ANNEXURE-1

(Annexure- I)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY

J.N. MEDICAL COLLEGE,

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY,

ALIGARH

CURRICULUM OF PHYSIOLOGY FOR GRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS

PAPER I

UNIT –I AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - General Organization of the ANS.

- Physiological Anatomy of the sympathetic N.S.

- Physiological Anatomy of the Parasympathetic N.S.

- Distinguishing features of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System.

- Effects of ANS on various organs of the body.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Receptors:- Classification and properties

- Reflexes: - Reflex Arc, Reflex action, Monosynaptic and Polysynaptic, Stretch and withdrawal

reflex, Properties of reflex.

- Pathways of different sensations (Touch, Proprioception, Temperature).

- Pain pathways, Visceral pain, Hyperalgesia, Referred pain, Central analgesia system.

- Synapse, Properties, Types and transmission.

- Neuromuscular junction.

- Reticulating activation system, Thalamus.

- Cerebral cortex, Layers of cortex, function of specific cortical areas, Intellectual function of the

brain, Learning and memory.

- Spinal cord, its motor functions, Cord reflexes, Muscle receptors, Spinal cord transection and spinal

shock.

- Cortical and brain stem control of motor function, Motor cortex and corticospinal tract, Role of

brain stem in controlling motor function, Vestibular sensations and the maintenance of equilibrium.

- Cerebellum, Basal ganglia & overall motor control.

- Behaviour and Motivation mechanism of brain, Limbic and Hypothalamus.

- Sleep, Speech, & Dementia.

- Body temperature regulation.

- C.S.F.

- E.E.G. & Epilepsy.

SUBTOPICS:

Lecture No.

Subtopic No. of Classes

1. Organization of the CNS , Neuron and supporting cells 1

2. Receptor and its properties and its classification 1

3. Reflexs-properties,type and classification. 1

4. Synapse –Properties , types and transmission across neuromuscular junction. 1

5. Condition and uncondioned reflex and formation 1

6. Sensory pathway –touch , pressure, pain(ascending pathway ,spinal and to brain)

1

7. Reticular activating system (RAS) 1

8. Thalamus ,different nucleses and thalamic syndrome, thalmocortical relationship and its importance.

1

9. Cerebral cortex , association cortex , molecular structure and intellectual function.

1

10. Motor system (Descending pathway)hemiplegia and applied aspects. 1

11. Spinal cord and spinal shock ,brown sequard syndrome and other applied aspects.

1

12. Vestibular sensation and the maintaince of equilibrium. 1

13. Brainsystem central of motor system 1

14. Basal Ganglia ,pathophysiology of parkinsonism. 1

15. Cerebellum division ,function and its disorder 1

16. Hypothalamus and its function. 1

17. Motivation and behavior system of the brain (limbic system and applied aspect)

1

18. Sleep,EEG ,Conciousness Dementia (Higher function) 1

19. Body temperature regulation (Tutorial) 1

20. Speech (Higher function) 1

21. CSF (tutorial) 1

UNIT- II SPECIAL SENSES - Physiology of Taste.

- Physiology of Hearing.

- Physiology of Olfaction.

- Physiology of Vision.

Lecture No. Topics No. of classes

1. Taste buds, Receptors Types of taste, and taste pathways 1

2. Ear:- Structural Anatomy, Hearing and Impedance matching 1

3. Hair cells: function, endolymph and perilymph 1

4. Vestibular function and pathways

5. Odorant receptors, Olfactory Pathway and Olfactory Cortex 1

6. Vision: Eye structure, optics and internal anatomy 1

7. Photochemistry of Vision and Color Vision 1

UNIT- III GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, LIVER, DIET, VITAMINS AND BMR - General consideration and electrical activity of GIT, Nerve and blood supply.

- Motility of Gut.

- Function and regulation of salivary, Gastric, Pancreatic, Bile and Intestinal secretions.

- Liver & Biliary system, Jaundice & Liver function tests.

- Digestion & absorption of carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids, Water and electrolytes.

- GIT hormones.

- Applied aspect disorders of GIT.

- Diet and BMR

- Vitamins.

SUBTOPICS:

Lecture no. Subtopic No. of classes

1. Organization of the GIT system 1

2. Salivary Glands & Secretion 1

3. Gastric secretion 1

4. Exocrine Pancreas 1

5. Function of Liver 1

6. Digestion & Absorption of Carbohydrates 1

7. Digestion & Absorption of Protein 1

8. Digestion & Absorption of Fats 1

9. Function of Large intestine 1

10.. Gastrointestinal Motility 1

11. Movement of Small intestine 1

12. Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disease 1

UNIT- IV BLOOD, IMMUNITY, AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - Introduction to Blood.

- Plasma proteins.

- Red blood cells, Anaemia and Polycythemia.

- Haemoglobin- Structure, types and functions, Iron metabolism.

- Blood group and transfusion.

- White blood cells- formation, structure, functions and disorders.

- Immunity- definition, classification and applied aspects.

- Development and function of Platelets.

- Coagulation of blood and its disorders.

- Reticuloendethelial system.

SUBTOPICS

Lecture No. Topics No. of classes

1. Introduction to Blood 1

2. Plasma Protiens 1

3. Red blood cell ,Anaemia and Polycythemia. 1

4. Jaundice 1

5. Haemoglobin : structure, types and functios 1

6. Iron Metabolism 1

7. Blood groups and Blood Tansfusions 1

8. White blood cells- formation, structure, functions and disorders. 1

9. Immunity- definition, classification and applied aspects. 2

10. Development and function of Platelets. 1

11. Coagulation of blood and its disorders 1

12. Reticuloendethelial system. 1

UNIT- V MUSCLE, NERVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS

Muscle Physiology- - Skeletal muscle- Macro and Micro anatomy, Tubular system, Electrical characteristics, Molecular

basis of contraction.

- Simple twitch- Types of contraction, Summation of contractions.

- Energy source and metabolism of muscles contractions, Fiber types of skeletal muscle, Protein

isoforms in muscle.

- Properties of muscle, Motor unit, Grading of muscular activity, Effect of denervation

Electromyography, Muscular dystrophy.

- Smooth muscle types, Electrical and mechanical property of visceral smooth muscle, Molecular

basis of contraction of smooth muscle.

- Cardiac muscle- structure, Electrical property and mechanical contractions.

Nerve Physiology- - Property of nerve

- Classification of nerve fibers (Effect of nerve injury, Nerve growth factor).

Bio-Physics- - Physical principles of transport across cell membranes and capillary wall.

- Bio-potentials (Resting potentials, Electrotonic potential, Action potential).

- Physical principles governing flow of blood in heart and blood vessels and flow of air in air

passages.

SUBTOPICS:-

Lecture No. Topics No.of Classes

1. Cell structure and Membrane 1

2. Transport across Membrane I 1

3. Transport across Membrane II 1

4. Basic of Membrane Potential 1

5. Graded Potential 1

6. Action Potential 1

7. Transmission and Nerve-Damage & Repair Mechanism. 1

8. Physiological Anatomy of Muscles

9. Neuromuscular junction 2

10. Excitation Contraction Coupling 2

11. Energy System Muscle 1

12. Properties of Muscle Contraction 1

13. Smooth Muscle 1

14. Cardiac Muscle 1

15. Physiological Anatomy of ANS 1

16. Sympathetic Nervous System 1

17. Parasympathetic Nervous System 1

18. Receptors of ANS + Neurotransmitters 1

PAPER II UNIT- I ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1. General concepts in Endocrinology-

- Regulatory mechanism in endocrine glands.

- Communication in Human body- > Endocrine communications. > Mechanism of hormonal action.

- Principles, methods of hormonal assay.

2. Hypothalamus its nuclei and their secretions.

3. Anterior pituitary gland and its hormones. - Growth hormone: - Function regulation, factors

affecting its secretion and effects of hyper and hypo secretion of growth hormone. - Prolactin and its

functions.

4. Posterior pituitary gland its hormones their functions and hyposecretory state of ADH.

5. Thyroid gland, its hormones, synthesis, secretion, regulation and functions. Effect of its hypo and

hypersecretions of body.

6. Parathormone calcitonin and vitamins D, their effects on bone, GIT and kidney, Calcium

metabolism and it regulation, Effects of hypocalcemia and hypersecretion of parathyroid on the body.

7. Endocrine pancreas - Its hormones, Secretion of insulin, its effects on the metabolism, diabetes

mellitus. - Glucagon, Its effects on metabolism and regulation of secretions. - Somatostatin &

Pancreatic Polypeptide and their functions.

8. Adrenal gland its parts and hormones. - Mineralo-corticoid synthesis functions its regulation of

secretion and effect of hyper and hypo secretary states. - Glucorticoids its synthesis, functions and

hyper and hypo secretary states. - Adrenal-andogens and their synthesis and hypersecretary states. -

Biosynthesis of adrenal medullary hormones.

SUBTOPICS:-

Lecture

no

SUBTOPICS No. of

classes

1. General concepts in Endocrinology. -Regulatory mechanisms in endocrine gland. - Principal and methods

2

2. Hypothalamus its nuclei and their secretion 1

3. Anterior pituitary gland and its hormones. 3

4. Posterior pituitary gland and its hormone. 2

5. Thyroid gland ,hormone synthesis, secretion ,regulation and function. 3

6. Hormonse involved in calcium regulation (vitaminD, Parathormone, calcitonin)

2

7. Insulin,: secretion, synthesis, effect on metabolism and Diabetes mellitus 1

8. Glucagon, Somatostatin and pancreatic Polypeptide 1

9. Mineralocorticoids: functions, regulation and Hypo and Hypersecretary

states

1

10. Glucocorticoids: functions, regulation and Hypo and Hypersecretary

states.

1

UNIT-II REPRODUCTION, NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FAMILY PLANNING

METHODS - Introduction to reproduction and spermatogenesis.

- Male sexual act abnormality relating to male infertility.

- Male hormonal system, synthesis, mechanism of action, degradation and physiological function.

- Female reproductive system, female hormonal system, ovarian cycle/endometrial cycle.

- Female sex hormones (oestogen & progesterone), Synthesis, Action, Degradation and functions.

- Regulation of female monthly rhythm.

- Pregnancy, fertilization of ovum, development of placenta and its function and pregnancy tests.

- Parturition and lactation, family planning methods.

- Fetal physiology, Adjustments of infant to breathing & circulation.

- Growth and development of child (Development of mile stones).

Lectre No. Topic No of classes

1. Puberty 1

2. Menstural Cycle 1

3. Ovarian Hormone 1

4. Pregnancy 1

5. Lactation and Family Planning methods 1

6. Spermatogenesis 1

7. Endocrine function of the Testes 1

8. Fetal Physiology: adjustment of infant to breathing and circulation 1

9. Development of milestons 1

10. Recent advances in reproduction 1

UNIT-III RESPIRATION - Mechanism of pulmonary ventilation, surfactant, compliance.

- Pulmonary volumes and capacities.

- Diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane.

- Effect of ventilation perfusion ratio on alveolar gas concentration.

- Transport of oxygen in blood.

- Transport of carbon dioxide in blood.

- Regulation of respiration.

- Hypoxia.

- Hypercapnia, Cyanosis, Dyspnea.

- Artificial respiration.

- High altitude Physiology.

- Physiology of deep sea diving.

- Sports Physiology.

- Space Physiology

-BLS

SUBTOPICS:-

Lecture No.

Topics No. of classes

1. General organization of the respiratory system 1

2. Mechanics of breathing 1

3. Mechanism of pulmonary ventilation,surfactant, compliance

1

4. Pulmonary volumes and capacities 1

5. Diffusion of gases through respiratory membrane 1

6. Transport of oxygen in blood 1

7. Transport of carbon dioxide in blood 1

8. Chemical regulation of respiration 1

9. Neural regulation of respiratiion 1

10. Hypoxia 1

11. High altitude physiology and Acclimatization 2

12. Physiology of deep sea diving and Space Physiology 2

13. Sports physiology and BLS 1

UNIT- IV CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - Introduction.

- Rhythmic excitation of heart.

- Cardiac cycle.

- Heart sounds: - Dynamics of valvular and congenial heart defects.

- Recording and study of normal Electrocardiogram.

- Cardiac output and venous return and their regulation, Methods of measurement of cardiac output.

- Heart rate and its regulation.

- Arterial blood pressure, Determinates and regulation.

- Physiological basis of hypertension.

- Muscle blood flow.

- Coronary circulation.

- Circulatory shock and physiological basis of its treatment.

- Effect of exercise on circulation.

SUBTOPICS:

Lecture No. Topics No. of classes

1. General Organisation ofthe Cardiovascular System 1

2. Origin and conduction of the cardiac impulse 1

3. Cardiac cycle 1

4. Various heart sound and there abnormalities 1

5. Recording and clinical application of electrocardiogram 3

6. Cardiac Output and its regulation 2

7. Hemodynamics of blood flow 1

8. Microcirculation 2

9. The lymphatic system 1

10. Determination of arterial blood pressure 1

11. Short term and long term regulation of arterial blood pressure 1

12. Physiological basis of hypertension 1

13. Determination of muscle blood flow 1

14. Coronary circulation and its regulation 1

15. Cerebral circulation and its regulation 1

16. Circulatory shock and physiological basis of its treatment 1

17. Fetal and neonatal circulation 1

18. Physiological basis of cardiac failure 1

UNIT- V EXRCREATORY SYSTEM, WATER BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE, SKIN - Body fluid compartments.

- Physiological anatomy and functions of kidney.

- GFR

- Formation of urine: > Processing of the filtrate in the tubules. > Counter current mechanism. >

Formation of dilute and concentrated urine.

- Micturition

- Renal function tests.

- Regulation of water and electrolyte balance.

- Regulation of Acid Base balance.

- Skin and its appendages.

SUBTOPICS:

Lecture no. Topics No. of classes

1. Body Fluid Compartments: ECF and ICF 1

2. Physiological anatomy and functions of Kidney 1

3. Formation of Urine: processing of filterate in the tubules 1

4. GFR: Regulation, methods of measurement and clearance 1

5. Counter Current Mechanisms 1

6. Micturition: Cystometrogram, Reflex mechanisms 1

7. Regulation of water and Electerolyte Balance and Role of ADH 3

8. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance and Role of Kidney 2

9. Renal Function Tests 1

10. Body Buffer Systems 1

PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL FOR MBBS STUDENTS

List of Experiments

Human Lab 1. Examination of Arterial Pulse.

2. Measurement of Blood Pressure.

3. To study effect of postures and exercises on Blood Pressure.

4. Normal Electrocardiogram and calculation of mean electrical

axis; duration, amplitude of waves and intervals.

5. Stethography.

6. Spirometry.

7. Acuity of Vision and Colour Vision.

8. Perimetry.

9. Demonstration of EEG, EMG, Nerve Conduction Velocity,

Visual, Somatosensory & Auditory Evoked Potentials. 6

List of Experiments

Clinical Lab 1. Examination of Cardiovascular System

2. Examination of Respiratory System

3. Examination of Abdomen

4. Examination of Nervous System

5. Nutrition & Dietetics Principles for Preparation of Diet

6. Physical Fitness & Exercise Tolerance Tests

7. Glucose Tolerance Tests (recorded graph) 7

Haematology Lab List of Experiments 1. Light Microscope.

2. Collection of blood samples.

3. Preparation of blood films.

4. Identification of various blood cells

5. To determine differential Leukocytes Count.

6. Estimation of Haemoglobin Concentration.

7. To determine Blood Groups.

8.To determine Bleeding and Clotting time.

9. To study Haemocytometry (Diluting pipettes and Neubauer’s chamber).

10.To determine total RBC Count.

11.To determine total WBC Count.

12.To determine the Platelet Count (By Direct method and by Relative method). 8

Experimental Physiology (Amphibian / Mammalian) List of Experiments 1. Aims and Objective of Experimental Physiology –

(i) Classification- To study & demonstrate different muscles & their properties.

2. To study the apparatus and nomenclature (Including Physiograph).

3. To study Skeletal Muscle.

(A) Nerve Muscle Preparation.

(B) To Demonstrate Simple Muscle Curve and Calculate the different phases.

(C) To Demonstrate of effect of temperature on Muscle nerve preparation.

(D) To Demonstrate Summations-

(i) Effect of change of strength of stimuli (Spatial Summation).

(ii) Effect of change of frequency (Temporal Summation).

(a) Effect of two subminimal stimuli in different phases.

(b) To Demonstrate Beneficial effect.

(c) To Demonstrate Incomplete & Complete tetanus.

4. To Demonstrate Fatigue.

5. To study effect of load & length on muscle contraction (free loaded & after

loaded).

6. To study of properties of Cardiac Muscles-

(i) To record normal Cardiogram of Frog’s heart.

(ii) To record the effect of temperature on Frog’s heart.

(iii) To Demonstrate Extrasystole & Compensatory Pause.

(iv) To Demonstrate Stannius preparation of Frog’s heart.

(v) To record Simple Cardiac Muscle Twitch after stimulation and to demonstrate

refractory period.

(vi) To Demonstrate All or None law & Staircase phenomenon.

(vii) To Demonstrate exposure of Vagus Nerve Crescent and Vagal escape.

(viii) To study effect of drugs on Frog’s heart.

7. To study Smooth muscle in Rabbit.

(i) Demonstrate of apparatus and dissection of intestine of rabbits.

(ii) To study movements of Isolated Gut.

(iii) To study effect of drugs on Rabbit Gut.