf/] Ps zAb gaf]Ng], pN6f] ls;fgsf] lxtdf cfPsf]ljw]ossf] lj¿4 nfUg]x¿ ;Dkbfk]|dL x'g};Sb}gg\ .’

‘Jofkf/Lx¿sf] s'/f ;'g]/ Vjk ljZjljBfnosf]ljw]os gNofPh:t} hf]tfxfnfO{ df]lxofgL xs / /}tfgLsfclwsf/ lbg'knf{ egL d7fwLzx¿sf] s'/f ;'g]/ u'7L

ljw]os lkmtf{ lng' gfnfosLkg xf]’, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o k|hfkltn]:ki6 kfg{'eof] .

;ª\3Lo /fHo eg]/ s/fpg]x¿sf] dfgl;stfsf7df8f}+s]lGb|t ePsf] x'Fbf b]zsf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf]rrf{ ub} { pxf“n] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ sfo{kflnsf,Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]klg ;a} clwsf/ s]Gb|df lglxt ug{ vf]Hg' unt ePsf]atfpg'eof] .

g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ eQmk'/ lhNnf;ldltsf cWoIf Gx'5]eQm kmf]h'sf] ;efkltTjdf ePsf];f] e]nfdf lhNnf ;b:ox¿ kf08j ;'jfn, ldgaxfb'/jf6f, k|fWofks ;dfh g]kfnsf ;'hg dfs, ;'lgn b'jfn,sfg'g cWoog ;dfhsf ;b:o clgtf hwf/Ln] klgaf]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .


22

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltnfO{c;f/ @ ut] g]kfn qmflGtsf/L lzIfs ;+3 eQmk'/ gu/;ldltsf cWoIf nIdLgf/fo0f b'jfn, g]qmflz;+3 eQmk'/lhNnf ;ldltsf ;lrj u0f]z/fd y';f / O;L8L lzIfsPsfOsf ;+of]hs ;LtfnIdL 5':ofsLsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf]k|ltlglwd08nn] 1fkgkq a'emfpg'eof] .

1fkg kq a'‰b} gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]O;L8L lzIfsx¿sf] ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ gu/kflnsf;sf/fTds /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'x'Fb} tNnf] txdf cWofkgu/fpg' ;Ddfg of]Uo sfdsf] ¿kdf rrf{ ug{'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] gu/leqsf ;fd'bflos cfwf/e"tljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs:t/ p7fpg lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿nfO{gofF l;sfO k|ljlwsf] tflnd ;~rfng u/L ljBfnox¿sf]lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ atfpg'eof] . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]Vjk ljZjljBfno :yfkgf u/L l;+uf ] ;dfhnfO{a'l4hLjLs/0f ug{ of]ubfg ug]{ p2]Zo af]s]sf] pxfFn] :ki6kfg{ 'eof] .

g]kfn qmflGtsf/L lzIfs ;+3, eQmk'/ lhNnf;ldltsf ;lrj u0f]z/fd y';fn] 1fkgkq jfrg ug{'eOgu/ k|d'v k|hfkltnfO{ 1fkgkq a'emfpg'eof] .

1fkgkqdf k"j{ k|flj txdf sfd ug]{ lzIfs -;xof]uL sfo{stf{_ x¿sf] tna k|flj ;/x ug{'kg]{, k|fljtxdf sfd ug]{ lzIfsx¿sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf P;OO k"/fePsf] x'g'kg]{, O;L8Ldf lzIfsx¿nfO{ k|To]s jif{ k'gMtfhuLtflnd lbOg'kg]{, ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofcg';f/ k|To]s !% hgfljBfyL{ a/fa/ ! hgf lzIfssf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, k"j{ k|fljtxsf] nflu sfof{no ;xof]uL;/xsf] tna eQf, kf]zfseQf, dxFuL eQfsf ;fy} k]zfut ;'lglZrttfsf] Joj:yful/g'kg{]], :yfgLo ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/;d]tn] lzIffdfah]6 Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{nufotsf !@ a'Fbfsf dfux¿ ;dfj]z5g\ .

gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltnfO{ O;L8Lsf lzIfsåf/f 1fkg kq a'emfOof]

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ( sf] cfof]hgfdfeQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( ;/:jtL ljBfu[x dflj cufl8sf]nfdufn rp/df c;f/ !# ut] lj?jf /f]Kg] sfo{qmd;DkGg eof] . rp/sf] pQ/, blIf0f / k"jL{ 5]pdfsk'/, sf+luof] km"n, c;f/] km"n, l;l/zsf] km"n, nfn'kft],kmnkm"nsf] af]6nufot &) af]6 j[Iff/f]k0f ul/of] .

j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} eQmk'/ gkfj8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf /laGb| HofVjn] gu/leq eO/x]sfljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'x' Fb }gu/kflnsfsf] sfddf gu/af;Lx¿sf] ;fy / ;xof]usf]cfjZostf ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= !) sf j8fWoIfnIdLk|;fb Åof}+ldvf, sfo{kflnsf ;b:o 5f]/Ld}ofF ;'hv'-k|hfklt_, ;/:jtL ljBfu[x dfljsf k|wfgfWofks /fhf/fd>]i7n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( /

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+=( nfdufn rp/df j[Iff/f]k0f

!) sf hgk|ltlglw, sd{rf/L, ;/:jtL ljBfu[x dfljsflzIfs–ljBfyL{, :yfgLo pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿tyf :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .


23

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf ;kmfO dhb'/x¿nfO{lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug{] sfo{qmdsf] z'ef/De sfo{qmd;kmfO dhb'/x¿sf ] e ]nf sfo {qmd u/L eQmk '/gu/kflnsfsf] ;efsIfdf Ps ;df/f]x aLr c;f/ ! ut];DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf lgdf{0f ;ldltsf ;+of]hs Pj+ j8fg+= & sf j8fWoIf ps]z sjf“n] g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fgkf6L{af6 lgjf{lrt xfdL hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{ kf6L{sf]lgb]{zgdf g} gu/kflnsfsf ;kmfO dhb'/x¿sf] lgMz'Ns:jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf] lgb]{zg eP cg';f/ of] sfo{qmdnfO{cufl8 a9fPsf] atfpg' eof] . pxf“n] ;kmfO dhb'/x¿sf]:jf:Yo ;'/lIftsf] nflu k~hf, dfS;, a'6 / 8«]; lbPsf]

k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ atfpg' eof] . pxf“n] ;kmfO sfo{ Ps bddxŒj / 7"nf] ePsf]n] ;kmfO dhb'/x¿sf] ;Ddfg :j¿klgMz'Ns :jf:Yo k/LIf0fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] atfpg' eof] .

pxf“n] :j:Yo /xg ;kmfO sfo{ ;s]kl5 lgoldt;dfg'kfl6s zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf] nflu Jofofd ug'{ kg]{atfpg' eof] . pxf“n] xfdL sf] xf] < lrgfpg ;kmfO sfo{OdfGbf/L k"j{s ug'{ kg]{, dWokfg w'd|kfg TofUg], kmf]x/LeP/ xf]Og ;kmf eP/ sfo{ ug'{ kg]{, gª sf6\g], g'xfpg],g/d efiff, gd| af]nL / km'lt{nf] x'g' kg]{ atfpg' eof] .

pxf“n] ;a} ;kmfO dhb'/x¿nfO{ ;fdfGo 3fprf]6k6s nflu /xg] ePsf]n] tflnd lbP/ k|yflds pkrf/kfs]6 ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{ atfpg' eof] ;fy} eQmk'/ dfl;s

klqsf cWoog ug'{ kg]{, ghfg] ;fIf/tf sIff ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ / gu/kflnsf /fd|f] eP gu/jf;L /fd|f] x'g] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf jftfjf/0f tyf ko{6g ;ldltsf;+of]hs Pj+ j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf /laGb| HofVjsf];efkltTjdf ;DkGg sfo{qmddf ;efkltsf] dGtJo /fVb}x/]s sd{rf/Ldf gu/kflnsf b]Vg] ePsf]n] ;kmfOdhb'/x¿n] ;a]/} gu/jf;Lsf] 3/b}nf]df k'u]/ sfo{ u/]sf]dfgu/kflnsfsf] pkl:ylt b]Vg] ePsf]n] ;kmfO dhb'/x¿sf]afgL Joxf]/f /fd|f] x'g] kg]{ / To;}df gu/af;L ;Gt'li6 x'g]atfpg' eof] . pxf“n] gu/af;Lsf] ;d:of / u'gf;f] ;'Gg],ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;d]t gu/kflnsf b]Vg] ePsf]n]

gu/kflnsfnfO{ hLjGttf lbg;a} ;s[o x'g] kg]{ atfpg' eof] .pxf“n] ;a} dhb'/x¿sf] PstfzlQm ePsf] atfp“b} o'lgkm{d-8«];_ xltof/ xf] eGg'eof] .pxf “n ] ;km fO dhb '/x¿gu/af;Lx¿nfO{ ;kmfO ug{l;sfpg] lzIfs ePsf] atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] ;kmfO dhb'/ePsf]df kl/jf/ / gu/af;Ln]uj{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L O{dfGbf/ k"j{ssfo{ ug'{ kg]{ atfpg' eof] .

sfo{qmddf k|d'vk|zf;sLo clws[t ofdnfn

clwsf/Ln] ;kmfO dhb'/x¿n] gu/ ;kmf u/]sf]n] k|km'Nnx'g] cj;/ kfPsf] atfp“b} hf]lvd sfo{ ul//x]sf] ;]jfsf]sb/ :j¿k :j:Yo k/LIf0f sfo{qmd NofPsf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf 8f=/Tg;'Gb/ nfl;jfn] b'O{ dlxgfsf]Ps k6s dlxgfsf] Ps ut]b]lv !% ;Dd a]n'sf $M))ah]b]lv ^M)) ah];Dd b}lgs kGw| hgfsf] b/n] k/LIf0fug]{, ;kmfOdf sfo{ u/] afkt nfUg] ;+qmd0f /f]u / b'3{6gfx'g] h:t} lbzf, lk;fa, kmf]S;f], 5ftLsf] PS;/], Pr cfO{le / x]kf6fO{l6;sf] hf“r d'Vo x'g] atfpg' eof] .

sfo{qmddf gu/ lgl/Ifs lblnks'df/ ;'jfn,j8f lgl/Ifs /fds[i0f k|hfkltn] klg af]Ng' ePsf] lyof] .

;kmfO dhb'/x¿sf] e]nf


24

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf lgoldtkflIfs ;/;kmfO sfo{qmdcGtu{t c;f/ ! ut] eQmk'/sf]b/af/ If]q kl/;/df xl/ofnL k|j4{g ug{ udnfdf ljleGghftsf km"n / xl/ofnL x'g] lj?jfx¿ /f]Kg] sfo{qmd;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v;'lgn k|hfkltn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] gu/sf] lbuf]ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ gu/sf ljleGg If]qdf 9'+uf5kfO eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . gu/kflnsfsf];|f]t gu/af;Lx¿df g} ljt/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfgLo hgzlQmkl/rfng u/L sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'x'Fb} k|d'vk|hfkltn] eQmk'/ ef}uf]lns ¿kdf ;fgf] t/ P]ltxfl;s/ k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbfn] dxŒj af]s]sf] lhNnf ePsf]atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/sf] b/af/ If]qdf xl/ofnL If]q k|j4{g sfo{qmdljleGg hfthfltsf km"n / af]6x¿n] ;Dkbf:yn

>[+ufg]{ p2]Zocg';f/ gu/kflnsfn] b/af/ If]qdf udnf /km"nsf] Joj:yf u/L cf/De u/]sf] / o;nfO{ qmdzMlj:tf/ ub}{ hfg] atfpg'x' Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] ;Dkbf:ynx¿df /fqLsf] ;do aQLsf] Joj:yf ul//x]sf]

atfpg'eof] .eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn]

e"sDkn] Iflt k'¥ofPsf ;Dkbfx¿ qmdzM k'gMlgdf{0ful//x]sf] / 7"N7"nf ;+/rgf k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6ck]lIft ;xof]u k|fKt gePsf]n] snf–;+u|xfno ejg,k'/fgf] gu/kflnsfsf] ejg / k'/fgf] gS;f zfvf ejgk'gMlgdf{0f sfo{ l9nf] ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fcWoIf/laGb| HofVjn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .


25

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]k|b]z # ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf efu ln+b} a}7sdf:yfgLo txsf cg'ejL hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] cg'ej k|:t'tu/fpg' kg]{ atfpg' eof] . pxfFn] hgk|ltlglwx¿n] /fo,;'emfj / ;df:ofx¿ a}7sdf /fVg] cj;/ kfPdf k|b]z;/sf/n] :yfgLotx¿sf] jf:tljstf a'e]m/ gLlt tyfsfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] h]7 #) ut] atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] a}7s k|b]z txsf] ;af]{Rr a}7s ePsf]n]a}7ssf] sfd sf/afxLdf gLltut ;fd~h:otf, ;femfclwsf/sf] k|of]u, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u /afF8kmfF6 h:tf ljifox¿df 5nkmn x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf ;fy}ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] ;d]t lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf]n] ;+3 /k|b]zn] gLlt lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbO{ ljsf; ah]6 :yfgLotxdfk7fpg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . o;n] ;+3sf] clwsf/ :yfgLotx;Dd k'u]df k|hftGq alnof] x'G5 eGg'eof] .

pxfFn] a}7sdf af]Ng'x'Fb} u'7L hUufdf df]lxx¿sf]df]lxofgL xs sfod ug'{kg]{ / u'7Lsf] ;a} sfd, st{Ao /

clwsf/ sfg'gL aGbf]a:t u/L :yfgLo txnfO{ x:tfGt/0fug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] ljBfnodf g;{ k7fpg] Aoj:yf k|efjsf/Lb]lvPsf]n] o;sf] nflu cfjZos ah]6 :yfgLo txdf g}k7fpg' kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

k|b]z # sf k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lt ;Dkbfx¿ljZj:t/sf] /x]sf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] o;sf];+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf] nflu cfjZos ah]6 Joj:yf ug'{kg]{df

hf]8 lbg'eof] . ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ah]6 l;ln· tf]sL:yfgLo, k|b]z / ;+3sf] aLrdf afF8kmfF8 ePdf c:ki6tfgx'g] atfpg'x'Fb} pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfk{mt x'g] sfo{ alnof] /lbuf] x'g] atfpg' eof] .

gLlt lgdf{tf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf; +nUg u/fpg ] eGbf :yfgLo txsf ]cfjZostfcg';f/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g'kg]{atfpg'eof] .

;+3Lo ;/sf/n] lzIff, :jf:YonufotljleGg If]qdf c;+j}wfgls x:tIf]k ul//x]sf]atfpg'x'Fb} o;df ;a} :yfgLo txx¿sf] cfklQ/x]sf] atfpg' eof] .

pxfFn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo;/sf/sf] cEof; ub}{ ljleGg P]g, lgod,lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlwx¿ tof/ ub}{, ;Dkbf;+/If0f, :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, Vjkc:ktfn lgdf{0f, 3/–3/df gl;{· ;]jf,z}lIfs C0f Joj:yfnufot ljleGg sfo{x¿ul//x]sf] k|b]z ;dGjo kl/ifb\nfO{ hfgsf/Lu/fpg'eof] .

k|b]z ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf cy{dGqL o'j/fhb'nfnn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ;femf k|lta4tfdf k|d'v k|hfkltn]anfTsf/LnfO{ d[To'b08sf] ;hfoF x'g'kg]{, eQmk'/ gkfnfO{;fF:s[lts gu/ 3f]if0ff ug'{kg]{, sf7df8f}Fdf hg;ª\Vofj[l4, vfg]kfgL xfxfsf/, hg;ª\Vof /f]Sg pkTosf aflx/;–;fgf zx/sf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{, ;Dkbf ;+/If0f–df}lnstfhf]ufO /fVg' kg]{ / k|ljlw :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ljw]os cfjZosePsf] a'Fbfx¿ yKg' kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

k|b]z # ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] a}7s


26

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf gu/ leqsf;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L (@ j6f ljBfnox¿sf sIff@ df cWofkg/t lzIfs÷lzlIfsfx¿sf nflu ! lbg]:yfgLo kf7\oqmod ;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd h]7#) ut] ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] ;+ljwfg k|bQclwsf/ :yfgLo txdf cfO;s]kl5 egkfn] :yfgLokf7\oqmd tof/ u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . kf7\oqmddf/x]sf] sdhf]/LnfO{ lj:tf/} x6fpFb} hfg] atfpg'x'Fb} pxfFn]gu/kflnsfsf] nIo lzIffnfO{ >d;Fu hf]8\g]/x]sf] atfpg'eof] . ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfutljBfnosf] c;dfgtfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hfg]egkfsf] nIo /x]sf] klg pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .kf7\qmod lgdf{0f 6f]nLn] u/]sf] ldx]gtsf] sb/ug'{x'Fb} pxfFn] kf7\oqmdsf] nflu kf7\ok':tsclgjfo{ gePsf] / ;dfh g} Pp6f v'Nnfk':ts ePsf] :d/0f u/fpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] d'Vo cfo>f]tko{6g ePsf]n] Vjksf] klxrfgnfO{ hLljt/fVg gofF k':tfnfO{ klg eQmk'/sf] af/]df1fg k|bfg ug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] . Vjksf] klxrfgaf]s]sf] of] kf7\qmdnfO{ cf–cfÇgf] ljBfnodf k|efjsf/L¿kdfnfu" ug{ ;Sbf] ldx]gt ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ cWofkg/tlzIfsx¿nfO{ cfu|x ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf j8f g+= & sf j8fWoIf ps]z sjf+n]eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] nfu" u/]sf] kf7\oqmd ;xh tl/sfn]cWofkg ug{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ cfu|x ug'{x'Fb} cfÇgf] 7fpFsf]af/]df ha;Dd lj:t[t hfgsf/L x'Fb}g ta;Dd :yfgLo tx,;dfh / b]z ljsf; ug{ sl7g x'G5 eGg'eof] . Oltxf;nfO{phfu/ ug]{ sfd kf7\oqmdn] ug]{ x'gfn] o;n] ;Lk ljsf;nfO{klg 6]jf lbg] hfgsf/L lbg'x'Fb} :yfgLo ;LknfO{ clej[l4ub}{ cfÇgf] efiffnfO{ klg ljZjJofkLs/0f ug'{kg]{df hf]8lbg'eof] .

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd sfo{bnsf ;+of]hs of]u]Gb|dfglah'S5]+n] hftL, efiff, ;+:s[lt ;a}sf] ;femf ;DklQ ePsf]n]b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug{ cfw'lgstfsf] ;fy} cfÇgf]df}lns ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;Fu} cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{df ljz]if hf]8lbg'eof] . pxfFn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] d'Vo nIo klg;Dkbf / snf ;+:s[lt hu]gf{ ug'{ g} /x]sf] s'/f atfpg'eof] .

gu/ lzIff clws[t a}s'07 emfn] Jojxfl/skl/jt{g g} lzIff ePsf] s'/f :d/0f ub{} ut jif{ sIff !/ ^ df nfu" ePsf] kf7\oqmdsf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ sfod/fVb} of] jif{b]lv sIff @ / & df klg k|efjsf/L 9+un]lzIf0f ug'{x'g] ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf ( g+= j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVj / % g+=j8fWoIf k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{nufotsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf]sfo{qmddf kf7\oqmd sfo{bnsf ;+of]hs of]u]Gb|dfg lah'S5]+,

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] s'g} JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ geO{l;+uf] ;dfhsf] lxtdf sfd ug]{


27

;b:ox¿ l;l4/Tg zfSo, p4a ;'hv', /fh]Gb| >]i7 //f]zg/fh t'O{t'O{n] 5'§f5'§} k|:t'lts/0f ug'{eof] .

z'qmaf/ sIff & df cWofkg/t lzIfs÷lzlIfsfx¿sf nflu :yfgLo kf7 \oqmod ;DaGwLcled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd x'g] cfof]hs ;ldltn] hgfPsf]5 .

To;} qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} bf];|f] lbg h]7 #!ut] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf gu/leqsf;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L (@ j6f ljBfnox¿sf sIff

& df cWofkg/t lzIfs / lzlIfsfx¿sf nflu :yfgLokf7\oqmod;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v;'lgn k|hfkltn] :yfgLo kf7\oqmdnfO{ gu/sf;Dk"0f{ ljBfnox¿n] ;kmn ¿kdf sfof{Gjogug{ cfu|x ug'{eof] . pxfFn] b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{:yfgLo txnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg'kg]{,:jfoQtf / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k;/sf/ cufl8 a9\g'kg] { wf/0ff JoQmug'{eof] .

d7fwL; / dxGtx¿ ;fdGtjfbsfh/fx¿ ePsf] cf}+Nofpg'x'Fb} pxfFn] u'7L hUufdfdf]lxofgL xssf] aGbf]a:t x'g'kg]{ / ;Dk"0f{u'7Lsf] lhDdf :yfgLo txx¿nfO{ lbOg'kg]{atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] s'g} JolQmljz]ifnfO{ geO{ l;+uf] ;dfhsf] lxtdf sfdug]{ / gu/leqsf ;fd'bflos / lghL ljBfnox¿sf]z}lIfs :t/ psf:g cg'udg ;ldltdfkm{t\ ljBfnosfultljlwx¿ cg'udg ul/g] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tofdnfn clwsf/Ln] eQmk'/ gkf :yfgLo kf7\oqmd

;kmntfsf ;fy nfu' ug]{ :yfgLo tx ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb}ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo kl/j]zcg';f/ oxfFsf] efiff, snf,;+:s[lt / rfF8kj{ cflbaf/] hfgsf/L lbg' cfjZosePsf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= # sf j8fWoIf k|]duf]kfnsdf{rfo{n] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd km/flsnf] ljifo ePsf]cf}+Nofpg'x'Fb} ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':ts eGbf kf7\oqmdsf]cfwf/df cWofkg u/fpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hkfltn] ‘PsljBfno Ps ;Dkbf If]q ;/;kmfO’ sfo{qmdcGtu{tgu/sf ljBfnox¿n] ;Dkbf If]q ;/;kmfO u/]sfdWo]eQmk'/ gkfsf pTs[i6 ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;/;kmfO sfo{sf]pRr d"Nof+sg ub}{ gub ?= %))) ;lxt k|df0fkq /s'lxg]–gs'lxg] kmf ]x/ /fVg] ] sDkf ]i6 lag ljt/0fug' {eof ] .

pTs[i6 ljBfnox¿df eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ! sf]u0f]z dflj, j8f g+= @ l:yt zf/bf dflj, j8f g+= # sf]dx]Gb| ljBfcf>d, j8f g+= $ sf] ;fOlgª;\ :6'8]G6\;Ps]8]dL, j8f g+= % sf] ljBf cfh{g O+uln; ;]s]G8/L:s"n, j8f g+= ^ k|eft dflj, j8f g+= & sf ;'of]{bo dflj,j8f g+= * sf] eLd cfbz{ cfwf/e"t ljBfno, j8f g+= (l:yt l;4L zf/bf cfwf/e"t ljBfno / j8f g+= !) sf]

:sn;{ xf]d Ps]8]dL :s"n /x]sf 5g\ .sfo{qmddf kf7\oqmd sfo{bnsf ;+of]hs of]u]Gb|dfg

lah'S5]+, ;b:ox¿ l;l4/Tg zfSo, p4a ;'hv', /fh]Gb|>]i7 / /f]zg/fh t'O{t'O{n] sIff & sf] :yfgLo kf7\oqmdaf/]cled'vLs/0f ug{'ePsf] lyoff] .


28

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn]h]7 @( ut] Ps sfo{qmdaLr eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= $d+unf5]+sf] nfA5]Fl:yt xf8f5]+ ejg lznfGof; ug{'eof] .

sfo{qmddf pkk|d'v hf]zLn] eQmk'/ cyfx;Dkbfsf] e08f/ ePsf] / oxfFsf] snf / ;+:s[ltcjnf]sgsf ;fy} df}lns k|ljlw / k/Dk/fut z}nLdflgld{t ejg, kf6L kf}jf x]g{ a;]{lg xhf/f}F ko{6s lelqg]x'gfn] ltgsf] k'gMlgdf{0f / hL0ff]{4f/ gu/kflnsfn] ub}{cfPsf] atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] ;Dkbf lgdf{0fdf df}lns tyf k/Dk/fut;fdu|L k|of]udf hf]8 lbg'kg] { / pQm ejg lgdf{0feO;s]kl5 cfb/ lgs]tg ;~rfngsf nflu pkof]uul/g] atfpg'eof] .

:yfgLo ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ pk]Gb| ;'jfnn] egkfejg jf:t'snfsf] pQd gd'gfsf] ejg ePsf] wf/0ff/fVb} egkf $ df /x]sf ljleGg df}lns ;f+:s[lts;Dkbfx¿af/] hfgsf/L u/fpFb} ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;+j4{g ug{;lsP ko{6g tyf cfly{s ;|f]tsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf]ljrf/ JoQm ug{'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= $ sf j8fWoIf s'df/rjfnn] snfTds a'§]bf/ ‰ofn 9f]sf;lxtsf] @) jif{klxn] egkfn] lsg]sf] atfpFb} ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fdf pkef]Qmf;ldltdfkm{t x'Fbf sd nfutd} /fd|f] sfd x'g] hfgsf/Lu/fpg'eof] .

egkfsf] ejg eUgfjz]if Joj:yfkg tyf k'gMlgdf{0fpkef]Qmf ;ldlt ;+of]hs k[YjLs'df/ k|hfkltsf] ;efkltTjdfePsf] ;f] lznfGof; sfo{qmddf s[i0fuf]ljGb b'jfn, gu/sfo{kflnsf ;b:o s[i0fnIdL b'jfn, j8f ;b:o /fh]Gb|dfsnufotn] egkf ejgsf] dxŒjaf/] af]Ng'eof] .

To:t} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ vf}dfl:ytOGb|fo0fL Bf]5]F k'gMlgdf{0fsf] lznfGof; sfo{qmd h]7 @(ut] ;DkGg eof] .

g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf j}lsNks s]Gb|Lo;b:o Pjd\ # g+= k|b]zsf k|b]z;ef ;b:o ;'/]Gb|/fh uf];fO{n]eQmk'/ gu/ Odfgbfl/tf / ldtJooL gu/sf] ;fy}e|i6frf/lj/f]wL ;+3if{sf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] gu/ ePsf]atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/df h:t} k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{ b]zel/x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}FNofpFb} pxfFn] ;Dkbf b]zsf] ;femf;DklQ ePsf]n] ;a} ldn]/ ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ eGg'eof] .

;Qfdf uPsf kf6L{x¿sf] unt dfgl;stfsfsf/0f >lds–dhb'/ hgtfn] b'Mvk"j{s hLjg latfpg'k/]sf]pxfFn] rrf{ ug{'eof] .

k'vf{n] l;h]{sf snf, ;+:s[lt / ;Dkbf ;+/If0fug]{af/] gofF k':tfnfO{ cu|;/ u/fpg] aGbf]a:t ug{' cfjZos5, k|b]z;ef ;b:o uf];fO{n] eGg'eof] .

;fljs j8f g+= !% sf k"j{ j8fWoIf /ljGb|va{ 'hfn] :yfgLo hgtfsf ] ;Nnfxcg';f/ egkfn]B f ] 5 ] F s f ] k ' g M l gd f { 0 f s f o { cu f l 8 a9 f Ps f ]atfpg 'eof ] .

OGb|fo0fL Bf]5]F k'gMlgdf{0f pkef]Qmf ;ldltsfcWoIf ljgf]br/0f /fosf] ;efkltTjdf ePsf] pQmsfo{qmddf /fdk|;fb :j+uldvf, d~h'd}of nfvf /

s[i0fZj/L xf8fn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .k'gMlgdf{0fsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] nflu ¿= (@

nfv vr{ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . k'gMlgdf{0fsf] nfluxfn;Dd ¿= % nfv cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pkef]Qmf;ldltn] hgfPsf] 5 .

xf8f5]+ ejg / OGb|fo0fL Bf]5]F lznfGof;


29

kO]lrª o'lgel;{6L x]Ny ;fOG; ;]G6/af6 eQmk'/e|d0fsf nflu cfPsf] k|ltlglw d08nn] eQmk'/ gkfsfk|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt;Fu h]7 @* ut] e]6 u¥of] .

e]6df k|d'v k|hfkltn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf]ultljlwx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'x'Fb} eQmk'/nfO{ lzIff,;+:s[lt / 1fg lj1fgsf] s]Gb| agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy lzz':ofxf/b]lv & j6f sn]hx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] /;/sf/af6 cg'dlt k|fKt ePkl5 ljZjljBfno ;~rfngug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . oxfFsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg u/]sf]df ;]G6/nfO{xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ug'{x'Fb} pxfFn] o;n] lrlgofF sn]hx¿;FuoxfFsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod u/fpg d2tk'u]sf] s'/f atfpg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jfk|bfg ug{ 3/ 3/df gl;{· ;]jf, # j6f hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|,

! j6f cfFvf c:ktfn ;~rfng ul//x]sf] hfgsf/Lu/fpg'x'Fb} !)) zøofsf] Vjk c:ktfn lgdf{0f eO/x]sf]cjut u/fpg'eof] . ;fy} pxfFn] g]kfnLx¿ ljb]zdf uP/SofG;/ /f]usf] pkrf/ ul//x]sf]n] g]kfnd} SofG;/ c:ktfn:yfkgf ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fdfljz]if hf]8 lbg'x'Fb} ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0f / hL0ff]{4f/sf] sfdeO/x]sf]df sltko ;DkGg ePsf] / s]xL lgdf{0ffwLgcj:yfdf /x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} pxfFn] ko{6g z'Nsaf6 p7]sf]/sd clwsf+z ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, lzIff / :jf:Yodf nufgLeO/x]sf] ;d]t hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

c;n l5d]sLsf] ¿kdf lrlgofF ;/sf/n] ef/tLo

gfsfaGbLsf] ;dodf u/]sf] ;xof]usf] nflu g]kfnL hgtfcfef/L /x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} pxfFn] ætftf]kfgL gfsf v'Nnfu/L Aofkf/ Joj;fo z'? x'g] s'/fdf g]kfnL hgtf v';L5g\Æ eGg'eof] . ;fy} rLg;Fusf] cf}krfl/s ;DaGw ;'b[9ub}{ hfg]df k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{eof] .

lrlgofF k|ltlglw d08nsf] tk{maf6 af]Ng'x'Fb} k|ltlglwd08nsf lSj8fg ;'gn] eQmk'/ gkfn] ul//x]sf] lzIff,:jf:Yo / ;Dkbfsf] sfdaf6 k|efljt ePsf] atfpg'eof] .k]Olrª ljZjljBfnosf] kl/ro lbg'x'Fb} pxfFn] k]OlrªljZjljBfno ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] ljZjljBfno ePsf] / ;g\!((* df cfw'lgs ljZjljBfnosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/df rlr{t pTs[i6 ljZjljBfno ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .j}1flgs / bfz{lgsx¿ klg pTkfbg ul//x]sf] hfgsf/Llbg'x'Fb} pxfFn] of] ;+:yf % j6f ljleGg ;+sfo / Pp6f s]Gb|/x]sf] :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ;~rflnt lrlsT;f If]qdf

/fli6«o :t/sf] pTs[i6 ljZjljBfno ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .^ j6f c:ktfnx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] ljZjljBfnodf !xhf/eGbf a9L k|fWofks, ! xhf/ # ;o ;xk|fWofks /x]sf]atfpg'x'Fb} pxfFn] ljZjljBfnonfO{ ;+;f/d} pTs[i6 cWoogs]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] cufl8 al9/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .;fy} xfn o; ljZjljBfnon] cg'jfb / k|sfzgdf klg ljz]ifWofg lb+b} cfPsf] s'/f cjut u/fpg'eof] .

e]6df lrlgofF k|ltlglw d08nsf * hgf, eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL, ( g+= j8fWoIf/ljGb| HofVj, & g+= j8fWoIf ps]z sjf+, % g+= j8fWoIfk|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{, k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t ofdnfnclwsf/Lnufotsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

lrlgofF k|ltlglw d08n eQmk'/ gkfdf


30

Vjk sn]hdf cWoog/t aLaLP; / aLP:;Lrf}yf] jif{sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] labfO tyf dfu{lgb]{zg sfo{qmdh]7 !* ut] ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIfgf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_ n] ljBfyL{x¿ kf7\ok':tsdfdfq ;Lldt x'g gx'g] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb} /fli6«o—cGt/f{li6«o/fhgLltnufot ;dfh, Oltxf; / e"uf]naf/] klg hfgsf/L/fVg'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ljleGg ljZjljBfnosfljBfyL{x¿;Fu lgoldt cGt/lqmof u/L 1fgsf] bfo/fkm/flsnf] agfpg'kg]{df pxfFn] hf]8 lbg'eof] .

/fhgLlts zf:q ljifo lnO{ pRr lzIff cWoogug]{ /fhgLlts g]tfx¿sf] cefj /x]sf] pNn]v ug'{x'Fb}cWoIf /f]lxtn] g]tfx¿df /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] cefj/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

/fhgLltzf:q cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ b]zsf]nflu cfjZos ePsf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb} pxfFn] /fhgLltzf:q,Oltxf; / ;+:s[lt ljifo k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ egkfn]5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{ gLlt nfu" ug{' ;/fxgLo sfo{ ePsf]atfpg'eof] .

/fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx¿n] hgtfsf] efjgfa'em]/ sfd ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'x'Fb} pxfFn] eGg'eof],‘;x/ 3f]if0ff ug{'eGbf klxn] ;x/nfO{ rflxg] cfjZosk"jf{wf/ tof/L ug{'k5{ . ;x/L dfkb08sf] k"jf{wf/ljgf;x/ 3f]if0ff ug{' 3ftsl;4 x'g]5 .’

cWoIf /f]lxtn] eGg'eof], ‘sdL–sdhf]/L x6fpgcfnf]rgf / cfTdnf]rgf ug]{ afgL a;fNg' cfjZos 5 .’

hgtfsf] r]tgf:t/ ljsf; geP;Dd kmf]x/sf];d:of ;dfwfg gx'g] pNn]v ug'{x'Fb} pxfFn] 9nnfO{ pkrf/kf]v/Ldfkm{t vf]nfdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ eGg'eof] .

;/sf/n] ljZjljBfno;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ gLltlgdf{0f to ug{'k5{, cWoIf /f]lxtn] eGg'eof] .

rLg / ;+/f cd]l/sfaLr eO/x]sf] Jofkf/ o'4n];+/f cd]l/sfnfO{ 3f6f x'g] :ki6 kfg'{x'Fb} pxfFn] eGg'eof],‘ljZj Jofkf/ ;·7gdf cfa4 ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] Ps–csf{df s/ nufpg kfOFb}g .’

sn]h ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf Pjd\ eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] sd z'Nsdfu'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg] p2]Zon] egkfn] & j6f sn]hx¿;~rfng u/L b]zs} ;]jf ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

ljBfyL{x¿sf] glthf /fd|f] / g/fd|f] x'g'df

/fhgLltzf:q cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ b]zsf] nflu cfjZos

lzIfssf] klg e"ldsf x'g] rrf{ ug'{x' Fb} lzIfsx¿n]lgoldt¿kdf cfTdd"Nof°g ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ eGg'eof] .

ljBfyL{x¿n] b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf ;f]Rg'kg]{cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] sn]hn] lnPsf]p2]ZonfO{ k"/f ug{ cf–cfÇgf] If]qdf ;xof]u ug{'k5{eGg'eof] .

ef/tsf ;+;b ;b:odWo] %) k|ltzteGbf a9L;f+;bx¿ s'g} g s'g} ck/fw;Fu hf]l8Psf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb}k|d'v k|hfkltn] of] /f]u g]kfndf klg ;g]{ vt/f /x]sf]pNn]v ug{'eof] .

cfly {s¿kdf kL5l8Psf ljBfyL {x¿nfO {gu/kflnsfn] ;x'lnot b/df ¿= % nfvsf] C0f ;'ljwfpknAw u/fO/x]sf] pxfFn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

;/sf/df uPsf kf6L{x¿n] ;+3Lotfsf] dd{ljk/Ltsfo{ ul//x]sf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] ;+3n] :yfgLolgsfodf sd{rf/L v6fpg' unt sbd ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

Vjk dfljsf k|frfo{ k |sfzs'df/ >]i7n]ljBfyL{x¿ Vjk sn]hsf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zok|lt ;r]t x'g'kg]{cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

7"nf /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] ldn]dtf]df sfdbf/hgtfnfO{ 7Ug] sfd eO/x]sf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .

k|frfo{ >]i7n] eGg'eof], ‘ljZjdf gjpbf/jfbcfqmfds l:yltdf 5 . gjpbf/jfbsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf]lghL ;+:yfnfO{ gfkmf sdfpg lbg' xf] .’

sfo{qmddf ljBfyL{x¿ ls/0f ;'jfn, ;'lgtfdftf+u'n" / ;[hgf s];Ln] Vjk sn]hdf cWoog ubf{sf]cg'ej atfpg'eof] .

k|d'v cltly lah'S5] + / k|d'v k|hfkltn]ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dfofsf] lrgf] ljt/0f ug{'ePsf] sfo{qmddfpkk|frfo{ /fh]zs'df/ >]i7n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .


31

u0f]z dfWolds ljBfnon] h]7 !& ut] gjcfuGt'sljBfyL{sf] :jfutdf kf]zfs ljt/0f tyf :jfut sfo{qmdu¥of] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgLhf]zLn] gkfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿n] eQmk'/sf hgtfn] b]v]sf];d[4 / ;';+:s[t eQmk'/sf] sNkgfnfO{ k"/f ug{ nfluk/]sf]atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/jf;Lsf] z}lIfs:t/ psf:g egkfn] pRrlzIffsf] nflu z}lIfs C0f tyf ljleGg 5fqj[lQx¿sf]Joj:yf u/]sf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb} ljBfno txdf :yfgLo kf7\oqmdr/0fa4¿kdf lgdf{0f ub}{ sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;xh agfpg] p2]Zon] egkfåf/fVjk c:ktfnsf] sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb}pxfFn] egkfn] ;/;kmfO, :jf:Yo, ;Dkbfnufotsfljifox¿df lgoldt¿kdf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf]5 eGg'eof] .

ljBfnosf ;Nnfxsf/ Pjd\ ejg lgdf{0f;ldltsf ;+of]hs nIdLg/fo0f /fhnj6n] ljBfyL{x¿sf]

rfk a9]cg';f/ cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf hf]8lb+b} ljBfno ejgsf] tNnf yk ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] hfgsf/Lu/fpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf egkf j8f g+= ! sf j8fWoIf Zofds[i0fvqL, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf /jLGb| va{'hf,ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks u+ufk|;fb ofsfdL, lzlIfsf;'zLnf GofORofO{n] klg af]Ng'eof] .

sfo{qmddf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;f+:s[lts k|:t'ltx¿k|:t't u/]sf lyP .

u0f]z dfljdf kf]zfs ljt/0f

eQmk'/ gu/lnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]JolQmsf] dg, efjgf :jR5 geP;Dd ;dfh :jR5 /;Eo x'g g;Sg] atfpg'eof] .

/fhlif{ u'?s'ndf c;f/ ! ut] cfof]lht ;d'bfok|x/L ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ffcGtu{t hgr]tgfd"ns cleefjstyf ljBfyL{ k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} gu/ k|d'v;'lgn k|hfkltn] ;Eo / ;'–;+:s[t ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{

;dfh ck/fwd'Qm aGg'k5{ eGg'eof] .;docg';f/ ck/fwdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] / a9\bf]

hg;ª\Vof;Fu} pkTosfdf ck/fwsf] ;ª\Vof klg a9]sf]k|;+u sf]6\ofpg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] cfÇgf] clwsf/ k|of]uubf{ c?sf] clwsf/ xgg\ x'g] sfd ug{ gx'g]df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

lzlIft JolQmx¿af6 klg ck/fw x'g;Sg]tkm{;r]t kfb}{ k|d'v k|hfkltn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lk{t{

hUuf ; +/If0fdf hf ]8 lb +b } cfPsf ]atfpg'eof] .

dxfgu/Lo k|x/L pk/LIfs ;lagk|wfgn] gftf ;DaGw hf]l8Psfx¿af6 klgck/fwx¿ x'g] u/]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} eQmk'/lhNnfsf ] zf l Gt–; '/If f sfod ug {k|lta4tfsf ;fy nflukg]{ atfpg'eof] .

sfo {q mddf /fhl i f { u '?s 'nsfk|wfgfWofks lnof]g >]i7n] klg af]Ng'ePsf]lyof] .

k|x/L ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ffcGtu{t cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{ k|lzIf0f


32

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf # g+= j8f ;ldltsf]cfof]hgfdf h]7 @& ut] a+zuf]kfndf s'lxg] / gs'lxg]kmf]x/ ;+sng ug{ j8fjf;Lx¿nfO{ aflN6g ljt/0ful/of] .

egkf j8f g+= # sf j8f cWoIf /fhs[i0fuf]/fn] pQm sfo{qmddf j8fjf;Lx¿ dWo] ! dlxnf / !k'?ifnfO{ aflN6g x:tfGt/0fub}{ z'? ug{'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ;/;kmfO{,lzIf f , :jf:YonufotsfIf]qdf hgtfsf] efjgfcg';f/hgtfs } ;xof ]udf sfdul//x]sf] atfpg'xF 'b} pxfFn]gu/nfO{ ;/;kmfO If]qdf cemcufl8 a9fpg gu/sf ljsf;lgdf{0fnfO{ r':t b'?:t ¿kdfhgtfn] g} pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfa;]/ of]ubfg ul//x]sf]dfk|z+;f ug{'x'Fb} 6f]n / gu/nfO{;kmf /fVg s'lxg] / gs'lxg]kmf]x/ 5'6\ofP/ ;xof]u ug{' ;a} j8fjf;Lsf] st{Jo xf]eGg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf dlxnf j8f ;b:o ;'lgtf cjfn,s[i0fuf]kfn rf}u'7L, /fhs'df/ lzNksf/ / ;dfh;]jL/fd;'Gb/ vftfvf] nufotn] cf–cfÇgf] wf/0ff JoQmug{'ePsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= # / % df aflN6g ljt/0f;ldltn] k|lt kl/jf/ ! ;]6 -@ j6f afN6Lg_ sf]

;x'lnot b/ ? #)).– df ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .To:t} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % rf;'v]ndf

h]7 !( ut] aflN6g ljt/0f ul/of] . sfo{qmddf egkfj8f g+= % sf j8fWoIf k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{n] ko{6g ;]jfz'Nsaf6 cfDbfgL ePsf] /sd gu/kflnsfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo

/ ;/;kmfOdf k|fyldstf lbO{ vr{ ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .;fdflhs sfo{stf{ gf/fo0fk|;fb Tjfgfaf;'n]

egkfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿n] lgjf{rgdf JoQm k|lta4tfcg';f/sfd ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

egkf Zoflg6]zg zfvf k|d'v lblnks'df/;'jfnn] s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]x/ 5'6\ofO plrt la;h{gug{'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'x'Fb} eQmk'/nfO{ ;kmf /fVggu/jf;Lsf] ;fy / ;xof]u cfjZos ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= % sf j8f;b:o;Demgf nfvf / gf/fo0fs[i0f dfsnufotn] klgaf]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

c1fgLxÊ /f]ub]lv 8/fpF5g\, d"v{xÊ /f]unfO{ a]jf:tf u5{g\,

a'l4dfgxÊ /f]ub]lv ;ts{ /xG5g\,;kmf ug]{ afgL a;fnf}+/f]ub]lv 6f9f a;f}+ .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= % sf j8fWoIf k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{åf/f :yfgLonfO{ aflN6g ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb}


33

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] h]7 @& ut] dxfgu/Lok|x/L kl/;/ eQmk'/af6 ;?jf eO hfg'ePsf k|x/Lpk/LIfs lxdfnos'df/ >]i7nfO{ labfO tyf ;?jf eOcfpg'ePsf ;lag k|wfgnfO{ :jfut sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/\of] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]k|x/L pk/LIfsåonfO{ efbufpFn] sfnf] 6f]kL klx/\ofP/pk/LIfs >]i7nfO{ labfO / pk/LIfs k|wfgnfO{ :jfutug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]eQmk'/ ei6frf/lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; ePsf] gu/ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} gu/kflnsfn] eQmk'/nfO{ zflGt–;'/Iffsf]klg gd'gf gu/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf]atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/sf] ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f / zflGt ;'/Iff sfodug{ k|x/L k|zf;gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb}pxfFn] ck/fwL tyf xTof/fx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f xf]Og, sfg'gsf]bfo/fdf NofOg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

a9\bf] hg;+Vof j[l4n] ljleGg ck/fw 36gfdfklg j[l4 x'g] atfpg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] eQmk'/df ck/fwsf];+Vof t'ngfTds ¿kdf Go"g /x]sf] / ;dfhdf zflGt:yfkgf ug{ k|x/L k|zf;gsf] lgu/fgL cTofjZos ePsf]

atfpg'eof] .eQmk'/ gkfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] eQmk'/nfO{

;kmf, :jR5, ;Eo / ;f+:s[lts gu/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{tTk/ /x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} ko{6g pBf]unfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zogu/kflnsfsf] /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ eQmk'/af6 ;?jf eOhfg'ePsf k|x/L pk/LIfs lxdfnos'df/ >]i7n] eQmk'/gu/kflnsfdf !# dlxgf sfd ubf{sf] cg'ej ;'gfpg'x'Fb}

gu/df zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf]cg's/0fLo e"ldsf /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/df ;?jf eO cfpg'ePsf k|x/L pk/LIfs;lag k|wfgn] b]zsf] /fhwfgL;Fu} hf]l8Psf] ;f+:s[lts gu/eQmk'/sf] zflGt–;'/Iff sfod ug{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf;Fuxft]dfnf] u/L cufl8 a9\g tTk/ /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t ofdnfnclwsf/Ln] eQmk'/ zflGt ;'/Iffsf b[li6sf]0fn] ;'/lIftlhNnf ePsf] atfpgx''Fb} gu/kflnsfsf ultljlwx¿df/rgfTds ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf/ljGb| HofVj / & g+= j8fWoIf ps]z sjf+n] klg af]Ng'ePsf]lyof] .

k|x/L pk/LIfs k|wfgnfO{ :jfut / P;=kL= >]i7nfO{ ljbfO


34

eQmk'/ gukflnsfsf] cf=j= @)&^.&& sf] ah]6th'{df ;DaGwL gu/af;Lx¿;“u /fo ;'emfj ;+sng u¥of] .gu/kflnsfsf] ;efsIfdf ;GkGg 5'§f5'§} lbgdf ePsf]5nkmndf gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfltsf] ljrf/ /gu/af;Lx¿sf] ;'emfanfO{ ;+If]kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .dlxnf e]nf

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&&sf] ah]6 th'{df;DaGwL gu/jf;Lx¿;Fu /fo ;'emfj ;+sngug]{ qmddf h]7 !& ut] dlxnf e]nf ;DkGg u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]ah]6 agfpg gu/jf;Lx¿sf] /fo–;'emfjcg';f/ ah]6ljlgof]hg ug{ k|fyldstf 5'6\ofpg] k|rngcg';f/ gu/jf;Ldlxnfx¿;Fu /fo ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ sfo{qmd /fv]sf]k|:6 ug'{x'Fb} gu/kflnsfsf] ;Lldt ah]6nfO{ k|fyldstfsf]cfwf/df clwsQd ;b'kof]u x'g] u/L ljlgof]hg ug{plrt /fo ;'emfj lbg'x'g cfu|x ug'{eof] .

eQmk'/ gkfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] ;dfhsf]tLj| ljsf;sf] nflu dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] cfjZostfcf}+Nofpg' x'Fb} eQmk'/ gkfaf6 k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf ljleGg:jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

sfo {q mddf ;xefuL gu/jf;L dlxnflbbLalxgLx¿n] dlxnfx¿sf] 1fg j[l4 ug]{ P]g–sfg'gaf/]sIff ;~rfng, dlxnf lx+;f /f]Sg cfTd/Iffsf] tflnd,k|f}9 sIff ;~rfng, yfO/fO8 /f]usf] :jf:Yo lzlj/;~rfng ug'{kg]{, s'lxg]–gs'lxg] kmf]x/ ;+sngsf] nfludlxnf nlIft hgr]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng, cfsf;] kfgLz'l4s/0f / ;+sngaf/] tflnd, 3/b}nf] gl;{ªsf] nfluu'Nsf]ld6/ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{, 5f8f rf}kfof Jojl:ytug'{kg]{, Jojl:yt jwzfnf / t/sf/L ahf/ Joj:yf,

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ah]6 th'{dfsf]nflu gu/jf;Lx¿af6 /fo ;'emfj ;+sng

ah]6 th'{df;DaGwL dlxnf e]nf


35

Ho]i7 gful/ssf] nflu cfb/ lgs]tg / :ofxf/ s]Gb|, ;+3;+:yf / ;fj{hlgs lgsfo ckf+ud}qL x'g'kg]{nufotsf ;'emfjlbg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf/ljGb| HofVjn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .dhb'/–ls;fg e]nf

h]7 !( ut] dhb'/ / ls;fg e]nf ;DkGg eof] .dhb'/–ls;fgx¿;Fusf] /fo–;'emfj sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb}eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] ah]6ljlgof]hg ug{ hgtfsf] /fo–;'emfjnfO{ k|fyldstfdf/fvL of]hgfx¿ th'{df x'g] atfpg'x'Fb} gu/kflnsfsf] /sdhgtfs} aLrdf clwsQd k|of]u ug]{ atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] gu/jf;Lx¿sf] /fo–;'emfjcg'¿k ah]6 agfpg]

tof/L /x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} gu/kflnsfn] hgtfnlIft of]hgfx¿;~rfng ul//x]sf] / s[lif ljz]if1dfkm{t\ sf};L v]tL, Rofpv]tL, a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL, df6f] hfFr, ls6gf;s cf}iflwk|of]u ljlw / y|];/ d]l;g ljt/0f u/L bL3{sfnLg ¿kdfls;fgx¿sf] lxtdf sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf egkfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] eQmk'/gkfn] b]zs} ;fgf] gu/kflnsf eP/ klg ;a} :yfgLotxx¿sf] nflu pbfx/0fLo sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb}gu/leqsf ;fj{hlgs / lghL ljBfnoaLrsf] e]b x6fpgljleGg ljifodf tflndx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ls;fg tyf dhb'/x¿af6eQmk'/ gkfdf lr:ofg s]Gb| agfpg'kg]{, gofF k':tfdf g}ltslzIff ldNg] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{, eQmk'/sf];Nnf3f/Ldf gu/ k|j]zåf/ agfpg'kg]{, sDkf]i6 dn Jojl:yt¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{, kf]v/Lx¿df df5fkfng u/Lkf]v/Lsf] jl/kl/ xl/ofnL Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{, ;kmfOdhb'/x¿sf] nflu tflnd, 6f]n–6f]ndf ePsf] klt{ hUuf

;+/If0f / a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ gu/leqx:tsnf, wft'snf, d[ltsfsnf, sfi7snfnufotsf pBf]u:yfkgf ug'{kg]{ cflb ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf/ljGb| HofVjn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .o'jf, ljBfyL{ / v]nf8L e]nf

ah]6 th'{dfsf] nflu /fo ;'emfj ;+sng ug]{qmddf h]7 @) ut] o'jf, ljBfyL{ / v]nf8Lx¿;Fu ;'emfj;+sng ul/of] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]xftdf ;Lk ePsf o'jfx¿ /f]huf/sf] nflu ljb]z hfggk/]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} eQmk'/sf bIf 8sdL{, l;sdL{nufotsfhgzlQmn] b]zel/s} ;Dkbf ;+/If0f sfo{df of]ubfgul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] eQmk'/sf o'jfx¿ pRrlzIff cWoogsf] nflu ljb]lzg] t/ /f]huf/Lsf] nflu sddfq ljb]lzPsf] tYofª\sn] b]vfPsf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x' Fb} pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn]eQmk'/sf] ef}uf]lns ;LldttfnfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf k|of]uub}{ of]hgfa4 9+un] cufl8 al9/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf pkl:yt o'jf ljBfyL{x¿n] gu/leqsfk':tsfnox¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ug'{kg]{, ko{6sLo If]qsf] ;8s;'wf/ ug'{kg]{, o'jf–ljBfyL{ / v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ ;fdflhssfo{df kl/rfng ug'{kg]{, ;f+:s[lts cg';Gwfg s]Gb| :yfkgfug'{kg]{, l;4kf]v/Lb]lv ;Nnf3f/L;Dd ;8saQL Joj:yf

ug'{kg]{, k/Dk/fut afhf lgdf{0f / dd{t ;Def/ tflnd;~rfng ug'{kg]{, gu/sf v]nf8Lx¿sf] k|fKt kbsf] cfwf/dfegkfaf6 ;x'lnot b/df C0f k|bfg ug'{kg]{, se8{ xnlgdf{0f ug'{kg]{, ljBfnox¿df klg Aofofd ;fdu|L ljt/0fug'{kg]{, k/Dk/fut pkrf/ ljlwsf] cWoog cg';Gwfgug'{kg]{nufotsf ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf lyP .

ah]6 th'{df;DaGwL dhb'/–ls;fg e]nf

ah]6 th'{df;DaGwL o'jf, ljBfyL{ / v]nf8Lx¿sf] e]nf


36

;'emfj ;+sng sfo{qmddf # g+= j8fsf j8fWoIf/fhs[i0f uf]/fn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .k"j{ hgk|ltlglwx¿;“u /fo ;'emfj ;+sng

gofF cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 th{'df;DaGwL /fo ;'emfj;+sng ug]{ qmddf h]7 @@ ut] eQmk'/ gkfsf k"j{hgk|ltlglwx¿;Fu ;'emfj ;+sng u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]gu/kflnsfsf k"j{hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] @)#( ;fnb]lvsf]cg'ejaf6 l;Sg] / cfly{s jif{ @)&^–&& sf] nflu /fo–;'emfj ;+sng ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy sfo{qmd /flvPsf] atfpg'x'Fb}gu/kflnsfn] ljb]zLx¿sf] ;xof]u lnP/ ;Dkbf ;+/If0f/ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{eGbf ;+3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/af6k|fKt cg'bfg / gu/kflnsfsf] cfkm\g} ;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u ub}{sfo{ ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] gu/kflnsfaf6 b'O{ jif{df ub}{ cfPsfljsf; lgdf{0f, ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs ljsf;, lzIff,:jf:Yo, ko{6g, klt{ / ;fj{hlgs hUuf ;+/If0fnufotsfljljw ultljlwx¿sf] gkfåf/f ljleGg ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{tkf/bzL{ ub}{ cfPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

gu/ pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] gu/kflnsfnfO{cem Jojl:yt ub}{ cufl8 a9\g] qmddf k"j{hgk|ltlglwx¿sf]cg'ej / /fo–;'emfj cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] atfpg'x'Fb}eQmk'/ ;x/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfs} ;aeGbf a9L k|b"if0fx'g;Sg] ef}uf]lns cjl:yltdf /x]sf] x'Fbf eQmk'/jf;LnfO{bd–vf]sLx¿sf] ;Defjgf a9L ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} o;sf]nflu gkfn] bd tyf 5fQL /f]u k'gM:yfkg s]Gb|sf] ejglgdf{0f ;'? u/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

sfo {qmddf pkl:yt k "j { hgk | ltlglwx¿lji0f'uf]kfn s';L, gf/fo0fdfg jgdfnf, cfzfs'df/ sf]h',gflt x\of]Daf, a'l4/fd b'jfn, ;fg'sfhL dfsh', ;Togf/fo0f

lblbof, 1fg;fu/ k|hfklt, /fdxl/ uf]/f, l;l4k|;fbcjfn / t'N;L/fd w'Vjfn] gu/sf k/Dk/fut ;Lksf bIflzNksf/x¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{, s/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf]ug'{kg]{, gu/sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] cWoog–cg';Gwfgu/L clen]vLs/0f ug'{kg]{, d7 dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ /k'gMlgdf{0fkl5 o;sf] clen]v /fVg'kg]{, ko{6s a;kfs{If]qsf] af6f] ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{, k'/fgf] gu/kflnsf ejgsf]zL3| k'gMlgdf{0f u/L ;f+:s[lts ;+u|xfno ;~rfng ug'{kg]{,eQmk'/ gu/ k|j]z x'g] ;a} If]qx¿sf] jftfj/0f ;'wf/ug'{kg]{, xg'dfg3f6sf] ;'wf/ u/L ljB'tLo zj bfxu[xJoj:yf ug'{kg]{, !) g+= j8f sfof{no gufFrfsf] klt{ hUufdfejg lgdf{0f u/L :yfgfGt/0f ug'{kg]{, k/Dk/fut ;f+:s[ltsgfrufgsf] k|bz{g:ynsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, k"j{ k|fyldstxsf lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ Go'gQd kfl/>ldssf]Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, Ps ljBfno Ps g;{ sfo{qmd gu/sf ;a}ljBfnox¿df nfu' ug'{kg]{, gu/sf] k'/fgf] If]qdf eO/x]sf];f+:s[lts k|b"if0fsf] ultljlw lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{, sdnljgfosEj] 5]Faf6 ePsf] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{, ufO{hfqf k|blIf0ffdfu{nfO{ ko{6sLo dfu{sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{, ko{6gz'Ns j[l4 ug'{kg]{, gu/sf ;Dkbfx¿df ;Dkbf kl/roaf]8{ /fVg'kg]{nufotsf ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf lyP .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= & sf j8fWoIfps]z sjf+ / ;fljs egkf !% sf k"j{j8fcWoIf /laGb|va'{hfn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .pBf]uL, Joj;foL / Aofkf/Lsf] /fo ;'emfj

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ah]6 th{'df;DaGwL /fo;'emfj ;+sng ug]{ qmddf h]7 @# ut] pBf]uL, Joj;foL/ Aofkf/LaLr ;'emfj ;+sng u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]Jofkf/L, pBf]uL / Joj;foLx¿n] gfkmfdf dfq s]lGb|tgeO{ ;fdflhs / gful/s efjgf /fv]/ Jofkf/ Joj;fo;~rfng ug' {kg] { atfpg'eof] . gu/sf ;a} pBf]uLJofkf/Lx¿ s/sf] bfo/fdf cfP/ gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;xof]uu/]df gkfsf] cfly{s Ifdtf j[l4 eO{ gu/jf;LnfO{ ;]jf;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] atfpg'eof] . gkfn] @)&@;fnsf] e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ul//x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} of] ;DkGg x'g]lalQs} kfFr tn] dlGb/klg hL0ff]{4f/ ug]{ pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] cu|hx¿n] /fd|f] dg;foaf6 ;/;kmfO,ko{6g, ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, :jf:Yo, lzIffnufotsf ljljwIf]qdf sfo{ ;'? u/]sf]n] clxn] eQmk'/ gkfn] pbfx/0fLo

ah]6 th'{df;DaGwL k"j{ hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] e]nf


37

;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .eQmk'/ gkfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] eQmk'/

gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt sn]hx¿n] cg';Gwfgd"nslzIffdf hf]8 lb+b} /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿ cfof]hgful//x]sf] atfpg'eof] . gu/sf] jt{dfg k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿sf];Daf]wg x'g] u/L Joj;foLx¿af6 /fo ;'emfj k|fKt x'g]ck]Iff /fVg'x'Fb} pxfFn] Joj;foLx¿n] klg cf–cfkm\gf] tkm{af6;xof]u ug{ cfu|x ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf pkl:yt pBf]uL, Joj;foL tyfAofkf/Lx¿n] gu/ k|j]]z ug]{ k|j]zåf/df ;kmf jftfj/0ftof/ ug'{kg]{, lgoldt ;f+:s[lts gfrufg k|bz{g ug'{kg]{,uMlx6Lsf] g/l;+x dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ ug'{kg]{, eQmk'/ b'wkf6Ll:ytgMk'v'sf] jftfj/0f ;'wf/ u/L cfocfh{g x'g] u/L ;b'kof]uug'{kg]{, gu/df ko{6sx¿sf] a;fO nDAofpg sfo{qmdx¿agfpg'kg]{, dn sf/vfgf vf]Ng'kg]{, af/fxL k'n hL0ff]{4f/ug'{kg]{nufotsf ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf lyP .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= @ sf j8fWoIfxl/k|;fb af;'snfn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .a'l4hLjLx¿;“u /fo ;'emfj ;+sng

h]7 @$ ut] cfof]lht a'l4hLjLx¿;Fu ;'emfj;+sng sfo{qmddf gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] ;Dkbf;+/If0f / ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ljb]zLx¿sf] ;xof]unfO{eGbf ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg / gu/kflnsfsf] ;|f]t;b'kof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] ah]6nfO{ gu/ /gu/jf;Lx¿sf] clwsQd lxtdf k|of]u ug{ cfjZos /fo–;'emfjsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] atfpg'x' Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn]gu/kflnsfsf] ultljlwx¿df /rgfTds cfnf]rgfnfO{cfTd;ft ub}{ cufl8 a9\g] atfpg'eof] .

pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] hgtfnlIft ah]6 ljlgof]hg

ug{ hgtfsf] /fo–;'emfjnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ah]6th'{df ug]{ atfpg'x'Fb} b]zsf] ;fgf] gu/nfO{ ;'ljwf;DkGggu/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ 9+un] sfd ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] oxfFsf ;Dkbf ;+/If0f /cg';GwfgnfO{ hf]8 lbO/x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} nugv]nsf] Gx'k'v'k'gMlgdf{0fdf eQmk'/n] k|fljlws ;xof]u ul//x]sf]hfgsf/L u/fpg''eof] .

sfo{qmddf pkl:yt a'l4hLjLx¿n] df}lns g]jf/L,;f+:s[lts ultljlwdf cfwfl/t ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{,eQmk'/sf] df}lns jg:kltx¿ wg]rf :j+ / d'+ :j+;DaGwLcWoog cg';Gwfg u/L Joj;flos v]tL ug'{kg]{, O=;L=8L=nlIft z}lIfs sfo{qmd agfpg'kg]{, gu/df hnlqm8fh:tfdgf]/~hgfTds ultljlw ljsf; u/L ko{6gnfO{ 6]jfk'¥ofpg'kg]{, gu/sf ljlzi6 ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx¿sf] ;+/If0fug'{kg]{, k':tf}+ k'/fgf ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fnfO{ ;+/If0fug'{kg]{, :jR5 vfg]kfgL Joj:yf ug{ k|zf]wg s]Gb| ;~rfngug'{kg]{, k/Dk/fut ;Lk / pTkfbgsf] k|bz{gLsf] Joj:yfug'{kg]{, s8f /f]u nfu]sf la/fdLnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] cfly{s;xof]u j[l4 ug' {kg] {, eQmk'/ gu/sf] l;dfgfx¿sf];/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{, gu/ k|j]z ug]{ psfnf]

af6f]x¿df 9'+uf 5kfO ug'{kg]{, e':ofxf/ s's'/ Joj:yfkgug'{kg]{, gu/ If]qsf ko{6s / ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnox¿dfljz]if ;/;kmfO ug'{kg]{, cleefjs lzIffnfO{ hf]8 lbg'kg]{,lgoldt ;f+:s[lts k|bz{gLsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, P]ltxfl;s;+u|xfno :yfkgf ug'{kg]{, ljiffbL k|of]u ePsf kmnkm"nsf]k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{, 3/b}nf] :jf:Yo sfo{qmd k|efjsf/Lagfpg'kg]{, :yfgLo kf7\oqmddfkm{t\ g}lts / Jojxfl/slzIff k|bfg ug'{kg]{nufotsf ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf lyP .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= & sf j8fWoIfps]z sjf+n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

ah]6 th'{df;DaGwL pBf]uL, Joj;foL / Aofkf/Lsf] e]nf

ah]6 th'{df;DaGwL a'l4hLjLx¿sf] e]nf


38

z}lIfs C0f ljt/0f sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx?

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] gu/ If]qleq :yfoLa;f]af; ug]{ h]x]gbf/ tyf ljkGg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ z}lIfsof]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq -Ps]8]lds ;l6{lkms]6_ lwtf] /fv]/Joj:yf u/]sf] ;x'lnot Aofh b/df ?= %,)),))) ;Ddsf]z}lIfs C0f ljt/0f ;'? u/]sf] 5 .

e Q m k ' /gu/kflnsfåf/f h]7 @^ ut]cfof]lht z}lIfs C0f ljt/0fsfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] cfly{s cefjsfsf/0f s'g } klg ljBfyL {k9fOaf6 al~rt x'g gk/f];\eGg ] p2 ] Zon ] eQmk '/gu/kflnsfn] k|lt ljBfyL{ ?=% nfv;Dd ^ k|ltztsf];x'lnot Aofh b/df C0fk|bfg ug] { Joj:yf u/]sf]atfpg'eof] .

lrlsT;f If]qdf pRr hgzlQmsf] cefjnfO{Wofgdf /fv]/ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] @ hgf PdaLaLP;8fS6/x¿nfO{ pRr lzIffsf ] nflu 5fqj[lQ lbg]lg0f{ocg';f/ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} ljBfyL{sf]pHHjn eljiosf] lglDt Vjk ljZjljBfno :yfkgf u/L;dfhnfO{ a'l4hLjLs/0f ug{ of]ubfg ug]{ nIo /x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflntsn]hx¿df b]ze/sf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;x'lnot b/dfu'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ul//x]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} b]zsf]nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlQm pTkfbgdf eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] of]ubfg ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] ljBfyL{sf]?lrcg';f/ cWoog ug{ ljBfyL{nfO{ k| ]l/t ug'{kg] {atfpg'x' Fb} eQmk'/sf] snf–;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh/ :yfg Lo rf8–kj {a f/ ] h fgsf/ ug ' { k5 {eGg'eof ] .

pxfFn] Oltxf;, e"uf]n, /fhgLltzf:q, ;+:s[lt,g]kfnefiff ljifo k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{

gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ub} { cfPsf]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v k|zf;sLoclws[t ofdnfn clwsf/Ln] bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg eP;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt 9+un] cufl8 a9fpg ;lsg] x'Fbf

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf]nflu z}lIfs C0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= & sf j8fWoIfps]z sjf+ / j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn]gu/kflnsfåf/f ljt/0f x'g] z}lIfs C0faf/] cfjZosk|lqmofx¿, z}lIfs C0fsf] ;Ldf tyf zt{ / ;fjf Aofhc;'nLaf/] k|:6 kfg'{ePsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6 z}lIfs C0f ljt/0f ;'¿


39

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]eQmk'/sf] 7"nf] Aof;Lb]lv sdnljgfos;Ddsf] d'Vo ;8scf;kf;sf k'/fgf 3/x¿ k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ gS;f kf;df;d:of eO/x]sf]tkm{ k|flws/0fsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug'{eof] .pxfFn] Aof;Lb]lv sdnljgfos ;8ssf] j}slNks ;8sagfpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

/fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fsf] h]7 @! ut]a;]sf] eQmk'/df lghL cfjf; k'gMlgdf{0f;DaGwL a}7sdfaf]Ng'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] Aof;L–sdnljgfos ;8s 5]pdf

lghL cfjf; k'gMlgdf{0f;DaGwL a}7s

Aof;L–sdnljgfos j}slNks ;8s agfpg'kg]{df hf]8eQmk'/sf] k|frLg / P]ltxfl;s kf6L, ;Qn, kf]v/L tyf9'+u]wf/fx¿ /x]sf] x'Fbf ;f] If]qdf af6f] km/flsnf ubf{;Dkbfx¿ gf; x'g] atfpg'eof] .

;8s ;fF3'/f] x'Fbf ofq'x¿nfO{ cfjfudgdf ;d:ofePsf] / ;8s b'3{6gfsf] ;Defjgf ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} k|d'vk|hfkltn] To; If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf km'6kfy agfO{k'/fg} z}nLdf 3/ lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf k|flws/0fsf k|d'vcfo'Qm efOsfhL ltjf/Ln] ;8s 5]psf 3/x¿ k'/fg}z}nLdf k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ gu/kflnsfn] kxn ug'{kg]{ atfpg'x'Fb}Aof;L–sdnljgfos ;8ssf] j}slNks ;8ssf] nflucWoog eO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

/fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fsf sfo{sf/L ;ldlt;b:o 8f= rGb|axfb'/ >]i7n] :yfgLo hgtfsf] /fo–;'emfjcg';f/ ;8ssf] dfkb08 x]/km]/ u/L ;8ssf]bfofFafofF k]6L lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

a}7s /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f sfo{sf/L;ldltsf ;b:o 8f= rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf]lyof] .

;/sf/n] ;xh sf7 pknAw u/L cfjZos ah]6ljlgof]hg u/]sf] v08df eQmk'/sf ;Dkbfx¿n] l5§} df}lns:j¿k u|x0f ug]{5 .

pQm ljrf/ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] h]7 @% ut] S4w-Nepal / lx6L k'rM sf] cfof]hgfdf;DkGg ‘sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] P]ltxfl;s lx6L k|0ffnL’ af/]sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf JoQm ug'{ePsf] xf] . pxfFn] ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf;+3 ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u cfjZos ePsf] cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

k|ljlwsf] ljsf; gePsf] ;dodf klg k'vf{x¿n]pTs[i6 9+un] ;Dkbfx¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf] k|;+u pNN]v ug'{x'Fb}k|d'v k|hfkltn] unt dfgl;stf ePsf JolQmx¿sf sf/0f;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿ lj:tf/} nf]k x'Fb} uO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

pkTosfsf] 3gf a:tLsf] aLr–aLrdf /x]sf] kf]v/Ljftfj/0fLo lx;fan] klg dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} k|d'vk|hfkltn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] oxfFsf 9'+u]wf/f, kf6L–;Qn, Ogf/nufotsf] ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .pxf“n] gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt Ol~hlgol/ª sn]hdfk9\g] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfw'lgssf;Fy} k|frLg k|ljlw l;sfpg]/ cg';GwfgfTds lzIffdf hf]8 lbO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf ;Dkbf tyf of]hgf zfvfk|d'v /fduf]laGb >]i7n] pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ sfd ubf{

;+/rgfdf ckgTj x'g], lgdf{0f ;+/rgf u'0f:t/Lo x'g], df}lns:j¿k ;+/lIft x'g] atfpg'x'Fb} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] pkef]Qmf;ldltdfkm{t\ oxfFsf] ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / ljsf; lgdf{0fsfsfdx¿ ub}{ cfPsf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] eQmk'/sf 9'+u]wf/fx¿sf]P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxŒjdfly k|:6 kfg'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf ;|f]t JolQmx¿ UN-Habitat Nepalsf sfo{qmd Joj:yfks kb\d;'Gb/ hf]zLn] ‘Making ofHiti’, sGhe]{;g cfls{6]S; k|f]= ;'bz{g/fh ltjf/Ln] ‘Con-servation of Ponds and Stone spouts of Bhaktapur’af/] k|:t'tL lbg'ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf lqlj s]Gb|Lo ljefu h'nf]hLsf ;'/]zbf;>]i7, lx6L k'rM sf ;+of]hs k'?iff]Qd cjfn / S4w-Nepalsf /fhf/fd k|hfkltn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf P]ltxfl;s lx6L k|0ffnLaf/] sfo{zfnf uf]i7L


40

ljZj jftfj/0f lbj; (June 5) sf] cj;/dfeQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts dxŒjsf]Nof]l;+u' -ln+uf] u'7L ;fd'bflos jg, lrQkf]n_ df h]7 @@ut] $)) j6f ;Nnfsf] ?v j[Iff/f]k0f u¥of] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]eQmk'/sf] k|l;4 la:s]6 hfqf ;~rfngsf] nflu geO{gx'g] jg -Nof]l;+u'“_ nfO{ ;+/If0f / x/fe/f agfpggu/kflnsfn] cl3Nnf] jif{ klg jftfj/0f lbj;sf] cj;/dfj[If/f]k0f u/]sf] :d/0f ug'{x'Fb} ;fd'bflos jg–h+un ;Eotf/ ;+:s[lt;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'Fbf o;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ cfjZosePsf] atfpg'eof] .

j[If/f]k0f ug'{eGbf klg To;sf] ;+/If0f / x'sf{Odfljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ cf}+Nofpg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn]eGg'eof] ‘dfgj hLjgsf] Zjf;k|Zjf;df ;Gt'ngsfod ug{ af]6–lj?jf ;Gt'lnt ¿kdf sf6\g] //f]Kg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .’

gu/ :jR5 agfpg xl/ofnL Joj:yfkgdxŒjk"0f{ x'g] atfpg'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] eQmk'/sf];'Gb/tf sfod ug{ gu/kflnsf kf]v/L ;/;kmfO,j[If/f]k0f, 9'+u]wf/f pTvgg\ / ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ cufl8 al9/x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkfsf pkk|d'v /hgLhf]zLn] ;+:s[lt hf]ufpg jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug'{cfjZos ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} gofF k':tfnfO{ klg;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf] s'/fx¿ l;sfpFb} nfg'kg]{ / eQmk'/lhNnfsf rf/j6} gu/x¿ ;kmf / :jR5 agfpg] p2]Zon]j[If/f]k0f sfo{nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= & sf j8fWoIf ps]zsjf+n] a9\bf] k|b"if0fn] dfgj hLjgdf gsf/fTds c;/k'¥ofO/x]sf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb} dfgj ;Eotf cufl8 a9fpgjftfj/0f ;+/If0f cfjZos ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf egkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf Pjd\jftfj/0f tyf ko{6g ;ldltsf ;+of]hs /ljGb| HofVjn]pkTosfsf ;+:s[ltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg P]ltxfl;s dxŒjaf]s]sf] h+un hf]ufpg' cfjZos ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

ln+uf] u'7L ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsfcWoIf z]v/ v8\sfn] pkTosfsf P]ltxfl;s hfqf;~rfngsf] lglDt Nof]l;+u'af6 nluPsf ?v k|of]u x'g]ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} jg ;+/If0fsf] cf}+lrTotfaf/] k|:6 kfg'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf ;"o{ljgfos gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIfu0f]z Toft, g]dlskf ;"o{ljgfos gu/ ;ldltsf cWoIf;"o{eQm TjftLn] Nof]l;+u'sf] ;f+:s[lts dxŒjdfly k|sfzkfg' {eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf sfo{kflnsf ;b:o ;l/gfBf]nfn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gkfsf gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltsf]g]t[Tjdf ;DkGg j[If/f]k0f sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf;Dk"0f{ hgk|ltlglw, sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf rfFu'gf/fo0fgu/kflnsf ( g+= j8f sfof{no, ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfx¿k|ult o'jf ;dfh ;f}8f]n, Vjk sn]h, Vjk OlGhlgol/ª

sn]h, Vjk sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ª sn]h / Vjkkf]ln6]lSg6s OlG:6Ro'6, b]jL dflj / lrQkf]n, tfynLsf:yfgLo hgtfx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gkfåf/f lrQkf]nsf] Nof]l;+u“'df j[Iff/f]k0f


41

ljZj ;Dkbf lbj;sf ] cj;/df eQmk '/gu/kflnsfn] gu/leq /x]sf ljBfnox¿af6 Ps ;DkbfPs ljBfno ;/;kmfO cleofg h]7 @@ ut] gu/el/;~rfng eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! df /x]sf] ljleGgljBfnox¿n] ljleGg ;Dkbfx¿ ;/;kmfO ul/of] . gofFk':tfnfO{ ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL r]tgf hfu[t ug{ / ljZjjftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efjsf sf/0f af/] hgr]tgf hufpg]Wo]on] ljZj jftfj/0f lbj; dgfof] . To:t} ;Dkbf lbj;sf]cj;/df eQmk'/sf] /fgL kf]v/L gu/kflnsfsf] kxndf;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu v'Nnf ug]{ ePkl5 ljleGg ljBfnon]ToxfF ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ul/of] . /fgL kf]v/Ldf ;/;kmfOug]{ ljBfnox¿df /fh >L u'?s'n, cS;kmf]8{ O{=:s"n, 1fgljho lg=df=lj=, u0f]z df=lj= /x]sf 5g\ . /fgL kf]v/LnfO{hLjGttf lbg ljBfnonufot ljleGg ;+3–;+:yf, u'7Lx¿n]klg >dbfg ug{ j8fWoIf Zofds[i0f vqLn] cfJxfg ug'{eof] .To:t} lnl6n j8{ :s"nn] l;4 kf]v/L, ;g;fO{g :s"nn]Ogfufn u0f]z dlGb/, 1fg ljho lgdfljn] gMk'v', ;GttLlgdfljn] O;fg]Zj/ dxfb]j, Go" lIflth :s'nn] gkln kl/;/,pbo cfwf/e"t :s'nn] tFs'g] Ogf/ If]q, ;"o{ljgfos O{:s"nn] gMknL kf6L kl/;/ ;/;kmfO u¥of] .

j8f g+= !) df dxfnIdL 9'·]wf/fdf :sn;{ xf]d:s"nn], Uju+k'v'df h]Go'O{g :s'n, çsf/]Zj/ dlGb/df O{i6KjfO{G6 :s"n, kf/fug O{= :s"nn] sdnljgfos dlGb/

kl/;/df ;/;kmfO u¥of] .j8f g+= * df a|Dxfo0fL cfwf/e"t ljBfnon]

b]uOgfsf] uMdxfb]j / ljBfno kl/;/, ;dfh ;]jf O{lG:6Ro'6cfwf/e"t ljBfnon] l;dfn] kl/;/, led cfbz{ cfwf/e"tljBfnon] dx]Zj/L 3f6l:yt 9'·]wf/f, ;dfh ;'wf/ df=lj=n]dx]Zj/L kL7 / ljBfno kl/;/df j[If/f]k0f, k|f]j]z Ps]8]dL:s"n k'/fgf] huflt l:yt led;]g dlGb/, ln;f O{= :s"nn]ljBfno kl/;/, Vjlkª Ps]8]dLn] ljBfno kl/;/ /af6f]df ;/;kmfO u¥of] .

j8f g+= & df ljBf ljsf; :s"nn] dx]Zj/L lk7,jfO{hNof08 :s"nn] xg'dfg3f6df, afn ;]jsn] xg'dfg3f6sf] 7"nf] dxfb]j / :s'n kl/;/, ;"of]{bo :s"nn k+Aju0f]z jl/kl/, kfl6+u emf]/alx / 9'·]wf/f, Od]h O{= :s"nn]uf]Nd9L u0f]z / :t'kfdf, r08]Zj/L lgdfljn] jfl;srf9'·]wf/f / kf6L, glag O{= :s"nn] uf]Nd9L 9'·]wf/f / :s"nkl/;/ ;/;kmfO u¥of] .

j8f g+= % df a/bfo0fL :s"nn] eujtL :yfg, cfbz{cfhfb :s'nn] uo\ led;]g, ljBf cfh{g :s"nn] s'df/L dlGb/,k|f]lS;df :s"nn] kfFrtNn] dlGb/, b]pnf k|f=lj=n] kk/ 8f]Dkmf] /eb|sfnL dlGb/ kl/;/ ;/;kmfO u¥of] .

j8f g+= ( df jfluZj/L sn]hn] u?8 s'08n /hMlx6L 9'·]wf/f, jfluZj/L df=lj=n] RofDxfl;+x kf]v/L, jfFr'lx6L, l;l4 zf/bf cfwf/e"t :s"nn] a|Dxfo0fL kL7, ;/:jtLljBfu[xn] ljBfno kl/;/ ;/;kmfO u/]sf] lyof] .

ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;df ;Dkbfx¿df ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]h]7 @^ ut] afuLZj/L sn]h / ljZjljBfno cg'bfgcfof]usf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf ePsf] b'O{lbg] Academia-Industry Dialogue sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g ug'{eof] .

gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltn] sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf]

sfdgf ug'{x'Fb} eGg'eof] – ‘x/]s Jofkf/ Joj;fodf r'gf}tLx¿x'G5g\ . r'gf}tL;Fu 8/fP/ xf]Og, 86]/ cufl8 a9\g]n] dfq;kmntf xft kf5{ .’

Jofkf/–Joj;fodf x'g] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{af/] v08gug'{x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] gfkmf / ;]jf efjsf] lx;fan]Joj;fo ug'{kg]{, ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s lzIffnfO{ ;Fu;Fu}nfg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

clxn]sf o'jf k':tf PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] nflunfos x'g'k5{ eGg'x'Fb} pxfFn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hLjgpkof]uLlzIff k|fKt u/L To;nfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf nfu' ug{'kg]{atfpg'eof] .

;/sf/ ;d[l4sf] gf/f nufP/ b'u{lttkm{ uO/x]sf]rrf{ ug'{x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Ls[t dfgl;stfn]b]z cufl8 a9\g g;s]sf] cf/f]k nufpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf afuLZj/L sn]hsf k|frfo{ wgs'df/>]i7, afuLZj/L dfljsf k|c s[i0fk|;fb wG5f, ;xk|c1fg;fu/ k|hfklt, eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf cWoIf/fdk|;fb k|hfklt / k|f=8f= l;l4jL/ sdf{rfo{nufotn]sfo{qmdsf] dxŒj / pkfb]otfaf/] k|:6 kfg'{eof] .

‘;/sf/ ;d[l4sf] gf/f nufP/ b'u{lttkm{ uO/x]sf] 5’Academia-Industry Dialogue sf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]x


42

of] a}7s k|b]z ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdk|:t't x'g' eGbf !% lbg cufl8 a:g'kYof]{ . oxfF k|b]zel/sf :yfgLo txdf @ jif{ sfd u/]/ cg'ej a6'n]/cfpg' ePsf k|d'v, pkk|d'v, cWoIf, pkfWoIfx¿ x'g'x'G5 .pxfFx¿sf] cg'ejx¿ k|:t't u/fpg], dGqLHo"x¿ a}7sdfpkl:yt eP/ ;'Gg] / ;lrjx¿n] cf–cfÇgf ljifox¿dfl6kf]6 ug]{ u/]sf] eP :yfgLo txsf ;d:of, b'Mv / kL8fk|b]zsf dGqLHo"x¿ / ;lrjHo"x¿n] a'em\g] cj;/ kfpg]lyP . gLlt / sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug{ kfpg] lyP . k|b]z/ :yfgLo tx aLr ;dGjo ug]{ of] eGbf 7"nf] cj;/ c?x'g ;Sb}g . of] a}7s cGt/lqmofTds x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lb+b}a}7ssf] ¿k/]vfdf kl/jt{g ug{ cfu|x u¥of}+ / xfdLn]af]Ng kfof}+ .

xfdL k|b]z ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] a}7s a:b}5f}+ .:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ sf] bkmf !)% adf]lhdsf]of] a}7s k|b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr txsf] a}7s xf] . sfdsf/afxLdfgLltut ;fd~h:otf, ;femf clwsf/sf] k|of]u, k|fs[lts;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u / afF8kmfF6 ;DaGwL ljifodf cfhof] dxŒjk"0f{ a}7sdf 5nkmn x'Fb}5 .

xfdL rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] sl/a clGtd ;dodf5f}+ . k|b]z # sf] ah]6 @^ k|ltztdfq} vr{ ePsf] ;'Gb}5f}+ .o;sf] sf/0faf/] ;dLIff u/]/ dfq} cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6tof/L ug'{ kb{5 .

;+ljwfgn] # txsf] ;/sf/ u7g u/]sf] 5 . ;+3/ k|b]znfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L / :yfgLo txnfO{gLlt lgdf{0fsf] ;fy} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] ;d]t lhDd]jf/Ltf]lsPsf] 5 . ;+3 / k|b]z cf–cfÇgf] If]qleq /xL gLltlgdf{0fdf s]lGb|t eP/ ljsf; ah]6 :yfgLo txdf k7fpg]Joj:yf ul/of] eg] cfhsf] eGbf ljsf; tLj| ultdfcufl8 a9\g] b]lvG5 .

:yfgLo tx alnof] eP k|hftGq alnof] x'G5 .s]Gb|sf] clwsf/ k|b]z;Dd dfq} k'¥ofpg] ;f]r ufpFufpFdfl;+xb/af/ gf/f ljk/Lt 5 .

;f+;bx¿ ljsf;] sfo{stf{sf] ¿kdf ;lqmo x'g'plrt xf]Og . ljutdf :yfgLo hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf ljlgofo]hgul/Psf] ;f+;b ljsf; sf]ifn] lg/Gt/tf dfq} xf]Og cem;+3n] j[l4 u/]sf] 5 . of] ;+3Lotf / ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'¿k5}g . k|b]z ;/sf/n] o;af/] ;f]Rg] h?/L 5 . :yfgLotxsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ txsf] Ifdtf ;d]tnfO{Wofgdf /fv]/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g' cfjZos 5 .

k|b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; xfd|f] ;femf p2]Zo xf] .;femf p2]Zosf] nflu ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg';f/ :jfoQtfx'g'k5{ . b]zdf ;+3Lotf nfu' ePsf] 5 . Jojxf/df;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf c;xhtf b]lvG5 . ;+3Lotfsf] cy{zlQmsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf] . sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t ljsf;nfO{b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ xf] . ;f–;fgfsfdsf] nflu g]tf jf dGqLx¿sf] rfs/L ug'{kg]{ k|yfsf]cGTo ug'{ xf] .

:jfoQtfsf] cy{ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lbPsf]clwsf/ leq /x]/ :jtGq sfd ug{ kfpg' xf] . t/ ;+3;/sf/n] :yfgLotxsf] clwsf/dfly x:tIf]k ub}{5 .

;+ljwfgn] dflj tx;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/:yfgLo txnfO{ lbPsf] cj:yfdf ljutsf] lhNnf lzIffsfof{nonfO{ k'gM:yflkt ug]{ sf]l;; ub}{5 . lzIfsx¿sf]l/Qm b/aGbL k"/f ug{ && j6} lhNnf lzIff OsfOnfO{kqfrf/ ug'{, sd{rf/Lx¿ s]Gb|af6} k7fpg' :jfoQt ljk/Ltdfq} xf]Og, ;+ljwfgsf] ljk/Lt klg 5 . jg / s[lifsf]klg l:ylt To:t} 5 . k'/ftTjsf] ah]6 :yfgLo txdfcfPsf] ;d]t lkmtf{ nluPsf] 5 .

k|b]z / :yfgLotx s]Gb|sf] dftxtdf rNg], lgb]{zgkfngf ug]{ OsfO xf]Ogg\ . s]xL ;do cl3 k|d cf]nLn]k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ ;+3sf] OsfOsf] ¿kdf JofVofug'{eof] . To;df xfd|f] cfklQ 5 .

tLg txsf] ;/sf/ ;+ljwfg adf]lhd sfd ug{:jfoQ 5g\ . ;dGjo / ;dembf/Ldf rNg] xf] . sf]xLs;}sf] dftxtdf a:g] jf cfb]z lgb]{zg kfngf ug{ cfjZos5}g . /fhtGq ;dfKt eP klg /fhtGqfTds dfgl;stf;dfKt ePsf] 5}g .

:yfgLo tx alnof] ePdf k|hftGq alnof] x'G5

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt


43‘u'7L ;DaGwL ljw]osaf/] s]xL lj/f]w ;'lgPsf]

5 . s]xL dflg;x¿ ljw]os vf/]hLsf] dfu ub}{5g\ .u'7Lsf] hUuf s]xL dxGt, d7flw;x¿n] vfO/x]sf 5g\ .Tof] ;fdGtjfbL k|yf lyof] . ;fdGtsf gfOs] /fhf jf/fhtGq ;dfKt ePsf] bzs eO;Sof] . ;fdGtjfbsfh/fx¿ afFsL 5g\ . To;nfO{ klg vf/]h ug'{k5{ .

u'7L hUuf sdfpg] w]/} df]xLx¿ 5g\ . ltgLx¿n]df]lxofgL xs kfPsf 5}gg\ . df]xLx¿ u'7L hUuf /}tfgLug{af6 al~rt 5g\ . @)^$ ;fndf ;jf]{Rrsf] km};nfn]/}tfgL /f]s]sf] xf] . u'7L hUuf sdfpg] df]xLn] /}tfgLsf]clwsf/ kfpg'k5{ .

‘cfDbfgL hlt u'7Ln] ;+sng ug]{, rf8 kj{,hfqf–;+:s[lt ;~rfngdf Wofg glbg] x'Fbf u'7L ;+:yfgx¿nfO{vf/]h ug'{k5{ . u'7Lsf ;a} sfd :yfgLotxnfO{ lbg]sfg'gL aGbf]a:t ul/g'k5{ . d7–dlGb/x¿ :yfgLo hgtfsfcfo;|f]t agfpg'k5{ .

;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt sfd ug]{ xf]Og . ;+ljwfgafws 5 eg] b'O{ltxfOsf] ;/sf/n] ;+zf]wgug{ ;S5 .

;/sf/ 7]s]bf/sf] 3]/fdf 5 . sd;n lgdf{0fu/]/ b]zsf] 9's'6L n'l6/x]sf] 7]s]bf/ ;fd' ;/sf/n]]cfTd;dk{0f u¥of] . o;n] b]znfO{ /fd|f] ub}{g .

ljBfnox¿df g;{ k7fpg] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] gLlt5 . o;sf] ;kmntfsf] nflu cfjZos ah]6 :yfgLotxnfO{k7fpg] / g;{sf] 5gf]6 ug{] clwsf/ :yfgLotxnfO{ lbOg'k5{ .

k|b]z e/L g} xfd|f ;Dkbfx¿ w]/} 5g\ . To;sf]

;+/If0fsf] nflu k|b]z ;/sf/n] plrt ah]6 / sf7 ;xhpknAw x'g] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

;Dkbfsf] df}lnstf hf]ufpg] xf] eg] :yfgLohgtfs} pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t sfd ug{ hf]8 lbg' cfjZos5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 sfd u/fpFbf ;Dkbf k|lt ckgTjsfod x'g], df}lns :j¿ksf] ;+/If0f x'g] / :yfgLo hgtfn]/f]huf/L kfpg] xfd|f] cg'ej 5 .

of]hgfx¿ agfpFbf s/f]8eGbf sdsf] :yfgLotxn]@% s/f]8;Dd k|b]zn] / @% s/f]8 dflysf] of]hgf ;+3n]ug]{ u/]sf] v08df of]hgfx¿df s'g} c:ki6tf x'g]5}g .

gf/fn] b]z ;d[4 / ;'vL g]kfnL x'g] xf]Og . Tof]cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ x'g'k5{ .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] @% zøofsf] Vjk c:ktfn:jLs[lt lnP/ !)) zøofsf] c:ktfn lgdf{0f ul//x]sf]5 . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] # j6f hg:jf:Yo s]Gb| ;~rfngub}{5, b}lgs %)) eGbf a9L la/fdLsf] ;]jf ul//x]sf] 5/ !^ hgf ljz]if1;lxt #) hgf 8fS6/x¿ sfo{/t 5g\ .3/–3/df gl;{ª ;]jfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

;fy} b'O{ j6f OlGhlgol/ª sn]h;lxt & j6fz}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ / dgfª afx]s b]zsf;a} lhNnfsf hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] ;:tf]df u'0f:t/LolzIff kfO/x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo txnfO{ clwsf/ lbof] eg]x/]s s'/f ;Dej 5 eGg] s'/f of] Ps pbfx/0f x'g;S5 .

-k|b]z ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] bf];|f] a}7sdf h]7 #) ut]eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltåf/f JoQm dGtJo_

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfgu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no

Aof;L, eQmk'/–@

6«fO;fOsndfkm{t kmf]xf]/ ;ª\sngaf/] ;"rgf ¤¤¤¤¤

– 3/–3/af6 g} s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/ 5'6\ofP/ ;°ngstf{nfO{ b]cf}+ .– 3/, k;n, Joj;fo, sfof{nosf] kmf]xf]/ hyfefjL ;8sdf gkmfnf}{, ;Eo gful/ssf] kl/ro b]cf}+ .

P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts gu/ eQmk'/nfO{ ;kmf, :jR5 / ;'Gb/ agfpg gu/af;L bfh'efO{lbbL alxgLx¿n] ;xof]u ug'{ePsf]df wGojfb 1fkg ub{} gu/sf] kmf]xf]/d}nf ;°ng sfo{ nfO{ ykJojl:yt Pjd\ k|efjsf/L agfpg oxL @)&^ h]7 ! ut]b]lvoxL @)&^ h]7 ! ut]b]lvoxL @)&^ h]7 ! ut]b]lvoxL @)&^ h]7 ! ut]b]lvoxL @)&^ h]7 ! ut]b]lv 6«fO;fOsndfkm{t ;a} j8fdf 3/–k;n÷Joj;fo÷sfof{nosf] s'lxg] gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/ cnUu–cnUu ;°ng ul/g] Joxf]/f ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf]nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

kmf]xf]/ ;°ng ul/g] ;do

x/]s lbg laxfg ^M)) ah]b]lv !) ah] ;Ddlbgsf] @ ah]b]lv % ah] ;Dd

k|To]s j8fdf cnUu 6«fO;fOsnsf] aGbf]a:t u/Lk|To]s j8fdf cnUu 6«fO;fOsnsf] aGbf]a:t u/Lk|To]s j8fdf cnUu 6«fO;fOsnsf] aGbf]a:t u/Lk|To]s j8fdf cnUu 6«fO;fOsnsf] aGbf]a:t u/Lk|To]s j8fdf cnUu 6«fO;fOsnsf] aGbf]a:t u/LPs lbg s'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfq / csf{ ] lbg gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfqPs lbg s'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfq / csf{ ] lbg gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfqPs lbg s'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfq / csf{ ] lbg gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfqPs lbg s'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfq / csf{ ] lbg gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfqPs lbg s'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfq / csf{ ] lbg gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/dfq;°ng ul/g]5 .;°ng ul/g]5 .;°ng ul/g]5 .;°ng ul/g]5 .;°ng ul/g]5 .


44

!= efbufpF gu/Lsf] ;bfaxf/ ‘gf/fo0fdfg’ af/]!= efbufpF gu/Lsf] ;bfaxf/ ‘gf/fo0fdfg’ af/]!= efbufpF gu/Lsf] ;bfaxf/ ‘gf/fo0fdfg’ af/]!= efbufpF gu/Lsf] ;bfaxf/ ‘gf/fo0fdfg’ af/]!= efbufpF gu/Lsf] ;bfaxf/ ‘gf/fo0fdfg’ af/]tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <

pQ/M @)!#–!$ ;fnb]lv g} d eQmk'/ gu/dfdfq} xf]Og eQmk'/ lhNnfsf @! j6} ufpF kflnsfx¿dfklg ultljlw uy]{+ . gu/df d eGbf k'/fgf sfo{stf{ /ls;fg ;fyLx¿ klg ;lqmo lyP .

To:t} @)!& ;fn kl5 l5d]sL lhNnfx¿dfxfd|f] ;Dks{ / ;+u7g sfo{df d k'Uy]+ . sf7df8f}+, sfe|]/ l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf xfd|f ls;fg ;fyLx¿ ;lqmo lyP .@)@^–@& ;fndf l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] klxnf] ef]sd/LcfGbf]ng xfd|} ;fyLx¿sf] cu'jfOdf ePsf] lyof] /sf7df8f}+sf] lhNnf kf6L{ ;lrjfnodf cfkm} lgo'QmeP“ .

e"ldut sfnkl5 ;g\ !(&)–*) ;Dd ef/tdfcfTdlgjf{;g / ;'¿df kL=Pn= sf] g]t[Tjsf] g]skfsf] s]Gb|Lo;b:o lyP“ . To;a]nf afUdtL, gf/fo0fL / hgsk'/c~rnsf] OGrfh{ lyP“ . hgsk'/ c~rnsf] ljleGg ufpFdf;fyLx¿ k|f/lDes ¿kdf ;lqmo lyP . kl5 ;u/dfyfc~rn / sf]zL c~rnsf ;fyLx¿ ;d]t ;Dks{df lyP .

s0ff{nL lhNnfdf 3g / xFl;ofsf] /ftf] em08fb]Vbf ljb]zLx¿ ;d]t cGof]ndf

sf=/f]lxt;“usf] cGt/jftf{

-g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf, jl/i7 /fhgLlt1 gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_ g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6cfGbf]ngsf Ps cljrlnt l;4fGtlgi6 / hgtfsf ;Rrf ;]jssf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5g\ . sDo'lgi6x¿ cGt/f{i6«jfbLx'G5g\ . Ps ;Rrf sDo'lgi6 s'g} Ps ufpF, lhNnf jf /fi6«df dfq ;Lldt x'g;Sb}g . lgjf{rgaf6 ;dfhjfb cfpF5 eGg];f]r dfS;{jfbL n]lggjfbL xf]Og eGg] ;f]rsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g' ePsf j}rfl/s ;+3if{sf wgL sf= /f]lxtn] ;}4flGts dte]b/ ljrlnt sDo'lgi6x¿;Fu ;+3if{ ub}{ @)#! ;fndf tLg c~rnsf ;fyLx¿;Fu ldn]/ g]dlskf :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] lyof] .kf6L{ :yfkgfkl5 g]kfnsf ljleGg b'u{d, ;'ud lhNnfx¿df ;f+u7lgs ultljlwx¿ ub}{ hgtfsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8a9fpg'eof] / cufl8 a9fpFb} x'g'x'G5 . kf6L{ :yfkgfsfnb]lv kf6L{ km'6fpg], dfS;{jfbL 1fg gePsf] h:tf unt cf/f]kx¿nufpFb} ljrng ug{ gvf]h]sf xf]Ogg\ . ‘l;4fGtxLg Pstf eGbf km'6 w]/} hflt’ eGb} ;+zf]wgjfbsf] lj?4df cfjfhp7fpFb} k|ltlqmofjfbLeGbf k|ltlqmofjfbL ;+3—;+:yfdf uO hgtfsf] ;]jf ug'{kg]{ n]lggjfbL l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{r'gfjnfO{ ju{ ;+3if{s} ¿kdf pkof]u ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] ;TotYo sfo{af6 cfFvf lt/ld/fPsf gSsnL sDo'lgi6x¿n]sf=/f]lxtnfO{ 3'dfOlkm/fO eQmk'/] g]tf, eQmk'/df ;Lldt g]dlskf h:tf unt cf/f]kx¿ nufpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . lzi6efiffdf xf];\ of clzi6 efiffdf o:t} s'/f kmnfSg]x¿ ;do—;dodf ljleGg ¿k lnP/ cfpg] u5{g\ . ;f]xL qmddf gofFklqsf @)&^ h]7 ^ ut]sf] jL/]Gb| cf]nLn] ‘efbufpF gu/Lsf ;bfaxf/ gf/fo0fdfg’ zLif{ssf] n]v 5fKbf xfdLnfO{ v'Nb'nLnfUof] . oxL ljifodf s]lGb|t /xL pxfF;“u eQmk'/ dfl;sn] lnPsf] cGt/jftf{_


45

!) df3 @)#! df g]kfn dhb'/–ls;fg kf6L{sf] :yfkgfeof] . lrtjgsf] ls;fg cfGbf]ng / h'u]8L ;+3if{df xfd|};fyLx¿ ;lqmo lyP .

kL=Pn= sf] agf/;sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf xfd|f];}4flGts / efjgfTds dte]bsf] sf/0f g} tLg c~rnsf;fyLx¿ ldn]/ g]dlskf u7g ePsf] lyof] . ;f]leotsDo'lgi6 kf6L{ ‘?;L ;fdflhs–;fd|fHojfbdf ktg’ ePsf],k"jL{ kfls:tfgdf ?;s} ;xof]udf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbn]k"jL{ a+ufndf ;z:q x:tIf]t u/L a+unfb]z agfPsf] /l;lSsdnfO{ ef/tdf ljno u/]sf] af/] kf6L{df xfd|f]b[li6sf]0f km/s lyof] . To:t} g]kfnL sf+u|];s} andf;dfhdf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] cfzf / kf6L{ ;+u7gs} cfwf/dfdhb'/ / ls;fg ;+3if{ ubf{ k~rfot / /fhfnfO{ kmfObfx'g] ljrf/;“u xfdL ;xdt lyPgf}+ .

s]xL ;fyLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ kf6L{df k'm6 NofPsf]cf/f]k nufP . xfdLnfO{ ;f] cf/f]k nufpg] n'lDagLc~rnsf ;lqmo ;fyLx¿ g} ‘emfkf ;d"x’ df ;fd]neP .

;g\ !(&% kl5 g]dlskf s0ff{nL / e]/L df;lqmo eof] . o; cy{df g]dlskf eQmk'/df dfq} ;Lldt/x]sf] cg'dfg k"0f{¿kdf unt xf] . @)#^ ;fnkl5 klgg]dlskf k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd cGo bnx¿;Fu hgdt ;+u|x/ dxfsfnL ;lGwsf] lj/f]wdf ;lqmo /x\of] . o;/L dcfkm} klg ;fyLx¿;Fu} lg/Gt/ ;+3if{df 5' . eQmk'/sf]‘;bfaxf/’ JolQmsf] ¿kdf xf]Og .

@= s] Ps cGt/fi6«jfbL sDo'lgi6sf] ‘;kgf /@= s] Ps cGt/fi6«jfbL sDo'lgi6sf] ‘;kgf /@= s] Ps cGt/fi6«jfbL sDo'lgi6sf] ‘;kgf /@= s] Ps cGt/fi6«jfbL sDo'lgi6sf] ‘;kgf /@= s] Ps cGt/fi6«jfbL sDo'lgi6sf] ‘;kgf /hkgf’ / ‘;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts zlQm eQmk'/’hkgf’ / ‘;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts zlQm eQmk'/’hkgf’ / ‘;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts zlQm eQmk'/’hkgf’ / ‘;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts zlQm eQmk'/’hkgf’ / ‘;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts zlQm eQmk'/’d} vGofO{ /x“b} x'g'x'G5 <d} vGofO{ /x“b} x'g'x'G5 <d} vGofO{ /x“b} x'g'x'G5 <d} vGofO{ /x“b} x'g'x'G5 <d} vGofO{ /x“b} x'g'x'G5 <

pQ/M x/]s dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbLsf] p2]Zo cf–cfÇgf] b]z / ;+;f/d} ;dfhjfbsf] :yfkgf ug'{ / ;fDojfbL;dfhdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ :jfefljs xf] . g]dlskfsf]zlQm cyf{t\ hgzlQm, hgtfaf6 p7fPsf rGbfaf65flkPsf k':ts, kq–klqsf / ;a} k|sfzgx¿ b]zdfax';+Vos lhNnfx¿sf ;+u7gx¿df k'Ub5g\ . cGt/lqmof/ uf]i7Lx¿ kqklqsf / k|sfzgs} ljifodf x'G5g\ .o;/L g]dlskfsf x/ k|sf/sf] zlQm b]z e/L 5l/Psf]

x'G5 / vr{ x'“b}5 .#= ‘;o jif{kl5sf] eQmk'/’ s] p2]Zon] n]Vg'ePsf]#= ‘;o jif{kl5sf] eQmk'/’ s] p2]Zon] n]Vg'ePsf]#= ‘;o jif{kl5sf] eQmk'/’ s] p2]Zon] n]Vg'ePsf]#= ‘;o jif{kl5sf] eQmk'/’ s] p2]Zon] n]Vg'ePsf]#= ‘;o jif{kl5sf] eQmk'/’ s] p2]Zon] n]Vg'ePsf]

xf] <xf] <xf] <xf] <xf] <pQ/M ;o jif{kl5 cyf{t @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf

;+;f/df ;dfhjfbsf] :yfkgf x'g]5 . o;sf] cy{ ljleGgdxfb]zsf b]zx¿df ;dfhjfbsf] :yfkgf ljleGg r/0fdfx'g] 5g\ eGg] d]/f] cWoogsf] cfwf/df n]v]+ . To;a]nfk|frLg eQmk'/df klg ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ePsf],‘gfrufgsf] /fhwfgL’ / jf:t'snfsf] gd'gfsf] ;x/ lyof] ./fd|f ljrf/, snf, ;+:s[lt / jf:t'snf klg kl5 sfod/xg' :jfefljs xf] . eQmk'/df To;a]nfsf hgtfdf ;+;f/sfljleGg efiff af]Ng] o'jfx¿ tof/ x'g], ljb]zL o'jfx¿g]kfnL ;+:s[lt, g]jf/L / cGo efiff / ;+:s[lt cWoog ug{cfpg] / ljleGg hft–hflt / efiffaf/] cg';Gwfg ug{cfpg]5g\ . To; ;dfhdf Psn] csf{]nfO{ zf]if0f ug{] 5}geGg] h:tf sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . Tof] sf]/f sNkgf geO{;+3if{sf] p2]Zo ;d]t xf] .

Tof] Ps pbfx/0f / Ps k/vgnL jf ‘6]i66\o"j’ sf] ¿kdf x]l/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . dfgj ;dfh /;Eotfsf ;'Gb/ j:t' / pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f / ;'/lIft/fVg ;+u|xfno / ;+/lIft If]qsf] aGbf]a:t u/]sf] x'G5 .g]kfndf klg d"t{ / cd"t{ snf / ;+:s[lt hf]ufpg' kg]{ 7fp“/ If]qx¿ 5g\ .

$= eQmk'/df g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ s] e"ld;'wf/sf]$= eQmk'/df g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ s] e"ld;'wf/sf]$= eQmk'/df g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ s] e"ld;'wf/sf]$= eQmk'/df g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ s] e"ld;'wf/sf]$= eQmk'/df g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ s] e"ld;'wf/sf];dy{g / df]lxofgL xssf] ;+/Ifsdfq} xf] <;dy{g / df]lxofgL xssf] ;+/Ifsdfq} xf] <;dy{g / df]lxofgL xssf] ;+/Ifsdfq} xf] <;dy{g / df]lxofgL xssf] ;+/Ifsdfq} xf] <;dy{g / df]lxofgL xssf] ;+/Ifsdfq} xf] <

pQ/M eQmk'/df sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng / ls;fg;+3if{ g]dlskf :yfkgfeGbf klxn]b]lv g} lyof] . g]kfnsDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgfsfn @))& ;fnkl5 klg nfnsDo'lgi6 / ls;fg ;+u7g ;lqmo lyof] .

g]dlskf ;+u7g x'g' eGbf klxn] / kl5ls;fgx¿sf] u'Kt /fqL sIffx¿df a]nfotL qmflGt, cd]l/sL:jtGqtf cfGbf]ng, k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGt, k]l/; sDo'g,?;sf] !()% sf] qmflGt / !(!& sf] km]a|'c/L / cS6'a/qmflGtb]lv lrlgof“ hgjfbL qmflGt, sf]l/of / leotgfddfcd]l/sL ;fd|fHoafbL cfqmd0f lj/f]wL n8fO“ cflbaf/]cWoog / cWofkg x'GYof] .


46

dfS;{, P+u]N;, n]lgg, :tflng, dfcf] T;]t'ª,xf]lr ldGx, lsd On ;'ª / Sofi6«f];Ddsf sDo'lgi6g]tfx¿sf] hLjgL / /rgfx¿sf] rrf{ x'GYof] . o;/LeQmk'/df gofF ls;fg sfo{stfx¿n] ef/tsf] t]n+ufgfcfGbf]ng -!($&–!(%@_ b]lv gS;naf8L cfGbf]ng;Ddsfhfgsf/L /fVy] . To;a]nfsf slt ls;fg sfo{stf{s]xL sfn ultn] d/] / s]xL zxLb eP . hf]tfxf xs-df]lxofgL_ sf] cfGbf]ng / e"ld;'wf/ / cGo s]xLkIfnfO{ ls;fg sfo{stf{x¿n] ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf ePsf]e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] ¿kdf lnP . To;af6C0f d'lQm / cGo hLjg:t/df k|efj kfg{] kl/jt{geof] . To;n] eQmk'/df lzIff / ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{gNofof] tyf Jofkf/ / ;–;fgf pBf]uwGwfsf] ljsf;dfklg 6]jf k'¥ofof] .

%= @)$* ;fn / kl5sf] lgjf{rgdf g]dlskfn]%= @)$* ;fn / kl5sf] lgjf{rgdf g]dlskfn]%= @)$* ;fn / kl5sf] lgjf{rgdf g]dlskfn]%= @)$* ;fn / kl5sf] lgjf{rgdf g]dlskfn]%= @)$* ;fn / kl5sf] lgjf{rgdf g]dlskfn]h'Dnf, b}n]v / klZrdf~rnsf cGo lhNnfaf6h'Dnf, b}n]v / klZrdf~rnsf cGo lhNnfaf6h'Dnf, b}n]v / klZrdf~rnsf cGo lhNnfaf6h'Dnf, b}n]v / klZrdf~rnsf cGo lhNnfaf6h'Dnf, b}n]v / klZrdf~rnsf cGo lhNnfaf6klg dtx¿ kfPsf] lyof ], ca t eQmk'/dfklg dtx¿ kfPsf] lyof ], ca t eQmk'/dfklg dtx¿ kfPsf] lyof ], ca t eQmk'/dfklg dtx¿ kfPsf] lyof ], ca t eQmk'/dfklg dtx¿ kfPsf] lyof ], ca t eQmk'/df;d]t rf/ If]qdWo] Pp6} If]qdf g]dlskf ;Lldt;d]t rf/ If]qdWo] Pp6} If]qdf g]dlskf ;Lldt;d]t rf/ If]qdWo] Pp6} If]qdf g]dlskf ;Lldt;d]t rf/ If]qdWo] Pp6} If]qdf g]dlskf ;Lldt;d]t rf/ If]qdWo] Pp6} If]qdf g]dlskf ;Lldteof] eGg] a'emfO{df tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <eof] eGg] a'emfO{df tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <eof] eGg] a'emfO{df tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <eof] eGg] a'emfO{df tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <eof] eGg] a'emfO{df tkfO{sf] l6Kk0fL <

pQ/M g]dlskfsf] ;kmntf / sfdbf/ hgtfdfa9\b} uPsf] r]tgfsf] :t/ Pj+ b]zJofkL /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngdflbPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ kF"hLjfbL lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffdn] dfq}d"Nof°g ug'{x'Gg . @)#^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng / hgdt ;+u|xdfs0ff{nL lhNnfsf] h'Dnfdf 3g / x“l;ofsf] /ftf] em08fb]Vbf ljb]zLx¿ ;d]t cGof]ndf lyP . To:tf] b'u{d lhNnfdf/ftf] em08f kmxl/+bf / ax'bnnfO{ cfPsf] dtaf/] g]dlskfsfsfo{stf{ / ;dy{sx¿ cfh klg uf}/j u5{g\ . x'Dnf, d'u',8f]Nkf, sflnsf]6, b}n]v, ;'v]{t, c5fd cflb lhNnfdf;fyLx¿ ;lqmo lyP .

ufpF–ufpF / ul/asf 3/–3/df g]dlskfsf] k|rf// ;+u7gn] b]zL / ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿ em:s] / PseP . eQmk'/ lhNnfdf h:t} cGo lhNnfx¿df klg g]sf+,Pdfn], /fk|kf, Pdfcf]jfbL, dw]zjfbL cflb ;a} g]dlskfsf]lj/f]wdf k6s–k6s Ps eP . o;df xfdLnfO{ cfZro{5}g, lsgeg] ;+;f/sf ;a} sfu sfn} x'G5g\ . @)$* /@)%! ;fnsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rg / :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf s0ff{nL

/ e]/Ldf g]dlskfsf] k|bz{gn] tyfslyt sDo'lgi6 /k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿ Ps eP .

ljsl;t b]zx¿df ;d]t k};fsf] vf]nf] aufP/,wd{ k|rf/sx¿ nufP/ tyf b}lgs cfjZostfsf ;fdfgx¿afF8]/, 6r{nfO6, df]afOn, ljleGg /+uL–lj/+uL n'ufx¿afF8]/ lgjf{rgsf] a]nf dtbfg s]Gb|b]lv dtu0fgf ug]{7fp“;Dd sd{rf/L / k|zf;gsf cGo c+ux¿n] ;Qfsf]kIfdf wfFwnL ug{' t k"FhLjfbL ;+;f/s} ;fdfGo lgod eO{cfPsf] 5 eg] b'u{d lhNnfdf To:tf wfFwnL a9\b} uP .o;/L ;fwf/0f hgtf / dtbftfx¿nfO{ lemlnldln /nf]enfnrn] k|efj kf/] eg] xfd|f] ;r]t kf6L{sf] dt k'/fg}c8fgdf b]lvof] . o; cy{df xfdL sdhf]/ eof}+ eGg] s'/f;To xf]Og .

k"FhLjfbL b]z / Joj:yfdf dhb'/ ju{ ljho x'g]lgjf{rg If]qnfO{ ;d]t $ 6'qmfdf ljeflht u/]/ ;+=/f=cd]l/sfb]lv ef/t;Dd dhb'/x¿nfO{ lgjf{rg x/fpg]hfnem]n ug]{ ljifo huhfx]/ 5 . g]dlskfnfO{ g]kfndfTo:t} cGofo ub{} 5, t/ g]dlskfsf] p2]Zo, l;4fGt /;ª\3{zLntfdf st} ljrng ePsf] 5}g / sdhf]/ klgePsf] 5}g .

^= g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ g} gu/kflnsf xf]^= g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ g} gu/kflnsf xf]^= g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ g} gu/kflnsf xf]^= g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ g} gu/kflnsf xf]^= g]dlskfsf] cfwf/ g} gu/kflnsf xf]eg] ef/tdf h:t} klZrd a+ufn, lqk'/f / s]/fnfdfeg] ef/tdf h:t} klZrd a+ufn, lqk'/f / s]/fnfdfeg] ef/tdf h:t} klZrd a+ufn, lqk'/f / s]/fnfdfeg] ef/tdf h:t} klZrd a+ufn, lqk'/f / s]/fnfdfeg] ef/tdf h:t} klZrd a+ufn, lqk'/f / s]/fnfdfefhkf-dfS;{jfbL_ h:t} ;kmfof x' Fb}g / <efhkf-dfS;{jfbL_ h:t} ;kmfof x' Fb}g / <efhkf-dfS;{jfbL_ h:t} ;kmfof x' Fb}g / <efhkf-dfS;{jfbL_ h:t} ;kmfof x' Fb}g / <efhkf-dfS;{jfbL_ h:t} ;kmfof x' Fb}g / <

pQ/M n]lggjfbL l;4fGtcg';f/ g]dlskf;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ k"FhLjfbL k|efjdf 5f]8\g'x'Gg\ eGg]kIfdf 5 . o;sf/0f g]dlskfn] k|ltlqmofjfbL eGbfk|ltlqmofjfbL ;+3–;+:yfdf uP/ hgtfsf] ;]jf ub}{5 /lgjf{rgnfO{ klg j}rfl/s ;+3if{sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ub}{5 .lgjf{rg lhTgnfO{ c? s'g} cj;/jfbL / gSsnL sDo'lgi6;FuPstf g]dlskfn] ub}{g . g]dlskfn] ;bgdf xf];\ jf ;8sdfk"FhLjfbL P]g–sfg'g, ;/sf/sf hglj/f]wL g/fd|f sfdx¿,b]zsf] clxtdf ePsf ;lGw–;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ hgtfdfpbf+Uofpg] / hgtfnfO{ ;r]t kfg{] sfd ub{} cfPsf] 5 /ub}{ hfg] 5 .

t/ ef/tsf] lgjf{rgaf/] kl5 5'§} 5nkmnu/f} +nf .


51

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] c;f/ !% ut] eQmk'/gkf j8f g+= # d+untLy{b]lv /fddlGb/;Dd ;/;kmfOu¥of] .

gu/kflnsfsf] kflIfs ;/;kmfOcGtu{t ePsf]pQm ;/;kmfO sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsfpkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] b]z}el/ v]nf ;kmfO r'gf}tLsf]

ljifo ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb} bL3{sfnLg ;kmfOsf] lglDthgtfnfO{ ;r]t agfpg cfjZos ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] xg'dGQ] vf]nf;'wf/sf sfo{x?nfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf ] k |; +usf]6\ofpg'x'Fb} v'nf hUuf ;+/If0f / ;Defljt af9Laf6hf]lug pkfox?df Wofgdf lbP/ sfd ul//x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

jftfj/0f tyf ko{6g ;ldltsf ;+of]hs Pjd\

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf /laGb| HofVjn];fj{hlgs 7fpFx? ;kmf ug'{ gful/s bfloTj ePsf] atfpg'x'Fb}eQmk'/sf hgk|ltglw, sd{rf/L tyf :yfgLo hgtfn]:jod\;]jL lx;fan] ;/;kmfOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= # sf j8fWoIf /fhs[i0fuf]/fn] :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ;/;kmfOaf/] r]tgf lbg /;r]t agfpg lgoldt ;/;kmfO ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= $ sf j8fWoIfs'df/ rjfn / sfo{kflnsf ;b:o ;'lgtf cjfnn] klgaf]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

d+untLy{b]lv /fddlGb/;Dd ;/;kmfO

d+untLy{df ;/;kmfO ub}{

d+untLy{df ;/;kmfO ub}{ dlxnf sd{rf/L

d+untLy{ ;/;kmfO sf] kmf]x/ uf8Ldf nf]8 ub}{


52

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltsf]cWoIftfdf eQmk'/ gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] af]8{ a}7s eQmk'/gkf j8f g+= @ l:yt Aof;Ldf ljleGg ldltdf a;LlnOPsf lg0f{o hfgsf/Lsf] nflu lbOPsf] 5 .

ldlt @)&% kmfu'g @ ut] laxLaf/pkl:ylt!= k|d'v >L ;'lgn k|hfklt pkl:yt@= pkk|d'v >L /hgL hf]zL P]#= j8fWoIf >L Zofds[i0f vqL P]$= j8fWoIf >L xl/k|;fb af;'snf P]%= j8fWoIf >L /fhs[i0f uf]/f P]^= j8fWoIf >L s'df/ rjfn P]&= j8fWoIf >L k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{ P]*= j8fWoIf >L xl//fd ;'jfn P](= j8fWoIf >L ps]z sjf+ P]!)= j8fWoIf >L dx]Gb| vfodnL P]!!= j8fWoIf >L /ljGb| HofVj P]!@= j8fWoIf >L nIdLk|;fb Åof+}ldvf P]!#= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L /f]zgd}of ;'jfn P]!$= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L 5f]/Ld}of ;'hv' -k|hfklt_ P]!%= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L ;'lgtf k|hfklt -cjfn_ P]!^= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L ;l/gf Bf]nf P]!&= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L s[i0fnIdL b'jfn P]!*= ;b:o ;lrj >L /f]lxt/fh kf]v/]n P]

lg0f{ox¿cGt/ gu/ s/ft] k|ltof]lutf

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsfsf] cfof]hgfdf oxL @)&%kmfu'g % ut]b]lv & ut];Dd x'g] cGt/ gu/ s/ft] k|ltof]lutfkmfu'g % ut] pb\3f6g ;df/f]x Pj+ ;dfkg tyf k'/:sf/ljt/0f ;df/f]x Pj+ kmfu'g & ut] ;dfkg tyf k'/:sf/ljt/0f ;df/f]xsf] sfo{qmd ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .ljljws= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf oxL @)&% df3 @% ut]b]lv

k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t /f]lxt/fh kf]v/]n clgjfo{;]jf lgj[Q ePsf]n] gu/kflnsfsf] lgoldt k|zf;lgssfo{df jfwf gkg]{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+3Lo dfldnftyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 o;} gu/kflnsfsfjl/i7 cfls{6]S6 O{= >L /fduf]ljGb >]i7nfO{ lgldQk|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t eO{ sfo{ ug{ lhDd]jf/L;lxtsf] kq k|fKt ePsf] a}7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

v= o; gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt / j8fcWoIfxl//fd ;'jfn oxL @)&% kmfu'g @, #, $ ut]g]kfnu~h pdxfgu/kflnsf;lxt af+s] lhNnfsfgu/kflnsfx¿df e|d0fdf hfg' x'g] Joxf]/f a}7sdfhfgsf/L u/fOof] .

u= cfly{s ;xof]u ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDg cg';f/lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] M

c= e=g=kf= j8f g+= $ j8f v]ns'b ;ldltnfO{ gub ?=%),))).–

;ldltsf] lg0f{ox¿ cg'df]bglgdf{0f ;ldlt


53

ldlt @)&% kmfu'g @) ut] ;f]daf/

lg0f{ox¿lgjt{dfg k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tsf] labfO{

o; gu/kflnsfsf] ut @)&% df3 @$ ut]pd]/sf] sf/0f clgjfo{ ;]jf lgj[Q k|fKt u/]sf lgjt{dfgk|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t >L /f]lxt/fh kf]v/]nnfO{gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 @)&% kmfu'g @! ut] ljbfO{ sfo{qmdcfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .efHof kf]v/L;DaGwL uf]i7L

o; gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! l:yt P]ltxfl;sefHof kf]v/L tyf kf]v/Lsf] aLr efudf eUgfjz]if/x]sf] k'/ftflŒjs dlGb/ hL0ff]{åf/;DaGwL gu/kflnsfåf/fOltxf;ljb\ k|f= k'?iff]Qd nf]rg >]i7sf] ;+of]hsTjdful7t cWoog sfo{bnn] k|f/lDes ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf]k|ltj]bgdfly Oltxf;ljb\, ;+:s[ltljb\, k'/ftTjljb\nufot;/f]sf/jfnf ;a} kIfx¿aLr @)&% kmfu'g @& ut]cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] Mk'hf/L d7 hL0ff]{4f/

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ( bQfqol:ytljZj k|l;4 do"/ em\ofn /x]sf] P]ltxfl;s k'hf/L d7 k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu gu/kflnsf ;Dkbf pkzfvfaf6 tof/ul/Psf ] gS;f l8hfOg;lxt nut Ol i6d ]6?=!*,#!,^@,@#%.%*.– -cIf]¿kL c7f/ s/f]8 #! nfv ^@xhf/ @#% ¿k}of %* k};f dfq_ kfl/t ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

hUuf ;§fk§fP]ltxfl;s Pj+ k'/ftflŒjs If]qx¿ hugfy If]q,

;fsf]7f If]q tyf tfnf bf]Dkmf] If]qdf lghL cfjf; agfO/x]sf:yfgLo gu/jf;Lx¿;“u cfk;L 5nkmn u/L lnjfnLIf]qdf gu/kflnsfsf] gfddf /x]sf hUufx¿dWo] pko'QmhUuf ;§fk§f ug{sf nflu /fo ;'emfj lbg b]xfo adf]lhdsf]kbflwsf/L /xg] u/L # ;b:oLo sfo{bn u7g ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] M tkl;n;+of]hs M ps]z sjf+;b:o M /ljGb| HofVj;b:o M dx]Gb| vfodnLVjk c:ktfnsf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj

o; gu/kflnsfn] lgdf{0f ul//x]sf] Vjk c:ktfn;~rfng;DaGwL jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg(Environmental Impact Assessment Report) tof/ ug{k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .Vjk Pkm=Pd= pks/0f vl/b

o; gu/kflnsfsf] cfkm\g} :jfldTjdf %)) jf6Ifdtfsf] Vjk Pkm=Pd= ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[ltsf nfluk|b]z g+= # k|b]z ;/sf/nfO{ kqfrf/ ug]{ tyf Pkm=Pd=;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos pks/0fx¿ vl/b ug{ k|lqmofcl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .ljljws=s=s=s=s= cGt/ gu/ s/ft] k|ltof]lutfsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ :j¿k


54

@)&%.!).!) ut]b]lv @)&%.!).!& ut];Dd ;nf{xL,l;/fxf , dxf ]Q/L, wg ' i f f , ;Kt/L, df ]/·,;'g;/Lnufotsf lhNnf e|d0f ubf{sf] vr{ ?=&&@%).–lan j8f g+= ! sf j8fcWoIf Zofds[i0f vqLn] k]zePsf]df ;f] vr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bgvr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bgvr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bgvr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bgvr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bg ul/of] .

v=v=v=v=v= @)&%.!!.)@ ut]b]lv @)&%.!!.)% ut];Dd g]kfnu~hpkdxfgu/kflnsf;lxt af“s] lhNnfsf ljleGggu/kflnsfx¿sf ] cWoog e|d0f ubf {sf ] vr{?=#%,#)).– lan j8f g+= ^ sf j8fcWoIf xl//fd;'jfnn] k]z ePsf]df ;f] vr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bgvr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bgvr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bgvr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bgvr{sf] e'QmfgL cg'df]bgul/of] .

u=u=u=u=u= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f cfof]lht cGt/ gu/ s/ft]k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu cfjZos d]r pknAw u/fP jfktsf]?=!!,@)).– eQmk'/ 6]06 xfp;nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg]e'QmfgL lbg]e'QmfgL lbg]e'QmfgL lbg]e'QmfgL lbg]lg0f{o ul/of] .

3=3=3=3=3= e=g=kf= j8f g+= ( Rofdfl;+xl:yt Vjk c:ktfn ejglgdf{0f sfo{sf] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f cg';f/sf] 808LpknAw u/fPsf] ;fdfgsf] hf“r u/L lancg';f/?=!,^^,*%,&(#.&# ;'nf]s 6«]l8ªnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg]e'QmfgL lbg]e'QmfgL lbg]e'QmfgL lbg]e'QmfgL lbg]lg0f{o ul/of] .

ª=ª=ª=ª=ª= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf, gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{nosf]nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;L= ;L= Sofd]/f vl/b / h8fgsfo{ ug{ ldlt @)&%.!).!& ut] ‘dhb'/’ b}lgs klqsfdfk|sflzt lj1fkgcg';f/ Dofbleq $ -rf/_ j6f dfql;njGbL b/efpkq kg{ cfPsf]n] ldlt @)&%.!!.# ut]e=g=kf= ;ef sIfdf ljleGg sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx¿/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] /f]xj/df vf]nL ldlt @)&%.!!.*ut] a;]sf] af]nkq d"Nof+sg ;ldltaf6 lgodfg';f/ePsf] / af]n /sddf ;aeGbf sd /sd pNn]v ug]{y8{ cfO{ O{G6/k|fO{h]h\sf] Eof6;lxt ?=!@,&%,&@$.*)-cIf¿kL af¥x nfv krxQ/ xhf/ ;ft ;o rf}la; /k};f c;Ldfq_ sf] l;njGbL b/efpkq÷af]nkq :jLs[tug]{ l;kmfl/; ePcg';f/ ldlt @)&%.!!.( ut]sf] ‘dhb'/’b}lgs klqsfdf b/efp kq :jLs[ltsf] cfzo kq ;d]tk|sflzt eO;s]sf], Dofbleq s'g} klg ;+3, ;+:yf jf;Knfo;{af6 bfaL lj/f]w kg{ gcfPsf] x'“bf y8{ cfO{O{G6/k|fO{h]h\sf] l;njGbL b/efpkq÷af]nkq :jLs[ltu/L vl/b ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg'df]bg;xsf/L cg'udg ;ldltldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]

!=!=!=!=!= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ;xsf/L ;+:yf cg'udgaf6 ldlt@)&% ;fn kmfu'g @! ut], d+unaf/sf lbg lbp+;f]!!M)) ah] e=g=kf= ! Otf5+]l:yt ;"o{ls/0f art tyfC0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cg'udg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

@=@=@=@=@= ;xsf/L cg'udg ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 ug]{ cg'udgsf]qmddf k|lt lbg gu/kflnsfsf] lgodfg';f/ kfpg]?=#)).– eQf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L e=g=kf= af]8{a]7sdf k]z ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf ;+:s[lt ;ldltldlt @)&%.!!.!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!) ut]!=!=!=!=!= ljZjljBfno txdf /fhgLlt zf:q, Oltxf;, e"uf]n,

;+:s[lt / snf, g]kfn efiffdf pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{rfxg] tyf cWoog/t gu/jf;L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ o;gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{ gu/jf;LljBfyL{x¿nfO{ v'Nnf b/vf:t cfx\jfg ug]{ / !% lbg];"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

@=@=@=@=@= ljleGg ljifox¿df ljZjljBfno txdf :gfts /;f]eGbf dflyNnf] txdf cWoog ug{ rfxg] / cWoog/tljBfyL{x¿nfO{ z}lIfs C0f k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{ocg';f/z}lIfs C0f lng rfxg] gu/jf;L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Psdlxgfleq gu/kflnsfdf b/vf:t /fVg ;"rgf k|sflztug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f ;ldltldlt @)&%.!!.!$ ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!$ ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!$ ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!$ ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!$ ut]!=!=!=!=!= ldlt @)&% kmfu'g !^ ut] elgPsf] sfo{qmd ;fdflhs

;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f sfo{qmd ePsf] x'“bf ;f] sfo{qmdnfO{ldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut] egkf ;efsIfdf lbgsf] @M))ah] ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

@=@=@=@=@= @)&% kmfu'g !& ut]sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ lgDg cg';f/k|d'v cltly, cltly tyf lhDd]jf/L lbOof] M

tkl;n k|d'v cltly M >L ;'lgn k|hfklt cltly M >L /hgL hf]zL ;efklt M >L /f]zgd}of ;''jfn :jfut M >L s[i0fnIdL b'jfn ;~rfng M >L ;l/gf Bf]nf ;a} tflndsf k|yd, låtLo, t[tLo / ;fGTjgfsf]nflu k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .#=#=#=#=#= lgDg cg';f/sf k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ k|df0fkq ljt/0f

ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M>fj0f–sflt{s # dlxg] @)&% skfn sf6\g]


55z}n'gsf k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] gfd!= s[i0fk|;fb ofsfdL – e=g=kf= @@= ;+lhj :j+uldvf – e=g=kf= ##= l/tf gflkt – e=g=kf= %$= s[i0fs'df/ ;'jfn – e=g=kf= $%= led;]g bz{gwf/L – e=g=kf= @^= ljg' gflkt – e=g=kf= @&= ;'lznf gflkt – e=g=kf= ^*= u+uf k|hfklt – dWok'/(= l;tf lys] – e=g=kf= ^!)= alatf k|hfklt – e=g=kf= &!!= cg' uf];fO{ – e=g=kf= @!@= b]j]Gb| s';fyf – emf}v]n!#= ;fg' d}of gflkt – e=g=kf= %!$= /fduf]kfn skfnL – e=g=kf= $!%= lbg' jf6L – e=g=kf= #k|lzIfs nIdL gflktk|lzIfs nIdL gflktk|lzIfs nIdL gflktk|lzIfs nIdL gflktk|lzIfs nIdL gflkt – e=g=kf= ^

@)&% d+l;/–k';–df3 -# dlxg]_ P8\efG;-pGgt_ l;nfO{sf k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] gfd!= ;'nf]rgf ;'jfn – e=g=kf= !)@= zflGt zfSo – e=g=kf= (#= pld{nf zfSo – e=g=kf= ($= ljGb|f d}of l;+Vjfn – e=g=kf= $%= e'jg]Zj/L jg -h+ud_ – e=g=kf= (^= l/gf a'4frfo{ – e=g=kf= (&= hd'gf >]i7 – e=g=kf= #*= clgtf uf];fO{ – e=g=kf= &(= >Lhgf Vofh' – e=g=kf= *!)= cg'/fwf k|hfklt – e=g=kf= (!!= ;'htf zfSo – e=g=kf= *!@= k'hf cjfn – e=g=kf= @(!#= l/tf vfO{h' – e=g=kf= (!$= lty{ zf]ef zfSo – e=g=kf=!)k | lzIfsx¿k | lzIfsx¿k | lzIfsx¿k | lzIfsx¿k | lzIfsx¿!= s[i0fdfof sjf+ – e=g=kf= &@= sdnf zfSo – e=g=kf= (

@)&% efb|b]lv df3 d;fGt;Dd -^ dlxg]_sfi7snf tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] gfd!= xl/ ;'jfn – @ @= /fhg j}B – @#= lty{ /fd uf]/f – # $= /fd uf]kfn u? – #%= /d]z unh' – % ^= s[i0f k|;fb nfu] – &

&= hLjg af;L – * *= k|ljz k|hfklt – #(= lbg]z kmf]h' – !) !)= ;'/h /fhrn – @!!= cf]ldg ;f+oh' – !) !@= /ljg k|hfklt – !)!#= ;'lgtf gv]q' – ( !$= /]0f' ;'jfn – *!%= l/df /+lhtsf/ – & !^= ;f]gf sf]h" – *!&= /]0f' ;f+oh' – !) !*= cg' ;'jfn – @k | lzIfsx¿k | lzIfsx¿k | lzIfsx¿k | lzIfsx¿k | lzIfsx¿!= lji0f'eQm s';L – ( @= lgd{nf sjf+ – &cfly{s ;ldltldlt @)&%.!!.! ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.! ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.! ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.! ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.! ut]!=!=!=!=!= @)&% kmfu'g / r}q dlxgfnfO{ Joj;fo btf{ tyf s/

;+sng dlxgfsf] ¿kdf ;kmn kfg]{ / 3/ axfn s/sf]k|efjsf/L ;+sng ;DaGwdf s/ pkzfvfaf6 k|:tfjk]z e} k|:tfj pk/ yk 5nkmn u/L lgDgfg';f/ ug]{lg0f{o ul/of] .

s=s=s=s=s= @)&% kmfu'g / r}q dlxgfleq Joj;fo btf{ ug{ cfpg]Joj;foLx¿nfO{ cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{x¿sf] s/df %)k|ltzt 5'6 lbg af]8{ a}7s ;dIf cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] .

v=v=v=v=v= Joj;fo btf{ ePsf t/ lgoldt s/ glt/]sfJoj;foLx¿ @)&% kmfu'g / r}qdf s/ a'emfpg cfPdfaSof}tf s/sf] hl/jfgf ldgfxf ug{] .

u=u=u=u=u= s/ ;+sng cleofgnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ j8f cWoIf, j8f;lrj tyf j8f lg/LIfsx¿sf] e]nf cfof]hgf ug]{ .

ldlt @)&%.!!.!# ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!# ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!# ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!# ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!# ut]!=!=!=!=!= @)&% kmfu'g / r}q dlxgfnfO{ Joj;fo btf{ tyf s/

;+sng cleofgsf] dlxgfsf] ¿kdf ;kmn kfg{ kqklqsf,Pkm=Pd, krf{ dfkm{t ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ .

@ =@=@=@=@= pk/f ]Qm cleofgnfO { ;kmn kfg ] { ;Gbe {dfj8fcWoIfHo"x¿, j8f ;lrj tyf j8f lg/LIfsx¿sf]e]nf ldlt @)&%.!!.@@ ut] lbgsf] !M)) ah] e=g=kf=;efsIfdf cfof]hgf ug]{ .

#=#=#=#=#= eQmk'/ gu/ If]qleqsf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu kN;{;DaGwL tflndsf]cfof]hgf ug]{ / ;f] tflndsf] nflu cfjZos :6]zg/L;fdu|L, vfhf / k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ lgodfg';f/sf]kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yfsf] nflu g=kf= af]8{ ;dIf cg'/f]wug]{ ;fy} ;xefuL ;xsf/Laf6 btf{ z'Ns ?=!)).– .

ldlt @)&%.!!.!% ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!% ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!% ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!% ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!% ut]!=!=!=!=!= ;xsf/L sfo{If]q e=g=kf= j8f g+= ! b]lv !) ;Dd

lj:tf/ u/L kfpm+ egL tn]h' art tyf C0f ;xsf/L


56

;+:yf ln= sf]nf5]+n] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf]df sfo{ If]qlj:tf/sf] :jLs[lt lbg] tyf yfnf5]+ art tyf C0f;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= yfnf5]+, eQmk'/n] ljlgod ;+zf]wgu/L kfpm+ egL ljleGg $ j6f kl/R5]b pNn]v u/Lldlt @)&%.*.!) ut] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf]df kl/R5]b !sf] gu/ If]qleqsf ;a} j8fdf sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ ug{,kl/R5]b * sf] ;+rfnsx¿sf] sfo{sfn $ jif{sf] x'g]tyf kl/R5]b ( sf] dlxnf pk;ldlt ;DaGwL ;+zf]wgsf]:jLs[lt lbg] t/ kl/R5]b !) sf] hu]8f sf]if af+8kmf+8;DaGwL ;+zf]wg xfnnfO{ :jLs[lt glbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

@=@=@=@=@= ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] sfo{ If]q lj:tf/sf] nflu dfucfPdf lgodfg';f/ :jLs[lt lb+bf k|lt j8f lj:tf/sf]?=!))).– sf] b/n] cg'dlt b:t'/ lng] k|:tfj af]8{

a}7s ;dIf k]z ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .s[lif ;ldltldlt @)&%.!).!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!).!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!).!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!).!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!).!) ut]!=!=!=!=!= kz' ;]jf sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu k|fKt ?=%,&),))).–

-cIf]/]kL ?= kf+r nfv ;Q/L xhf/_ zMzt{ cg'bfgsfo{qmddWo] l8:k]G;/L ;~rfngsf] nflu ?=#,%),))),–cf}ifwL vl/b ug{ sf]6]zg dfusf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{/ af “sL /sd ?=@,@),))).– sf] sfo{qmdnfO{k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cfwf/df sfo{qmd tof/ u/L;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

@=@=@=@=@= s[lif l;+rfO{ s'nf]sf] ;Mzt{ cg'bfgnfO{ e=g=kf= !) dfdfu ePcg';f/ kfOknfOg l:yt tMWofsf] s[lif l{;+rfO{s'nf] agfpg] of]hgf :jLs[lt lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

lgdf{0f ;ldlt


57

o; gu/kflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kbx¿ ;]jfs/f/df lng ldlt @)&%.*.@! ut]sf] b}lgs ‘dhb'/’dfk|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ Dofb leq kg{ cfPsf b]xfPsfkbx¿sf] ljleGg ldltdf lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf k/LIffdf;kmn x'g' ePsf]n] of]Uotf qmdsf] cfwf/df ;]jf s/f/dflngsf] nflu ldlt @)&%.!!.@) a;]sf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPsf] x'“bf of]Uotf qmdcg';f/ ;kmnpDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ #% lbg leq ;]jf s/f/df ;Demf}tfu/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] . pQm Dofb leq gu/kflnsfdf;Dks{ /fVg gcfPdf qmdzM of]Uotf qmdcg';f/ ;"rLs[tpDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ;]jf s/f/df ;Demf}tf ug]{ ;d]t lg0f{oul/of] .tkl;nkb M l;len O{lGhlgo/kb M l;len O{lGhlgo/kb M l;len O{lGhlgo/kb M l;len O{lGhlgo/kb M l;len O{lGhlgo/cfjZos ;+Vof M @cfjZos ;+Vof M @cfjZos ;+Vof M @cfjZos ;+Vof M @cfjZos ;+Vof M @of]Uotf qmd l;Dan g+= ;kmn pDd]bjf/sf] gfdy/! #% ;'zLn af;L@ ( /fhg ;'jfn;"lrs[t; " lrs[t; "lrs[t; " lrs[t; "lrs[t# !@ ;fu/ av'G5]$ !$ gf/fo0f sfhL >]i7% !# lgs]z/fh t'N;LafVof]

kb M ko{6g ;xfoskb M ko{6g ;xfoskb M ko{6g ;xfoskb M ko{6g ;xfoskb M ko{6g ;xfoscfjZos ;+Vof M ^cfjZos ;+Vof M ^cfjZos ;+Vof M ^cfjZos ;+Vof M ^cfjZos ;+Vof M ^of]Uotf qmd l;Dan g+= ;kmn pDd]bjf/sf] gfdy/! *$ ljj]s e"if0f wf}e8]n@ @) c~h' afu# !## /f]zg sf]h'$ !$# sdn s'Dkfv% ^& /Lgf k|hfklt^ $* v'Za' Wjh'; " lrs[t; " lrs[t; "lrs[t; " lrs[t; "lrs[t& ^$ /Ltf ;'jfn* !#( nIdL k|;fb k|hfklt( !@! k"l0f{df dfs!) %! k|lj0ff Toft!! !* cflifz dfgGw/!@ $% dlgif 5':ofafu!# %% afn s[i0f uf]/f!$ &! s[lt b'jfn!% $$ cdg sf]08f!^ !!% ;[hg k|hfkltkb M k|]; ck/]6/kb M k|]; ck/]6/kb M k|]; ck/]6/kb M k|]; ck/]6/kb M k|]; ck/]6/cfjZos ;+Vof M !cfjZos ;+Vof M !cfjZos ;+Vof M !cfjZos ;+Vof M !cfjZos ;+Vof M !


58

of]Uotf qmd l;Dan g+= ;kmn pDd]bjf/sf] gfdy/! $ lbg]z axfb'/ ljs;"lrs[t@ ! ljlGb/f sf]h'# @ ;fg' yfkf du/ -kfs'/_kb M afOG8/kb M afOG8/kb M afOG8/kb M afOG8/kb M afOG8/cfjZos ;+Vof M !cfjZos ;+Vof M !cfjZos ;+Vof M !cfjZos ;+Vof M !cfjZos ;+Vof M !of]Uotf qmd l;Dan g+= ;kmn pDd]bjf/sf] gfdy/! % ;[hgf sf]h'; " lrs[t; " lrs[t; "lrs[t; " lrs[t; "lrs[t@ !) s[i0f k|;fb ;'jfn# ( cGhgf ;'jfnkb M sfof{no ;xof]uLkb M sfof{no ;xof]uLkb M sfof{no ;xof]uLkb M sfof{no ;xof]uLkb M sfof{no ;xof]uLcfjZos ;+Vof M !)cfjZos ;+Vof M !)cfjZos ;+Vof M !)cfjZos ;+Vof M !)cfjZos ;+Vof M !)of]Uotf qmd l;Dan g+= ;kmn pDd]bjf/sf] gfdy/! !( nIdL >]i7 cjfn@ ## nIdLgf/fo0f Tjfogf# %% ljsf; Vofh'$ &@ /fd]Zj/L uf]/f 5f];f]sf];f]% *) lji0f's]z/L dfl/v'^ ^$ dx]z avfBf]& &^ /fhg Ujf5f* !!! k'0o/fd cfGhVof( !^ nIdLs]z/L vfodnL!) *! d]g'sf ;'s'kfof] Bf]nf; " lrs[t; " lrs[t; "lrs[t; " lrs[t; "lrs[t!) #% s[i0fd}of sf]h'!! !)$ nIdL j]+h'!@ !!@ l/tf dYof!# &) /ljg :ofdfh'!$ !@ s[i0fd'/f/L u]nfn!% !)^ ho k|;fb Ujf5f!^ & OZj/ s]=;L=!& ! dgf]h klxh'!* @ l/hg ;'jfn!( ^) z}n]; lsnDa'@) (@ /flhj b]pnf@! #$ nIdLZj/L b'd?@@ @) ;+lutf 5'sf+@# !)# k|Nxfb >]i7@$ ^@ lji0f'axfb'/ vftL

ldlt @)&% r}q !@ ut] d+unaf/

lg0f{ox¿;DaGw laR5]b

s=s=s=s=s= o;df jfbL la;/fd sa'n] k|ltjfbL nIdLsa' lj?4 nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DjGw ljR5]b;DjGw ljR5]b;DjGw ljR5]b;DjGw ljR5]b;DjGw ljR5]b u/L kfp“ eGg]d'2f btf{ eO{ k|ltjfbL lemsfO{ b'j} kIfnfO{ tf/]vdf /fvLGoflos ;ldltsf] O{hnfzdf pkl:yt u/fO{ d]nldnfkx'g ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ ubf{ Ps cfk;df d]nldnfk x'g g;s]sf]x'“bf lg0f{osf] nflu sfo{kflnsf a}7sdf k]; ug]{ Goflos;ldltsf] ldlt @)&%.!!.@ ut]sf] lg0f{o ;fy k]z x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf n]lvP adf]lhd b'j} kIfnfO{ ldnfkqx'g ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ ubf{ ;d]t b'j} kIf ldnfkq x'g ;xdtePsf] cj:yf gb]lv+bf nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DjGw ljR5]bsf;DaGwdf sfg"g adf]lhd cfjZos sfo{jfxLsf nflul;kmfl/;;lxt >L eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf jfbL k|ltjfbLb'j} kIfnfO{ tf/]v tf]ls k7fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

v=v=v=v=v= ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf] / Goflos;ldltsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] ljifo gb]lv+bf sfo{kflnsfa}7sdf k]z ug]{ u/L Goflos ;ldltsf] ldlt @)&%.!!.@#ut]sf] lg0f{o ;fy k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf jf:jljs;TotYo s] xf] < ;Dej eP;Ddsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f a'emL/fo;fy k7fpg ;DalGwt j8f sfof{nodf ldl;n ;fyn]vL k7fO{ ;f] cg';f/ v'nfO{ n]lvcfPkl5 lgodfg';f/u/L k]z ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg'df]bg

ljleGg ;ldltsf] b]xfo adf]lhssf] lg0f{ox¿cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of]Mcfly{s ;ldltldlt @)&%.!@.!! ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!! ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!! ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!! ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!! ut]

!= cfhsf] 5kmnkmdf ;"o{ls/0f art tyf C0f;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= sf] r=g+= !%& ldlt @)&%.!).@*ut]sf] kqfg';f/ pQm ;+:yfsf ;b:o >L ;'lgn k|hfkltsf]gfddf /x]sf] tgx'+ lhNnf bdf}lnsf] d}jn uf=lj=;=j8f g+=# sf] qmdzM ls=g+= *, @%^, #@& If]=km= !–!$–)–!, !–#–@–@ / $–)–)–) sf] hUufx¿ ljqmL /f]Ssf ug{ dfnkf]tsfof{no tgx'+df /x]sf]df xfn lghn] ;+:yfnfO{ ltg'{kg]{;fjf+ Aofh r'Qmf ePsf]n] pQm hUufx¿ /f]Ssf km's'jfsf]nflu l;kmfl/; kfpm“ egL lgj]bg k]z ePsf]df o;gu/kflnsfsf] ldlt @)&%.!).@! ut] a;]sf] cfly{s ;ldltsf]


59

lg0f{ocg';f/ ldlt @)&%.!!.@! ut] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{qmddf cg'udg ubf{ ?=#,#!,(%,!@$.– clgoldt ePsf]df?=@,^!,*$,@*(.– dfq ;+:yfdf bflvnf u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n]af“sL /sd bflvnf u/]kl5 dfq /f]Ssf k'ms'jf ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] .

@= gu/ If]qleqsf lghL ljBfno tyf ;xsf/L;+:yfx¿nfO{ gu/kflnsfdf a'emfpg' kg]{ xfn;Ddsf] aSof}tfs/ @)&% r}q d;fGt;Dd a'emfpg :yfgLo klqsfdf;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .s[lif ;ldltldlt @)&%.!!.@# ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.@# ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.@# ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.@# ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.@# ut]

!= kz' ;]jf sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] ;Mzt{cg'df]bgaf/] 5nkmn ul/of] .

@= o; ;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf % dlxg] s[lifk|fljlws tflnddf cfjZos ;ª\Vof j8f j8faf6 gcfPsf]x'gfn] gu/sf z}lIfs ;+:yfaf6 eP klg k|lzIffyL{ ;xefuLu/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .ldlt @)&%.!@.@( ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@( ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@( ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@( ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@( ut]

!= hgtfsf] ;'emfj tyf u'gf;f]nfO{ dWogh//fvL eQmk'/ gu/sf 5f8f s's'/ Joj:yfkg, aGWofs/0fug{ ;DalGwt e]6 km/ of]/ k]6 ;+:yfnfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ . Joj:yfkg M !)) j6f aGWofs/0f M %) j6f

@= ldlt @)&%.!!.@* ut]sf] r=g+= !@) sf]kqfg';f/ leGt'gf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{dfucg';f/ kf]6f; @% af]/fsf] nflu ;fN6 6«]l8· skf]{/]zglnld6]8sf] gfddf l;kmfl/; ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .o'jf tyf v]ns'b ;ldltldlt @)&%.!@.!! ut]

!= gof“ jif { @)&^ sf] cj;/df eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] cfof ]hgfdf @)&% ;fndf eQmk'/lhNnfaf6 ljleGg v]n k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL eO{ kbsk|fKt ug{ ;kmn jif{sf] pTs[i6 k'?if tyf dlxnf v]nf8Lx¿nfO{awfO{, cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfdf kbs k|fKt ug{ ;kmnv]nf8L, /]k|mL Pj+ k|lzIfs sf]if{df plQ0f{ k|lzIfsx¿nfO{;Ddfg sfo{qmd @)&^ j}zfv !$ ut] ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .;fy} pQm awfO{ tyf ;Ddfg sfo{qmdsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

@= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf eQmk'/gu/JofkL ljBfno :t/Lo dfr{kf; k|ltof]lutf @)&^;fn j}zfv !$ ut] zlgjf/ ug]{ / pQm dfr{kf;

k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu tkl;n cg';f/ ;b:o /xg] u/Ldfr{kf; k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ;ldlt u7g ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] Mtk l;ntk l;ntk l;ntk l;ntk l;n!= ;+of]hs M >L Zofd s[i0f vqL, ;+of]hs o'jf tyf

v]ns'b ;ldlt@= ;b:o M >L ps]z sjf+, ;b:o, o'jf tyf v]ns'b ;ldlt#= ;b:o M >L ;'lgtf cjfn, ;b:o o'jf tyf v]ns'b ;ldlt$= ;b:o M >L /fd uf]kfn sdf{rfo{%= ;b:o M >L /d]z >]i7, KofA;g, eQmk'/^= ;b:o M >L k'0o/fd sjf+, Pg AofJ;g, eQmk'/&= ;b:o M >L k'?iff]Qd Ujf5f, O;fg*= ;b:o M >L clDasf GofORofO{, ;+o'Qm k/LIff ;ldlt(= ;b:o M >L u+ufw/ xf8f, ;fd'bflos k/LIff ;ldlt!)= ;b:o M >L t''N;L/fd Ujf5f, cfwf/e"t ljBfno ;ldlt!!= ;b:o M >L /d]z l;ltv'!@= ;b:o M >L /Tgf rjfn!#= ;b:o M >L s[i0f ;'Gb/ k|hfklt

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ljleGg j8fx¿dfcfTd/Iff k|lzIf0f ;~rfngsf] nflu k|lzIfs >L kbdfvo/uf]nLsf] k|:tfjcg';f/ e=g=kf=j8f g+= & leqsfdlxnfx¿, ljBfnosf 5fqfx¿nfO{ @)&%.!).!! ut]b]lv@# ut];Dd @ ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbP jfkt k|lt ;d"x?=$),))).– -cIf]¿kL ?=rfln; xhf/_ sf b/n] @ ;d"xsf]?=*),))).– -cIf]¿kL ?=c:;L xhf/_ kfl/>lds lbg]lg0f{o ul/of] .lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf ;+:s[lt ;ldltldlt @)&%.!@.# ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.# ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.# ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.# ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.# ut]

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qdf ;~rflnt ;fd'bflostyf ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df z}lIfs lqmofsnfk Ps¿ktfNofpg] p2]Zon] gu/ lzIff zfvf dfkm{t @))) k|lt z}lIfsSofn]08/ k|sflzt u/L ljBfnox¿df ljt/0f ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf !) j6} j8fdf :yfgLo;d'bfoåf/f ;~rflnt k':tsfno tyf jfrgfnox¿sf]cWofjlws ug{ gu/kflnsf k|zf;g zfvfdf gljs/0fsfnflu !% lbg] ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .ldlt @)&%.!@.!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!) ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!) ut]

o; gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf sIff ! b]lv %;Ddsf sIffx¿df cWofkg ug]{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ ljBfyL{lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t kf7\oqmd s]lGb|t tflnd ;~rfng


60

b]xfosf] ldltdf b]xfosf] ljifox¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] M

tflndsf nflu eQmk'/ gu/leqsf ;a}ljBfnox¿df sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd cWofkg ug]{ ljifocg';f/km/s km/s lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ lgdGq0ff ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] .

tflndsf] pb\3f6g b]xfo adf]lhd to ul/of] Mldlt M @)&% r}q !# ut];do M lbgsf] !M)) ah]:yfg M afuLZj/L df=lj=, sdnljgfosk|d'v jQmf M ;'lgn k|hfklt – k|d'v eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfjQmf M /hgL hf]zL – pkk|d'v eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfjQmf M ps]z sjf+ – ;+of]hsjQmf M k|f= l;l4/Tg zfSo – k|lzIfs

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf / ltnu+uf cf“vf c:ktfnsf];xsfo{df gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|,RofDxfl;+xdf xfn ;~rflnt lhNnf ;fd'bflos cf“vfs]Gb|df df]lt ljGb' zNolqmof z'ef/De sfo{qmd b]xfosf]ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] Msfo{qmdldlt M @)&%.!@.!% ut], z'qmaf/;do M ljxfg *M#) ah]:yfg M hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|, RofDxfl;+xk|d'v cltly M gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+–cWoIf g]kfn dhb'/

ls;fg kf6L{ljz]if cltly M k|]d ;'jfn – ;lrj, g]dlskf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ocltly M ;'lxb l3ld/] – cWoIf g]kfn cf“vf sfo{qmdcltly M ;Gb's ?Ot – sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs g]kfn cf“vf

sfo{qmd, ltnu|uf cf“vf k|lti7fgcltly M l/t u'?ª, k|d'v sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs g]kfn cf“vf

sfo{qmd, ltnu|uf cf“vf k|lti7fg;efklt M ;'lgn k|hfklt– k|d'v eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf

#= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf ljBfnox¿dfz}lIfs sfo{ tflnsfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ x]t'n] gu/

lzIff zfvfdfkm{t k|sflzt ul/g] z}lIfs Sofn]08/ l8hfOg/ 5kfOsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf nflu l;l4 u0f]z ckm;]6 k|]; /OGb|]0fL 5fkfvfgfaf6 k|fKt uf]Ko sf]6]zgdf pNn]lvtd"No ljj/0f k/LIf0f ubf{ l;l4 u0f]z ckm;]6 k|];af6k|fKt sf]6]zgdf t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd d"No pNn]v ePsf]n]pQm k|];nfO{ Sofn]08/ 5kfOsf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] lg0f{oul/of] .

z}lIfs Sofn]08/ @))) k|lt k|sfzg u/LljBfnox¿df ljt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

$= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]tkm{af6 k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t eO{ cfpg' x'g] ofdnfnclwsf/LnfO{ :jfut tyf kl/rofTds sfo{qmd r}q !!ut] cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M;xsf/L cg'udg ;ldltldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.!& ut]!=!=!=!=!= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ;xsf/L ;+:yf cg'udgaf6 ldlt

@)&% ;fn kmfu'g @! ut] d+unaf/sf lbg lbp“;f]!!M)) ah] e=g=kf= ! O6f5]+l:yt ;"o{ls/0f art tyfC0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cg'udg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

@=@=@=@=@= ;xsf/L cg'udg ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 ug]{ cg'udgsf]qmddf k|ltlbg gu/kflnsfsf] lgodfg';f/ kfpg]?=#)).– eQf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

jftfj/0f tyf ko{6g ;ldltldlt @)&%.!!.@( ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.@( ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.@( ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.@( ut]ldlt @)&%.!!.@( ut]

!= lgoldt kflIfs ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd @)&%r}q ! ut] laxfg &M)) ah] r'lk+3f6 kl/;/df ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] .

@= ko{6s sfpG6/x¿nfO{ :t/ j[l4 u/L ko{6s;"rgf s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

#= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf / eQmk'/ ko{6g ljsf;;ldltsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf :yfgLo ky kyk|bz{sx¿nfO{k'gtfh{uL tflnd @)&% r}q & ut]b]lv !# ut];Dd ;~rfngug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . tflnd ;~rfng ah]6 o;};fy ;+nUgul/Psf] 5 .

$= eQmk'/ ko{6g, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f /ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gu/ k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{lg0f{o ul/of] .

%= g]kfn e|d0f jif{ @)@) nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpgeQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf eQmk'/ dxf]T;j @)!(ljifos sfo{qmd ug{ cfjZos k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg]lg0f{o ul/of] .

ldlt ljifo ;do

@)&% r}q !# ut] / !$ ut] ul0ft lbgsf ] @ b]lv % ah];Dd

@)&% r}q !% ut] / ! ̂ut] c+u|hL lbgsf ] @ b]lv % ah];Dd

@)&% r}q !& ut] ;fdflhs lbgsf ] @ b]lv % ah];Dd

@)&% r}q !* ut] g]kfn lbgsf ] @ b]lv % ah];Dd

@)&% r}q !( ut] / @) ut] lj1fg lbgsf ] @ b]lv % ah];Dd


61

ldlt @)&%.!@.!) ut]!=!=!=!=!= lgoldt kflIfs ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd @)&% r}q !% ut] laxfg &M)) ah], j8f g+= % of]l;+Vo kl/;/df ug]{ lg0f{o

ul/of] .@=@=@=@=@= b/af/ :Sjfo/, 6f}d9L :Sjfo/ / bQfqo :Sjfo/sf k;n Joj;foL / :yfgLox¿sf] a}7s @)&% r}q !* ut] @M))

ah] e=g=kf= ;efsIfdf af]nfpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .#=#=#=#=#= ko{6sx¿nfO{ ;fdfg a]Rg] xft] Jofkf/L -ko{6g ;b\efj ;+3_ sf] a}7s @)&% r}q !( ut] laxfg *M)) ah] e=g=kf=

;efsIfdf af]nfpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

sñ

sñ


62

ljljws=s=s=s=s= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ul/g]

5ftL k'gM :yfkgf s]Gb| lgdf{0fsf] nflu o; gu/kflnsfk|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t ofdnfn clwsf/L / n]vfk|d'v /fd;'Gb/ ;'hv"sf] ;+o'Qm x:tfIf/df g]kfn a}+slnld6]8 sdnljgfos zfvfdf a}+s vftf vf]Ng] lg0f{oul/of] .

v=v=v=v=v= 8«f= a'l4gf/fo0f ;'jfnnfO{ 8«fOe/ OGrfh{ eQf:j¿k dfl;s ?=!%)).– k|bfg ug]{ .

u=u=u=u=u= 5ftL k'gM :yfkgf s]Gb| lgdf{0fsf] nflu k|d'v k|zf;sLo

clws[t / n]vfkfn /fd;'Gb/ ;'hv'sf] ;+o'Qm b:tvtdfg]kfn a}+s ln= df vftf vf]Ng] .

3=3=3=3=3= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf ldlt @)&%.!!.@# ePsf]sfo{sf/L clws[t /f] ]lxt/fh kf]v/]nsf] labfO{sfo{qmdsf] vfhf vr{ ?=!^,(%).–, @)&%.!!.@&gu/kflnsfåf/f cfof]lht efHof kf]v/L hL0ff]{4f/sf]k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf;xefuL ;Dk"0f{nfO{ a]|skmf:6 / vfgf vr{ ?=($,#%%.–,@)&%.!!.)% b]lv @)&%.!!.)& s/ft] k|ltof]lutfdf;xefuLx¿nfO{ gu/JofkL s/ft] k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL


63

cfh ldlt @)&% r}q !( ut] d+unaf/

lg0f{ox¿Vjk c:ktfnsf] nflu k|fljlws ;ldlt u7g

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lgdf{0f yfngL u/]sf]Vjk c:ktfnsf] ejg Jojl:yt lgdf{0fsf] nflu b]xfoadf]lhd kbflwsf/Lx¿ /xg] u/L Ps k|fljlws ;ldltu7g ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M!= ;+of]hs M ;'lgn b'jfn–lk|lG;kn, Vjk sn]n ckm

OlGhlgol/·@= ;b:o M ;'hg dfs–lk|lG;kn, Vjk OlGhlgol/· sn]h#= ;b:o M rGb|ls/0f sjf+– ;+of]hs, cg';Gwfg ;ldlt,

Vjk sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/·$= ;b:o M /fh]Gb| xf8f%= ;b:o M cf=;/f]h j}B^= ;b:o ;lrj M ljho/fd sf]h', cfof]hgf k|d'vckf+utfsf] ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g

eQmk '/ gu/kflnsfsf ] ckf +utf ePsfJolQmx¿sf] kl/ro kq ljt/0f;DaGwL sfo{ljlw – @)&%sf] bkmf ^-!_ adf]lhd c:yfoL ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ug]{lg0f{o ul/of] M!= ;+of]hs – /hgL hf]zL, pkk|d'v@= ;b:o – Zofds[i0f vqL, j8fcWoIf egkf !#= ;b:o–/f]zgd}of ;'jfn, sfo{kflnsf ;b:o egkf ^$= ;b:o – 8f=/Tg;'Gb/ nfl;jf–OGrfh{, hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|%= ;b:o – k|x/L pk/LIfs, dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/,

eQmk'/^= ;b:o – lxdfnoZj/nfn d"n&= ;b:o ;ljr – ;dfh sNof0f clws[t, egkf:df/s If]qsf] gS;fkf; ;ldlt u7g

:df/s If]qsf] gS;fkf; ;DaGwdf kl5 5nkmnug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .lj:s]6 hfqfsf] nflu l;;L Sofd]/f h8fg

o; sfof{nosf] nflu ldlt @)&%.!!.@) ut]ePsf] af]8{ a}7saf6 :jLs[t eO{ @@ ;]6 ;L=;L= Sofd]/fpknAw u/L h8fg ug]{ qmddf lgDgcg';f/sf :yfgsfnflu yk !) ;]6 ;L=;L= Sofd]/f, @@Æ LED Monitor,Hard Disk, 32 Channel Box nufotsf pks/0fx¿vl/b ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . pQm Display Monitor22" LED Monitor, Hard Disk, 32 ChannelBox nufotsf pks/0f ;~rfng ug{ dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lk|efuaf6 Extend u/L e=g=kf= sfof{nodf klg h8fgug{] lg0f{o ul/of] .

/]k|mLx¿nfO{ ?d / vfgfsf] vr{ ?=$$,)&).–,@)&%.!!.)& ut] gu/JofkL s/ft] k|ltof]lutfdfkfNg'ePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ a|]skmf:6 / vfgf vr{?=^&,$^!.–, ldlt @)&%.!!.)^ ut] s/ft] k|ltof]lutfdfkfNg'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿ / hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{a]|skmf:6, vfgf / vfhfsf] vr{ ?=(^!,(^.(, ldlt@)&%.!!.)% ut] s/ft] k|ltof]lutfdf kfNg' ePsf;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿, cltly tyf hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{vfhf vr{ ?=^@,&$*.(, ldlt @)&%.!!.)% s/ft]k|ltof]lutfsf] pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf kfNg'ePsf ;Dk"0f{cltly tyf hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{ a| ]skmf:6 vr{?=&@,&&@.– / ldlt @)&%.!!.)& ut] s/ft] sfo{qmdsf];dfkg sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] ;Dk"0f{nfO{ vfhf vr{?=*$,&%).– u/L s'n ?=%,#(,#)#÷* ;"o{ljgfoskf6L{ e]Go"nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

ª=ª=ª=ª=ª= cf:yf ;f+:s[lts kl/jf/af6 k|blz{t ePsf] gf6sax'nfsfhLsf] ;kgfsf] ?=%)).– sf] %) j6f l6s6vl/b u/] jfktsf] ?=@%,))).– cf:yf ;f+:s[ltskl/jf/nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

r=r=r=r=r= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd Vjk ;M cyf{t\eQmk'/ cfjfh k|;f/0fsf] sfo{qmd k|:tf]tfx¿sf] nflukfl/>lds jfkt ?=##,))).– /ljGb|k|;fb s';LnfO{e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

5=5=5=5=5= ko{6g clws[t uf}tdk|;fb nfl;jfn] ko{6g kyk|b{zstflndsf nflu lnPsf] k]ZsL ?=%),))).– a}7saf6cg'df]bg ul/of] .

h=h=h=h=h= egkfåf/f ;~rflnt kfgL af]Sg] af ! u @@^@ sf]uf8Ldf u]o/ s]an, Aof6«L kf]n, Snh as]6 agfp“bfsf]?= (&%).– P;= hL= js{zknfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{oul/of] .

em=em=em=em=em= egkfåf/f ;~rflnt eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f;~rflnt af ! s #%%( g+ sf] l6«k/ uf8Lsf] k5fl8kftf / kfOk km]bf{sf] hDdf ?=(*,(**.– / kmf]xf]/d}nf;+sng ug]{ 6«fO;fOsndf 9fnf yKg], a'd ldnfPsf] //ª\u/f]ug nufp“bfsf] ?=#,(%,%)).– u/L hDdf?=$,($,$**.– eQmk'/ c6f] kf6{;\nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg]lg0f{o ul/of] .

`=`=`=`=`= g]kfn gu/kflnsf sd{rf/L Pzf]l;o;g eQmk'/gu/kflnsf PsfO{ ;ldltn] k|sfzg ug]{ leQ] kfqf]dfgof“ jif{ @)&^ ;fnsf] leQ]kfqf]df lj1fkgsf] nflu?=^,))). cfly{s ;xof]u lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .


64tkl;n;L ;L Sofd]/f yKg'kg]{ :yfgx¿ M:yfg Sofd]/f yfg :yfg Sofd]/f yfggf;dgf ! ;'s'n9f]sf @a'n'rf ! klnv]n If]q @uMlx6L ! bQfqo !;'s'n9f]sf a'na'n lx6L ! Ogfrf] !ljljws=s=s=s=s= g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnoaf6

:jLs[t ljkGg gful/s cf}ifwL pkrf/ sf]if lgb]{lzsf@)&% sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd o; eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdfb]xfo adf]lhd kbflwsf/L /xg] u/L l;kmfl/; ;ldltu7g ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

!= ;''lgn k|hfklt – ;+of]hs@= ofdnfn clwsf/L – k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t, ;b:o#= 8f=/Tg;'Gb/ nfl;jf – OGrfh{, hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|

v=v=v=v=v= o; gu/kflnsfaf6 ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGok|zf;g dGqfno l;+xb/af/df ldlt @&%.!@.!( ut]k | ] l ift o; gu/kflnsfdf dGqfnosf ] tkm {af6;dfof]hgsf sd{rf/Lx¿ gk7fpg tyf k7fOPsfsd{rf/Lx¿ ;d]t o; sfof{nodf xflh/ u/fpg g;lsg]Joxf]/f;lxtsf] cg'/f]w kqaf/] a}7sdf hfgsf/Lu/fOof] .

u=u=u=u=u= k|l;4 la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ / eJotfsf ;fy;DkGg ug{ gful/s ;r]tgf hufpg] p2]Zon] r}q @&ut] ;b\efjg ¥ofnL tyf hgr]tgfsf] ;ef cfof]hgfug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

3= ;dk"/s ah]6sf] l/efOG8 nfut Oli6d]6 kfl/t .ª= ljleGg ;ldltx¿sf] lgg lg0f{ox¿ cg'df]bg ug]{

lg0f{o ul/of] Mlgdf{0f ;ldlt Mldlt @)&%.!@.!( ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!( ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!( ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!( ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!( ut]


65

r= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt af # r &!$(g+= sf] PDa'n]G; uf8Ldf ;fdfgx¿ km]/L dd{t ubf{sf]hDdf ?= $),!%^.*! hL=jg= c6f] s]o/ k|f=ln= nfO{e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

5= egkfåf/f ;~rflnt kmf]xf]/d}nf ;+sng ug]{ uf8Lg+= #@$) df a'd 3/ ;f/]sf], k5fl8sf] 9fnf vf]n]sf],bfof“afof“ 9fnf km]bf{sf] ?=&%,&!).–, uf8L g+= af !u @@#* df a'd 3/ ;f/]sf], k5fl8sf] 9fnf vf]n]sf],bfof“afof“ 9fnf km]bf{sf] ?=&%,&!).–/ uf8L g+= af !u #@#( sf] ldlg l6«k/ uf8Ldf 9fnf yKbfsf] dd{tvr{ ?=&%,&!).– hDdf ?=@,@&,!#).– eQmk'/ c6f]kf6{;\nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

h= egkfåf/f ;~rflnt uf8L g+= @@^$ sf] df]lanlkmN6/ tyf cGo dd{t ug{ ?= #%,&$!.(), uf8L g+=@($! sf] cufl8sf] bf“tL agfp“bfsf] ?=$$,&$*.–,uf8L g+= @@^^ sf] a|]s / xau|Lh dd{tsf] ?=@&,%&@.–, uf8L g+= @@^& sf] uf8Lsf] Snh / cGo dd{tsf]?=@*,&(@.$, uf8L g+= @@^# sf] uf8Lsf] Snh a8Lt]nlkg agfp“bfsf] ?=^&,@$^.# / af ! u @@^$ sf]uf8Ldf 8fOgfdf, a| ]s tyf cGo dd{t ubf{sf]?=^#,&)(.$) u/L hDdf @,^&,*!).– l;l4 u0f]zdf]6/ kf6{;nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

em= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt kmf]xf]/ d}nf;+sng ug]{ af # r *&# uf8Ldf k]6«f]n lkmN6/,;fOn]G;/ aS;, Aofs nfO6 af]N6 tyf cGo ;fdfgkm]bf{sf] ?=(),!&$.– , uf8L g+= af # r *&* uf8Ldfl:k|ª\u a';, ;]G;/ a';, cfon lkmN6/ tyf cGo;fdfg km]bf{sf] ?=(%&^&.%, uf8L g+= *&& df Po/lkmN6/, a|]s cfon tyf cGo ;fdfg km]/] jfktsf]?=(*!&$.$, uf8L g+= *&( sf] k5fl8sf] ;s]6, ;s

/ cGo ;fdfg km]bf{sf] ?=(*,%^%.@%, kmf]xf]/d}nfp7fpg] uf8L g+= *&$( sf] Snh k|];/, cfonlkm6tyf cGo dd{tsf] ?=%%,))@.&%, uf8L g+= *&^ dfa]|s z', ;fOn]G;/ kfOk, ;]Nkm a';, cfon lkmN6/tyf cGo ;fdfg km]bf{sf] ?=*$,^#&.– / uf8L g+=*&$* df OlG8s]6/ nfO6, Åof08 a]|s s]an tyfcGo dd{tsf] ?= #%%#*.% u/L hDdf ?=%,%&,*%*.$clhdf c6f ] js{zknfO { e'QmfgL lbg ] lg0f {oul/of] .

`= j8f g+= % sf j8fcWoIf >L k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{n]j[4 eQfsf] bf];|f] ls:tf ljt/0f ug{ ?=$#,#(,@)).–lnO{ ?=#(,^(,^)).– ljt/0f u/L af“sL ?=#,^(,^)).–a}+s bflvnf u/]sf] a}+7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

6= j8f g+= ( sf j8fcWoIf >L /ljGb| HofVjn] j[4eQfsf] bf];|f] ls:tf ljt/0f ug{ ?=%!,%@,))).–lnO{ ?=$#,#@,))).– ljt/0f u/L af“sL ?= *,@),))).–a}+s bflvnf u/]sf] a}+7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

7= j8f g+= ^ sf j8fcWoIf >L xl//fd ;'jfnn] j[4eQfsf] bf];|f] ls:tf ljt/0f ug{ ?=#&,)#,@)).–lnO{ ?=#^,&),$)).– ljt/0f u/L af“sL ?=#@*,)).–a}+s bflvnf u/]sf] a}+7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

8= j8f g+= * sf j8fcWoIf >L dx]Gb| vfodnLn] j[4eQfsf] bf];|f] ls:tf ljt/0f ug{ ?=!*,(%,@)).–lnO{ ?=!*,!%,@)).– ljt/0f u/L af“sL ?=*),))).–a}+s bflvnf u/]sf] a}+7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

9= j8f g+= @ sf j8fcWoIf >L xl/k|;fb af;'snfn] j[4eQfsf] bf];|f] ls:tf ljt/0f ug{ ?=$@,^%,^)).–lnO{ ?=$),#!,@)).– ljt/0f u/L af“sL ?=@,#$,$)).–a}+s bflvnf u/]sf] a}7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

0f= j8f g+= ! sf j8fcWoIf >L Zofds[i0f vqLn] j[4eQfsf] bf];|f] ls:tf ljt/0f ug{ ?=@*,#(,@)).–lnO{ ?=@^,^&,@)).– ljt/0f u/L af“sL ?=!,&@,))).–a}+s bflvnf u/]sf] a}+7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

t= j8f g+=& sf j8fcWoIf >L ps]z sjf+n] j[4 eQfsf]bf];|f ] ls:tf ljt/0f ug{ ?=$#,&*,$)).– lnO{?=$@,**,))).– ljt/0f u/L af“sL ?=(),$)).– a}+sbflvnf u/]sf] a}+7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

y= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6 ljleGg v]n k|lzIf0f tyfk|ltof]lutfsf] nflu cfjZos Dof6 vl/b u/]jfkt?= $,&$,^)).– aL= P08 aL= 6«]8;{ OG6/g]zgnnfO{e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .


66

cfh ldlt @)&% r}q @( ut] laxLaf/

lg0f{ox¿hUuf ;§fk§f

k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf If]qx¿ ;fkm'sf]7f, huGgfyIf]q / tfnf bf]Dkmf]df lghL 3/ lgdf{0f ul//x]sf :yfgLohgtfnfO{ To; If]qsf] P]ltxfl;stf ;+/If0f ug]{ x]t'n]gu/kflnsfn] cfÇgf] :jfldTjdf cGo pko'Qm :yfgdf/x]sf] hUuf ;§fk§f jf Go"gQd d"Nodf vl/b ug]{ ljifodfjftf{ ug{ j8fcWoIf ps]z sjf+sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;ldltu7g ePsf], ;ldltn] ;DalGwt 3/wgL÷hUufwgLx¿;“uk6s–k6s 5nkmn u/L ;'emfj lbPsf] cfwf/df xfnnfO{;fkm"sf]7f If]q tyf huGgfy If]qsf] P]ltxfl;s dxŒjnfO{;+/If0f ug]{ u/L ;DalGwt hUuf wgL÷3/wgLx¿nfO{gu/kflnsfn] cfÇgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] pko'Qm hUuf;f6f;f6 jf Go"gQd d"Nodf vl/b ug]{ k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg]lg0f{o ul/of] . ;fy} ;ldltsf] Dofb ;lsPsf]n] sfo{;DkGg geP;Dd Dofb yKg] ;d]t lg0f{o ul/of] .ljBfnox¿nfO{ hUuf ef]uflwsf/

g]kfn ;/sf/ ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno k|b]zg+= # x]6f}+8fn] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L gd"gf ljBfno5gf}6sf] nflu lgj]bg lbg cfÅjfg u/]sf]df o;gu/kflnsfleqsf] jfuLZj/L dfljn] lgj]bg k]z ug{ o;gu/kflnsfdf hUuf ef]uflwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu lgj]bgk/]sf] x'“bf pQm ljBfnonfO{ ef]uflwsf/ lbg] u/L lnjfnLcfjf; If]qdf gu/kflnsfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] pko'QmhUuf k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .af6f]df 9'+uf 5kfO

;8s af]8{sf] of]hgfcGtu{t egkf @ l:yt o;gu/kflnsfsf] k'/fgf] ejg cufl8b]lv pQ/lt/ ko{6gzf}rfno cufl8;Ddsf] af6f]df pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t9'+uf 5fKg] sfo{ eO/x]sf]df To; sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b}dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/sf] sfof{nosf] u]6 cufl8;Ddsf]af6f]df 9'+uf 5fKg yk nut Oli6d]6 tof/ ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] ./sd lgsf;f

ut cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf nflu gu/kflnsfn];a} j8f sfof{nox¿sf] a}+s vftfdf ljlgof]lht /sdlgsf;f u/]sf]df j8f sfof{nodfkm{t ljsf; lgdf{0fsf]sfo{ eO{ cfly{s jif{sf] d;fGt;Dddf vr{ x'g af“sL /sdgkfsf] vftfdf bflvnf ul/Psf]df xfn of]hgfx¿ ;DkGg

eO{ lx;fa km5\of}{6 ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] gkfdf bflvnf ul/Psf]/sddWo] cGo of]hgfsf] e'QmfgL af“sL zLif{saf6 ?=%),)),))).– nfv / df}lns z}nLsf] 3/ lgdf{0f zLif{saf6?=#^,!),!(@.– u/L hDdf ?=*^!)!(@.– ;a} j8f sfof{nosf]a}+s vftfdf k'gM lgsf;f ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .ljljws= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ^ -;fljs j8f g+= (_

a:g] ab|Lbf; /fhe08f/Lsf] gfddf /x]sf] ls=g+= ^%If]=km= )–#–)–@ hUufdWo] e"na; pQm hUufsf]blIf0flt/sf] dxfb]jsf] au}+rf )–!–!–! ;d]t 3':guPsf]n] pQm dxfb]jsf] au}+rf ;+/If0f ug{ eQmk'/gu/kflnsfnfO{ lgh :jo+n] k|bfg ug] { lgj]bggu/kflnsfdf lgj]bg lbPsf] ;Gbe{df pQm hUufcfjZos sfg"gL k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ gu/kflnsfn] vl/bug]{ / vl/b ubf{ nfUg] cfjZos s/ ;a} gu/kflnn]Joxf]g]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

v=v=v=v=v= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfleq ;~rflnt l;l4 zf/bfcfwf/e"t ljBfnon] lj=;+= @)&@ sf] ljgf;sf/Le"sDksf] sf/0f e=g=kf= & rf]rf{l:yt cfkm\g} ejgdfljBfno ;~rfng ug{ sl7g eO{ egkf ( a|Dxfo0fLEjo\ 5]+df xfn ljBfno ;~rfng ul//x]sf]df /fli6«ok'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f -lzIff_ PsfO{ dfkm{t pQmljBfnosf] nflu rf/ sf]7] b'O{ tNn] ejg agfO{ lbg]Joxf]/f;lxt ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu gu/kflnsf;dIfhUuf dfu ug]{ lgj]bg k/]sf] ;Gbe{df lnjfnL cfjf;of]hgf If]qleq gu/kflnsfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] pko'QmhUuf pQm ljBfnonfO{ ef]uflwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ tyfljBfnosf] :jfldTjdf egkf & rf]rf{df /x]sf] hUuf/ ejg gu/kflnsfn] ef]urng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

u=u=u=u=u= o; gu/kflnsf cGtu{t gu/ lzIff zfvfdf sfo{/tclws[t d]3gfy l/dfn g]kfn ;/sf/ k|b]z g+= #cGtu{t x]6f}+8f sfof{nodf ;dfof]hg eO{ hfg' ePsf]x'“bf xfnsf nflu >f]t JolQm s[i0fk|;fb sdf{rfo{nfO{gu/ lzIff clws[t eO{ sfo{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{lg0f{o ul/of] .

3=3=3=3=3= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt af @ r &!$(sf] PDa'n]G; uf8Ln] w'lnv]n c:ktfn la/fdL nu]sf]a]nf af #^ k #($! g= sf] df]6/;fOsnnfO{ 7Ss/lb+bf df]6/;fOsn lau|L dd{t ubf{sf] ?=@!,#%).–ljsfz df]6/;fOsn js{zknfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{oul/of] .


67

ª=ª=ª=ª=ª= egkfåf/f ;~rflnt af @ r ^)$( sf] Nof08 qm'h/dd{t ubf{sf] ?=@^&*!.– / uf8L g+= @%@* lhkdfcfjZos ;fdfgx¿ vl/b u/L dd{t ubf {sf ]?=@^,*)(.@% clhdf c6f] js{zknfO{ e'QmfgL lbg]lg0f{o ul/of] .

r=r=r=r=r= egkfåf/f ;~rflnt uf8L g+= af ! s *!%^ sf]PS;fe]6/ 8f]h/ d]l;gdf ;fdfgx¿ km]/L ;le{l;ª\uubf{sf] ?=%$,!@&.– Gof}kfg] O{lGhlgol/ª\u k|f=ln=nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

5=5=5=5=5= j8f g+= ( l:yt a|Dxfo0fL ax'p2]Zo ejg lgdf{0f sfo{cGtu{t bfrL O“6fsf] ufx|f] nufpg] 7]Ssf sfo{ u/]jfktzflGt sG:6«S;g P08 6«]8;{ k|f=ln= nfO{ ?=#,&$,(!#.–e'QmfgL lbOPsf] a}7saf6 cg'df]bg ul/of] .

h=h=h=h=h= j8f g+= !) sf j8fcWoIf >L nIdLk|;fb Åof}ldvfn]j[4 eQfsf] bf];|f] ls:tf ljt/0f ug{ ?=@*,@(,^)).–lnO{ ?=@&,!(,@)).– ljt/0f u/L af“sL ?=!,!),$)).–a}+s bflvnf u/]sf] a}+7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

em=em=em=em=em= j8f g+= $ sf j8fcWoIf >L s'df/ rjfnn] j[4eQfsf] bf];|f] ls:tf ljt/0f ug{ ?=%#,@&,@)).– lnO{?=$(,#),$)).– ljt/0f u/L af“sL ?=#,(^,*)).– a}+sbflvnf u/]sf] a}+7sdf hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg'df]bgo'jf tyf v]ns'b ;ldltldlt @)&%.!@.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!& ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.!& ut]!= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf eQmk'/ gu/JofkL

sIff (G–S) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] aLr ljBfno:t/Lodfr{kf; k|ltof]lutf @)&^ a}zfv !# ut] z'qmaf/ug]{, k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'g] @)&^ a}zfv !) ut]d+unaf/leq egkf k|zf;g zfvf÷gu/ lzIffcfx\jfgdf btf{ ug]{ / pQm k|ltof]lutfsf] k|rf/k|;f/sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] .

@= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt alS;· k|lzIf0fsf]nflu alS;· l/· agfpg of]hgf zfvfaf6 k]z ePsf]n=O{= !#,)#,^*%.*# -cIf]¿kL ?= t]¥x nfv tLgxhf/ ^ ;o krf;L lqof;L k};fsf] Oi6d]6 :jLs[ltsf]nflu egkfdf a}7sdf k]z ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

s[lif ;ldltldlt @)&%.!@.@* ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@* ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@* ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@* ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@* ut]!= ldlt @)&^ ;fndf eQmk'/ gu/sf s[ifsx¿nfO{

wfgsf] aLpm k|lt j8f !))) s]=hL= u/L hDdf !))))

s]=hL= wfg aLpm k|lt kl/jf/ %÷% s]=hL= sf b/n]ljt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

lzIff, ;+:s[lt tyf :jf:Yo ;ldltldlt @)&%.!@.@! ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@! ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@! ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@! ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@! ut]!= o; gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf ;fd'bflos Pj+ ;+:yfut

ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks÷lk|lG;knx¿sf] e]nf b]xfosf]ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf cfof]hgf u/L gof“ z}lIfs ;qz'?jft ;DaGwdf tyf :yfgLo kf7 \oqmdaf/ ]cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

ldlt M @)&% r}q @* ut], laxLaf/;do M lbgsf] @M)) ah]:yfg M Vjk OlGhlgol/· sn]hsf] ;ef sIf, lnjfnL

pQm sfo{qmddf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf>4]o cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_ nfO{ k|d'vcltlysf] ¿kdf lgdGq0ff ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .@= la:s]6 hfqfsf] ;dodf pkl:yt x'g] hgtfnfO{ :jf:Yo

pkrf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] o; gu/kflnsfsf]tkm{af6 oxL @)&% r}q #) ut] / @)&^ a}zfv ! ut]egkf %, Nof]l;+Vodf tyf @)&^ a}zfv $ ut] gu/sfljleGg :yfgx¿df hg:jf:Yo sfof{nodfkm{t j8f g;{/ dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx¿ kl/rflnt u/L :jf:Yopkrf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

#= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] lzIff P]g @)&$ adf]lhd o;gu/ If]qleqsf ;fd'bflos Pj+ ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿dflgodfg';f/ u7g ul/Psf ljBfno Joj:yfkg;ldltsf cWoIfx¿aLr cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd a}zfv# ut] ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

$= o; gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf cfwf/e"t txdf -sIff! b]lv % ;Dd_ cWofkg ug]{ lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿nfO{oxL @)&% r}q !# ut];Dd tflnd ;~rfng ug]{qmddf Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] lzIfsx¿lxdfnoZj/nfn d"n, p4j ;'hv' / /fh]Gb| >]i7nfO{k|ltlbg hgxL ?=@,))).– -cIf]¿kL b'O{ xhf/ ¿k}of“dfq_ kfl/>lds k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

ckf·tf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] kl/rokqljt/0f;DaGwL c:yfoL ;dGjo ;ldltldlt @)&%.!@.@^ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@^ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@^ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@^ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@^ ut]!=eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If ]qleqsf ckf·tf ePsf

JolQmx¿sf] ckf·tf kl/rokq ljt/0f lgb]{lzsf @)&%adf]lhd gof“ btf{ tyf gjLs/0fsf] lgldQ :yfgLoklqsfdfkm{t ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ .


68

jftfj/0f tyf ko{6g ;ldltldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]!= lgoldt ;/;kmfOcGtu{t cfp“bf] @)&%.!@.@( ut]sf lbg 6f}d9L n}sf]b]lv v“nf x'“b} of]l;+Vo;Dd ;/;kmfO ug]{ lg0f{o

ul/of] .@= ljZj ;Dkbf lbj;sf] cj;/df cfp“bf] @)&^.!.% ut]sf lbg laxfg *M)) ah] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ;efsIfdf k|jrt

sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .lgdf{0f ;ldltldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]ldlt @)&%.!@.@@ ut]


69

g]jf/ ;+:s[ltdf geO{ gx'g] Ps kl/sf/df jMr6fdf/L klg xf] . hxfF jM eGgfn] bfn jf bnxgaf6ag]sf] af/f ‘/f]6L’ xf] eGg] a'lemG5 . r6fdf/L eGgfn]rfdnsf] kL7f]sf] /f]6L eGg] a'lemG5 . jM r6fdf/L aLrPs cfk;df w]/} ;dfg ljz]iftfn] el/Psf] x'G5 . b'j}sf]cfsf/ uf]nf] x'G5 . jM cyf{t af/f cfsf/df ;fgf] eO{df]6fO{ afSnf] x'G5 . otf r6fdf/L klg uf]nf] ePklgdf]6fO{df kftnf] t/ cfsf/df 7"nf] x'G5 . b'j}sf] sfdcf;g xf] . ljz]if u/L g]jf/ ;+:s[ltdf lrp/f, :ofahL,;fFw]sf] cb'jf, n;'g, e6df;, ;'s]sf] df5f, 5f]onf,cfn', af]8L h:tf kl/sf/ oxL r6fdf/L dfly /fVg] rng5 . To;dfly csf]{ Ps hf]8f r6fdf/Ln] 5f]k]sf] x'G5 .oxfF g]/ ;Dk"0f{ ;Do]ahLnfO{ r6fdf/Ln] ;'/Iff lbPsf]x'G5 . hxfF jM cyf{t af/f klg /fVg] ul/G5 .

t/ ;fFlRrs} jM sf] e"ldsf t :ju+ -;u'g_ dfx'G5 . g]jf/x¿ tGq cfrf/df ljZjf; ug]{ hflt xf] .tGqfrf/df jfd dfu{ ckgfpF5 . ToxL jfd dfu{dfk+rdfsf/sf] pkof]u x'G5 . k+rdfsf/sf] ;txL ¿k /S;L,df;', df5f, d'b|f / d}y'g xf] . o;sf] ;]jgn] df]If k|fKtx'G5 egL lgjf{0f tGqn] eg]sf] 5 . of] k+rdfsf/ g}clUg, hn, cfsfz, jfo' / k[YjL x'g\ egL tGqn] AofVofu/]sf] 5 . o;}sf] k|lts hufpg g]jf/ ;dfhdf x'g]h'g;'s} k"hfkj{df ;Do]sf] 7"nf] dxŒj /x“b} cfPsf] 5 .tflGqs ljlwaf6 k+rfdfsf/nfO{ :ju+ cyf{t\ ;u'0f lng]nfO{kl/dflh{t u/L g]jf/ ;dfhdf ;Do]sf] kfb"{efj x'g uof] .h'g cfuddf h:tf] c?af6 gb]Vg] u/L uf]Ko ¿kdf geO{hxfF;'s} h;sf] lardf klg u|x0f ug{ ;lsG5 . / ;Do]

vfg'af6 k+rtŒjn] ag]sf] k+re"t of] a|Dxf08df cfÇgf]df]Ifsf] nflu tflGqs ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]sf] 7xl/G5 .o; cy{df ;Do] Ejo kr+tŒjsf] k|lts xf] . o;df :ofahL,df5f, 5f]onf, e6df;, cb'jf of] kfFrj6f clgjfo{ ¿kdf;dfa]z ePsf] x'g'k5{ . ;Do] ef]hdf geO{ gx'g] kfFr d'Voa:t' h:tf] :ofahLn] cfsfz hgfpF5 . sfnf] e6df;n]jfo' eGg] cy{ lbG5 . cb'jfn] t]h cyf{t cUgL eGg] ;+s]tu5{ . df5fn] hn / 5f]onf k[YjLsf] k|lts dflgG5 .o;df of] kfFr tŒjsf] cf–cfÇg} dxŒj 5 .

;u'gdf lbOg] c08f, e'6]sf] df;' tyf df5f olxjM dfly /flvlbg] rng 5 . o; cy{df jM n] klg oxfFcf;gsf] g} e"ldsf lgefPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L km/s–km/s;do tyf :yfgdf jM r6fdf/Lsf] km/s–km/s pkof]uePsf] kfOG5 . t/ k|To]s jif{ h]i7 z'Sn kIfsf] ifi7Lsf]ltlysf] lbg jM r6fdf/L ljz]if ¿kn] vfg] rng 5 .l;lysf] lbg 3/–3/df df; tyf d'uLsf] jM df;sf] af/fvfg] rng 5 . o;df klg cem df;sf] af/f tof/x'G5 . t/ l;lysf] df; d'uLafx]s c? y'k|} bfnsf] af/fklg vfg] rng lyof] . o;lbg ^ yl/sf ljleGg bfnsfaf/f vfg] k|yf x'GYof] . h'g cr]n 5}g . l;ly dgfpg]lbg h]i7 z'Sn ifi7L xf] . o; lbg b]jflwb]j dxfb]jsf5f]/f sflt{s]o s'df/sf] hGd ePsf] dflgG5 . h;sf] ^j6f 6fpsf] ePsf] dfgL ifi7L ltlysf] lbg;Fu ;DalGwtug]{ qmddf ^ yl/sf u]8fu'8Lsf] ^ yl/sf af/f vfg]rng ag]sf] b]lvG5 . o; lbg ljz]if k"hf ug]{ sflt{s]os'df/sf] cd'{t d'lt{ x/]s g]jf/ 3/sf] d"n9f]sf cufl8:yflkt Pp6f uf]nf] 9'·f xf] . h;df ^ j6f kqx¿ x'G5 .s'df/sf] pQm k|ltsfTds d"lt{df ^ j6f ljleGg yl/sfcGgaf6 ag]sf] r6fd/L, ^ y/Lsf bfnaf6 ag]sf] jM af/f/ ^ y/Lsf ;fu;AhLsf t/sf/L r9fO{ k"hf ug]{ ub{5g\ .o;/L ifi7Lsf] lbg ^ 6fpsf] ePsf] sflt{s]o s'df/nfO{ ^y/Lsf r6fdf/L, jM / t/sf/L r9fpg'sf] k5f8L ^c°sf] 7"nf] dxŒj /lxcfPsf] 5 . cr]n 5 yl/sf] jMr6fdf/L tyf cGo kl/sf/ vfg]lt/ Wofg uPsf] b]lvb}“g .l;lysf] lbg jM r6fdf/L ljz]if u/L vfg] eP tfklg o;lbg r6fdf/L eGbf a9L dxŒj jMnfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 .o;lbg vfg] jMnfO{ l;ly jM egL gfd lbPaf6 klg o;sf]k'li6 x'G5 . o;afx]s sf7df8f+}lt/ l;lysf] lbg r6fdf/LeP klg x'G5, t/ jM rflxG5 . otf af}4dfuL{x¿ klgl;ly cfÇg} tl/sfn] dgfpF5 . af}4dfuL{x¿n] o;lbgcfÇgf] s'n b]jtf rqm;Da/nufotsf] k"hf u/L l;ly

jM r6fd/Lsf]dxŒj

cf]d wf}e8]n


70dgfpg] qmddf rf/k|sf/sf] jM k|;fbsf] ¿kdf r9fFp5 .;a}eGbf 7"nf] df;sf] jM x'G5 . To;sf] dfly cln ;fgf]u/L s]/fpsf] jM x'G5 . To;eGbf dfly cln ;fgf] d'uLsf]jM x'G5 . ;a}eGbf ;fgf] clg ;a}eGbf dfly d';'/f]sf] jMx'G5 . oxfF klg r6fdf/LnfO{ vf;} dxŒj lbPsf] b]lv“b}g .t/ jM cyf{t af/fsf] ;DaGwdf c? dxŒj bzf{pg ;lsG5 .g]jf/ ;+:s[ltdf y'k|} lsl;dsf jM cyf{t af/fsf] pkof]ukm/s 7fFpdf km/s 9+un] ePsf] kfOG5 . g]jf/ ;dfhdf;a}eGbf a9L dfFo jM df;sf] af/f / d' jM d'uLsf] af/fsf]pkof]u ePsf] kfOG5 . o;afx]s s;' jM s]/fpsf] 5f6fsf]af/f, sf}sf} jM, d';' jM cflb klg k|rlnt 5 . o;afx]sbfnsf] dfq jM aG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ Psflt/ /fvL c?ljljw kl/sf/af6 klg jM aG5 eGg] pbfx/0f wf} jM,cfn' jM, efG6f jM, nf jM, v]F jM, cflDn jM nufotn]lbG5 . hxfF wf} jM eGgfn] bxLl;t af/f jM eGg] a'lemG5 .cfn' jM rflx+ cfn'nfO{ rSsf rSsf u/L sf6L lk7f] jfa];gdf 8'afP/ agfPsf] jM xf] . efG6f jM klg cfn' h:t}rSsf rSsf u/L sf6]/ agfPsf] efG6fsf] kl/sf/ xf] .cflDn jM cldnf]l;t vfg] af/f xf] . nf jM df;'sf]lsdfdf d;nf /flv ksfPsf] jM xf] . v]F jM c08fsf] jMxf] . df; jf d'uLsf] jM df df;'sf] efu lardf /fvLksfP kl5 nf jM x'G5 . df; jf d'uLsf] jM sf] lardfc08f /fvL ksfPkl5 v]F jM x'G5 .

g]jf/ ;dfhsf] df}lns jM eGg] df; / d'uLsf]jM g} xf] . df; tyf d''uLnfO{ ;kmf;Fu s]nfO{ kfgLdflehfpg'k5{ . sl/a tLg306f lehfO{ ;s]kl5 df; jfd'uLsf] afxL/L efu / leqL efu ;lhn}l;t 5'l6G5 .ca jM s:tf] k|sf/sf] agfpg] xf] To;cg'¿k lehfPsf]df; jf d'uLnfO{ n]bf] agfpglt/ Wofg lbg'k5{ . jM b'O{k|sf/n] tof/ x'G5, af]qmf;lxt / af]qmf lgsfn]/ .af]qmf;lxt jM agfpg] xf] eGg] lehfPsf] df; jf d'uLsf]af]qmfnfO{ ;“u} lkWg] u5{ . olb af]qmf/lxt jM agfpg] xf]eg] dfq af]qmf 5'§fO{ lkWg] xf] . o;sf] nflu l;nf}6fdfcln cln /fvL lkWg'k5{ . cr]n u|f08/ d]l;gn] ;lhn}lkWg] sfd x'G5 . h'g n]bf] w]/} kftnf] x'g'x“'b}g . o;dfcfjZostfcg';f/ g'g, lh/fsf] w'nf], cb'jf, n;'gnufotsfd;nf xfln rnfpg'k5{ . o;df n;'g / cb'jfsf] pkof]un]cToGt ld7f; cfpF5 . jM ksfpg kmnfdsf] tfKs] ttfpg]/ yf]/} t]n nufpg'k5{ . dw'/ cfuf]sf] cfFrdf xftdf Ps8Nnf] lk“w]sf] df; jf d'uLsf] n]bf] lnO{ tfKs]sf] lardf/fvL la:tf/} uf]nf] uf]nf] kfb}{ n}hfpg'k5{ . jM hlt ;fgf]

eof] Tolt l5§} kfS5 . o;sf/0f cfsf/df w]/} 7"nf]agfp“b}g . l7Ss cfsf/sf] x'G5 . ksfpg] qmddf rf/}lt/yf]/} yf]/} t]n nufpFb} ug'{k5{ . tfsL jM nfO{ cf]N6fO{kN6fO{ubf{ gtfl;of];\ . z'?df Ps–Ps k6s kN6fO{ ;s]lkl5/fd|f];Fu kfs] gkfs]sf] x]/L k'gMksfpg ;lsG5 . o;dfdf;sf] jM cln gkfs] klg vfg] rng 5 . t/ d'uLsf]jM k'/} kfs]sf] vfg] u5{ . g]jf/ ;+:s[ltdf df; /d'uLdWo] k"hfkj{, ;+:sf/ cflbdf df;sf] jM sf] pkof]lutfa9L ePsf] x'G5 eGg] rfx] l;ly xf];\ rfx] hGdlbg,efOl6sf, cfdfsf] d'v x]g] ] {, a'afsf] d'v x]g] { h:tf;+:sf/df xf];\ df;sf] jM sf] k|rng x'G5 . otf d'uLsf]jM rflx+ zlQmaw{s kl/sf/sf] ¿kdf a9L vfg] u5{ .d'uLsf] jMdf hl/uf]+, kfn'uf]+ h:tf ;fu klg ld;fP/vfg] k/Dk/f 5 .

jM sf] pkof]u ;Do] tyf :ju+ ;u'gdf ePsf]cfwf/df o;sf] ;DaGw tflGqs dtn] ePsf] b]lvG5 .o;} ;Gb{edf tGqdf jM sf] dxŒjaf/] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .oxfFg]/ s'g k|sf/sf] jM s'g b]jb]jLsf] nflu r9fpg] eGg];d]t yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} pbfx/0fsf] nflu xfd|f]wd{ ;+:s[ltdf ;a}eGbf a9L pkof]u x'g] df;sf] jMnfO{ g}lnpF . df;sf] jM vf;ul/ dfx]Zj/L b]jLnfO{ r9fpg] jMxf] . h'g b]jL bzdxfljwf leqsf] Ps b]jL x'g\ . d'uLsf]jM ljz]ifu/L >L k/d]Zj/Lsf] nflu xf] . otf s;' jM >Ljfu]Zj/L b]jLsf] nflu pkof]u x'G5 . af/fxL b]jLsf]k"hfdf wf} jM r9fpg] rng 5 . cfDnL jM s'nb]jLsf]k'hfdf pkof]u x'G5 . sf}sf} jM s'df/Lsf] k"hfdf r9fOG5 .s'df/Lsf ljljw ¿kdWo] ;ftf}+ ¿ksL zfDejLb]jLnfO{ of]sf}+sf}+ jM r9fOG5 . o; cy{df jM Ps vfg] kl/sf/ dfqx}g eGg] a'lemG5 .

olt x'“bfx“'b} jM r6fd/Lsf] pkof]lutf wfld{s,;f+:s[lts ¿ksf ;fy;fy} Aofj;flos ¿kn] klg ;f]Rg'kg]{


71

cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . jM r6fd/L vfg l;ly g} s'g'{kg]{cj:yfsf] cGTo x'g'k5{ . Aofj;flos ¿kn] jM r6fd/Lksfpg]b]lv ahf/Ls/0f u/L g]jf/Ot/ ;a}sf] nflu;j{;'ne agfpg cfjZos eO{;s]sf] 5 . of] kl/sf/c?a]nf klg vfg ;lsG5 eGg] efjgf ;a}df hufpgg]jf/ ;d'bfo afx]s c?nfO{ klg jM r6fd/Lsf] dxŒjaf/]hfgsf/L lbO{ c?a]nf klg jM r6fd/L vfg] rng a;fNg;lsG5 .zAbfjnLjM — af/fr6fd/L — rfdnsf] lk7f]sf] /f]6L:ofahL÷l;ofahL — e'6]sf] lrp/f5f]onf — kf]n]sf] df;':ju+ — ;u'g;Do] — g]jf/ ef]hsf] k|sf/dfFo jM — df;sf] af/fd'F jM — d'uLsf] af/fs;' jM — s]/fp 5f6fsf] af/fcflDn jM — nK;Lsf] df8fdf tof/ x'g] af/fsf}“sf}“ jM — s8f vfnsf] af/fd';' jM — d';'/f]sf] af/fwf} jM — bxL / af/fsf] kl/sf/cfn' jM — cfn'sf] kl/sf/v]F jM — c08fsf] kl/sf/nf jM — df;'sf] kl/sf/ef06f jM — e06fsf] kl/sf/;|f ]t ;Gb{e;|f ]t ;Gb{e;|f ]t ;Gb{e;|f ]t ;Gb{e;|f ]t ;Gb{e

!= wf}e8]n cf]d —l;ly gvf ,etmk'/, dfl;s c+s @^(

@ zdf{ /dfklt/fh —l;ly gvf ,vf]k[· c+s @@


72

g]kfn ;Djt\ /o'u k|df0f

8f= jL/]Gb|k|;fb sfo:y

k~rf· ltly lgwf{/0f rGb|df Pj+ ;"o{sf] ultsfcfwf/df ul/G5 . ;"o{ / rGb|df aLrsf] !@ sf] cGt/ ePkl5 Ps ltly x'G5 . jif{ Pj+ df;sf] u0fgfsf] cfwf/oxL ePsf]n] o;nfO{ rGb| jif{ klg elgG5 . Ps jif{df#%$ lbg * 306f $* ldg]6 #$,^&%@ ;]s]G8 x'G5 .o;nfO{ ;f}/ jif{df ;fd~h:o :yflkt ug{ clws df; /Ifodf;sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

clws Pj+ Ifodf; lgwf{/0faf/] Hof]ltif l;4fGtdfpNn]v 5 . o; lg0f{osf] d'Vo cfwf/ h'g rGb|df;dflg/o0f ;+qmflGt x'Fb}g, To;nfO{ clws df; elgG5 . h'grGb|dfdf b'O{ ;+qmflGt x'G5 To;nfO{ Ifodf; elgG5 .Ifodf; s]jn sflt{s, d+l;/ / k'; dlxgfdf dfq} x'G5 .o'u k|df0f

Hof]ltif lj1fgdf rf/ o'usf] j0f{g ul/Psf]5 . != ;Too'u @= q]tf o'u #= 4fk/ o'u $= jt{dfgslno'u . slno'u $,#@,))) jif{sf] x'G5 . slno'usf]bf]Aa/ åfk/, t]Aa/ q]tf o'u / rf}a/ ;Too'u x'G5 . of]rf/ o'usf] ! dxfo'u x'G5 . &! dxfo'usf] ! dGj+t/ /!)) dxfo'usf] ! sNk jf a|Dxfsf] Ps lbg x'G5 . #^)sNk a/fa/ a|Dxfsf] ! jif{ x'G5 . k|To]s dGj+t/sf] cflb/ cGtdf ;Too'u k|df0fsf] ! ;lGw x'G5 . ;lGwnfO{k|nosfn klg elgG5 . !% ;lGw ;d]t Ps dGj+t/sf] !sNk x'G5 . a|Dxfsf] cfo' #^) sNk = !)) jif{ x'G5 .;Too'u = !&,@*,))) jif{q]tfo'u = !@,(^,))) jif{åfk/o'u = *,^$,))) jif{slno'u = $,#@,))) jif{! dxfo'u = $#,@),))) jif{&! dxfo'u = ! dGj+t/ = #),^&@),))) jif{!))) dxfo'u=! sNk $,#@,)),)),))) jif{=a|Dxfsf] ! lbg

#^) sNk = ! jif{a|Dxfsf] cfo' = !)) jif{

k|To]s dGj+t/df cflb / cGt ! ;lGw ;Too'uk|df0f = !&,@*,)))dg' !$ 5g\

!= :jfoDe'j @= :jf/f]lrt #= pQdh -cf}QdL_$= tfd; %= /}jt ^= rIg'if &= j}j:t *= ;fjl0f{ (= bIf;fjf0f{] !)= a|Dxf ;fjf0f{] !!= wd{ ;fjf0f{] !@= ?b| ;fjf0f{]!#= b]j ;fjf0f{] !$= OGb ;fjf0f{]

jt{dfg sNkdf & ;lGw;d]t Joltt eO{ j}j:ttdg' jt{dfg xf] . cf/Deb]lv cfh;Dd @& dxfo'u e'QmeO{ @* dxfo'udf klg # o'u e'Qm eO{ rf}yf] o'u slno'ujt{dfg xf] .

k|To]s dGjt/df cflb cGtdf k|nosfnsf] ;lGwx'G5 . o;} k|sf/ ^ dGjt/df cflb ;lGw ldn]/ & ;lGwe'Qm eO{ ;ftf}+ dGjt/sf] @& dxfo'u lalt;s]sf] 5 .slno'usf] cf/De;Dd slt jif{ Joltt eof] .! dxfo'u = $#,@),))) jif{ ! ;lGw = !@@*)))

x @& x &@& dxfo'u=!!,^^,$),)))jif{ & ;lGw=!,@),(^,)))!_ ;Too'u = !&,@*,)))@_ q]tfo'u = !@,(^,)))#_ åfk/o'u = *,^$,))) # o'u = #*,**,)))!_ ;Too'u = $#@))) x $ = !&@@*)))@_ q]tfo'u = $#@))) x # = !@(^)))#_ åfk/o'u = $#@))) x @ = *^$)))$_ slno'u = $#@))) x ! = $#@)))Ps dxfo'u = = $#@)))

x &!&! dxfo'u = ! dGjGt/ = #),^&,@),)))

x ^^ dGjGt/ ========== = !*,$),#@,)))& ;lGw = ±!,@),(^,)))

& ;lGw ;d]t ut dGjGt/– of]u !,*%,@$,!^,))) ut @& dxfo'u ± !!,^^,$),)))

of]u = ± !,(^,(),%^,)))ut # o'u = !(,&@,($,$$,)))

!,(&,@(,$$,)))sln cf/De ;doaf6;g Ojf+ cf/De;Dd ±#!)@ of]u = !(&@($&!)@


73

; [ l i6 cf/Deb ] lv jt {dfg slno 'u cf/De;Dd!,(&,@%,$$,)));g\ O{:jL cf/De ;Dd = !(&@$&)))@ jif{jt{dfg ;g\ O{:jL hf]8]df jt{dfg ;g\ O{:jL;Dd ;[li6cf/De x'g] jif{ jf åfk/sf] jif{ !,(&,@(,$$,)))±#)$%hf]8 u/]df ;Djt\\ cf/De;Dd ;[li6 cf/Desf] ;do lglZrtx'G5 . ;g\ O{:jL #!)@ jif{ klxn] slno'u cf/De ;g\O{:jL cf/De eGbf %& jif{ klxn] ljqmd ;Djt\ k|rlnt .o; k|sf/ -#!)#–%&_ = #)$) jif{ . of] ;Djt\sf] cf/Dex'g] a]nf;Dd slno'usf] ut jif{ .slno'uM– ;g\ O{:jL #!)@ O=k" jif{ klxn] cf/De .

;Djt\ @))) df %)$% sln e'Qm / $@,^(,%(jif{ ef]Uo . !* km]a|'c/L #!)@ cw{ /flqdf slno'u cf/De .

efb| s[i0f !# /ljjf/ cZn]iff gIf]qdf JotLkftof]u cO{/flqsf] ;do slt k|f/De . slno'u cf/DeePsf] a]nf ;"o{, rGb| cflb gf} u|x ;a} Ps} /fzLdflj/fhdfg ePsf] .jif{ k|df0fzfs ± &* = ;g\ O{:jL;Djt\– %& = ;g\ O{:jL;g\ O{:jL ± %& = ;Djt\;g\ O{:jL – &* = zfs;Djt\ – !#% zfszfs ;Djt\ r}q k|ltkbfaf6 cf/De x'G5 .h:t}M zfs ± &* !($) ± &* @)!* ;g\ O{:jLO:jL–@)!* ± %&= @)&% ;fnjif{ dfgjif{dfg $ k|sf/sf 5g\–!_ ;f}/ jif{ – #^% lbg !% 3 #) knf@_ rGb| jif{ – #%$ lbg #) 3 ) knf#_ ;fjg jif{ – #^) ;fjg lbg = !@ df;$_ gIfq jif{ #@$ lbg

z'SnkIf k|ltkbfb]lv cdfj:o;Dd rGb|df; x'G5 .;+qmflGtb]lv d;fGt;Dd ;f}/df; x'G5 . #) lbgsf] ;fjgdf;x'G5 . ljjfx cflb sfddf ;fOt ;f}/ df;af6 lnOG5 .o1 cflb sfddf ;fjg df; / jflif{s sd{ tyf lkt[sfo{dfrGb|df;af6 lnOG5 . cfo' tyf bzfsf] ljrf/ ;fjgdf;af6 ul/G5 .

;fdfGotof #@ dlxgf !^ lbg $ 38L lat]kl5

clwsdf; x'G5 . ;"o{ l;4fGt cg';f/ ##,%#% rGb|df;df #@,%#$# ;f}/df; x'G5 . o;sf/0f ;f}/df;nfO{rGb|df;;“u ldnfpg @ jif{ * dlxgf pk|fGt clwsdf;cfp“5 . l;4fGt lz/f]d0fL jif{ k|jf]w, clwsdf; lg0f{o,Hof]ltif;f/ cflb u|Gydf oL s'/fsf] k[li6 ul/Psf] 5 .

Oltxf;df k|Voft g]kfn ;Djt\ rGb|ult cg';f/rNg] ePsf] x'gfn] ltly g} d'Vo o;sf] cfwf/ xf] .Hof]ltif zf:qcg';f/ ;"o{ / rGb|sf] b'/L !@ c+z ePkl5Ps ltly x'G5 . xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ rf8kj{, ljjfx, j|tjGw,hGds'08nL / d[To'kZrft\sf lqmof cflb ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ltlycg';f/ rn]sf 5g\ . rGb| ult cyf{t\ ltlysf] d"ncfwf/ ul0ft xf] . ul0ft eGg' g} lj1fg xf] . lj1fgsf]cfwf/lznf eGg' ul0ft xf] . ul0ftsf] cfwf/df Ct'kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . Ct[ kl/jt{gsf] sf/0faf6 g} oxfFhf8f] dlxgf, jiff{ofdn] kfnf] k]ml//xG5 . s;}n] cflziflb+bf ‘rGb|df bflxg] k/f];’\ elgG5 . s;}nfO{ ;u'g lb+bfrGb|sf] k|lts bxL bflxg] lgwf/0f l6sf nufO{ lbg] rngcem} hLljt 5 .

g]kfnsf] df}lns ;Djt\\ eg]sf] g]kfn ;Djt\ g} xf] .o;sf] j}1flgs cfwf/ / Jojxfl/s w/ftn cgGt 5 .

g]kfn ;Djt\nfO{ g]kfn /fHo / g]kfnLn] dfqrng rNtLdf NofPsf] cjZo klg xf]Og\ . of] ;Djt\nfO{ldq /fi6«x¿af6 klg dfGotf k|fKt ePsf] 5, rf}wf}+ztfAbLdf g]kfn ;Djt\ %#% cfiff9 z'Sn bzdLdf rLgsfldªj+zLo /fhf tfloldªn] sfe|]sf /fhf zlQm l;+x /fdj4{gnfO{ k7fPsf] kqdf /~hgf lnlk, ;+:s[t efiff /g]kfn ;Djt\ g} :ki6 pNn]v lyP . ;f] kq Oltxf;sf/wgah|sf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k//fi6« dGqfnodf;'/lIft 5 . ef/tsf] s'r ljxf/sf /fhf k|f0f gf/fo0fn]cfÇgf] b'O{ alxgL ¿kdtL / cgGt lk|ofnfO{ sf7df8f}+sf/fhf k|tfk dNn;Fu ljjfx ul/lbPsf lyP / g]kfn ;Djt\&%# k|of]u u/L ;'j0f{ d'b|f klg lgsfn]sf lyP .

g]kfndf k|fKt P]ltxfl;s k|df0fx¿df zs;Djt\, dfgb]j ;Djt\, g]kfn ;Djt\ ljqmd ;Djt\, slno'u;Djt\, nId0f ;Djt\, O{:jL ;Djt\ pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .g]kfnsf dfgb]j ;Djt\ klg lgs} k|rlnt / P]ltxfl;s;Djt\ xf] . P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf rfu'Fgf/fo0fnufot w]/}7fpFdf dfgb]j ;Djt\ pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] ;Djt\#)! ;Dd dfq rn]sf] lyof] . g]kfn ;Djt\ ;'? u/]sf a]nfljqmd ;Djt\ (#^, O{ZjL ;Djt\ *&(, zs ;Djt\ *)@lyof] . g]kfn ;Djt\ %@$ df nlntk'/ ;'gwf/fdf wd{dNnsf] lznf n]vdf >L slnut ;Djt\ $%)%, >L ljqmd


74

/fh ;Djt\ !$^&, >L z+s/fh ;Djt\ !#@^, >L dGtg]kflns ;Djt\ %@$ pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfn ;Djt\ s'g kl/l:yltdf s;n] rnfPsf]eGg] af/]df lgSof{]n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljleGg ljåfgx¿n]o;af/] a]Unfa]Un} ts{ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfn ;Djt\ k|fb'{efj ePsf] a]nfdf kf6g /sf7df8f}+sf /fhf /f3jb]j lyP eg] gfnf, kgf}tL, ag]kf,w'lnv]n, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, rl/sf]6 / eQmk'/sf /fhf cfgGbb]j k|yd lyP . g]kfn ;Djt\sf] k|fb'ef{jdf /fhf cfgGbb]j/ /fhf Hof]ltif l;l4jGtsf] cxd\ e"ldsf lyof] . /fhHof]ltif l;l4jGtn] lgsfn]sf] z'e d'x't{cg';f/ sf7df8f}+sf]eb|dtL / lji0f'dtLsf] bf ]efgdf k/]sf] ;kgftLy{nv'tLy{af6 lems]sf] afn'jf ;'g x'g] ljZjf;sf ;fy /fhfcfgGbb]jn] el/ofnfO{ vk{g lbO{ afn'jf lng k7fPsflyP . sflGtk'/df z+vw/ ;fVjfn, rv'+tLy{af6 afn'jfaf]s]/ NofPsf] el/ofnfO{ b]v]kl5 eQmk'/af6 lsg oxfF;Ddafn'jf lng k7fPsf] xf]nf egL z+sf u/] . z+vw/n] tLel/ofx¿nfO{ kmsfO{, nf]e b]vfO{ s]xL k};f lbO{ Tof]afn'jf cfÇgf] 3/df vGofpg nufP . tL el/ofn] csf{]afn'jf lnO{ /fhf sxfF a'emfP . t/ Tof] afn'jf ;'ggePsf] kl5 /fhfn] /fhHof]ltifnfO{ e"m6 Hof]ltif egLufnL u/] .

Hof]ltifn] zf:q t e"m6f] x'g'gkg{] egL vk{g hfFrug{ nufP . vk{gdf ;'g 6fF;L/x]sf] hfx]/ ubf{ /fhfaf6el/ofx¿;Fu ;f]wk'5 ubf{ el/ofn] cfk"m nf]edf k/]sf];a} s'/f j[QfGt /fhfnfO{ lalGt r9fP . of] s'/fsflGtk'/sf Jofkf/L z+vw/ ;fVjfn] yfxf kfP . Tof]ck/fwsf] b08sf] 8/n] ;fVjfn] sflGtk'/sf /fhf /f3jb]jsxfF lalGt r9fP . sflGtk'/sf /fhfn] s'6gLlts k|of;åf/feQmk'/sf /fhf cfgGbb]j;Fu jftf{ u/] . To;kl5 eQmk'/sf/fhf cfgGbb]jsf] :jLs[lt lnP/ pkTosfsf ;Dk"0f{ C0fLhgtfsf] C0fd'Qm u/L g]kfn ;Djt\ k|fb'ef{j u/] . of]sflt{s z'Sn k|ltkbfb]lv gofF jif{ x'G5 . g]kfn ;Djt\nfO{sxL+ sxL+sf lznfkqx¿df zª\vw/s[t g]kfn ;Djt\ eg]/klg n]v]sf] kfOG5 .

eujfg lji0f'sf] csf{] gfd zª\vw/ xf] . lji0f'hndf zog u5{g\ . g]kfn cg'/fwf gIf]q rt'y{ kf7dfk5{ . cg'/fwf gIf]q j[lZrs /flz xf] . j[lZrs /flzhn tTj k|wfg /flz xf] . g]kfnhn tŒjsf] wgL /fi6«xf] . To;}n] xfd|f] b]zsf] gfd g]kfn / ;Djt\sf] gfdæg]kfn ;Djt\Æ /fv]sf] x'g'k5{ . g]kfn ;Djt\ klg rGb|dfdfcfwfl/t 5 . rGb| klg hn tTj k|wfg u|x xf] .

uf]nfsf/ leqsf cÍx¿nfO{ tLgj6f w;f]{n] o;/L 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ lsx/]s efudf cÍsf] of]u a/fa/ xf];\ . w;f]{ tfGbf uf]nf] 3]/fsf] 5]p

5'g'k5{, w;f]{ Pscfk;df sfl6P klg x'G5 t/ cÍ sfl6g' x'Fb}g / s'g}efu cÍ/lxt x'g'x'Fb}g . -pQ/ *) k[i7df 5_

æVjk ;MÆ cyf{t\ æeQmk'/ cfjfhÆ

a'waf/ M laxfg &M#) b]lv *M#)

z'qmaf/ M a]n'sL ^M#) b]lv &M#) ;Dd

eQmk'/ Pkm=Pd !)%=$ d]ufxh{df ;'Gg'xf];\

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf]

/]l8of] sfo{qmd


75

:yfg kl/roeQmk'/ zx/sf] k"j{df ;'hdfx|L -;"o{d9L_ 6f]n

5 . of] 6f]n trkfn6f]nl:yt ljZjk|l;4 bQfqo dlGb/b]lvs]xL kfOnf k"j{lt/ nfu]kl5 k'luG5 . o;} ;'hdfx|L 6f]ndfklg ljZjk|l;4 rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/;b [ Zo p:t } gfd / p:t }jf:t'tGqljlwcg'¿k ag]sf] b]lvg]…jfs'klt rf “u 'gf/fo0fÚ gfdn]laVoft gf/fo0f dlGb/ xf] . h;/Lrf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/sf] afof“kl§k"j{df ci6dft[sfsf k|frLg d"lt{x¿k|lti7flkt pQ/fled'v l5Ggd:tfdlGb/ /x]sf] 5!!!!! p;}u/L ci6dft[sf:yflkt dlGb/ o; jfs'klt–rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/sf] afof“kl§/x]sf ] 5 . klZrdfled'v o;gf/fo0f dlGb/sf ] ;fd ' Gg ]k "j {dWosfnsf k | l;4 /fhfl:yltdNn -lj=;+= !$#(–!$%@_ sfb'O{ k'qx¿ wd{dNn±Hof]lt{dNnsf]g ] =; + = %@* -lj=; +=!$^%_ sf ]u?8:tDe–clen ]v 5 . @@@@@ /To;}u/L gf/fo0f dlGb/sf] l5“8LdfHof]lt{dNnsf] lznflen]v 5 .##### o;dlGb/df xfn;Dd k|sfzdf cfPsfP ] l t x f l ; s – k ' / f t f l Œ j s;|f]t;fdu|Lx¿dWo] oL clen]vx¿

;aeGbf k'/fgf b]lvg cfPsf 5g\ . o; cfwf/df of]dlGb/ tL clen]veGbf klg k"j{sfnlt/} jf egf}+ t]x|f}“–rf}wf}“ ztfAbLlt/ lgdf{0f eO;s]sf]] b[li6uf]r/ x'G5 .g]kfn tyf ef/tdf j}i0fj dtsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ Pj+nf]slk|otfsf b[li6n] t]x|f}“–rf}wf}“ ztfAbLsf] o'u pNn]Vo/Å\of] . o;} o'ub]lv g]kfnL wfld{s–;f+:s[lts hLjg /ljz]ifu/L tTsfnLg g]kfnd08n -g]kfn–pkTosf_ sf]wfld{s–;f+:s[lts hLjg j}i0fjjfb Pj+ j}i0fjjfbsf]s[i0felQm wf/fdf r'n'{Dd 8'Ag k'u]sf] lyof] . eQmk'/sf]k|;·df tdfx|L -6f}d9L_ 6f]nl:yt tLndfwj–gf/fo0f dlGb/-t]x|f}“ ztfAbL_, / ;f]xL kl/;/sf] lji0f'sf] a/fx cjtf/d"lt{;lxt rf}la; cjtf/sf rf}la; ;"Id ;'Gb/ d"lt{x¿n];lhPsf] 5qfsf/ e"uf]n dlGb/ -kGw|f}“ ztfAbL_, xg'dfg3f6-t]x|f} ztfAbL_, zx/sf ljleGg :yfgdf /x]sf t]x|f}ztfAbLb]lvsf k|:t/, wft', d[lQsf Pj+ sfi7lgld{t j}i0fjd"lt{x¿, kf}eflrq, leQ]lrq, u|Gylrqnufot cfh;Ddklg hLjGt /lxcfPsf j}i0fjhfqf, kj{ Pj+ ;+:sf/x¿ /To;}u/L xfd|f] clei6 /x]sf] oxL jfs'klt rf“u'gf/fo0f

dlGb/ / o; kl/;/df cg]ssfnsf eQm–elQmgLx¿ jf egf}+xfd|f k'vf{n] /fv]/ uPsf s[ltx¿klg pQm s'/fsf pTs[i6 gd"gfx¿x'g\ . o; gf/fo0fdlGb/ kl/;/df/x]sf o:tf s[ltx¿dWo] kmn]kmn]kmn]kmn]kmn]-kf6L_ / OltOltOltOltOlt÷lx6L -9'·]wf/f_ klgx'g\ . oL s[lt klg xfd|f /fli6«olglw x'g\ . o:tf lglwx¿ / ltgn]l;h]{sf ;+:s[lt cgGtsfn;Dd klg/lx/xf];\, rln/xf];\ Pj+ ;a}sf] enf]x f ]; \ eGgfsf nf lu k |z:tv]t÷hUufnufot cGo cfo:tf;d]t /fvL, kl5sf k':tfx¿n] ;d]t;+/If0f, ;+j4{g ub}{ n}hfcf];\, o:tf;Dkbf hf]ufpg]nfO{ k'0o k|fKt xf];\/ eTsfpg] laufg]{, Dxf:g]nfO{ eg]dxfkfk nfuf];\, ;f7L xhf/ jif{;Ddg/sdf k/L u'x'sf] sL/f eP/ /xg'k/f ]; \ egL wfld {s lgod /cg'zf;gsf] af]w u/fp“b} clen]vk|df0fx¿ klg /fv]/ uPsf 5g\ .;+:d/0ffTds o:tf clen]v klg

jfs'klt rfFu'gf/fo0fdlGb/sf] ehg kmNrf-kmn]÷kf6L_ sf] lznfn]v

8f=k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7

ehg kmNrfsf] g]=;+=(*% lj=;+=!(@@_ sf] lznfn]v .$@x@( ;]=ld=, lnlkMg]jf/L, efiffMg]kfnefiff .

jfs'klt rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/sf] ’ehg kmNrfÚ sf] lznfn]v


76

xfd|f] Oltxf; ;+:s[ltsf csf6\o k|df0f x'g\ . jfs'kltrf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/–kl/;/sf] pQ/kl§sf] jf egf} +d"naf6f]sf] blIf0fkl§sf] pQ/fled'v kf6L / ;f] kf6Lsf]leQfsf] vf]kfdf :yflkt clen]vo'Qm, zlQm;lxtsf] e}/jsf]g]=;+=&(( -lj=;+=!&#^_sf] k|:t/d"lt{, af}4wd{ ljifosf]lznfkq / To;}u/L jfs'klt rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/sf]bfof“kl§sf] blIf0ffled'v kf6L, ;f] kf6Lsf] leQfsf]g]=;+=*^% sf] lznfn]v / ;f] kf6Lsf] bfof“kl§sf]blIf0ffled'v 9'·]wf/fnufot gf/fo0f dlGb/sf] cufl8klZrdtkm{sf] k"jf{led'v kf6Lsf] leQfsf] g]=;+=(*% sf]lznfn]v dflysf s'/fsf] k'li6sf nflu pbfx/0f:j¿k5g\ . o; n]vsf] d"n clei6 eg] tn k|:t't ehgkmNrfsf] lznfn]v /x]sf] 5 .$$$$$

jfs'klt rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/sf] cufl8, klZrdkl§klg Pp6f ehg kmNrf÷kf6L 5 . of] kf6Lsf] klZrdleQfdf Pp6f k"jf{led'v lznfn]v 5 . s}ogsfnb]lv;f] leQf 5f]lkO /flvPsf]n] Totfaf6 pTkGg x'g] cf]; /jiff{tdf r'lxP/ cfpg] kfgLn] ;d]t ;f] leQf /;fO/xg]x'gfn] kfgL / cf];n] ;f] lznfn]vsf] cIf/ s'“lbPsf] kfk|f]plKsP/ gi6k|foM l:yltdf k'lu;s]sf] 5 . ;f] lznfn]vsf]cWoogsf qmddf lgs} ;fjwfgL ckgfP/ To;sf] ptf/lng] sfd ePsf] 5 . nfU5 o; ptf/n] ;f] lznfn]vsfs'/fnfO{ gi6 x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] sfd ePsf] 5 . o; b[li6n];f] lznfn]vdf af“r]sf] Oltxf; ;+:s[ltnfO{ kl5sf k':tf;Ddklg ;k|df0f ;'/lIft t'NofO/fVg] dxŒjk"0f{ sfd ePsf]5 . o; lznfn]vsf] zLif{df, dWoefudf cfe/0f;lxtsf]ubf{ / To;sf] bfof“ / afof“ rGb| / ;"o{ cfs[lt c+lst5g\ . ;f] lznfn]vsf] tn Pshf]8L :qL k'?ifsf] ;"Idd"lt{ ;d]t s'“lbPsf] 5 . ;f] d"lt{df b'a} :qL–k'?ifn] 3'“8fn]6]sL jfs'klt rf“u'gf/f0fnfO{ lalGtefj k|s6 ul//x]sf5g\ . lznfn]vsf] d"nkf7 o; k|sf/ 5–d"nkf7

jfg kmfg!= k'hf >L # gf/fog hfsL @@= Yj ch'u ljwfgz, ct]jfnfxfsNkToflb .. j]zfifdf:o#= k"0f{df:ofltyf} ofltgIf]q] Joltkfthf]u hyfs0f{d'x'ts]

a'wjf;/]$= d]if/f;Lut] ;ljt/] t'nf/fl;ut] rGb|dl; .. Pj+ ljzv]g

ljl;t/fof k'0o–%= ltyf} .. sf:ouf]q /j+wfs k|hfklt dLul/, yå

k/fdgfd:of Oxt| cfo'/f

^= -/f]Uo_o't j]s'y+jf; lgldTofy{ >L# gf/fog jfs wDd;f/fhL0f{pwf/ s

&= y rlkWjsfIf]t| b/fltrs@ k|dlt .. kg g]kfnefvfsf:okuf]t|

*= ljs' k|hfklt eLd+lt ys' g]Dx :qLk'?ifg >Lgf/fogofxjg] kmn] bosf

(= nL;+ lh0f{pwf/ ofolgldltg r'+kLwfsf j' /f] @ g:ob'tf h'/f] .. Yj j'of j

!)= rsf ofj jif{jGwg bfNxfNxf]ªfj j}zfif z'qmof k"0f{dfl;v'g'+ j;fw/

!!= g oft km ! k'hf ofo h' ! k'hf lkubj ofs ofodfnslt k'lg ;ls d

!@= lg Yj g]u' -k"_0f{df; dxftn] .. srf===kf ! dftRofodfn Yj gx bfk

!#= nIf ehg ofo dfn Yjt]of u'yLhg yj sfooftjwLs k|hfklt

!$= /Tgdlg k|hfklt bfh' wglj/ k|hfktL rqmj]/;L YjofDx jfg] dfn Yj

!%= Dx-<_hLt b wfiff;sf ktfn; djggf; bnkdb' lh;+tfg dbt;f Kob

!^= lt Hofnkfn ofodfn .. Yjt] cl5b|g oft;f :ju{k|flKtdoft;f k+rdfxf

!&= kfk Yjt]of ;fIfL efh' ===jlg/fd tk'Bf] e"ld /fk|xk+ jo dr O–

!*= x+r /ft|L Ox+ ofj;'Wd :jbQ k/bQ jfhf] x/lt :jj;'w/f if:tL jif{ ;–

!(= x;|flg lji6fof hfog s[dL b[i6;flIf sforf tjwLsk|hfklt n–

@)= Tgdlg k|hfklt 5o s'j/l; k|hfklt :jbfnof hugf/fk|–

@!= hfklt b]jL k|hfklt e]/l; gfd h;==s–@@= hfn hdgf/flt| ksfn lnifLt b}j1 uof–@#= -gf/f<_g ;Djt (*% j}zfif z'lb !% /f] -&<_z'e+ ..efjfg'jfb Pj+ ljZn]if0f

g]=;+=(*% j}zfv z'lb !% -j}zfv k"l0f{df_ /f]h& sf lbgdf /jwfs k|hfklt / dLul/ b'a} :qL k'?ifsf]a}s'07jf; sfdgfy{ >L # jfs'klt gf/fo0f dlGb/sf];fd'Gg]df wd{zfnf hL0ff{]4f/ ul/of] . ljs' k|hfklt eLd+ltys' b'O{hgf :qL k'?ifn] >L gf/fo0fsf] cufl8 kf6LagfP;Fu} To;sf] hL0ff]{4f/ ug{sf lgldQ r'lk+Wjfsfsf] @/f]kgL v]t r9fpg'eof] . ;f] v]tsf] afnLaf6 jif{aGwg


77

k"hf, dd{t ;Def/ cflb u/L j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf lbgdfjif{aGwg k"hf ug{sf nflu rfdn kfyL !, …jfg kmfgÚcyf{t\ e}k/L cfpg] sfdsf lgldQ rfdn @ kfyL vr{u/L slt k'GxL -cflZjg k"l0f{df_ / ;lsdgf k'GxL -sflQ{sk"l0f{df_ sf lbgdf aQL afNg] sfd ug'{kg]{ eof], Psdlxgf;Dd ehg ug'{kg]{ eof] . o;sf u'l7of/x¿ tjwLsk|hfklt nTgdlg k|hfklt bfh' wglj/ k|hfktL rqmj]/;Lcflbn] g6'6\g] u/L sfd u/]df :ju{k|flKt / gu/]df k~rdxfkfk nfUg]5 .

jfs'klt rf“u'gf/fo0f :yfgdf klxn] g} wd{zfnflyof] . g]=;+=(*% -lj=;+=!(@@_ df ljs' k|hfklt eLd+ltys' b'O{ :qL k'?ifn] To;sf] hL0ff]{4f/ ug'{sf ;fy} gf/fo0fdlGb/ cufl8 Pp6f gof“ kf6L;d]t agfOlbPsf] s'/f o;lznfn]vaf6 yfxf kfOG5 . /, ;f] kf6Lsf] hL0ff]{4f/sfnflu u'7LhUuf /fvL u'l7of/x¿nfO{ sfd ug]{ lyltaf“lwlbPsf] s'/f klg o; clen]vaf6 :ki6 x'G5 .

o; lznfn]vdf r'lk+Wjfsfsf] pNn]v cfPsf]5 . r'lk+3f6df klg Pp6f dWosflng Wjfsf -k|j]zåf/_lyof] eGg] s'/f o; lznfn]vn] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L…:jbfnÚn] cfhsf] ;'8fnnfO{ ;DemfPsf] 5 . k|hfkltx¿sf]af;:yfg tf}nf5]F / ;'hdfx|L 6f]ndf a9\tf 5 . o;/L of]lznfn]v k|hfkltx¿sf k"j{hn] jfs'klt dlGb/df wd{zfnfhL0ff]{4f/ u/L Pp6f gof“ kf6L;d]t agfP/ /flvlbPsf]af/]sf] csf6\o k|df0f of] lznfn]v xf] .lgisif{

Oltxf;sf] csf6\o ;|f]t clen]v xf] . Oltxf;hgd'vL x'G5 . tTsfnLg hg–Oltxf;sf] Ps ;fgf] emnsPj+ ;'Gb/ gd'gf ;'hdfx|L, jfs'klt rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/sfkf6L÷ehg kmNrfx¿sf clen]vaf6 klg ldN5 . ehgkmNrfsf] g]=;+=(*% sf] lznfn]v klg o; s'/fsf] ckjfbxf]Og . of] lznfn]v ljs' k|hfklt eLd+lt ys' b'O{hgf:qL k'?ifx¿n] /fVg nufPsf x'g\ . lznfn]v /x]sf] ;f]ehg kmNrf pgLx¿n] agfpg nufPsf lyP . To;}u/LToxf“ /x]sf] wd{zfnf;d]t pgLx¿n] hL0ff]{4f/ ug{ nufPsflyP .

;DklQ y'kfg'{ wd{ xf]Og . cfh]{sf] ;DklQsf]s]xL efu hglxt jf nf]s sNof0fsf nflu clk{t ug'{,k/d–wd{ xf] . b]z / hgtfeGbf dfly sf]xL 5}g . /, b]z/ hglxtsf nflu /fv]/ uPsf] sLlt{ jf sfdn] cd/eOG5 . oxL wd{ xf] . g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] d"n j}lzi6\o Pj+lrgf/L klg oxL /lxcfPsf] 5 . k"j{hx¿n] /flvlbPsf

kf6Lx¿, wf/fx¿ Pj+ d"lt{x¿ / ;+:d/0ffTds clen]vx¿pQm s'/fsf ;'Gb/ gd'gf Pj+ csf6\o ;fIo x'g\ . o;s'/fsf] Pp6f pTs[i6 pbfx/0f ehg kmNrfsf] of] lznfn]vklg xf] .!= k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7, u'xf, u'xfn]v, u'xflrq / cGo ;Dkbf,

eQmk'/ M ljgf]b/fh zdf{, @)&#, k[i7 %^ .@= D.R. Regmi, Medieval Nepal, Calcutta : Firma K.L.

Mukhopadhyay,1966, pp.44.

#= s= zÍ/dfg /fhj+zL, -;+_, eQmk'/–lznfn]v–;"rL, sf7df8f}+M jL/ k':tsfno, k[i7 ^ .

v= nIdLk|;fb >]i7 -;+=_, kf;'sf ,%÷! cflZjg )%&, eQmk'/M ;'yf+, k[i7 & .

$= of] lznfkqsf] clen]v afx]s jfs'klt rf“u'gf/fo0fsf dflypNn]lvt clen]vx¿af/]sf] d]/f] …eQmk'/ ;'hdfx|L 6f]nsf]kmn] -kf6L_ sf] clen]vÚ zLif{ssf] n]v eQmk'/ #$÷(÷@)&$k[i7 @*–## df k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnthgHof]lt k':tsfnodf ;b:o eO{ ljleGgldltdf k':tsx¿ nfg'x'g] t/ ;do gf3]/klg k':ts lkmtf{ gug'{x'g] ;b:ox¿nfO{rf“8} k':ts lkmtf{ ug{ ;"lrt ul/G5 .

hgHof]lt k':tsfno, gMk'v'–!

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfgu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no

Aof;L, eQmk'/–@

6f}d9L If]qdf rf/kfª\u|] ;jf/L ;fwg k|j]zlgif]w;DaGwL ;"rgf

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % l:yt ljZjk|l;4 ªftfkf]n kl/;/sf] ;'/Iff ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ Wofgdf/fv]/ :yfgLo hgtf, a'l4hLjL / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf];'emfjcg';f/ To; If]qdf k"j{df Sjf5]+, klZrdf :jk'+ue}/j, pQ/df rt'a|Dx dxfljxf/sf] k"jL{ af6f] / blIf0fdftLndfwj gf/fo0f dlGb/sf] k"jL{ 9f]sf rnfv' otf rf/lsnfleqsf] If]qdf xfnnfO{ @)&% df3 ! ut]b]lv laxfg&M)) ah]b]lv a'n'sL &M)) ah];Dd x/]s lbg rf/kfª\u|];jf/L ;fwg k|j]z lgw]if ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] x'“bf ;Dk"0f{;jf/L ;fwg wgLx¿ tyf ;j{;fwf/0fx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf]nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .


78

k[i7e"lds[lifsf] nflu dn -kf}i6s tTj_ Ps dxŒjk"0f{

j:t' xf] . k|To]s afnLnfO{ dnsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .dnsf] k|of]un] s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 u5{ . t/ lj8Djgf,v]tL ug{] ;dodf g]kfnsf ls;fgn] cfjZos dfqfdf dnahf/df kfpFb}gg\ . lj?jfsf] nflu cfjZos vfBtŒj !^k|sf/sf 5g\M sfa{g, xfO8«f]hg, clS;hg, gfO6«f]hg,kmf]:km/;, kf]6fl;od, SoflN;od, DofUg]l;od, ;Nkm/,lh+s, df]lnA8]gd, af/f]g, Snf]l/g, sk/, cfO/g /Dofguflgh . logLx¿ s'g} klg g]kfndf pTkfbg xF'b}gg\cyf{t ljb]zaf6 cfoft ul/G5 .

ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] bfFhf]df g]kfnsf] pTkfbg /pTkfbsTjsf] lgs} tn 5 . k/Dk/fut v]tLnfO{ cfw'lgs/ Joj;flos agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . l;+rfO{, aLpm,cf}hf/nufotsf] cefj h:t} /f;folgs dnsf] cefjn]of] ;d:of lglDtPsf] xf] . clxn] klg /f]kfO“sf] df};d 5t/ b]z}e/L dnsf] cefjn] ls;fgcfqmfGt 5g\ . ;fgf ls;fgx¿n] v]tLg} ug{ 5f8]sf s}of} + pbfx/0fx¿xfdLdfem 5 . afFemf] v]tsf] If]q a9\gyfn]sf] 5 . clg s;/L pTkfbga9fpg] ;kgf k"/f x'G5 <dn pknAwtf

Oltxf; cWoog ug{] xf] eg];g\ !(%) bzssf] z'?sf] jif{df s]xLlghL Jofkf/Ln] Pdf]lgod ;Nkm]6ef/taf6 cfoft u/]sf lyP . To;kl5;g\ !(^% lt/ g]kfn 6]«l8ª lnld6]8n]?;af6 cfoft ug{ yfNof] . Jojl:yt¿kdf cfoft eg] s[lif dGqfno cGtu{ts[lif ;fdu|L lnld6]8n] ;g\ !(^^ af6x'g yfn]sf] xf] .

;g\ !(&#÷&$ df ;/sf/n] cg'bfg lbg] k|fjwfgNofof] . cg'bfg lbP/ ls;fgnfO{ /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]udfpT;flxt ug{] / ef/tdf eGbf g]kfnsf] dn ;:tf] ePdfef/ttkm{ lgsf;L x'g] ;Defjgf b]v]/ ef/tLo ahf/sf]d"NoeGbf !%–@) k|ltztn] a9L /fVg' cg'bfgsf] b'O{ p2]ZolyP . g ]k fnn ] hd {g L , Sofg8f, hfkfg /lkmgNof08nufotsf b]zx¿af6 ;xof]usf] ¿kdf dn kfpgyfn]sf] lyof] . kl5 Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+saf6 g]kfnn]lnPsf] C0fsf] zt{cg';f/ dndf cg'bfg x6fPsf] lyof] .;g\ !((( af6 cg'bfg k"0f{ ¿kdf x6fof] . ;/sf/n] s[lif;fd|u|L sDkgL lnld6]8nfO{ dn Jofkf/sf] lhDdf nufof] .

;/sf/n] dn lgodg lgb{]zg !((( / /fli6«o dngLlt @))@ nfO{ nfu" u/]sf] 5 . ef/tsf] ahf/eGbf g]kfnLahf/sf] dnsf] d"No @)–@% k|ltzt a9L /fv]sf] 5 . xfng]kfn ;/sf/n] dndf lbO/fv]sf] cg'bfg ckof{Kt 5 .

s[lif of]hgfn] ;g\ !((% nfO{ cfwf/ jif{ agfP/#! lsnf] dn k|lt x]S6/af6 ;g\ @)!& ;Dddf !#! lsnf]dn k|lt x]S6/ k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] lyof] . t/ dncefjsf sf/0f k"/f x'g ;s]g . ljutsf] lg/Gt/tf dfqePsf] 5 .

;/sf/n] wfg, uxF' / ds} v]tLsf nflu /f;folgsdn cg'bfgdf pknAw u/fPsf]df &) k|ltzt s[lif ;fdu|L/ #) k|ltzt ;fN6 6«]l8ªnfO{ ljt/0f ul/G5 . s[lif;fdu|L sDkgLsfcg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o 6]G8/ cfÅjfg ubf{/f;folgs dnsf] nflu ^ dlxgf nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . d"Nojf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] /f;folgs dn vl/b k|lsof /2 x'g;S5 / :jefljs ¿kd} dnsf] xfxfsf/ x'g yfN5 .

ljz]if1x¿sf] k/fdz{df slDtdf Psjif{sf] nflu k'Ug] ljljw /f;folgsdnsf] dfqfsf] :6s /fVg ;s] ls;fgsftTsflng ;d:ofx¿nfO{ 6fg{ ;lsG5 .lhNnf / :yfgLo If]q;Dd dnsf]ljt/0f klg ;do tflnsf agfP/9'jfgL u/]df ls;fgnfO { cfÇgf ]sfo{tflnsf agfpg d2t k'U5 . 7fpF–7fpFdf e08f/0f s]Gb|sf] aGbf]a:tldnfpg'kb{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nufgLaf]8{n] %,)),))) 6g k|ltjif{ o'l/ofpTkfbg ug{] /f;folgs dn KnfG6lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/sNkgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .o;sf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu nueu ! va{$) ca{ nfut kg{] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 .

dn sf/vfgf :yfkgfcfjZos

;lag Vofh"


79

t/ sfd eg] s]xL ePsf] b]lvGg .ef/tl:yt Sofan kml6{nfOh/ KnfG6 cfw'lgs

k|ljlwo'Qm 5 . o;af6 @) nfv 6g /f;folgs dnk|ltjif{ pTkfbg ug{ @)) d]ufjf6 ljh'nL cfjZos ePsf]b]vfpF5 . o;df !*@ d]ufjf6 zlQm v]/ uPsf]af6 k'gMk|of]u ul/G5 .

g]kfndf cfoft x'g] /f;folgs dnsf] u'0f:t/k/LIf0f ubf{ n]lvPsf] u'0f:t/ sfod eP÷gePsf]dfWofg lbg'kb{5 . u'0f:t/ sfod geP /f;fokgs dnsf]sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf NofOg' cfjZos 5 . u'0f:t/k/LIf0fdf cfw'lgs d]l;gx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;s] ulNt Go"g/xG5 . o;af6 ck|ToIf ¿kdf ls;fgnfO{ g} kmfObf x'g]x'“bf ls;fgx¿ cToGt ;r]t x'g' h?/L 5 .ls;fgnfO{ ;d:of

g]kfndf /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u kxf8df eGbft/fO{df rf/ u'0ffn] a9L 5 . ahf/sf] ;xh kx'Fr,ef/t;Fusf] glhs / v'nf l;dfgf / dnsf] sd d"Noo;sf sf/s tŒj x'g\ . ef/t;Fusf] v'nf l;dfgfsfsf/0f ;/sf/;Fu :ki6 sf/f]af/ tYof° 5}g . cfkm"n]ljt/0f ug{ g;s]kl5 eG;f/ 5n]/ NofPsf dnnfO{lgodg ug{] ;/sf/;Fu lxDdt 5}g . ls;fgnfO{ klgcfÇgf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f ef/taf6;:tf]df dn Nofpg' kg]{ afWotf 5 .

k/Dk/fut hftsf afnL nufpFbfeGbf xfOla|8hftsf afnLn] w]/} dnsf] vkt u5{, cfjZos x'G5 .pTkfbg Ifdtf a9L xF'bf klg vfBtŒj lbg g;s]s} sf/0fpTkfbg cfzfltt ¿kdf j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ls;fgn]cfÇgf] nfuteGbf w]/} pTkfbg ug{ rfxG5 . gfkmf a9fpg;s] ls;fgsf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 / hLjg:t/ psfl;G5 .

cfh;Ddsf] ;/sf/n] /f;folgs dn pTkfbg u/]g, ug{rfx]g h;sf/0f c/af}+ /sd ljb]zL /x]sf 5g\ . o;n]b]znfO{ k/lge{/ agfO/x]sf] 5 . cWoogdf dfq ;Lldt5 . k|fª\ufl/s v]tL k|ljlw klg pT;fxsf ;fy k|rf/k|;f/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ^& k|ltzt g]kfnLx¿ s[lif sd{u/L hLljsf]kfh{g u5{g\ . s[lif k|wfg b]z g]kfn eg]/efif0f kmnfSg]x¿ dn sf/vfgf vf]Ng c8fg lng ;Sb}gg\ .k"FhLjfbL / gSsnL sDo'lgi6sf] ;/sf/n] ls;fgsf] ;d:ofa'em\g rfx]g, a'em\b}gg\ klg . ljb]zaf6 cfoft ug{] / sldzgvfg]df dfq WofgdUg 5g\ . ls;fg ju{n] ;/sf/nfO{g]kfndf dn sf/vfgf :yfkgf u/fpg bafa lbg' cfjZos5 . ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] nflu cfjZos dfqfdf dn pTkfbgu/L ls;fgx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg h?/L 5 .s]xL pkfox¿

g]kfnnfO{ s[lif k|wfg b]z eGg] t/ s[lifsf]nflu cTofjZos j:t' /f;folgs dnsf] pTkfbg ug{]lt/Wofg glbg' jf s]xL sbd cufl8 ga9fpg' ;/f;/ unt/ e|fds sfo{ xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/ cfkm}n] dn sf/vfgf:yfkgf ug{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . geP, tTsfnnfO{ b]zleqsf/fli6«o k"FhLklt ju{nfO{ dn sf/vfgf :yfkgfdf nufgLu/fpg pT;flxt ug{'kb{5 . cWoog cg';Gwfgdf ah]6cfjZos dfqfdf pknAw u/fpg' plrt x'g]5 .

cfjZos dnsf] e08f/0fsf] Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 .;do lalt;s]kl5sf] pknAwtfn] /fd|f] sbflk ub}{g .

ljb]zL ;xof]u, cg'bfg / C0fsf] e/df ;/sf/n]cfÇgf] cfjZostf k"lt{ u/];Dd b]zsf] cy{tGq w/f;foLxF'b} hfg]5 . g]kfnsf] k"“hL ljb]zL a+}sx¿df /fVgfn] g]kfndflgdf{0fsf sfo{ x'g] ;Defjgf 5}g . ljb]zdf ;DklQ /fVggkfpg] k|fjwfg eP g]kfns} ljleGg If]qdf nufgL x'g]


80

x'Fbf ljsf;n] ult lng]df b'O{ dt gxf]nf .g]kfnsf s[lif j}1flgs / k|fljlwsx¿sf nflu

/f]huf/sf] l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿ cg';Gwfgs]Gb| k|of]uzfnf, sf/vfgf, ljZjljBfno, sn]h cflbsf]:yfkgf / ljsf; ug{' ckl/xfo{ 5 . ljb]lzPsfnfO{ g]kfnkms{g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos 5 .

k|fª\ufl/s v]tL ug{ Nofl6g cd]l/sL ;dfhjfbLb]z So'jf ;kmn dflgG5 . dflg;sf] :jf:Yosf] ;'wf/sf]nflu :j:y vfg]s'/fsf] cfjZos x'G5 . o; v]tL g]kfnsf]u|fdL0f If]qdf klxn]b]lv rNb} cfPsf] lyof] . t/ k|ljlwsf]cefjsf sf/0f pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf sdL cfPsf]xf] . o;sf] ;dfwfg cfw'lgs k|ljlw, zLk / ;fdu|Lsf]pknAwtf xf] . sDkf]i6 dn, u8\of}nf dn, lu6\6L dn-emf]n dn_, uf]7]dnnufotsf k|fª\ufl/s dnx¿sf]pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0fn] s]lx /fxt k|bfg ug{;Sb5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] o; kf6f]df klg ljz]if Wofglbg' cfjZos 5 . ;fdfGo tflndaf6 klg ls;fgn] of]ljlw c“ufNg ;Sb5g\ .

k/Dk/fut 1fg / zLkx¿sf] cg';Gwfg u/Lk|ljlwdf ljsf; jf kl/is[t ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ls;fgd}qL x'g'sf ;fy sd nfutdf a9L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .s[lif ljz]if1x¿nfO{ cWoog cg';Gwfgdf nufpg ;s]ls;fgsf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{] ;fy} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿;'Nemfpg ;lsG5 .

e|i6frf/ / sldzg kfpg] nf]esf sf/0f dGqL/ pRr kb:y clwsf/Lx¿ dn sf/vfgf :yfkgfdf;lqmo gePsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]sd{rf/Ldf !* xhf/n] ef/taf6 klg tna a'em\g] u/]sf];dfrf/ 5 . o;n] klg s]lx c;/ u/]sf] 5 ls, cWoogsf]ljifo 5 .

al;laof“nf] -k[i7 &$_ sf] pQ/

Audio Notice gDa/ M !^!*)!^^!))(^

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf sfof{no ejg


81

‘k'vf{n] l;h]{sf] ;DklQ, xfd|f] snf / ;+:s[lt’,Hjhnkf, gd:sf/, tkfO{ ;'Gb} x'g'x 'G5, eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] /]l8of] sfoqmd VjkM;M, cyf{t eQmk'/cfjfh ===.

o;/L af]Ng ;'? u/]sf] /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf] %) cf}+c+s ut a}zfv $ ut] a'waf/ laxfg k|;f/0f eof] .@)&% >fj0f ( ut] a'waf/b]lv Vjk ;Mkl/jf/ -;d"x_sf] tkm{af6 lgdf{0f u/L k|;f/0f ;'? u/]sf] VjkM; sfo{qmdx/]s xKtfsf] a'waf/ laxfg &M#) ah] b]lv *M#) ah];Dd/ z'qmaf/ ;fFem ^M#) ah]b]lv &M#) ah];Dd eQmk'/Pkm=Pd=df k|;f/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . ;f] eGbf cufl8 eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] @)&$ r}q @) b]lv @)&% c;f/ ;Ddk|To]s d+unaf/ eQmk'/ Pkm=Pd=s} lgdf{0fdf k|;f/0fNofPsf] lyof] . gu/kflnsfn] @)&$ ;fnsf] :yfgLor'gfjsf] 3f]if0ffkq adf]lhd Vjk Pkm=Pd= ;+nUg ug]{k|lta4tfsf ;fy @)&% h]7 @! b]lv @( ut];Dd ( lbg]/]l8of] k|:tf]tf tyf k|fljlws tflnd ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] .;f]lx u/L Vjk ;Msfo{qmd yk k|efjsf/L ¿kdf >fj0f( ut]af6 k|;f/0f cfPsf] lyof] .

a''waf/sf] c+snfO{ xfn;Dd klg /]l8of] klqsfsf]¿kdf rf/j6f v08 -segment_ agfP/ k|;f/0f ul//x]sf5f}+ . Pp6f lglZrt laifoj:t'sf] jl/kl/ /x]/ ;DalGwtJolQmTj;Fusf] cGt/;+jfb, Ps ljz]if l/kf]{6, hgtfsf] cfjfh/ cGTodf ;ftf el/sf gu/kflnsfsf] ljljw, ultljlwu/L rf/j6f z'qmaf/sf] c+snfO{ k'gMk|;f/0fsf ¿kdf rnfOPklg kl5 cfP/ To;nfO{ ;d;flos, ;fGble{s, ljz]if,c+ssf ¿kdf tof/ u/L k|;/0f ub}}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] lbPsf] ( lbg] 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflndsfk|lzIffyL{x¿af6 ;f] sfo{qmd pTkfbg ul/Ptf klg ;DalGwt;a}sf] plrt ;Nnfx, ;'emfa / dfu{lgb]{zgn] xfdLnfO{ cemk|efjsf/L / ;zQm ¿kdf sfo{qmd cul8 a9fpg xf};nfldln/x]sf] 5 . Vjk ;M sf] %) c+s ;Ddsf] ofqfdf eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] ljljw ljifoj:t' ;d]6\g] k|of; u¥of}+ . k|d'vt M ;Dkbf, ;+:s[lt, lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO, v]ns'b,j8fut l/kf]{l6ª / ;fGb/le{s ljifodf sfo{qmdx¿ tof/u¥of} + .

xfn;Dd k|;fl/t sfo{qmdsf] ljifo j:t'nfO{ tnsf]tflnsf dfkm{t\ cem :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .sfo{qmd If]q sfo{qmd ljifo j:t'x¿– ;Dkbf– GÅ\os+ em\o b/af/, efh' k'v', e}/j dlGb/ /fgL

kf]v/L .– ;+:s[lt– u¶fd'u rGx«], ufOhfqf, bz}+, ltxf/, Gx' bF, wfF

afhf, la:sf hfqf .

– lzIff–gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿,hgHof]lt k':tsfno, cfwf/e"t tx k/LIff, :yfgLokf7\oqmd, z}lIfs C0f, Vjk ljBfnosf] tof/L .

– :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO– 3/b}nf] gl;{ª, hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|, Vjk c:ktfnsf] tof/L,

:jf:Yo lzlj/, ;/;kmfO tyf kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg .– v]ns"b–ljBfno:t/Lo v]ns"b k|ltof]lutf, s/ft]

k|ltof]lutf, eQmk'/sf] v]ns"b cj:yf / of]hgf, j8fj8fdf Jofofd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf .

– tflnd– gu/kflnsf / j8f sfof{noaf6 lbPsf / lbOg] ljleGg

tflndsf] hfgsf/L .– cGo– eQmk'/ sf08 ljz]if, ko{6g lbj;, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

eQf ljt/0f tMd+'Hof, gu/kflnsf :yfkgf lbj;, 3/lgdf{0f / gS;f, gu/;ef, 6f}d9L If]qdf rf/kfª\u|]lgif]w, cfjf; of]hgf, ;lxb lbj;, .

– s/ k|0ffnL, k"j{ d]o/ :j=1fgaxfb'/ GofORofO{ /ljz]if1x¿ .

sfo{qmd tof/ ug]{ qmddf gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v,pk–k|d'vb]lv w]/} hgk|ltlglwx¿;Fu cGt/;+jfb ug]{ df}sfk|fKt u¥of}+ . ;fy} cfjZos hfgsf/L ;+sng / l/kf]{l6ªsf]bf}/fgdf gu/kflnsfsf ljleGg zfvfsf sd{rf/Lx¿,ljleGg If]qdf ljz]if1, ;+:s[ltljb\ tyf k|fljlwsx¿;“u;fIffTsf/ x'g] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . k|To]s c+sdf lglZrtlaifoj:t' k|lt :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjfh h:tfsf] t:t}k|;f/0fn] hgtfsf] ljrf/ gx'g] / hgtf;“u glhs x'g]df}sf klg ldn]sf] 5 .

@)&^ j}zfv @& ut] z'qmaf/;Ddsf] c+sdfegkfsf !) j6} j8fsf] j8fut ljz]iffª\s klg ;sfof}+ .j8f ljz]iffª\s ;f+:s[lts j:t'l:yltsf ;fy} j8fdf ePsf/ eO/x]sf ljsf;, of]hgf, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;Dkbf,k'gMlgdf{0f, kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg / cGo ljifo af/] hfgsf/Lx'g kfP . To:t} ;f]xL sfo{qmddfkm{t k|;ffl/t j8fjf;Lx¿sf];Nnfx ;'emfjn] hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{ hgtfsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdfyk ;xhtf k|bfg dx;'; u/]sf 5f}+ .

gu/kflnsfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿, sd{rf/Lx¿,ljz]if1 tyf k|fljlws / :yfgLo hgtfx¿;“usf] lgs6tfn]xfdL k|:tf]tfx¿nfO{ cfkm"df ePsf] ;Lk, IfdtfnfO{ yk;'wf/sf ;fy} hf]z,hfFu/ lg/Gt/ k|bfg ul/lbPsf]dfeQmk'/ gu/kflnsfk|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ ;fy} ;Dk"0f{;|f]t tyf z'elrGtsx¿af6 cfnf]rgfTds ;'emfjsf] ck]Iffklg u/]sf 5f}+ .

Vjk ;M -eQmk'/ cfjfh_ sfo{qmdsf] %) c+s;Ddsf] ofqf• /ljGb|k|;fb s';L


82

P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, :t/Lo lzIff / ;Lkljsf;;Fu} 5l/tf] ;]jfk|jfxdfkm{t gd"gf gu/ aGb} uPsf]eQmk'/ c¿ :yfgLo txsf nflu pbfx/0f aGg ;S5 .

P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs dxŒjsf] ;Dkbf/fgLkf]v/Lsf] k'glg{df{0fsf qmddf hyfefjL s+lqm6xflnPkl5 uPsf] jif{ sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf k|d'vljBf;'Gb/ zfSo lgs} cfnf]lrt eP . t/, of] 36gfaf6zfSonufot dxfgu/sf hgk|ltlglwnfO{ 5f]Psf] b]lvPg .

ptf sf7df8f}+sf] l5d]sL zx/ eQmk'/sf d]o/;'lgn k|hfkltnfO{ eg] /fgLkf]v/L k|s/0fn] ps';d's';agfP5 . @)&% ;fpgsf] bf ];|f ] ;ftf /fgLkf ]v/Lk'glg{df{0fsf] lhDdf ;]gfnfO{ lbg] rrf{ rn]kl5 k|hfkltnfO{c;Åo g} eof] /, pgn] !# ;fpgdf pkTosfsf kfFrj6fgu/kflnsfsf k|d'vsf] e]nf 8fs]– eQmk'/df . e]nfdfsf7df8f}+sf k|d'v zfSo, nlntk'/sf lr/Lafa' dxh{g,sLlt{k'/sf /d]z dxh{g / dWok'/ lyldsf dbg;'Gb/>]i7 ;xefuL lyP .

e]nfn] pkTosfleqsf P]ltxfl;s–k'/ftflTjsdxŒjsf ;Dkbf hg;xeflutf dfkm{t hL0ff]{4f/–k'glg{df{0fug]{ k|hfkltsf] k|:tfj kfl/t u¥of] . pkTosfleqsf;DkbfnfO{ P]]ltxfl;s k|df0fsf] cfwf/df k/Dk/fut z}nLdfk'glg{df{0f ug]{, oxfFsf k|frLg zx/x¿ ;d]6]/ ;f+:s[lts;+/lIft s]Gb| 3f]if0ff ug{ ;a} gu/kflnsfn] kxn ug]{,pkTosfsf gu/kflnsfaLr cGt/ gu/ ;f+:s[ltscfbfgk|bfgdf hf]8 lbg] lg0f{o klg ul/of] . d]o/ k|hfklteG5g\\\, ‘sfi7d08k / /fgLkf]v/L 7]Ssfdf lbg] rrf{ rNb}ubf{ ;a}lt/sf ;Dkbf 7]Ssfdf hfg ;Sg] vt/f b]v]kl5d}n] d]o/;fax¿nfO{ emSemSofPsf] x'F .’

ToxL e]nfsf] k|efjn] x'g;S5 7]Ssfdf lbgvf]lhPsf] sfi7d08ksf] k'glg{df{0f pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o eof] . /fgLkf]v/L k'glg{df{0fklg /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fdfkm{t cl3 a9fpg]lgwf] ul/of] . clxn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] k7fPsf%) hgf sflnu8, 8sdL{ / HofdL /fgLkf]v/Lk'glg{df{0fdf vl6Psf 5g\ .

k|d'v k|hfkltsf] cu|;/tfn] ubf{ g} xf],sfi7d08k / /fgLkf]v/L k'glg{df{0f x'Fbf k/Dk/fut

:j¿k sfod /xg] ;'lglZrt h:t} ePsf] 5 . /fli6«ok'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fsf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t -;LO{cf]_;'zLn 1jfnL eG5g\\, ‘;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf eQmk'/sf]pbfx/0fLo cEof; x]/]/} xfdLn] /fgLkf]v/L k'glg{df{0fdfpxfFx¿sf] ;xof]u dfu]sf xf}+ .’

clxn] eQmk'/ k'Ug] hf]–sf]xLn] cg'e"lt u5{g\\, of]clxn] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / snfsf] k|j4{g dfkm{tP]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ug]{ af6f]df cl3a9]sf] 5 . @)&@ ;fn sf] e"sDkdf Ifltu|:t oxfFsfP]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf gu/kflnsf cfkm}n] k/Dk/fut :j¿kdfk'glg{df{0f ul//x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn / hd{g ;/sf/aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/eQmk'/sf !) j6f ;Dkbf k'glg{df{0fsf nflu gu/kflnsfn]! s/f]8 o"/f] -s/La ?=! ca{ @) s/f]8_ j}b]lzs cg'bfgkfPsf] lyof] . t/, Tof] cg'bfgsf] zt{ dfGbf oxfFsf;Dkbfx¿ k/Dk/fut z}nL / :j¿kdf gaGg] ePkl5gu/kflnsfn] olt 7"nf] /sd lkmtf{ ul/lbof] . clxn]eQmk'/df ljleGg cltqmd0faf6 v]nd}bfg ag]sf kf]v/L/ JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf k'u]sf cGo ;fj{hlgs ;Dkbf k'/fg}:j¿kdf lgdf{0f x'Fb}5g\, cfÇg} vr{df .

k/Dk/fut :j¿k hf]ufpg lghL 3/sf] k'glg{df{0f/ gofF 3/ lgdf{0fdf gu/sf] dfkb08 s8fO;fy nfu"ul/Psf] 5 . gu/If]qsf leqL ;8sdf lkr ug{ klxn]b]lvg} /f]s nufOPsf] lyof] . O{“6f la5\ofPsf ;8s kmf]xf]/x'g yfn]kl5 clxn] 9'+uf la5\ofpg yflnPsf] 5 .

s'g} a]nf cGg / t/sf/L afnL pTkfbgdf rlr{t

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] df]8n eQmk'/• /fd]Zj/ af]x/f

eQmk'/ b/af/ :Sjfo/ 3'Dg k'u]sf ko{6s . tl:a/x?M df]lgsf b]pkfnf


83

lyof], eQmk'/ . a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f;Fu} v]tL ug]{ hldgDxfl;g yfn]kl5 oxfFsf ls;fgnfO{ u'hf/fs} ;+s6 kg{yfNof] . j}slNks /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Lk l;Sg}kg]{ afWotfn]eQmk'/df sflnu9b]lv l;sdL{, 8sdL{, HofdL;DdsfhgzlQm pTkfbg eP .

ltg} hgzlQm clxn] eQmk'/sf] k/Dk/futklxrfg hufpg] zlQm ag]sf 5g\ . ‘d'Vo s'/f l;kfn''gofF k':tf tof/ x'Fb} uof]’ k|d'v k|hfklt eG5g\\, ‘ljutdfa;]sf] husf cfwf/df xfdL To;nfO{ km}nfpg] sfdul//x]sf 5f}+ . ca gofF k':tfnfO{ cem\ Jofks 9+un]k/Dk/fut 1fg / ;Lk x:tfGt/0f ug{'k5{ eg]/ gofFvfnsf tflnd klg ;~rfng ul/Psf 5f}+ .’

clxn] gu/kflnsfn] lgoldth;f] 8sdL{ /l;sdL{ tflnd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . df}lns z}nL /;Dkbfsf] dxŒj a'em]sf OlGhlgo/ / k|fljlws pTkfbgug{ gu/kflnsfsf cfÇg} OlGhlgol/ª SofDk; / k|fljlwslzIffno 5g\ . ToxfFaf6 pTkflbt hgzlQm a'6jn,kfNkf, bf]nvfb]lv kf]v/f;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . ltgn]dlGb/nufotsf k'glg{df{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qdf dfq} !&)) eGbfa9L bIf 8sdL{ / sl/a !))) eGbf a9L OlGhlgo/5g\ . o;df k/Dk/fut 1fg / ;Dkbfsf] dxŒja'em]sfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof 7"nf] 5 . To;}u/L sl/a @xhf/ bIf l;sdL{ 5g\ .

eQmk'/ l;sdL{ ;+3sf cWoIf ljqmd 9's'5'sfcg';f/ sfi7snfdf cfa4 dhb"/ ;d]t hf]8\g] xf] eg]gu/ If]qsf sl/a * xhf/ JolQm sfi7snfdf ;lqmo5g\ . ‘eQmk'/ aflx/af6 klg kf6Lkf}jf, dlGb/ cflb

agfpg oxL+sf] hgzlQmnfO{ af]nfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .kf]v/fsf xf]6nx¿n] klg df}lns sfi7snfsf ;fdu|Lagfpg xfdLnfO{ g} af]nfpg yfn]sf 5g\’, 9's'5' eG5g\\\ .;+/If0faf6 ;d[l4

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{k"0f{tM lg?T;flxt ug]{ / ;Lk l;sfP/ oxL+ /f]huf/lbg] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . of] lsg klg cy{k"0f{ 5 eg]oxfFsf l;sdL{ / 8sdL{n] b}lgs ?=!%)) sdfpF5g\,cyf {t \ dfl;s ?=$% xhf/ . HofdLsf] Hofnfgu/kflnsfn] g} b}lgs ?=! xhf/ tf]lslbPsf] 5 .lhNnf aflx/ hfg]sf] sdfO of]eGbf a9L x''G5 .

;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf gu/kflnsfnfO{ pT;flxt ug]{csf]{ s'/f xf]– ko{6gaf6 eO/x]sf] pT;fxhgs cfDbfgL .

o;sf] >]o @)$( ;fndf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'vdflgjf{lrt 1fgaxfb'/ GofOFRofOFnfO{ hfG5 . h;n] eQmk'/3'Dg cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6saf6 ! 8n/ -cd]l/sL_ k|j]zz'Ns lng] lg0f{o nfu"" u/], h'g eQmk'/sf] sfofsNksf]cfwf/ aGof] .

ut jif{ gu/kflnsfn] ko{6s z'Nsaf6 ?=@$s/f]8 cfDbfgL u¥of] . gu/kflnsfsf] cfGtl/s ;|f]tdfd'Vo lx:;f ag]sf] ko{6s z'Nsaf6 gu/kflnsfn] rfn'cfly{s jif{df ?=@* s/f]8 cfDbfgL ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5,h;dWo] @)&^ j}zfv d;fGt;Ddsf] !) dlxgfdf ?=@$s/f]8 %) nfv pl7;s]sf] 5 .

ko{6saf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLn] eQmk'/nfO{cfTdlge{/ agfPsf] 5 . ah]6sf nflu ;+3 / k|b]z;/sf/ clg bftf u'xfg]{ afWotfaf6 eQmk'/ sl/a sl/ad'Qm 5 . ‘ko{6s cfpg] eg]s} xfd|f k/Dk/fut snfsf}zn/ ;Dkbf x]g{sf nflu xf]’ k|d'v k|hfklt eG5g\\, ‘clg


84

To;nfO{ ghf]ufP s;/L ;d[4 eOG5 <’k/Dk/fut 1fg, df}lns z}nL / ;Dkbfaf/]

snd rnfpFb} cfPsf cfls{6]S6 ldng aufn]sf egfOdf;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf eQmk'/n] gd"gf cEof; u/]sf] 5 .‘eQmk'/n] ;Dkbf a'em]sf ld:qLb]lv OlGhlgo/;Dd pTkfbgu5{’, aufn] eG5g\\, ‘;aeGbf dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f, c¿n];Dkbf ;+/If0f dfq elg/x]sf 5g\, eQmk'/n] of];Fu} /fd|f]zx/L of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg cjwf/0ff klg nfu" u/]sf]5 . ’

log} sf/0fn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleqsf cGodxfgu/ / gu/kflnsfn] eQmk'/af6} l;s]/ ;Dkbf;+/If0fsf] sfd z'¿ u/]sf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ ;3fpg eQmk'/cfk m } k lg cl3 ;/ ]sf ] 5 . h:tf ] M nlntk '/pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] kf]v/L ;+/If0fsf nflu h]7sf] bf];|f];ftf eQmk'/;Fu cf}krfl/s ;xof]u dfu]sf] 5 . ‘pxfFx¿xfdL;Fu cg'ej 5}g, xfdLnfO{ ;3fpg';\ elg/xg'ePsf]5’ k|d'v k|hfklt eG5g\\, ‘xfdL ;3fpF5f}+ eg]sf 5f}+ .’gof“ k|of]u

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] cfÇgf] clwsf+z clwsf/j8f sfof{nox¿df k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxLn] 3/glhssf] j8f sfof{noaf6} clwsf+z ;]jf kfO/x]sf 5g\ .

3/3/d} :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpg] gLlt cg';f/gu/kflnsfn] !) j6} j8fdf g;{ / :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfsf]6f]nL k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 . of] 6f]nLn] 3/d} k'u]/ /Qmrfkk/LIf0f ug]{b]lv dw'd]x, :qL/f]u, afn/f]u, bd / vf]sLsfla/fdLsf] lgu/fgL u5{ . la/fdL eP/ pkrf/ gu/fO{3/d} a;]sfnfO{ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt hg:jf:Yo;]jf s]Gb|x¿df ;Nnfx lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . 3/3/df k'Ug]g;{ / :jo+;]ljsfx¿n] gu/jf;Lsf] :jf:Yo cj:yf;Fu} s'g/f]usf la/fdL slt 5g\ eGg] tYof° klg ;+sng u5{g\\\ .

gu/kflnsfn] RofDxfl;+x, kfFrtn] dlGb/-eujtL:yfg_ / Aof;Ldf ljz]if1 lrlsT;s ;lxtsfcfÇg} hg:jf:Yo ;]jfs]Gb| ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . tL s]Gb|x¿dfla/fdLn] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f afkt ltg{'kg]{ z'Ns ;:tf] 5 .

! ;fpg @)&$ b]lv cfo'j]{b :jf:Yo pkrf/ ;]jf;d]t rnfO/x]sf] gu/kflnsfn] rfn' cfly{s jif{b]lvSofG;/, d[uf} {nf k|Tof/f]k0f, d'6'sf] zNolqmof tyfdl:tis3ftsf] pkrf/df gu/jf;LnfO{ hgxL ?=!) xhf/pknAw u/fpg yfn]sf] 5 .

gu/kflnsfn] o; jif{ cfÇg} nufgLdf @%zøofsf] Vjk c:ktfn agfpg] k|lqmof ;d]t cl3 a9fPsf]

5, h;nfO{ !)) zøof k'¥ofpg] nIo 5 . To;}u/L,gu/sf ljleGg ^ :yfgdf lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb| rnfOPsf]5 .

gu/kflnsfs} nufgLdf Vjk dflj, Vjk sn]h,Vjk OlGhlglol/ª sn]h, Vjk sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ª,Vjk ax'k|fljlws cWoog ;+:yfg, zf/bf dflj / zf/bfsn]h ;~rflnt 5g\, hxfF s'n %^)) ljBfyL{ cWoogu5{g\\\ . @)%^ ;fndf Vjk dfljdf !! / !@ sIff ;~rfngug]{ cg'dlt lnP/ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lzIffdf nufgLz'¿ u/]sf] xf] .

@)%* ;fndf k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwglnP/ :yfkgf ePsf] Vjk OlGhlgol/ª sn]hdf :gftstxdf l;len, aLO{ sDKo'6/, On]S6«f]lgS; P08 sDo'lgs]zg

/ cfls{6]Sr/, :gftsf]Q/ txdf cy{Sj]s OlGhlgol/ª /caf{g l8hfOg P08 sGhe]{zg ljifosf] k9fO x'G5 . @)^%;fndf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnP/ vf]lnPsf]Vjk sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ªdf :gfts txsf] l;len,On]lS6«sn / sDKo'6/ OlGhlgol/ªsf] k9fO x'G5 .

@)%^ ;fnd} :yflkt Vjk ax'k|fljlws cWoog;+:yfgdf k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\-;L6LO{eL6L_ sf] gl;{ª / l;len OlGhlgol/ª k9fOx'G5 . gu/kflnsfsf] cfFs8fcg';f/ oL lzIf0f ;+:yfdfdgfª afx]s b]zsf ;a} lhNnfsf ljBfyL{ kl9/x]sf 5g\ .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf Psn ks8 /x]sf] g]kfndhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ -g]dlskf_ sf] sfo{z}nLsf k|v/cfnf]rsx¿ klg lzIff / :jf:Yodf gu/kflnsfn] xfl;nu/]sf] of] pknlAwsf] k|z+;f g} u5{g\\\ . ca To;d} ylkPsf]5, ;Dkbf hf]ufP/ ;d[l4 leœofpg] eQmk'/ gu/sf]cEof; .

-;fef/M lxdfn va/, h]7 @^–#@_

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt tflndaf6 ;Lk l;s]sf sflnu9åoljhof dfl/v' / /fhdfof TjftL .


85

;'lgn k|hfklt k|d'v, eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf

eQmk'/nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] gd"gf dfGgyflnPsf] 5, To:tf] s] ug{'ef] <

oxfF cfpg] y'k|} gu/kflnsfsf d]o/;fax¿sf] k|d'v rf;f]ko{6gdf x'G5 . ko{6g ;Dkbf;Fu} hf]l8G5 . pxfFx¿n] ;Dkbfs;/L hf]ufpg'ef] eg]/ ;f]Wg'x'G5, xfdL cfÇgf] cg'ej atfOlbG5f}+ .

xfd|f OlGhlgol/ª sn]hx¿df 3'ld;s]kl5 sltkogu/kflnsfsf d]o/x¿, xfdL klg o:t} ejg agfpF5f}+ eg]/ hfg'ePsf]5 . g]kfnu~hsf d]o/ wjnzdz]/ /f0ffn] xfdL klg tkfO{+x¿sf]OlGhlgol/ª sn]h h:t} k|fljlws lzIffno vf]N5f}+ eGg'ePsf]5 . d'Vo s'/f hgk|ltlglwn] gLlt agfpg] / To;cg';f/ sfd ug]{hgzlQm tof/ kfg]{ xf] . xfdLn] u/]sf] ToxL xf] .eQmk'/;“u k/Dk/fut 1fg / df}lns z}nLsf] cg'ejc¿nfO{ af“8\g] ;fdYo{ s;/L k}bf eof] <

s'g}a]nf ls;fg afx'No eQmk'/df v]tL sd x'Fb} uPkl5j}slNks k]zfsf ¿kdf s'g} ;Lk l;Sg}kg]{ eof] . 8sdL{,l;sdL{nufotsf tflnd lbg] sfd To;a]nfsf] gu/kflnsfn] z'¿u/]sf] xf] . To;kl5 qmdzM ;Lk l;s]sf] k':tf tof/ x'Fb} uof] . xfdLn]To;}nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbof}+ . ca ljBfno txsf kf7\oqmddf klg k/Dk/fut;Lk, 1fg / ;DkbfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg yflnPsf] 5 .df}lns z}nL / ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf nflu s:tf] gLltagfpg'ePsf] 5 <

xfd|f] gLlt k|i6 5– ;s];Dd ljb]zLnfO{ ;+nUggu/fpg] . k'vf{n] oqf] ;Dkbf agfpg ;S5g\ eg] xfdLn] To;sf]dd{t;Def/ / ;+/If0fsf nflu ljb]zLnfO{ lsg u'xfg]{ < Ps tpgLx¿nfO{ oxfFsf] df}lns z}nLaf/] hfgsf/L x'Fb}g . pgLx¿sfzt{ dfGbf xfdLn] cfÇgf ;Dkbfsf] d"Nodf ;d]t ;Demf}tf ug{'kg]{x'G5 . ToxL eP/ xfdLn] ;s];Dd ljb]zL k};f glng] / cfkm}+sfd ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf 5f}+ . xfdL PghLcf], cfO{PghLcf] /7]Ssfk§fsf sfdaf6 6f9} 5f}+ .

csf]{ s'/f, e"sDkkl5 w]/}h;f] lghL 3/sf] k'glg{df{0f@)&@ b]lv @)&$ sf] aLrdf eof], hlta]nf :yfgLo ;/sf/ lyPgg\ .xfdL cfPkl5 k'/fg} :j¿ksf] 3/ agfpg]nfO{ df]x8fdf nfUg] sf7,O{+6f / lem+u6Lsf] nflu #% k|ltzt cg'bfg lbg] lg0f{o u¥of}+ .

clxn] k/Dk/fut :j¿kdf 3/ agfpg]n] gu/kflnsfaf6?=$ nfv %& xhf/;Dd cg'bfg kfO/x]sf 5g\ . df}lns :j¿ksf3/ lgdf{0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ of] gLlt lnOPsf] xf] . 3/ lgdf{0fsf]xfd|f] dfkb08 pNn+3g ug]{n] lgdf{0f ;DkGg k|df0fkq kfpFb}gg\ .gu/kflnsfaf6 kfpg] ;]jf;'ljwf klg /f]lslbG5f}+ .

gu/kflnsfdf sfo{/t OlGhlgo/x¿ klg k/Dk/fut1fg, df}lns z}nL / ;Dkbfaf/] ;r]t 5g\ . gu/kflnsfåf/f;~rflnt b'O{ j6f OlGhlgol/ª SofDk;af6 jif]{lg ljleGgljifosf $#@ hgf OlGhlgo/ pTkfbg x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ cfw'lgslzIff;Fu} k/Dk/fut 1fg klg l;sfOG5 . k|of]ufTds cEof;dfklg plQs} dxŒj lbOG5 . To;sf/0f oxfFsf OlGhlgo/ /

k|fljlwsx¿ cGoqsf eGbf km/s 5g\ .clxn] / klxn]sf] eQmk'/df s] cGt/ 5 <

klxn] c;fWo} kmf]xf]/ lyof] . emf8fafGtf km}lnP/ y'k|}afnaflnsf dy]{ . @)#( ;fndf xfd|f] kf6L{ -g]dlskf_ gu/ k~rfotdfk'u]kl5 ;/;kmfOsf] cleofg g} rnfpg' k¥of] . lgs} ldlxg]tkl5lj:tf/} ;a}n] ;/;kmfOsf] dxŒj a'‰g yfn] . ;kmfOdf eQmk'/dfqmflGt g} cfPsf] dfGg'k5{ .

klxnf gu/kflnsfdf hDdf Ps hgf 8sdL{ lyP .clxn] k|To]s j8fdf b'O{ hgf OlGhlgo/ / k|fljlws vl6Psf5g\ . k/Dk/fut lgdf{0fdf ;a}sf] ?lr a9]sf] 5 .sflnu9, l;sdL{, 8sdL{ cflb k]zfdf gof“ k':tfslQsf] cfO/x]sf] 5 <

@)–@@ jif{cl3;Dd cfkm";Fu ePsf] 1fg / ;Lk cfÇgf]hfltafx]s c¿nfO{ gl;sfpg] rng lyof] . z'¿df o;af/] dgfpglgs} ufx|f] eof] . lj:tf/} Ps–b'O{ hgf /fhL ePkl5 aLp tof/eof] . clxn] bIf hgzlQmdf gofF k':tfs} ;ª\Vof 7"nf] 5 .kl5Nnf] ;do ;Lk l;sfpg dlxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf 5f}+ .cfufdL of]hgf s] 5g\ <

klxn] oxfF kf]v/L k'/]/ 7fpF7fpFdf :s"n, af6f]3f6f]agfOof] . clxn] xfdL To:tf ;Dkbf pTvggdf h'6]sf 5f}+ . x/fPsfkf]v/L cfÇgf] :j¿kdf kms{+b}5g\ . ;Dkbf ;+/If0fnfO{ lbuf] agfpg! xhf/ ̂ %# /f]kgLsf] cfjf; of]hgf cl3 a9fPsf 5f}+ .

/fhgLltzf:q, Oltxf;, e"uf]n, g]kfnefiff / ;+:s[lth:tf ljifo k9\g] gu/jf;LnfO{ hxfF uP/ k9] klg k9fO z'Nsgu/kflnsfn] Joxf]g]{ lg0f{o u/]sf 5f}+ . of] ;a} ug]{ a]Un} ;|f]ts]xL 5}g .

c¿nfO{ h:t} xfdLnfO{ klg ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] g} lbg] xf] .7]Ssf glbg] x'Fbf xfd|f] vr{ o;} klg sd x'G5 . t/, xfd|f] Pp6fdfGotf k|i6 5 . h]–hlt ;|f]t h'6\5, ToxLcg';f/ sfd u5f}{+ .

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86

eQmk'/– /ls uf?sf] ;fg}b]lvsf] ;f]r/]l8of]u|fkmL cWoog ug]{ lyof] . To;}n] pgLeQmk'/sf] ;Nnf3f/Ldf /x]sf] Ojfd'/f sn]h ckmx]Ny ;fOG;df egf{ eP . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfj8f gDa/ ! 3/ ePsf pgnfO{ k9fO{ k'/f ug{cfly{s ;d:of x'g] eof] . t/ s]xL lbg cufl8dfqgu/kflnsfn] z}lIfs C0f lbG5 eGg] yfxf kfPkl5pgL a'‰g uP .

5f]/fsf] k9fO k"/f ug{ gu/kflnsfn] C0f lbg]ePkl5 k'0o/fd / /fdKof/Ldf v';L b]lvPsf] 5 . To;kl5cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf pgL eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]

k|bfg ug]{ z}lIfs C0f kfpg]x¿sf] klxnf] gDa/df 5g\ .;f]daf/ laxfg /ftf]kf6L k|ltlglw gu/kflnsfsf]

sfof{nodf k'Ubf /ls a'jf k'0o/fd / cfdf /fdKof/L;“uC0f ;Demf}tf kqdf x:tfIf/ ub}{ lyP . ;+3Lo ;/sf/n]of] jif{sf] ah]6df vf;} rf;f] gb]vfPsf] z}lIfs C0fljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] eg] ;'? u/]sf] 5 .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;f]daf/b]lv z}lIfs C0flbg] k|lqmofsf] yfngL u/]sf] xf] . gu/ k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltsf cg';f/ rf}yf] gu/;efaf6 kfl/t eP/ cfPsfn]z}lIfs shf{ lbg] tof/L yflnPsf] 5 . klxnf] r/0fdf#& hgf ljBfyL{ C0f kfpg] ;"lrdf ;dfj]z ePsf] eGb}gu/kflnsfn] gfd ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ;d]t pgn] atfP .o;/L lbOG5 C0f

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] gu/ If]qleq :yfoLa;f]af; ug]{ h]x]gbf/ tyf ljkGg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ z}lIfsof]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq lwtf] /fv]/ lbOG5 . % nfv;DdlbOg] C0f lng P;OO{eGbf dflyNnf] h'g;'s} txsf] nflucfjb]g lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf], gu/k|d'v k|hfkltn]

/ftf]kf6LnfO{ eg] . h;sf nflu Aofhb/ ^k|ltzt /flvPsf] 5 .

k|hfkltn] cfly{s cefjsf sf/0f s'g}klg ljBfyL{ k9fOaf6 al~rt x'g gk/f];\ eGg]p2]Zon] ;x'lnot Aofh b/df C0f k|bfg ug]{Joj:yf u/]sf] atfP . gu/kflnsfn] Psf3/sfb'O{hgf ;fIfL /fv]/ ljBfyL{;Fu C0f ;Demf}tf

u5{ . t/, gu/kflnsfn] lbg] C0fafktsf] /sd Psd'i6e'QmfgL x'Fb}g .

C0f lng] ljBfyL{n] k9fO k"/f u/]kl5 qmdzMrf/ jif{leq Aofh;lxt e'QmfgL ug{'k5{ . k9fO ;lsPsf]klxnf], bf];|f], t];|f] / rf}yf] jif{ aif]{gL @%–@% k|ltztsfb/n] e'QmfgL ug{'kg]{ k|fjwfg gu/ /fhkqd} k|sflztul/Psf] 5 .

x/]s cfly{s jif{df ! ;o hgfnfO{ ;x'lnotz}lIfs C0f lbg] tof/L ul/Psf] gu/kflnsfn] hfgsf/LlbPsf] 5 . h;df k|To]s j8faf6 !) hgfnfO{ dfq ;dfj]zul/g] Joj:yf 5 .s;/L x'G5 e'QmfgL <

k|lqmofdf k/]sf ljBfyL{ cfkm"n] k9\g rfx]sf]sn]h / ;+sfo v'nfPkl5 pQm sn]haf6 cWoog cjlwe/nfUg] vr{ ljj/0f;lxtsf] kq gu/kflnsfsf] cfly{szfvfdf k]z ug{'kb{5 . To;kl5 sn]hsf] lgodcg';f/gu/kflnsfn] ls:tfaGbL jf Psd'i6 /sd sn]hsf] vftfdf

k7fOlbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] gu/kflnsfn] hgfPsf] 5 .k};fsf] b'¿kof]u x'g] / Aofh vfg] jftfj/0f

gxf];\ eg]/ g} l;w} sn]hdf e'QmfgL lbg] Jo:yf ul/Psf]gu/k|d'v k|hfkltsf] egfO 5 . xfn;Dd !% k|sf/sfljifo cWoogsf nflu C0f dfu ub} { ljBfyL{x¿n]gu/kflnsfdf cfj]bg lbPsf 5g\ .

-;fef/ M /ftf]kf6L, h]7 @*, @)&^_

ljBfyL{nfO{ z}lIfs C0fM k9fO ;Sg';\ clg ltg'{;\

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87

;/sf/L sfof{no eGg]lalQs} sd{rf/Lsf] ¿vf]Jojxf/ / emGeml6nf] ;]jf k|jfx ;lDemG5g\ w]/}n] . ;dod}sd{rf/L sfof{no gcfpg', ljleGg axfgfdf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{b'Mv lbg', ;dod} sfd gx'g', sfo{sIf kmf]x/ x'g' clwsf+z;/sf/L sfof{nosf ljz]iftf x'g\ .

cGgk"0f{ kf]:6n] @( ;ftf;Dd u/]sf ;fj{hlgssfof{no cg'udgdf oL ;a} ljz]iftf kfOPsf lyP . wGo,eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf, #) cf}+ z[+vnfdf xfdL :jo+ crlDdteof}+ . of] sfof{nodf o:tf s'g} b'u{'0f kfOPgg\ .

cfOtaf/ laxfg !) ah] gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lsfof{no k'lu;s]sf lyP . k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt klg ;dod}cfOk'u] . s]xL ;]jfu|fxL k|d'vnfO{ s'/]/ a;]sf lyP .k|hfkltsf] ;lrjfno Jojl:yt b]lvGYof] . ;]jfu|fxLn]k|d'vnfO{ e]6\g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . k|d'v sfof{no;do ;lsg] a]nf;Dd klg sfdd} lyP .

dWofÅg !@ ah]lt/ xfdL k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tofdnfn clwsf/Lsf ] sfo{sIfdf k:of } + . pgL;Fugu/kflnsfsf] ;]jfaf/] s'/f ul//xFbf kmfOn lnP/ Pshgfsd{rf/L cfP . clwsf/Ln] @$ 3G6fleq ::ki6Ls/0fdfUg lgb]{zg lbP . glbP sf/afxL x'g] r]tfjgL klg lbP .

;/;kmfOdf vl6g] sd{rf/L ;dod} sfddf guPkl5gu/kflnsfn] :ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf] /x]5 . …cfh laxfgcg'udgdf hfFbf ;kmfO sd{rf/L s]xL l9nf] u/L dfqcfPsf] kfOof] . To;}n] lsg l9nf] eof] eg]/ gu/kflnsfn]

:ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf] xf],Ú clwsf/Ln] eg], …oxfF s;}nfO{ 5'6x'Fb}g, uNtL ug]{n] sf/afxL ef]Ug}k5{ .Ú

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf–& sf Ps JolQm 3/sf]gS;f kf; u/fpg k|d'vnfO{ e]6\g uP . gu/kflnsfn]dfkb08ljk/Lt 3/ agfpg glbg sl8s8fp u/]sfn];]jfu|fxLnfO{ s]xL sl7g ePsf] a'emfO 5 .

…gS;fkf; u/fpg Psbd} sl8s8fp 5, oxfFeg;'g rNb}g,Ú tL ;]jfu|fxLn] eg], …dfkb08cg';f/ ePgeg] sfd} x' Fb}g .Ú gu/kflnsfdf e]l6Psf clwsf+z;]jfu|fxLsf] ;femf a'emfO 5, …k|lqmof k"/f eP/ cfof] eg]sfd km6fkm6 x'G5 . k};f lt/]/ sfd u/fpg'k/]sf] 5}g .Ú

lbpF;f] # ah] Ps hf]8L gu/kflnsfdf cfof] .pgLx¿ hl/afgf a'emfpg cfPsf /x]5g\ . tLg cfgf hUufdfagfPsf]] 3/sf] ;]Ç6L6\ofª\sL dfkb08ljk/Lt ePsf] cg'udg6f]nLn] kfPkl5 hl/afgf u/]sf] /x]5 . …s]xL lbgcl3gu/kflnsfaf6 cg'udgdf hfg'ePsf] lyof], xfd|f] 3/sf];]Ç6L6\ofª\sL dfkb08ljk/Lt 5 eGg'eof],Ú eQmk'/–!) sL;lagfn] cGgk"0f{;Fu elgg\, …pxfFx¿n] hl/afgf ltg{'k5{eGg'ePsfn] xfdL cfPsf] . @)@) ?k}ofF lt¥of}+ .Ú

pgn] 9n / af6f];d]t gePsf] 7fpFdf cfkm"nfO{hl/afgf u/]sf] u'gf;f] kf]lvg\ . …tLg lkm6 af6f] 5, g 9ng} 5, hl/afgf ltg{'k5{ eg]kl5 ltg}{k¥of],Ú pgn] elgg\ .gu/kflnsfn] s'g zLif{sdf slt s/ nfU5 eg]/ :ki6;Fu7"nf] xf]l8{ªaf]8{df /flvlbPsf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxLn] h'g zLif{sdf

c8\8f xf];\ t o:tf]

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88

s/ ltg{'kg]{ xf], Tof] x]/]/ lbg] u/]sf 5g\ .…oxfF s/ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . s/df ;x'lnot

5 t/ 5'6 5}g,Ú k|zf;sLo clws[t clwsf/L eG5g\, …oxfFeg;'gsf cfwf/df s/df 5'6 kfOFb}g, ltg}{k5{ .Ú

eQmk'/ d'n'ssf] ;fgf] / Jojl:yt gu/kflnsfxf] . k/Dk/fut z}nLsf] cfsif{s ejg 5, gu/kflnsfsf] .:jb]zL dfq xf]Og, ljb]zL ko{6s klg oxfF cfOk'U5g\ .sfof{no kl/;/leq k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 lrl6Ss b]lvG5gu/kflnsf . ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . lbgdfk6sk6s ;/;kmfO ul/G5 .

;]jfu|fxLsf] rfk lgs} sd b]lvG5 . ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ljleGg axfgfdf em'nfpg] / sfd /f]Sg] k|j[lQ 5}g . …s'g}emGem6 5}g . ;]jf k|jfx /fd|f] 5, sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/ klg/fd|f] 5,Ú 5f]/fsf] 5fqj[lQsf nflu gu/kflnsfdf e]l6PsfeQmk'/–& sf /fduf]kfn /lGhtn] eg], …k};f v'jfP/ sfdu/fpg] afWotf oxfF 5}g . sfd l56} x'G5 .Ú gu/kflnsfn]b'O{hgfnfO{ Pd=8L=df 5fqj[lQ lbg] u/]sf] 5 .

gu/kflnsfn] …lSjs /]:kf]G;Ú k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf]5 . ;]jfk|jfxdf l9nf;':tL ug]{, sfd gug]{, e|i6frf/ ug]{sd{rf/LnfO{ tTsfn sf/afxL x'g] u/]sf] gu/kflnsfn] hgfPsf]5 . k|d'v cfkm+} cg'udgdf vl6G5g\ . gu/kflnsfsfsfdsf/afxLaf/] g]dlskfsf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+n]ljz]if rf;f] lbg] u/]sf] sd{rf/L atfpF5g\ .:jf:Yo / lzIffdf nufgL

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lzIff / :jf:YonfO{k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo / lzIffnfO{ ;xh agfpgcfkm}+n] z}lIfs ;+:yf / :jf:Yo ;+:yf rnfO/x]sf] 5 . VjkOlGhlgol/ª sn]h, Vjk sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ª, Vjkkf]ln6]lSgs OlG:6Ro'6, Vjk sn]h, zf/bf dflj, zf/bfsn]h gu/kflnsf cfkm+ }n] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt ;a} z}lIfs ;+:yf d'n'ss} cAandflgG5g\ . ljBfyL{sf] rfk cTolws 5 .

eQmk'/ ;DejtM d'n'ss} Pp6f dfq gu/kflnsfxf], h;n] cfkm+n] lzIff / :jf:Yodf nufgL u/]/ gful/snfO{ ;j{;'ne ¿kdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx ul//x]sf] 5 .gu/kflnsfnfO{ s'g} cfly{s ef/ 5}g . gu/kflnsfn]clxn] 7"nf] c:ktfn lgdf{0f ul//x]sf] 5 .

gu/kflnsfn] lrlsT;fzf:q, OlGhlgol/ªnufotk|fljlws ljifo cWoogsf nflu 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ug{'sf;fy} ;:tf] Aofhdf ljBfyL{nfO{ z}lIfs C0f;d]t pknAwu/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] klg Go"g cfo ePsf gu/jf;LnfO{;xh ePsf] 5 .sfd pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf clwsf+z ljsf; lgdf{0fsf

sfd pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . 7]Ssf lbFbfsfd cw'/} /xg] / Go"g saf]n ug]{nfO{ lbg'kg]{ ePsfn]u'0f:t/ klg gx'g] gu/kflnsfsf] lgisif{ 5 . To;}n]gu/kflnsfn] pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ;lqmo agfPsf] xf] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] eJo / cfsif{s ejgpkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t g} lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . k'/ftflTjsdxŒjsf gu/kflnsfsf] ejgn] eQmk'/sf] P]ltxfl;s /;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfnfO{ k|ltlalDat u/]sf] 5 .;Dkbf ;+If0fnfO{ k|fyldstf

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfleq ;Dkbf lgdf{0f ubf{k'/ftflTjs, wfld{s, ;+:s[lts kIfnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf]5 . gu/leqsf k|d'v :yfgdf OF6f / 9'+uf la5\ofOPsf]5 . gu/sf] ;'Gb/tfsf ;fy} u'0f:t/nfO{ Wofg lbP/ caOF6fsf] ljsNksf ¿kdf 9'+uf la5\ofpg] sfdnfO{ gu/kflnsfn]k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf eQmk'/ k5fl85 . clxn] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .lgMz'Ns vfg]kfgL ljt/0f

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf ;a} j8fdf vfg]kfgLsf];d:of 5 . vfg]kfgLsf] cefj a9\b} uPkl5 gu/kflnsfn]6\of+s/dfkm{t ;a} j8fdf lgMz'Ns vfg]kfgLsf] ljt/0fsf]Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of w]/}xb;Dd sd ePsf] gu/kflnsfsf] egfO 5 . gu/kflnsfn]vfg]kfgLsf] bL3{sfnLg ;d:of xn ug{ cfjZos u[xsfo{ul//x]sf] 5 .kf/blz{tf

gu/kflnsfn] ug]{ ;a} sfd af]8{ a}7sdf ;fj{hlgsx'G5 . dfl;s ¿kdf …eQmk'/Ú klqsf k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf]5 gu/kflnsfn] . pQm klqsfdfkm{t gu/kflnsfsf sfd,of]hgfsf ;fy} vr{ ;fj{hlgs ul/G5 eg] gu/kflnsfn]/]l8of] klg ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . kf/blz{tf / ldtJolotfnfO{gu/kflnsfn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . gu/;efdf $@ ;b:o5g\ . tL ;a} ;b:o g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{af6 k|ltlglwTju5{g\ .j8fnfO{ clwsf/

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] eg] j8fnfO{ w]/} clwsf/k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] 5 . gub sf/f]af/ j8f sfof{nodfkm{t g}x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ gu/kflnsfdf eL8ef8 sd x'g]u/]sf] sfd{rf/L atfpF5g\ .

…w]/} sfd t j8faf6} x'G5, oxfF cfO/fVg'kb}{g,ÚPs sd{rf/Ln] eg], …j8f txd} clwsf/ lbOPkl5 ;]jfu|fxLnfO{;xh ePsf] 5 .Ú cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd ;do ePsfn]gu/kflnsfdf lbgxF' @%÷#) j6f of]hgf cfpg] u/]sf5g\ . h;df ^÷& j6f t ;Demf}tf x'G5g\ .

-cGgk"0f{ b}lgs, @! h]7 @)&^ af6 ;fef/_


89

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] cfÇg} nufgLdf cTofw'lgs;'ljwfo'Qm c:ktfn lgdf{0f yfn]sf] 5 . RofDxfl;+xdf/x]sf] hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|glhs} gu/kflnsfn] !)) zøofIfdtfsf] c:ktfn agfpg ;'? u/]sf] xf] . !@ /f]kgLIf]qkmndf aGg nfu]sf] c:ktfnsf nflu gu/kflnsfn]5'§} sfof{no g} :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . c:ktfnsf nflu s'nPs xhf/ tLg ;o #( ju{ld6/ If]qkmndf tLgj6f Anslgdf{0f x'Fb} 5g\ .rfn" cf=j= df !# s/f]8 vr{

cg'dflgt nfut ^% s/f]8 ?k}ofF /x]sf]] ejgsfnflu rfn" cf=j=df !# s/f]8 ?k}ofF vr{ ug]{ nIo 5 .c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] sfd wdfwd cl3 al9/x]sf] eQmk'/gu/kflnsf–( sf j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn] atfP .c:ktfnn] @% zøofsf nflu :jLs[lt k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 .t/, k"jf{wf/ eg] !)) zøof Ifdtfsf] agfpg nfluPsf]pgsf] egfO 5 . …c:ktfnsf] ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu sl/ac9fO{ jif{ nfUg] cg'dfg u/]sf 5f}F, tLg jif{leq ;]jf ;'rf?ug]{ nIo 5,Ú HofVon] eg] c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf nflu l8hfOgOl:6d]6;lxt ljleGg dGqfno;dIf dfu ul/P klg s'g}ah]6 k|fKt gePsf] gu/kflnsfn] hgfPsf] 5 . cfÇgf]sfo{sfndf Vjk c:ktfn ;~rfngdf Nofpg] k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] atfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . gu/kflnsfn] @% zøofsf]c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf nflu )&# ;fnd} cg'dlt kfPsf] lyof] .

o:tf x'g]5g\ c:ktfnsf ;'ljwfc:ktfndf cfsl:ds ;]jf;lxt cfOl;o",

zNolqmof ;]jf, k|;"lt ;]jf, Kofyf]nf]hL, cGt/+u ;]jf,PS;–/], cN6«f;fpG8, Pdcf/cfO{nufot cfw'lgs ;]jfpknAw u/fOg] gu/kflnsfn] hgfPsf] 5 . c:ktfnejg;Fu} !%) hgf Ifdtfsf] ;efsIf, @@ hgf Ifdtfsf]a}7s sIf / zju[x;d]t lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . c:ktfnkl/;/d} Jojl:yt kfls{ª ;'ljwf;d]t /xg] j8fWoIfHofVjn] atfP . c:ktfn lgdf{0f ePkl5 RofDxfl;+x If]qc:ktfn If]q aGg] pgsf] egfO 5 . …oxfF hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|;~rflnt 5, glhs} ;fd'bflos cfFvf pkrf/ s]Gb| /5ftL k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb|;d]t ;~rflnt 5g\,Ú pgn] eg],gu/kflnsfn] agfpg] c:ktfnsf] ut ( kmfu'gdf g]kfndhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ /k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] lznfGof; u/]sf lyP .

xfn gu/kflnsfn] tLgj6f hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . RofDxfl;+xl:yt hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|df* zøof 5g\ . s]Gb|df !^ hgf ljz]if1;lxtsf] @$ 306]pkrf/ ;]jf pknAw /x]sf] pgn] atfP . s]Gb|df gfs,sfg, 3fF6L, afn/f]u, :qL/f]unufot /f]usf] ljz]if1 ;]jfpknAw /x]sf] HofVjn] atfP . s]Gb|af6 b}lgs %)) eGbfa9L gu/af;Ln] nfe lng] u/]sf] tYof+s 5 .-;|f]t – gofF klqsf, @)&^ h]7 @^ ut]sf] klqsfaf6_

RofDxfl;+xdf Vjk c:ktfn aGb}

:jLs[t @% zøofsf], t/ k"jf{wf/ ;o zøofsf], nfut ^% s/f]8

• k|sfz wf}nfsf]6L, eQmk'/


90

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;lqmotf / hgrf;f]n] s;/L;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf { x 'g;S5 eGg] pbfx/0f eQmk'/gu/kflnsfdf b]lvPsf] 5 . bzsf}b]lv eQmk'/l:yt ;}lgslzIffnosf] sDkfp08leq n's]sL …/fgLÚ -/fgLkf]v/L_ca km]l/ b]lvg] ePsL 5g\ .

sf7df8f}+sf] /fgLkf]v/LeGbf $) jif{cl3 lgld{tkf]v/L ;j{;fw/0fsf] nflu v'Ng] ePkl5 :yfgLo xlif{t5g\ . eQmk'/sf /fhf hu{Hof]lt dNnn] g]=;+= &%) cyf{t\lj=;+= !^*& df lgdf{0f u/]sf] of] kf]v/Lsf] hL0ff]{åf/;Fu};j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'Ng] ePsf] 5 .

l;4kf]v/Lsf] klZrdkl§ km/flsnf] 6'Fl8v]ncltqmd0f gu/L dNn /fhfn] agfPsf] /fgLkf]v/Lsf]j/k/ ;}lgs dxfljBfnon] l:jldª k'n, af:s]6an tyfelnan d}bfg / ejg lgdf{0f u/];Fu} /fgLkf]v/Lsf]cl:tTj ;+s6df k/]sf] lyof] . k'/ftflTjs dxŒjsf]/fgLkf]v/L sfF8]tf/sf] 3]/f / ;}lgs kx/fleq aGbLem}+b]lvGYof] .

g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfklt k"0f{rGb| yfkf /eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltaLr ePsf];xdltkl5 5f]lkPsf] ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/ b]lvg nfu]sf]xf] . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf / g]kfnL ;]gfaLr ljleGgr/0fdf ePsf] 5nkmnkZrft\ kf]v/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf]

nflu klg v'nf ul/g] ePsf] xf ] . l;4kf]v/Lsf]pQ/tkm{sf] v]nd}bfg klg :yfgLosf] nflu v]ns'bk|of]hgsf] lglDt v'nf ug]{ ;xdlt eO;s]sf] k|d'vk|hfkltn] atfP .

…ca xfdL df } lnstfnfO { dWogh/ ub } {/fgLkf]v/Lsf] k'gMlgdf{0fdf h'6\g]5f}+,Ú k|d'v k|hfktLn]eg], …xfdLn] gu/sf cGo n's]sf / cf]em]ndf k/]sf;DkbfnfO{ /Iff ub}{ cl3 a9\g] 5f} .Ú

of] 7fpFsf] gfk gS;f u/L k'/fgf e]l6Psftl:a/sf cfwf/df k'/fg} z}nL / k/Dk/fut lgdf{0f;fdu|L k|of]u u/L k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo;“u5nkmn eO;s]sf] pgn] atfP .

…;f+:s[lts hLjg;Fu tf/af/ nufP/ xf]Og,s'ddf s'd hf]8]/ lxF8\bf a9L ;'/lIft x'G5, eQmk'/sf]/fgLkf]v/L v'nf ug]{ ljifodf g]kfnL ;]gf / gu/kflnsfaLrePsf] kl5Nnf] ;xdltn] ;]gfk|lt hg;Ddfg a9]sf] 5 .Ú

– k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7, Oltxf;ljb\eQmk'/sf ls;fgsf] b]jfnL ug]{ :yfg;d]t

/x]sf] /fgLkf]v/L If]q @)!@ ;fndf sfnLaS; u0fsf]:yfkgf;Fu} cf]em]ndf k/]sf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] bzsdfg]kfnL ;]gfn] tf/af/ ;d]t u/]sf] o; kf]v/L If]qdfjif{sf] b'O{ lbg k"hfsf] nflu eg] :yfgLonfO{ k|j]z ug]{

b]lvg] eOg\ eQmk'/sL ‘/fgL’ Û•pk]Gb| nfld5fg]


91

5'6 lyof] .g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;xh ¿kdf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf

hgtfsf] xftdf lbPsf]df ;j{;fwf/0f klg v';L 5g\ .Oltxf;ljb\ k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7 ;x/L ;Eotfsf]

zfgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] /fgLkf]v/Ln] k'ghL{jg kfpg' v';Lsf]s'/f ePsf] atfpF5g\ . …;f+:s[lts hLjg;Fu tf/af/ nufP/xf]Og, s'ddf s'd hf]8]/ lxF8\bf a9L ;'/lIft x'G5,Ú pgn]eg], …g]kfnL ;]gfn] u/]sf] kl5Nnf] lg0f{on] ;]gfk|lthg;Ddfg a9\g]5 .Ú

s'n k"hf, n'uf w'g] clg gu/sf] l;FrfOdf ;d]tk|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] of] kf]v/Lsf] ax'cfoflds dxŒj /x]sf]pgn] atfP . dNnsfndf @$ 6f]ndf ljeflht k|frLgeQmk'/ gu/Ldf ljleGg dNn /fhfx¿n] k|To]s 6f]ndf;fgf–7"nf w]/} kf]v/L vgfPsf Oltxf;ljb\ uf}/Laxfb'/sfsL{ atfpF5g\ . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] b:tfj]hcg';f/l;4kf]v/L, u'Åokf]v/L, efh'kf]v/L, sdnkf]v/L,/fgLkf]v/L -Gx' k'v'M_ h:tf ## kf]v/L cem} cl:tTjdf/x]sf] pgn] ;'gfP .

o;}dWo]sf] Ps /fgLkf]v/Lsf] h]7 !% ut];/;kmfOdf h'6]sf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] pT;fxaf6 o;sf] dxŒjemNsGYof] . gu/sf dlxnf, j[4b]lv afnaflnsf /;'/IffsdL{ ;d]t o;sf] ;/;kmfOdf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf h'6]sflyP . …of] kf]v/L xfdLnfO{ lgs} Kof/f] nfU5,Ú eQmk'/;'s'n9f]sfsL wg]Zj/L k|hfkltn] elgg\, …To;}n] o;sf];/;kmfOdf xfdL cfPsf xf}+ .Ú pQm :yfgdf eQmk'/sf:yfgLo k|hfklt ;d'bfonufotsf b'u' Bf]M klg ePsf] x'Fbfkf]v/L kl/;/sf] ;/;kmfOdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf–! l:ytljleGg u'7Lsf u'l7of/x¿sf] ;xeflutf lyof] .

:s'n] afnaflnsf klg ;Dkbfk|lt lgs} rgfvf]x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . eQmk'/sf kf7\oqmddf :yfgLo snf,;+:s[lt / ;Dkbfaf/] k9fO x'g yfn]kl5 pgLx¿n] dxŒja'‰g yfn]sf] bfdf]b/ ;'jfnn] ;'gfP . …o; cl3;Ddw]/}nfO{ oxfF olt /fd|f] kf]v/L lyof] eGg] hfgsf/L g}lyPg,Ú pgn] eg], …ha pgLx¿n] yfxf kfP ta o;sf];+/If0fdf :jtM:km"t{ h'6\g yfn]sf 5g\ .

gu/sf] of] zfgn] ca rf8} k'ghL{jg kfpg]k|d'v k|hfklt yK5g\ . …xfdL xtf/ ub} {gf}, gu/sfk'/ftTjljb\, Oltxf;ljb\ ;a}sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ o;sf]hL0ff]{4f/df h'6\g]5f}+,Ú pgn] eg], …3fF;kftn] k'l/Psf]kf]v/L aGg]kl5 gu/sf] zfg km]l/ 7l8g] 5 .Ú

-gful/s b}lgs, !* h]7 @)&^_


92

CHAPTER XXIITHE GORKHAS IN N1PAL

Previous to their invasion of Nipal,very little is known of the Gorkhas as a nation,or of the dynasty which ruled over them. Theirroyal family claims to be lineally descendedfrom the Rajput princes of Udaipur. It is statedthat on the Mohammadan invasion ofRajputana in the twelfth century, when severalbranches of the reigning family of that country,pre- ferring exile to slavery, dispersedthemselves over Hindustan, one branch, fromwhich the present dynasty of Nipal isdescended, migrated towards the Hima- layas,and settled themselves and their followers inthe lower range of hills, constituting thecountry of Palpa. From Palpa they advancedinto the adjacent hills, and ultimately gainedpossession of the kingdom of Gorkha, over thewhole of which country they firmly establishedtheir authority, and from its capital city theyderived their national name of Gorkhali. Notcontented with the original limits of the hillstate of Gorkha, they gradually encroachedupon the lands of the neighbouring Rajahs,until, in the course of some generations, theyhad rendered subject to their sway the greaterpart of the country watered by the sevenmountain streams which unite, near the plains,to form the river Gandak. This region is known,in their own language as the “ Sapt Gandaki,”or country of the seven Gandaks. The mosteastern of these seven rivers is the Trisulganga,and it formed the boundary between thekingdoms of Gorkha and Nipal. For some sixgenerations the Gorkhas appear to haveoccupied themselves chiefly in consolidatingtheir power and arranging the internalgovernment of their newly acquired territories.When, however, Prithi Na- rayan, son andsuccessor of, Ner Bhopal Sail, ascended thethrone, the national feeling was again directedtowards foreign conquest. This ambitiousprince invaded, subdued, and annexed to theGorkha crown the whole of the dominions ofthe three kings of Nipal. The two countries ofGorkha and Nipal were united into onekingdom, under one name, and ruled over by

one prince; and from that date (1769) to thepresent time no attempt has ever been madeby the Niwars, or any other party, to disputethe authority, or to disturb the uninterruptedsucces- sion, of the Gorkhali dynasty to thethrone of Nipal.

Having established his power in Nipal,Prithi Narayan crossed the Dudh Kosi river, theeastern boundary of bis new dominions, over-ran with his army the countries of the Kirantisand of the Lim- bus, annexed them to his own,and extended the frontier of Nipal to the Michiriver, which separated it from Sikkim.

Prithi Narayan did not long enjoy hisnewly acquired honours. This active andenergetic prince died in 1771, leaving two sons,the elder of whom, Singh Par tab, ascendedthe throne on his father’s death. Soonbecoming jealous of his younger brother, Baha-dur Sah, he imprisoned him, and it was notwithout considerable difficulty that Gujraj Misr(the Royal Guru) obtained his release oncondition of his going into exile. Singh Partabadded to the conquests of his father somedistricts lying to the south-west of Nipal(Tanahung, Someshwar, TJpadrong,» andothers). He died in 1775, leaving one legitimateson Ran Bahadur Sah, who succeeded to thethrone, being at the time an infant in arms. Heleft also an illegitimate son, by a Niwar woman,named Sher Bahadur. On Singh Partab’s death,his brother Sah Bahadur ‘returned at once toKathmandu from his exile at Bettiah, placedhis infant nephew on the throne, and himselfassumed the government of the country asRegent. Constant quarrels, however, took placebetween him and the child’s mother. He wasafter a time imprisoned, and then driven intoexile for the second time. The infant king’smother, Rani Rajendra Lakshmi, a woman ofremarkable energy and talent, then assumedthe reins of government. During her regencyshe introduced many improve- ments into thearmy, and subdued and annexed several pettystates, among them Palpa and Kashki, all lyingto the westward of Gorkha.

(To be continued)

Henry Ambrose Oldfield's

38


93

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ -$%_efu – ##

;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf@(*= dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf M@(*= dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf M@(*= dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf M@(*= dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf M@(*= dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb pkwf/f -@_

adf]lhdsf] dlGqkl/ifb u7g geP ;Dd sfod /xg]5 .-@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwj]zg rln/x]sf] /x]5 eg] of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] ldltn]

/ clwj]zg rln/x]sf] /x]g5 eg] wf/f @(^ sf] pkwf/f -^_ adf]lhd cfXjfg ul/Psf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwj]zg k|f/DeePsf] ldltn] ;ft lbgleq /fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifbsf]u7g x'g]5 .

-#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd ;xdlt sfod x'g g;s]df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf]ax'dtsf] cfwf/df k|wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt x'g]5 .

-$_ o; wf/f adf]lhd u7g x'g] dlGqkl/ifbsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ ljefhg cfk;L ;xdltaf6 to ul/g]5 .-%_ o; wf/f adf]lhd u7g x'g] dlGqkl/ifbdf cfjZostf cg';f/ pk–k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ /xg]5g\ .-^_ o; wf/f adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd dGqL lgo'lQm ubf{ ;DalGwt bnsf] l;kmfl/;df

Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 lgo'lQm ug'{ kg{]5 .-&_ o; wf/f adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ Joj:yflksf–;+;bk|lt ;fd"lxs ¿kdf pQ/bfoL

x'g]5g\ / dGqLx¿ cfÇgf dGqfnosf] sfdsf nflu JolQmut ¿kdf k|wfgdGqL / Joj:yflksf–;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoLx 'g ]5g \ .

-*_ b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf o; wf/f adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqL cfÇgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 M–-s_ lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,-v_ pkwf/f -!$_ adf]lhd lghsf] lj?4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf jf ljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t x'g g;s]df,-u_ lgh Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:o g/x]df,-3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

-(_ o; wf/f adf]lhd lgo'Qm pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL tyf ;xfos dGqL b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf cfÇgf] kbaf6d'Qm x'g]5g\ M–

-s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,-v_ pkwf/f -*_ adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL cfÇgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePdf,-u_ ;DalGwt bnsf] l;kmfl/;df jf ;DalGwt bn;Fusf] ;Nnfxdf k|wfgdGqLn] lghnfO{ kbd'Qm u/]df,-3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

-!)_ pkwf/f -*_ adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL cfÇgf] kbaf6 d'Qm eP klg csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb u7g geP;Dd ;f]xL dlGqkl/ifbn]sfo{ ;~rfng u/L /xg]5 .

-!!_ o; wf/f adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLsf] d[To' ePdf csf{] k|wfgdGqLsf] rog geP;Ddsf nflu pk–k|wfgdGqL jfjl/i7td dGqLn] k|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{5 .

-!@_ o; wf/f adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] s'g} klg avt cfk"mdfly Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ljZjf; 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ug{cfjZos jf pko'Qm 7fg]df ljZjf;sf] dtsf nflu Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k|:tfj /fVg ;Sg]5 .

-!#_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO ;b:on] o; wf/f adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqL pk/Joj:yflksf– ;+;bsf] ljZjf; 5}g egL lnlvt ¿kdf cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k]z ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

t/ o; wf/f adf]lhd lgo'Qm Pp6} k|wfgdGqL pk/ 5 dxLgfdf Ps k6seGbf a9L cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k]z ug{ ;lsg]5 }g .

-!$_ pkwf/f -!@_ jf -!#_ adf]lhdsf] k|:tfjsf] lg0f{o Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf]ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 .

-!%_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] k|b]z dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g geP;Dd k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fLclwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|of]u ug]{5 .

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kfoN; x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f vfgkfg / hLjgz}nLg} xf] . kfgL sd vfg], xl/of] ;fukft gvfg], zf/Ll/sJofofd sd ug]{, w]/} a|t a:g], lrof a9L lkpg], df5fdf;'tyf ;'Vvf rLh h:t} rfprfp, la:s'6, rfpldg a9Lvfg], clgoldt vfgkfg, clgb|f, w]/} tgfj lng], /S;L,r'/f]6, ;"lt{sf] cTolws k|of]u, sn]hf]sf] v/faL, tyfe'6]–tf/]sf s'/f a9L vfg] ug{fn] kfoN; tyf lb;faf6/ut cfpg], df;' knfpg]h:tf ;d:of a9L x'G5 .

lb;f slAhot, jf lb;f yf]/} cfpg', uf]6f kg{',lgoldt lb;f gx'g', lb;f tyf kfb /f]Sg', lb;f lk;fanfu]sf] a]nfdf gug{', cTolws udL{ jftfj/0fdf a:g',lrNnf] tyf t]nsf] k|of]u a9L x'g', kfoN; /f]usf] sf/0fxf] . z/L/nfO{ cfjZoseGbf a9L vfg', tgfj lng' tyfhLjgz}nL Psgf;sf] gePsf sf/0f kfoN; x'G5 .kfoN;sf nflu vfg'kg]{

kfgL k|z:t lkpg], xl/of] ;fukft sfFr} vfg],kmnkm'n vfg], rf]s/;lxtsf] ux'Fsf] lk7f], /f]6L, hf},a|fpg /fO;, /x/ tyf d'usf] bfn vfg] .

vfgf;“u d'nf, sfFqmf], ufh/ vfg], gl/jn,cgf/, :ofp, a]nh:tf kmnkm'n, s/]nf, wlgof, nf}sfvfg' /fd|f] x'G5 . slAhot x'g glbg], x/]s lbgzf/Ll/s Jofofd ug]{, cfÇgf] lk;fan] u'åf/ w'g], Pslunf; ufOsf] b"wdf cfwf sfutL lgrf]/]/ t'?Gt vfFbfs;} s;}nfO{ /ut tyf kLk cfpg] h:tf ;d:of 7Ls

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ePsf 5g\ . gl/jnsf] aflx/sf] h6f 89fP/ PslrD6L v/fgL / b'af]sf] @ rDrf /; 3f]n]/ laxfga]n'sf Ps lunf; dgtftf] kfgL;+u vfFbf ;Grf] ePsf]kfOPsf] 5 .

s;}nfO{ d'nfsf] lap s'6]/ tf]/Lsf] t]ndf lkm6]/lb;f ul/;s]kl5 nufpFbf lgsf] x'G5 . s;}nfO{ lkm6ls/LPs 6'qmf /fv]/ bz ln6/ hlt kfgLdf lbgsf] bz ldg]6a:bf w]/} cf/fd ldN5 . lgoldt ¿kdf of]u ubf{ klg;Grf] x'G5 . of] ;d:ofsf] gcflQOsg pkrf/ ug{'k5{ .cf}iflw pkrf/af6 lgsf] x'g s]xL ;do nfUg ;S5 .zNolqmof klg clGtd pkrf/ eg] xf]Og . slxnsf“xLzNolqmofkl5 klg ;d:of alN´Psf] / lgsf] gePsf]kfOG5 .kfoN;sf la/fdLn] s] gug]{ s] gvfg] <

lk/f], lrNnf] tyf d;nf a9L ePsf], df5fdf;',af;L vfg]s'/f, sfnf] bfn, cb'jf, cldnf], rgf, eG6f,cfn', af]tnaGb s'/fx¿, k'/fgf] crf/, /]l8d]8 vfg]s'/f,lrofskmL, r'/f]6 /S;L h:tf lrh pkef]u gug]{, :qL;Def]u sd ug]{, vfnL k]6 ga:g], laxfg ca]/;Ddg;'Tg]nufotsf s'/fdf Wofg lbP kfoN; x'gaf6 alrG5 .eO;s]kl5 klg l56f] lgsf] x'G5 .ljz]if ug{'kg]{ s'/fx¿

kfoN;sf la/fdLn] xKtfdf Psk6s jfcfjZostfcg';f/ k]6 ;kmf u/fpg], k]6 xNsf /fvLpkrf/ ug{' Psbd /fd+f] ljlw xf] . Psbd sd / xNsfvfg], z/L/n] krfpg ;Sg] u/L vfg'k5{ .

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c;f/sf] t];|f] xKtf k'Ubf klg of] jif{ dg;'g ;'? ePg . ls;fgx¿n] /f]kfO“sf]nflu egL /fv]sf ljpm Aof8d} ;'Sg yfNof], hldgdf wfFhf kmf6\g yfNof] . dfgf /f]k]/d'/L kmnfpg Jo:t x'g] ;dodf ls;fgx¿ /f]kfO“ ug{ gkfPsf]df lg/fz 5g\ . clxn];Ddls;fgn] /;folgs dn kfPsf 5}gg\ . ePsf] s]xL hUuf klg dn lagf /f]Kg ls;fgx¿afWo 5g\ . o:t} ;dodf xfd|f s[lif dGqfno ;+3–;+:yf / u}/;/sf/L tyf cGt/f{li6«ou}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] cfof]hgfdf c;f/ !% ut] wfg lbj; dgfOP . ljut jif{x¿df em}+lxnf] ljgfsf] hldgdf h'Qf, rKkn nufP/ /f]kfO“sf] gf6sx¿ d~rg eP Tof] lbg .

!) jif{ cl3;Dd ljleGg b]zdf rfdn lgof{t ug{] g]kfn clxn] jif{sf] 8]9 va{eGbf a9Lsf] s[lif / jg;Fu ;DalGwt j:t' cfoft ug{'kg{] l:yltdf k'Uof] . rfn" cfly{sjif{sf] !! dlxgfdf ! va{ ^) ca{ @* s/f]8sf] s[lif / jg;Fu ;DalGwt j:t'x¿ cfoftePsf] eG;f/ ljefun] hgfPsf] 5 . vfBfGg $& ca{ (& s/f]8, t/sf/L @^ ca{ $^s/f]8 / kmnkm"n !& ca{ $ s/f]8sf] cfoft ePsf] tYof°n] b]vfpF5 . 8]9 va{ eGbfa9Lsf] cfoftdf lgof{t eg] @) ca{sf] dfq} x'g' s[lif k|wfg b]zsf] nflu nHhf:kb ljifoxf ] .

;+3 ;/sf/sf dGqLx¿ nfh} gdfgL ‘;d[4 g]kfn / ;'vL g]kfnL’ sf] gf/fnufO/x]sf 5g\ . ufFp ufpFdf o'jfljxLg x'Fbf hUuf hldg afFemf] eP . xnf] hf]Tg] /dnfdL hfg] o'jf ufpFdf e]6\g 5f8L ;s] . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg ;/sf/n] /f]huf/Lsf]of]hgfa4 sfd cufl8 a9fpg ;s]g . h'Dnf, sflnsf]6sf] :ofpn] efp gkfP/ af/Ld}s'lxG5g\ . sf7df8f+}sf hgtf dxFuf] d"Nodf sflZd/ / rLgsf] :ofp lsGg afWo 5g\ .b}n]v, sflnsf]6, h'Dnf, afh'/f h:tf kxf8L lhNnfx¿df kmnk'mn v]tL, kz'kfng,h8La'6L / b'Uw ljsf;df ckf/ ;Defjgf 5 . t/ ;/sf/n] o;tkm{ s'g} Wofg lbPsf]5}g .

k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd eGb} s]xL o'jfx¿nfO{ afFb/ wkfpg], ds} uf]8\g],gfnL ;kmf ug{] / ;8s ;kmfOdf nufPsf] ;dfrf/ ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . tL o'jfzlQmnfO{ s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] eP vfBfGg, kmnk'mn /t/sf/L cfoft 36fpg ;lsG5 . kl/jf/, b]z 5f]8]/ o'jfx¿ ljb]zL e"lddf uP/kl;gf aufpg' kg{]5}g . ;/sf/ / s[lif dGqfnosf lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx¿n] o;af/];f]Rg l9nf ug'{ x'Gg .

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