SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

THEME ENV.2009.1.1.3.1

GHG-Europe - Greenhouse gas management in European land use systems

Grant agreement for: Collaborative Project

Large-scale integrating project

Annex I - “Description of Work” Project acronym: GHG-Europe

Project full title: Greenhouse gas management in European land use systems Grant agreement no.: 244122 Date of preparation of Annex I: 21 July 2009: Date of approval of Annex I by Commission: (to be completed by Commission)

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PART A A1. Budget breakdown and project summary 4

A.1 Overall budget breakdown for the project 4 A.2 Project summary 5 A.3 List of beneficiaries 6

PART B B1. Concept and objectives, progress beyond state-of-the-art, 8 S/T methodology and work plan 8

B.1.1 Concept and project objective(s) 8

B 1.1.1 Main Idea and Motivation 8 B 1.1.2 Resulting project objectives 9 B 1.1.3 Relation to Topic 10

B.1.2 Progress beyond the state of the art 11 B.1.3 S/T methodology and associated work plan 13

B.1.3.1 Overall strategy and general description 13 B.1.3.2 Detailed description by Work Package 15

B.1.3.3 Timing of work packages and their components 29 B.1.3.4 Work package list /overview 30 B.1.3.5 Deliverables list 31 B.1.3.6 Work package descriptions 40 B.1.3.7 Efforts for the full duration of the project 67

B.1.3.8 List of milestones and planning of reviews 68

B2. Implementation 70 B.2.1 Management structure and procedures 70 B.2.1.1 GHG-Europe management overview 70

B.2.1.2 GHG-Europe management structure 70 B.2.1.3 GHG-Europe Management Measures 71 B.2.1.4 Risk and Contingency Plans 73

B.2.2 Beneficiaries 75 B.2.3 Consortium as a whole 117

B.2.3.1 Consortium overview 117 B.2.3.2 Complementarity of participants and partner roles 118

B.2.3.3 Subcontracting 119 B.2.3.4. Funding for beneficiaries from third countries 119

B.2.4 Resources to be committed 120 B3. Potential impact 123

B.3.1 Expected impacts listed in the work program 123

B.3.1.1 Impact on Stakeholder groups 124 B.3.1.2 European dimension 125 B.3.1.3 International dimension 126

B.3.2 Plan for the use and dissemination of foreground 127 B.3.2.1 Training 127

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B.3.2.2 Dissemination of project results 127 B.3.2.3 Management of intellectual property 130

B4. Ethical issues 130

B5. Consideration of gender aspects 131 APPENDIX 1 : List of cited literature 132 APPENDIX 2 : Atmospheric measurement stations 138 APPENDIX 3 : Letters of support 139 APPENDIX 4 : List of Tasks by partners 143

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PART A

A1. Budget breakdown and project summary A.1 Overall budget breakdown for the project

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A.2 Project summary

The GHG-Europe project aims to improve our understanding and capacity for predicting the European terrestrial carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG) budget by applying a systematic, comprehensive and integrative approach. GHG-Europe quantifies the annual to decadal variability of the carbon and GHG budgets of terrestrial ecosystems in EU27 plus Switzerland and in six data-rich European regions via data-model integration, diagnostic and predictive modelling. Models are calibrated by multi-site observations. Research includes CO2, CH4 and N2O in forests, croplands, grasslands, shrublands, peatlands and soils. Via an integrated approach, GHG Europe scales up consistently from local to regional and continental scale via scale dependent error propagation and systematic quantification of uncertainties, model validation at different scales and top-down verification by atmospheric inversion models. At regional and European scale lateral C transport by land use, trade and rivers are included. Variability in C and GHG budgets is attributed to natural (climate) and anthropogenic drivers (N deposition, land use, past and present management) by synthesis of past and emerging experiments, targeted observations in hot spots and hot moments and model sensitivity analyses. For this purpose, observations are extended to under-sampled regions and ecosystems with likely high importance for the European C budget: forests and land use change in Eastern Europe and Mediterranen shrublands. The future vulnerability of carbon pools and risks of positive feedbacks in the climate-carbon system are assessed by scenario analyses with biophysical models and by integrating feedbacks with socio-economic changes and EU climate and land use policies. GHG-Europe uses a bidirectional interaction with stakeholders to provide regular and timely scientific advice targeted to the emerging needs of the UNFCCC process and for implementing post-2012 climate commitments in Europe.

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A.3 List of beneficiaries

List of Beneficiaries

Beneficiary Number * Beneficiary name

Beneficiary short name Country

Date enter project

Date exit project

1 (Coordination)

Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institut VTI Germany month 1 month 42

2 Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique LSCE CEA France month 1 month 42

3 International for Applied System Analysis IIASA Austria month 1 month 42

4 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry MPG Germany month 1 month 42

5 University of Aberdeen UNIABDN UK month 1 month 42

6 Università degli Studi della Tuscia UNITUS Italy month 1 month 42

7 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam VUA Netherlands month 1 month 42 8 Alterra B.V. Alterra Netherlands month 1 month 42

9 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology CEH UK month 1 month 42

10 Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich ETH Switzerland month 1 month 42

11 Forest Research and Management Institute ICAS Romania month 1 month 42

12 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA France month 1 month 42

13 Poznan University of Life Science PULS Poland month 1 month 42 14 Technische Universität München TUM Germany month 1 month 42

15 Universiteit Antwerpen UA Belgium month 1 month 42

16 Fundacion Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo CEAM Spain month 1 month 42

17 University of Helsinki UHEL Finland month 1 month 42

18

Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape BFW Austria month 1 month 42

19 Eduard Mach Foundation FEM-CEALP Italy month 1 month 42

20 Technical University of Denmark DTU Denmark month 1 month 42

21 Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN Netherlands month 1 month 42

22 European Forest Institute EFI Finland month 1 month 42

23 Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI Finland month 1 month 42 24 Joanneum Research JR Austria month 1 month 42

25 Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen APB Italy month 1 month 42

26 University Groningen RUG Netherlands month 1 month 42

27 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU Sweden month 1 month 42

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28 Finnish Environment Institute SYKE Finland month 1 month 42 29 University College Dublin UCD Ireland month 1 month 42 30 University of Copenhagen FLD-UCPH Denmark month 1 month 42

31 Universität Innsbruck UIBK Austria month 1 month 42

32 Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna UNIBO Italy month 1 month 42

33 Universidad de Granada UGR Spain month 1 month 42

34 Wageningen University and Research Centre WUR Netherlands month 1 month 42

35 Università degli Studi di Udine UNIUD Italy month 1 month 42 36 Universität Heidelberg UHEI-IUP Germany month 1 month 42

37 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR Italy month 1 month 42

38 Centre Tecnologic Forestal de Catalunya CTFC Spain month 1 month 42

39 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha UCLM Spain month 1 month 42

40 Centre National de Recherche en Météorologie CNRM France month 1 month 42

41 Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung PIK Germany month 1 month 42

42 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena FSU Germany month 1 month 42

43 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS France month 1 month 4

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PART B B1. Concept and objectives, progress beyond state-of-the-art, S/T methodology and work plan

B.1.1 Concept and project objective(s)

B 1.1.1 Main Idea and Motivation The terrestrial biosphere has absorbed 13 % of the fossil fuel emissions of EU-25 over the last decade (Schulze et al. 2008). This net carbon sink is mainly located in forests and grasslands, while croplands are relatively carbon neutral, and managed peatlands are a carbon source (Janssens et al. 2005, Schulze et al. 2008). This net carbon sink is almost compensated by N2O and CH4 emissions from agriculture (Schulze et al. 2008). However, these results strongly rely on models which have not been validated against the wealth of observational data obtained in CarboEurope-IP, suffer from inconsistencies in the time horizons and types of uncertainties considered as well as from lack of integration between CO2 measurements and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) (first achieved for few sites in NitroEurope-IP). Improved quantification of the

annual to decadal variability in the European terrestrial C and GHG budget requires 1) the full

exploitation of all available data streams, 2) much stronger data-model integration, 3) consistent

temporal and spatial domain coverage and 4) complete consideration of error propagation at all

calculation steps.

The land use sector can play an important role in mitigating climate change via bioenergy production, carbon sequestration in soils and to a minor extent by reducing N2O and CH4 emissions (IPCC AR4 WG3 2007, UNFCCC 2008). However, biological systems have their intrinsic dynamics, and interact with climate change in a complex way that is not completely understood. This makes climate change mitigation measures in agriculture, forestry and other land uses more complicated and uncertain than in any other human sector. Ultimately, the scientific challenge is to determine how, and to what degree, the carbon cycle and GHG

emissions in terrestrial ecosystems can be managed. This requires a much improved understanding of

the response of biogeochemical processes in ecosystems to changes in natural and anthropogenic

drivers.

Natural and anthropogenic drivers of C and GHG fluxes in ecosystems are intimately linked. IPCC (2003) concluded that “the scientific community cannot currently provide a practicable methodology that would factor out direct human-induced effects from indirect human-induced and natural effects for any broad range of LULUCF activities and circumstances”. Nevertheless, factoring out as introduced in the Kyoto Protocol remains one of the most controversial topics in the post-2012 negotiations under the UNFCCC. Many countries, including some EU member states, insist that natural C sources and sinks in ecosystems shall be distinguished from anthropogenic ones. Since the IPCC statement in 2003, scientific advances have been made to single out the effects of individual drivers: elevated CO2, N deposition, land use and management at site level via manipulation treatments (e.g. Kammann et al., 2005) and factorial experiments (e.g. Smith et al., 2002); climate variability via decadal time series from ecosystem observation networks (Reichstein et al. 2007a, 2007b); and elevated CO2, N deposition, climate variability, past management and age-class effects in forests (Nabuurs et al. 2004, Böttcher et al. 2008, Ciais et al. 2008) and partially land use at landscape to continental scale via model experiments and scenarios (Vetter et al. 2008). Considerable progress in the

attribution of the variability in C and fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 to multiple interacting factors by

GHG-Europe can be expected by 1) the collection and synthesis of the fast growing observational

evidence of ecosystem response to individual drivers, 2) improved representation of climate variability

AND land use and management in ecosystem models, and 3) a coherent approach to address the

interactions between drivers from local to continental scales.

GHG-Europe is fully dedicated to improve our understanding and capacity for predicting the impact of

natural and anthropogenic drivers on European terrestrial carbon and budgets of CO2, N2O and CH4.

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We propose that this can only be achieved via a systematic, comprehensive and integrative approach. A multitude of experimental data, long-term observations of CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes and C pools along with meteorological observations, land use and management information is analysed by a range of advanced data mining techniques and integrated with state-of-the-art process modelling approaches. Among current EU projects, NitroEurope-IP investigates contemporary N and N2O budgets, CARBO-Extreme investigates the impact of climate variability and extremes on ecosystem and soil carbon, and CC-TAME develops tools for integrated assessment of EU policy impacts on land use. To maximize synergy with these projects, GHG-

Europe focuses on the full CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets of terrestrial ecosystems and on the impacts of anthropogenic drivers and their interactions with climate on C and CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets as the most critical and least characterised processes to complete the vulnerability assessment.

B 1.1.2 Resulting project objectives The objectives of GHG-Europe are listed below: The overarching scientific objectives are broken down into technical and policy relevant objectives. The Work Packages and Tasks in which most of the research to achieve the objectives will be performed are given in brackets as well as the numbers of Deliverables as measures of success.

Scientific objectives

• Quantify the annual to decadal variability of CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets of terrestrial ecosystems in Europe.

• Obtain a better and more comprehensive understanding of terrestrial carbon cycle and responses of CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes to variability in natural and anthropogenic drivers (climate, N deposition, land use, management) and pressures (global markets, European climate and land use policies) for European forest, grassland, cropland, peatland and shrubland ecosystems.

• Identify the carbon pools and GHG processes most sensitive and vulnerable to changes in individual drivers and in driver combinations, and the associated risks of positive feedbacks with climate change in the 21st century.

• Assess, in economic, societal and environmental terms, the impact of possible post-2012 strategies / policies on future carbon pools and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes in Europe and possible synergies by coordination of different land use related policies and of cross-sectoral climate policies.

Technical objectives

• Provide for EU27 plus Switzerland standardized gridded fields of natural and anthropogenic drivers for the period 1900 to 2100 and identify hot spots, hot moments and time spans of major changes by synoptic analysis of driver fields (WP1).

• Extend observations to so far under-sampled ecosystems and regions with an expected high contribution to the European carbon balance: Eastern European forests, afforestation and deforestation (Task 2.5) and Mediterranean shrublands (Task 2.6).

• Maintain a core network of long-term atmospheric CO2, N2O and CH4 concentration stations as observational backbone for verifying the European carbon budget by atmospheric top-down inversions (Task 5.3).

• Build a consistent multi-source database on drivers, observations, analytical tools and project results as interface between Work Packages and to the wider scientific community (WP3, WP7).

• Ensure coherence in the quantification of uncertainty from observations, through calculations, to the final model output (WP7).

• Quantify, at ecosystem scale, the vulnerability of C stocks and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes to changing direct and indirect anthropogenic drivers and their interaction with climate variability in hot spots and hot moments (peatlands, land use change, land management change in forests and agricultural systems) via data synthesis and new targeted measurements (WP2, Task 3.1).

• Quantify regional patterns of the main driving processes and of vertical and lateral C and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems in data-rich pilot regions across Europe: Determine relevant

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processes, validate ecosystem and sectoral models and develop aggregation / disaggregation rules for error representation (Task 3.3).

• Analyse at high spatial resolution for six regions in Europe the specific vulnerability of C pools and CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets to region specific changes in land use, land management, N deposition and climate (Task 3.5).

• Attribute, at European scale, the annual to decadal variability of the CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets of managed European terrestrial ecosystems to human and natural driving processes via sensitivity analyses by land use sectors: forests, croplands and grasslands (WP4).

• Quantify, at European scale, the annual to decadal variability of CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets of European terrestrial ecosystems (cross sectoral) by a range of diagnostic to process based ecosystem models and verify the carbon budget by atmospheric inversions (WP5).

• Build an operational model cluster for post-2012 assessments which is based on observations and validated models (WP6).

Policy relevant objectives

• Integrate research supported by national and European programmes via improved access to data, tools and knowledge (WP7) and the involvement of scientists from parallel research projects in data synthesis (WP2, WP3) and model intercomparison (WP4, WP5).

• Provide an integrated analysis of critical vulnerabilities of the terrestrial carbon sink, carbon pools and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes in Europe and of critical changes in driver combinations, in a spatially explicit way and aggregated by country, land use sectors and ecosystem types (WP3, WP4, WP5, WP6).

• Develop tools, and perform integrated assessments of feedbacks between European post-2012 climate and land use policies (WP6).

• Give direct scientific and technical advice, via bidirectional interactions, to governments, negotiators and other stakeholders about the potential role of terrestrial ecosystems in a post-2012 regime, associated risks and economic implications via participation in the post-2012 negotiations, an IPCC type of synthesis report and regular policy briefings (WP6, WP8).

B 1.1.3 Relation to Topic In response to the Call ENV.2009.1.1.3.1, GHG-Europe will quantify the annual to decadal variability of

the CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets of terrestrial ecosystems in the European Union plus Switzerland via data-model integration, diagnostic and predictive CO2, N2O and CH4 modelling. Models will be calibrated by multi-site observations and uncertainty in model results will be systematically assessed. Observations, data synthesis and models will include CO2, CH4 and N2O in forests, soils and low-input and high-input

agricultural production systems in cropland, grassland, shrubland and peatland ecosystems. Via an integrated approach, GHG-Europe will consistently upscale from local to regional and continental scale via scale dependent error propagation, model validation at different scales and top-down verification by atmospheric inversion models. Regional and European C, CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets will include

lateral C and N fluxes via land management and harvest, transport by trade and riverine transport whereever relevant. Enteric fermentation by animals, causing high CH4 emission, will be included in regional assements using fram gate budgets.

Variability in C, CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets will be attributed to natural (climate) and anthropogenic

drivers (N deposition, land use, management) via data synthesis, targeted observations in hot spots, hot moments and undersampled regions as well as model sensitivity analyses. For this purpose, observations

will be extended to under-sampled regions and ecosystems with likely high importance for the European C budget: the diverse forests in Romania representing forest management and land use change in Eastern

Europe and Mediterranen shrublands on the Iberian peninsula representing a major undersampled ecosystem with ongoing extensification in southern Europe. Effects of past management will be identified by analysis and resampling of chronosequences along land use and management changes, by analysis of spatially explicit forest inventories, by comparing the CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets in two neighbouring

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regions in Poland with contrasting history of high-input versus low-input agriculture, and by sensitivity analysis of models to initial conditions with and without equilibrium in C pools.

The vulnerability of terrestrial carbon pools will be assessed via development of CO2, N2O and CH4 response functions from observational evidence and systematic sensitivity analyses and uncertainty estimation in a range of models with different complexity. To assess the risk of positive feedbacks in the

climate-carbon system model scenarios will be developed with different trajectories of driver combinations and by integrating feedbacks with socio-economic changes and EU climate and land use policies. By involving the European Commission and national climate negotiators in scenario building, GHG-Europe proposes a bidirectional, interactive participation of stakeholders to provide a timely, relevant and

understandable scientific foundation for future needs of the UNFCCC process and implementing

international post-2012 climate commitments in Europe.

B.1.2 Progress beyond the state of the art

Existing estimates of the European terrestrial GHG balance have concentrated on either carbon, N2O or CH4 and often only one ecosystem type or land use sector (Freibauer 2003, Janssens et al. 2003, Nabuurs et al. 2003, Kesik et al. 2004, Soussana et al. 2004, Smith et al. 2005, Ciais et al. 2008). An integrated, complete and consistent budget of CO2, N2O and CH4 of the European biosphere has not been attempted so far. Although the uncertainty in the carbon budget of European terrestrial ecosystems has been reduced from 210 % (Janssens et al. 2003) to 65 % (Schulze et al. 2008) in the CarboEurope-IP project, the complex issue how to incorporate the high spatial and temporal variability in the heterogeneous landscape of Europe, and the diversity of land use and management practices has not been solved by research to date. GHG-Europe proposes to significantly improve the diagnostics, process understanding and predictive capacity about the terrestrial CO2, N2O and CH4 budget of Europe in three critical domains described below:

i) Improved process understanding in hot spots, hot moments, under-sampled ecosystems and soils

GHG-Europe will undertake major efforts to extend measurements and improve models about GHG processes in ecosystems and regions where changes in CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes and their drivers are large and knowledge at European level is poor:

Peatlands are the largest long-term C reservoir in the European biosphere and are highly vulnerable to changing climate, land use and management. 60 % of Europe´s peatlands (4 % of the land surface) are drained. These areas emit as much GHGs as all European croplands (41 % of the land surface). This first European estimate (Drösler et al. 2008) is highly uncertain due to lack of data integration from existing studies, poor information on peat extent and quality and on spatio-temporal driving data, and lack of suitable ecosystem models. GHG-Europe will improve process understanding and develop models of peatland soil

vulnerability by synthesizing – and amending where necessary – the many ongoing and recently-initiated national research activities in managed and restored peatland ecosystems across Europe, and two unique catchment studies in the UK including lateral C transport to rivers.

Woody encroachment in Mediterranean shrublands has been completely ignored in the European C bugdet (Schulze et al. 2008) although these regions may act as a significant C sink (Pacala et al. 2001). Therefore, observations and detailed driver analysis will be extended to shrublands on the Iberian peninsula, where woody encroachment after abandonment of land management and extensification affected by changes in Common Agricultural Policy, is widespread, and associated with increased fire risk.

The former eastern block countries have experienced dramatic changes in land use and management after 1990, which make them ideal cases for investigating past versus present management effects, and links to socio-economic changes. Ecosystem models and atmospheric inversions have postulated a significant C sink in Eastern European forests but these have not been validated against ecosystem observations. Romania has large areas under reserve, and there are many old natural stands which offer the unique opportunity to study a strong management gradient from old growth forests (a large C sink? – Knohl et al. 2003) to selection forests, coppice and clear-cut forest. Many changes in forest management and land use (afforestation and

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deforestation) have occurred, and still occur, and are being captured in an ongoing detailed national forest inventory. GHG-Europe will establish the first full CO2, N2O and CH4 budget for forests based on

measurements and detailed driver analysis in the heavily under-sampled region of South Eastern

Europe.

Historical differences in land ownership have resulted in an ideal paired regional study design in Central Poland where large scale high-input agriculture can be compared to small scale low-input agriculture. GHG-

Europe will establish the first full CO2, N2O and CH4 budget for low-input and high-input agricultural

systems based on measurements and detailed driver analysis typical for the complex regional history

of Eastern Europe.

Full CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets will be assessed in highly vulnerable land use systems, as in the Alpine region, where pronounced changes in land use have been experienced over the last decades and where impacts of climate change are anticipated to be large and posing natural risks to local populations.

In-depth process studies will be performed at benchmark sites and established chronosequences across Europe to analyse decadal changes in soil organic carbon stocks after land use change, including the switch to novel bioenergy systems.

ii) Full exploitation of all available data streams and strong data-model integration

A wealth of CO2 flux data was collected in CarboEurope-IP and other projects, but ancillary information about land management is not readily available. New GHG data are emerging from NitroEurope-IP and national ecosystem networks and projects. Only a small fraction of the readily available ecophysiological response to climate variability was incorporated in the most up-to-date European C and GHG budget (Schulze et al. 2008), but the anthropogenic drivers have been largely ignored.

GHG-Europe will compile and synthesize the dispersed data and knowledge, improve data harmonization and access to the fast growing observational evidence of ecosystem response to natural and anthropogenic drivers, and revisit sites to measure missing or inconsistent variables focussing on N2O and CH4 fluxes and critical input variables for process models. This will allow, for the first time, the full exploitation of GHG studies in European terrestrial ecosystem in response to climate, land use and management. Many key

research groups have already been contacted and have agreed to submit their data and participate in

the synthesis. This will not only strengthen the European knowledge base, but also the integration among researchers in the European Research Area.

The data, with their associated uncertainties, will be exploited in a fully integrated multi-model, multi-

scale and stepwise approach: novel data mining techniques (fuzzy logic; Dechow and Freibauer, subm.), artificial neural networks (Papale and Valentini 2003), time series decomposition (Mahecha et al. 2007), and hierarchical regression trees will identify response functions to individual and multiple interrelated drivers. Sectoral and generic ecosystem models will be 1) parametrised by Bayesian calibration against the data (Van Oijen et al. 2005), 2) validated against the response functions and 3) improved accordingly. Finally, the CO2,

N2O and CH4 maps calculated by the data driven approaches, the sectoral models and the generic ecosystem models are intercompared at European level and for selected data-rich pilot regions. The multi-model approach also leads to high transparency and credibility of the results and allows detailed assignment of

uncertainties to model type, model structure, model parametrisation and representation of driving processes.

iii) Quantitative attribution of C and CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets and their interannual variability to

the complex interaction between natural and anthropogenic, past and present drivers

To detect complex patterns and surprises in the GHG responses to combinations of multiple drivers and to account for possible legacy in response a systematic application of the data mining techniques mentioned above will be applied. GHG-Europe will investigate CO2, N2O and CH4 flux observations from a large

multi-site data set with many different combinations of time series along chronosequences and climate gradients, factorial studies at the same site and same time, and repeat old experiments of N deposition. Data from the pilot regions will help determine similarities and dissimilarities in relationships to drivers among ecosystem types and regions. Lagged responses to land use and management history and N deposition can be

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empirically investigated with cross correlation analysis, time series analysis, or mechanistically with process models.

Recent advances in modelling and in attribution methodology have allowed the more confident attribution of changes in ecosystems to different anthropogenic and natural factors (Tett et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2006; Gedney et al., 2006; Betts et al., 2007; Gillet et al., 2008, Eggers et al. 2008, Nabuurs et al. 2008). Tett et al. (2002) and Gedney et al. (2006) used ecosystem models and optimal fingerprinting

statistical techniques to attribute observed changes to different potential causes. This is a formal detection and attribution technique developed to isolate the causes of observed change. In short, the models are run with all factors included, and allowed to vary within set ranges. The models are then run again, fixing one potential driver at a time. By comparing the model outputs to the observations, the distinct spatio-temporal patterns of the response serve as ‘fingerprints’ that allow the observed change to be separated into contributions from each factor (Gedney et al., 2006). We will further develop these formal detection and attribution techniques and use them to attribute annual to decadal variability of carbon and CO2, N2O and

CH4 budgets in managed European ecosystems to human and natural driving processes.

The data mining techniques and ecosystem models will be applied with data sets at site level, at regional level in data-rich pilot regions and at European level to test and quantify the scale dependence of natural and anthropogenic drivers. This information is critical for scenarios of vulnerability and guidance for

post-2012 strategies, where scale determines by what means anthropogenic drivers can be most effectively addressed.

Although large scale atmospheric inversions suffer from problems related to scale, progress in regional inversions is such that with a combination of tall towers and flux sites, relatively low uncertainty in estimates of regional patterns of C sources and sinks can be obtained (Gerbig et al. 2008, Dolman et al. 2008). If these top-down estimates are available for specific regions, attribution issues can be more easily solved.

In brief, the importance of a range of human drivers for terrestrial GHG fluxes has only begun to be addressed recently by the scientific community, and not in a consistent synthetic way. Consequently, little research has been carried out to attribute GHG fluxes to different drivers and elucidate the manageability of GHG budgets by adjusting different land use practices. The fact that GHG-Europe will address this topic

in a systematic and highly integrative way, combining long-term observation, process-studies,

ecosystem manipulation experiments and a suite of process models, and integrating the results in

economic and policy assessment, makes the GHG-Europe project uniquely innovative.

Furthermore, GHG-Europe will develop a novel operational assessment tool for post-2012 policies that is based on observations and output from validated biophysical models coupled with dynamic models and integrated assessment to analyse scenarios of benefits between adaptation and mitigation in terms of economic efficiency, societal, technological and environmental implications. This will allow tuning a wide spectrum of policy options to optimal synergy at European, national and regional level.

B.1.3 S/T methodology and associated work plan

B.1.3.1 Overall strategy and general description

The overall design of the project is to achieve full consistency in data streams and methodologies, from local to regional and European scale. Observational evidence of ecosystem C and CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets and response to changing drivers will be used to validate, calibrate and improve models. Uncertainties will be systematically accessed via a range of standardized tools and fully propagated across scales and integration steps. Together with improved historical data and projections of natural and anthropogenic drivers and socio-economic pressures at regional and European scale, this allows an integrated analysis of the C and CO2, N2O

and CH4 budget in European terrestrial ecosystems, the annual to decadal variability and future vulnerability based on much improved knowledge.

The work flow contains the following elements, which are reflected in Work Packages (cf. Pert diagram):

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Variability in drivers (WP1): We will compile in harmonized space and time resolution long-term

statistical and georeferenced data and remote sensing products on natural and human drivers that document changes in climate, land use, land management and N deposition, and in lateral C flows. Drivers also include socio-economic data and agricultural and land use related policies and international trade information as a basis for plausible projections consistent with past and present patterns. All driver fields will be made available on at least a 0.25x0.25° grid for EU27+ (27 member states of the European Union plus

Switzerland), which is the smallest common grid size for all variables, and at finer spatial resolution where possible / appropriate.

• Improved observational evidence at ecosystem level of C and CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets and response to changing drivers, improved understanding of critical processes (WP2): Process studies that utilize long-term carbon and CO2, N2O and CH4 observations, ecosystem manipulations, factorial experiments and gradients of climate, land use and management intensity to elucidate the reaction of carbon and GHG processes to changes in anthropogenic and natural drivers. A focus will be on the response of soil organic carbon and woody biomass and where relevant, N2O and CH4 fluxes, to changes in anthropogenic drivers encompassing past and present land use, management and N deposition. We build on existing European experiments, organise them into a network with a joint central database, and carry out harmonized additional cross-site measurements to achieve the critical mass of information for model evaluation and parameterization.

Regional integration of GHG flux observations, vertical and lateral C fluxes and driver fields (WP3): Six data-rich pilot regions were selected across a wide range of climate zones, biomes, land uses, and socio-economic frame conditions, to quantify lateral C transport at the level of farm budgets and region, and integrate information at the relevant scale for land use decisions. The availability of high-quality data on drivers and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes makes the regions an ideal test bed for models (WP4, WP5).

For attribution and CO2, N2O and CH4 budget calculations at regional and European level we will employ three types of models and thus combine the respective strengths. Advanced multivariate statistical data

analysis (fuzzy logic, regression trees, artificial neural networks) serve to derive response functions of C and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes to changing drivers from the observations (WP2, WP4) and may detect

unknowns and surprises in ecosystem response to complex factor combinations. State-of-the-art sectoral

models for forests, croplands and grasslands with detailed representation of land management disentangle the impact of the usually complex interactions between past and present changes in drivers, and the interactions among the various types of anthropogenic drivers for CO2, CH4 and N2O (WP4). Generic

ecosystem models, containing all ecosystem types and detailed ecosystem physiology, but only a coarse

represesentation of land management have their strength in quantifying the European C balance and effects of climate variability and land use change (WP5). All models will be subject to systematic uncertainty analysis with common procedures provided by WP7.

The models, with their quantified uncertainties in ecosystem response, will be used for estimating the future vulnerability of ecosystem C stocks and GHG emissions to changing drivers in the next decades (WP6). We will run scenarios 1) consistent with the socio-economic scenarios for IPCC AR5 for assessing likely decadal trends in C and CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets, 2) with extreme factor combinations for assessing

risks for C sources and higher CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions, and 3) with dynamic change in land use and

management with feedback to European policies and global bioenergy and timber markets.

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B.1.3.2 Detailed work plan by Work package

WP1 Quantification of spatial and temporal variability of the main factors driving GHG fluxes

The objective of WP1 is to provide standardized gridded fields of natural and anthropogenic drivers for EU27+ which are then used both as input to modelling and data analysis in WP2, WP4, WP5 and WP6 via the GHG-Europe database (WP7). WP1 will ensure that the gridded fields are harmonized with the ongoing projects CC-TAME and CARBO-Extreme. The main properties of the driver fields are summarized in Table 1. Table 1.1: Characteristics of driver fields provided by WP 1 Driver field Temporal extent

past; scenarios

Temporal

resolution

Comment

1. Natural drivers Soil properties Static Static Air temperature 1900-2010; 1950-2100 6 hourly ERA interim data Two separate, internally Air humidity 1900-2010; 1950-2100 6 Hourly consistent datasets for all natural driver

fields Precipitation 1900-2010; 1950-2100 6 Hourly Incoming radiation diffuse

1860-2010; 1950-2100 6 hourly

Incoming radiation direct

1860-2010; 1950-2100 6 hourly

Atmospheric CO2 concentration

1860-2010; 1950-2100 Annual IPCC scenarios

2. Nitrogen deposition

(oxidized / reduced N)

1900-2006 (2010) Monthly Past: EMEP and models (Dentener et al. 2006); Scenarios from RAINS

3. Land-use 1900-2010; -2100 Yearly Includes land use change; future from WP6 economic scenarios

• 4. Forest

management

By forest type: • Age class distrib. • Harvest

1950-2008; -2100 Yearly Downscaled forest inventories; inter- and extrapolation with EFISCEN model

5. Agri. management

• N fert. quantity • N fert. type • Crop rotations • Manure appl. • Tillage • Grazing intensity • Cutting frequency

1900-2010;-2100 Yearly Downscaled census data and expert rules Crop rotation simulator from NitroEurope-IP Future from WP6 economic scenarios

6. Socio-economic

drivers and pressures

• Population density • GDP density

1950-2008; -2100 Annual EUROSTAT, National Sources, OECD, Scientific literature, Industry sources. Future in accordance with scenarios for IPCC AR5

We have identified six different types of drivers that need to be treated in appropriate tasks: 1. natural

drivers: soil properties, climate parameters (Task 1.1), 2. nitrogen deposition (Task 1.2), 3. land use

change (Task 1.3), 4. forest management practices and dynamic age class distribution (Task 1.4), 5.

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agricultural management practices (Task 1.5), and 6. general anthropogenic drivers describing the

socio-economic and policy environment (Task 1.6).

All drivers will be made available on a 0.25 x 0.25° grid for EU27+, which is the smallest common grid size for all variables. Sub-grid heterogeneity is reflected via a tiling approach (pixel fractions are assigned to certain properties, e.g. land-use type), such that the information from high-resolution sources can be included. For simulations from past to present, the respective driver fields will be assembled for the period

(1860-)1900-2010, while scenario datasets will be developed for the period (1950)-2010-2050-(2100). Uncertainty in the past to present driver fields will be assessed using protocols and tools from Task 7.2.

Specific drivers of interannual variability for hotspot ecosystems in WP2 that cannot be used in models of WP4 and WP5 are included in WP2: peat properties and water management in peat soils; fires in Mediterranean shrublands. WP3 produces similar driver fields for six regions on a high resolution grid (typically 1 km x 1 km) or in fully spatially explicit geoinformation system, whatever is available. In Task 3.4, fields from WP1 are compared against the high resolution fields from WP3 to quantify uncertainties in scale.

WP2 Quantitative understanding of the response and vulnerability of ecosystem C and GHG fluxes to

changes in external drivers

The goal of WP2 is to provide full C and CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets of European major ecosystem

types at annual to decadal time scales and to quantify the response and vulnerability of terrestrial

ecosystems to anthropogenic and natural drivers focusing on critical processes for CO2, N2O and CH4

fluxes based on best available observational evidence.

The European terrestrial C and GHG budget is dominated by large fluxes on small areas (hot spots and hot

moments): managed peatlands (CO2, N2O, CH4) and land use change areas (CO2). The uncertainty in local to continental scale GHG budgets is dominated by unknowns in small GHG fluxes over large areas: changes in forest and agricultural management (CO2, N2O), and extensively used and abandoned ecosystems where a large share of the European C sink is likely to be located: e.g. Eastern European forests and Mediterranean shrublands (mainly CO2).

Anthropogenic drivers play a major role for GHG fluxes and C pools in European terrestrial ecosystems since 95% of European ecosystems are managed in agricultural and forestry production systems. WP2 will focus on critical processes selected by the following criteria: 1) Expected high impact on CO2, N2O and

CH4 fluxes and C stocks, 2) knowledge gaps due to missing data, assessments and synthesis on European scale, 3) inadequate representation in models which needs to be improved with additional knowledge and data (for WP4 and 5).

WP 2 follows a three step approach in each Task:

1. Data collection and synthesis of data and knowledge: Starting from a review of existing literature, the authors of published CO2, N2O and CH4 measurements in European ecosystems, and data owners in ongoing national and EU projects such as CarboEurope-IP and NitroEurope-IP have been contacted in the proposal preparation phase. Many have already agreed to contribute their original measured data and explanatory information about site properties, natural and anthropogenic drivers to a central database. In return, data owners will obtain access to the project database according to the project data policy. The involvement of key experts will aid in harmonizing data and information and will be invited to synthesis workshops. Additional data will be accessed via SOMNET, via compilation of unpublished data from long-term soil monitoring networks, and long-term experiments and from measurements made in WP3.

2. Additional measurements will be made of missing or inconsistent explanatory variables, of missing gas species for a complete ecosystem CO2, N2O and CH4 budget and in under-sampled ecosystems and management systems of existing long term experiments and monitoring sites. Observations will include CO2, CH4, N2O at ecosystem scale wherever relevant. Observations will also be expanded in under-sampled regions and ecosystems: Eastern European forests and land use changes, and Mediterranean shrublands including revegetation and devegetation. We will resample past N deposition experiments in

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forests to trace the long-term fate of nitrogen and its long-term effect on forest soil C turnover. We will also resample a wide range of land use change experiments to a range of depths of equivalent soil mass, including the subsoil, to overcome inconsistencies and incompleteness in the existing data. These efforts will be amended by measurements made in WP3.

3. Evidence-driven attribution of changes in C stocks and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems to the investigated natural and anthropogenic drivers: Ecosystem- and region-specific response functions will be derived from the collected data via statistical data mining methods, fuzzy logic based modelling and the development of driver-response algorithms based on simple process representation in models from WP4 and WP5. Specific models for peatland and shrubland ecosystems will be improved. We will assess in detail the vulnerability of C stocks in tree biomass to change in forest management, the vulnerability of C stocks in peat soils to seasonal water management and land use, and the vulnerability of C stocks in mineral soils to changes in land use and management.

Data and data synthesis will be provided in annual updates for model evaluation in WP4 and WP5 so

that progress in process understanding can progressively feed in model improvement.

Following the criteria above WP2 focuses on six GHG processes representing hotspots of GHG emissions, hot moments of GHG changes and of uncertainty in the European GHG budget: Managed and natural

peatlands at site and catchment scale will be studied in Task 2.1. Peatland management and exploration by drainage, agricultural use and peat extraction have turned pristine peatland GHG sinks into sources. On the other hand, the restoration of degraded peatlands does not always reduce GHG emissions depending on hydrological regimes, fertilization status of the peatlands, climate and vegetation type. In many European countries nationally-funded projects have been set up to investigate peatland GHG fluxes and their drivers. These scattered data and knowledge will be brought together to derive generalised response functions of peatland CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes to natural and anthropogenic drivers such as land management with drainage and climate variability. Many European research groups already agreed to contribute data on CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes in peatlands to the GHG-Europe data (see Table 1.1b and Fig 2b). Criteria for the site selection:

- complete coverage of the peatland extension over whole Europe

- representative coverage of the dominating peatland-, vegetation- and landuse-types

- GHG-exchange measurements: at least 1 year flux-data for CO2, CH4 or N2O

- willingness of the PI´s to share and analyze the data, specifically in terms of dynamics, management impacts, interannual variability and modelling comparisons

Additionally a large database was built up from an intensive review of published fluxes from European peatlands. These data will be included in the peatland-synthesis activities.

Table 1.1b: Confirmed peatland flux sites included in the synthesis work of GHG-Europe

Country Site code in the map

Site name Contact person who is confirmed the participation with site data

Institution

Ireland 1 Bellacorick David Wilson University College Dublin 2 Turraun David Wilson University College Dublin 3 Glencar Anna Laine Metla United Kingdom 4 Forsinand Mark Sutton CEH 5 Auchencorth Mark Sutton CEH 6 Moorhouse Mark Sutton CEH 7 Conway Mark Sutton CEH Netherlands 8 Horstermeer Han Dolman VUA France 9 Frasne Fatima Lagoun Universités Orléans Denmark 10 Store Vildmose Søren O. Petersen Aarhus University 11 Mørke Søren O. Petersen Aarhus University 12 Skjern Søren O. Petersen Aarhus University

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Germany 13 Ahlenmoor Heinrich Höper LBEG 14 Dümmer Heinrich Höper LBEG 15 Peental Jürgen Augustin ZALF 16 Rhin-Havelluch Jürgen Augustin ZALF 17 Donauried Matthias Drösler TUM 18 Freisinger Moos Matthias Drösler TUM 19 Benediktbeuern Matthias Drösler TUM 20 Mooseurach Matthias Drösler TUM 21 Kendlmühlfilze Matthias Drösler TUM Poland 22 Rzecin Bogdan Choijnicki ACAUP Sweden 23 Storflaket Torben Christensen GBC 24 Stordalen Torben Christensen GBC 25 Skogaryd Leif Klemedtsson Uni-Göteborg 26 Falköping Leif Klemedtsson Uni-Göteborg 27 Fäjemyr Magnus Lund BGC Finland 28 Kaamanen Tuomas Laurila, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila FMI 29 Lompolojänkkä Tuomas Laurila FMI 30 Siikajoki Eeva-Stiina Tuittila Metla 31 Alkkia Tuomas Laurila FMI 32 Aitoneva Harri Vasander, Mika Aurela UHEL, FMI 33 Siikaneva Timo Vesala; Eeva-Stiina Tuittila UHEL 34 Vesijako Kari Minkkinen UHEL 35 Jokioinen Tuomas Laurila FMI 36 Lettosuo Tuomas Laurila FMI 37 Kalevansuo Tuomas Laurila; Kari Minkkinen FMI Greenland 38 Zackenberg Mikkel P. Tamstorf University of Aarhus 39 Kobbefjorden Mikkel P. Tamstorf University of Aarhus

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

11

12

10

14

13 15

16

17 18

21 20 19

22

23 24

25 26

27

28

29

30

31 32 33

34 35 37

38 39

Figure 2b: Contributing peatland sites.

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Additional measurements will be funded by the GHG-Europe project to complement existing datasets. Peatland CO2 and CH4 models will be further developed based on these observational data and an N2O module will be added.

The impact of forest management, N deposition and climate on forests will be studied in Task 2.2. N deposition was found to enhance C sequestration in forest (Magnani et al., 2007) and long-term C stabilisation of soil organic carbon (Berg and Matzner, 1997; Schimel and Weintraub, 2003). However, the N effect seems to be non-linear and may saturate at relatively low N doses. It is also unclear how long the additional N will affect C turnover in forest soils, whether the seasonality of N deposition matters and how fast the N will be lost again. Therefore, past N fertilization experiments with 15N labelled doses will be resampled. The forest databases compiled in the EU projects CarboEurope-IP and NitroEurope-IP will be expanded with additional driver information and re-analyzed.

The effects of past and present agricultural management on soil C and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes in croplands, low-input and high-input grasslands will be studied in Task 2.3. CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes are directly influenced by tillage practice (conservation tillage, conventional tillage) and the fertilization (organic and mineral). While in natural ecosystems the carbon and nitrogen balance is dominated by gaseous exchange with the atmosphere, C and N budgets in managed agricultural systems need to include biomass export by harvest and fertiliser application. Site properties are often critical for the magnitude of CO2, N2O

and CH4 fluxes response to C and N input – so there is a particular challenge to disentangle the natural (including ecosystem properties) and anthropogenic drivers. For the purpose of separating various drivers we will make use of long term experiments and observational studies on CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes and C pools including different treatments of land management and fertilisation. Moreover, at selected sites soils will be resampled and SOC fractions determined in order to initialize model compartments from measured values.

Land use change is seen as one of the primary determinants of ecosystem vulnerability and a major human impact on European GHG budgets (Rounsevell et al. 2006, Janssens et al. 2003; Smith et al., 2005) and will be the focus of Task 2.4. In the future, land use change rates are expected to remain at a high level, or to increase due to land use conversions into bioenergy production systems. However, only few field-based studies are available to assess soil C changes in relation to the various land use changes within regions with different climate and land use history. Recent attempts to review and synthesize effects of land use change on soil C and GHG fluxes were mainly based on global datasets and uncertainties are large (Post and Kwon, 2000; Guo and Gifford, 2002; Jandl et al., 2007). There is little knowledge on the combined influence of land use change and interacting factors such as land use history, soil type and climate, and such interacting factors may currently contribute to the large variability observed in effects of land use change. Moreover, many studies rely on soil data that were not designated as a reference for changes in SOC. Typical shortcomings are shallow sampling depth that fail to account for changes occurring also in the deeper soil or missing measurements of bulk densities, coarse soil fractions and stone content. A pan-European resampling of existing experiments and monitoring sites with chronosequences and paired plots of different land use will reveal the first comprehensive assessment of the effect of land use changes on soil C stocks at the European scale. Land use conversions into bioenergy crops will be included to account for the predicted increase in bioenergy production.

Mediterranean shrublands and South East European forest were identified as under-sampled areas with a high potential to increase our knowledge on how GHG emissions are controlled in different ecosystems. New CO2, N2O and CH4 measurements will be performed in under-sampled regions dominated by

extensification and abandonment of land in the last decade.

The transition of former Eastern Block countries joining the EU provides an ideal platform to study the impact of past management and management changes on GHG fluxes: Forests in South Eastern Europe cover a wide range of management practices including exceptionally large unmanaged parts, coppice systems and more intensive forest management practices. In these ecosystems, little research on CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes has been performed, but in Romania a unique forest inventory with more than 50,000 sample plots with C stocks in soil and biomass has been started in 2007. These data will be available to explore the impact of forest management, including afforestation on C stocks and to select sites with a strong management

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gradient to set up the first Romanian GHG flux stations (Task 2.5). These studies will have strong synergies with Task 2.2 on the effects of N deposition and climate variability in forest ecosystems. For the first time a full CO2, N2O and CH4 budget will be provided for the very diverse Eastern European forests ranging from intensively managed coppice systems to pristine ecosystems. The unique joint forest inventory with tree ring data and complete soil profile data will be used for a detailed differentiation between the effects of past

and present forest management on C stocks (Task 2.5).

Shrublands cover large parts of the Mediterranean with considerable enlargement in some regions by woody encroachments. Improved data and process understanding of woody encroachment (called “revegetation” under the UNFCCC) will be gathered as a precondition for a better representation of shrublands in process-based models for European GHG balances. Due to low nitrogen and reduced water availability in shrublands N2O and CH4 fluxes may be assumed to be negligible compared to CO2 fluxes. Thus, in order to understand the role of shrublands for C emissions or sequestration existing shrubland studies and additional measurements will be explored (Task 2.6).

WP3 Impact of land management on the regional scale GHG balance of selected, data rich regions in

Europe

WP3 aims to provide data-rich case studies and observational evidence of regionally coherent changes

in drivers and of ecosystem response. This includes CO2, N2O and CH4 observations and detailed

historical driver data in selected, data rich regions of Europe representative of typical regional trends

in land use and management. Based on the variety of available data sets for various drivers and CO2,

N2O and CH4 fluxes, WP3 will develop methods for systematic uncertainty estimates in scale

representation over heterogenous landscapes and attempt a top-down verification of the CO2 and CH4

budget of two regions at high resolution (Netherlands, France).

The region is the scale at which land use decisions are ultimately made. The chosen regions represent a

wide range of different soils, land use history, climatic conditions and socio-economic background, as

well as differences in trends in land use response to changing policies and markets. Several trends are particularly important: the results of changes in the CAP that have led to extensification in marginal areas, land abandonment and afforestation, land abandonment after the political changes in 1990 in Eastern Europe and a partial recent re-intensification, the recent forestry intensification (C-forestry) and rise in demand for bioenergy and wood products, changing land use practices, the increasing N-deposition and climate change. Unravelling the impact of these trends on the regional scale CO2, N2O and CH4 balance is the prime objective of WP3.

In contrast to WP2, WP3 will make the next step from site level responses to changing drivers towards description of spatial patterns of GHG fluxes at landscape to national level driven by the mosaic of

regional environmental and social conditions in a consistent, coherent manner. The regional studies provide data to the synthesis activities in WP2, consistency constraints to the driver fields developed in WP1 and are used as high-quality calibration and validation for the models in WP4 and WP5 for attribution and vulnerability assessment in data rich regions.

A region is defined in a diagnostic sense as an area comprising a mosaic of land cover and associated C

and GHG fluxes for a range of environmental conditions and land uses subjected to comparable

climatic conditions. We also include an Alpine region, where altitudinal gradients allow an assessment of climate-driven responses. The GHG balance of regions depends critically on the spatio-temporal integral of land use history, management and climate (Caspersen et al. 2000). These processes have generally been looked upon at relatively coarse resolution (>50km). European landscapes typically present a heterogeneous mixture of forests, croplands, grasslands and wetlands with different land use history and management practices at much smaller scales (Dolman et al., 2008). WP3 is concerned with the crucial scale in between the ecosystem analysis (WP2) and the European wide modelling (WP4, WP5, WP6), where, over a gradient of land use, management and climate, we will study the impact of land management at the scale where day-by-day decisions are made: land use and management practices are defined and executed at farm level,

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landscape level and national level. Lateral flows of C and N, in particular input by fertilizer and output by harvest can only be traced in a spatially explicit way at the regional level where detailed farm and forest management information is available. In cooperation with the modelling in WP4 and WP5, WP3 will

calculate CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets at farm gate level, regional and national level.

The data density that allows such a detailed study is not the same all over Europe, hence we selected 6

regions with the required data density in driver data (Table 1.2): high resolution (1 km or higher) soil and forest biomass inventory, maps of land use history, and management history and climate and weather data for the present and several decades backwards. The required data density in C and CO2, N2O and

CH4 flux data was: multi-year site level observations of CO2 and energy exchange by eddy covariance in the most important land use systems (operated during the project), additional N2O and CH4 flux data by chamber measuremets to allow the calculation of the full GHG budget by land use and ecosystem type, and studies along regional gradients of land management intensity, soil properties, climate. All regions also offer data from factorial experiments and partly also ecosystem manipulations (land use change, N fertilizer type, grazing intensity, elevated CO2, artificial drought) and will allow us to examine the historical impact and longevity of past management effects.

To be able to compare the CO2, N2O and CH4 balance between the regions and with the European analysis in WP4 we will execute a detailed error and uncertainty analysis that in two regions includes a top

down constraint by atmospheric models and data (e.g Lavaux et al. 2007). Scaling local observations to regions or continents e.g. with the help of remote sensing and models, requires a careful analysis of their representativeness for these larger areas. Particularly important is the spatial scale of coherence in the error of the model used for upscaling: depending on this scale, errors can either cancel out when integrating over large scales, or they contribute to large-scale biases. We will develop a methodology to quantify this error in upscaling and downscaling.

Fig 3: Six selected data rich regions with different vulnerability to natural and anthropogenic drivers. Undersampled

ecosystems (shrublands, Eastern European forests) addressed in WP2 are also shown.

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By applying the same models as used at the European level in WP4 and WP5, we (in collaboration with WP4 and WP5) will assess the vulnerability of the regional CO2, N2O and CH4 balance to changes in land use and management, and importantly also to identify at which spatial scale the uncertainties reside, so that we can realistically outline a strategy for further uncertainty reduction. At the same time, we will develop a methodology that will allow more efficient UNFCCC reporting based on regionally and activity validated upscaling efforts.

The six selected regions (Figure 3) include areas of highly intensive agricultural land use, areas where in particular new land use policies are implemented, areas with changing forestry practice and areas where socio-economic and land use conversion practices are taking place

Table 1.2: Characteristics and data availability in the six regions; EC: CO2 and CH4 measurements by eddy covariance, chamber: CO2, N2O and CH4 measurements by flux chambers Data availability

Region Climate Dominant ecosystem types

EC sites

Chamber sites

N deposition Atmospheric stations

Alpine Alpine Low-input and high-input grasslands, forests

11 4 Extensive Yes

Nether-lands

Oceanic temperate

Peatlands, low-input and high-input grasslands, forests

5 4 Extensive Yes

France Oceanic temperate, Mediterranean

Grasslands, high-input croplands, forests

12 6 Extensive Yes

Italy Mediterranean Low-input croplands, coppice forests, shrublands

7 2 Intensive No

Poland Continental temperate

Low-input and high-input croplands, forests, peatlands

3 2 Intensive No

Finland Boreal, subarctic

Forests, peatlands 7 3 Intensive No

WP4: Attribution of annual to decadal variability of carbon and GHG budgets in managed European ecosystems to human and natural driving processes The overall aim of WP4 is to attribute (with uncertainty) annual and decadal variability of carbon and

CO2, N2O and CH4 budgets in managed European ecosystems to anthropogenic and natural driving

processes.

In WP4, we will use sectoral models, which include a highly developed range of land management descriptions as well as response to climate and other direct / indirect / natural drivers (e.g. atmospheric CO2 concentration, N-deposition), to quantify the proportion of observed / predicted change in ecosystem C storage and CO2, N2O and CH4 balance, and the interannual and decadal variability in these measures, to anthropogenic and natural driving processes. For agricultural systems we will use the Sundial/MAGEC (cropland; Smith et al., 1996), PaSim (grassland; Vuichard et al. 2007a, b), DayCent (crop and

grassland; Del Grosso et al., 2006), DNDC (crop and grassland; Li et al., 1994) and EPIC (crop,

grassland and forestry; Izaurralde et al., 2006) models. In addition to the process models described above, two data driven models, developed by Freibauer et al. (in prep.), and Soussana et al. (in prep.) will be applied.

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Spatially explicit time-series of CH4 emissions from animal husbandry in Europe, in particular from enteric fermentation, will be downscaled to NUTS-2 level or higher resolution from the National Inventory Reports for the period 1990 to 2010.

For forestry, we build on the high resolution inventory based 1x1 km database of European forests. A hybrid empirical model was build on these data for each km2 (EFISCEN –space); this model combines the data richness of inventories, with the process understanding derived from eddy flux sites. This high resolution modelling allows for the use of data from overlays with GIS material as soil type, weather circumstances, and remote sensing derived photosynthetic activity, etc. The latest biomass expansion factors will be used as well as the Yasso model (Liski et al. 2005) for the soil to complement the full carbon cycle.

We apply nested simulation modelling, to assess the importance of physiological processes, versus anthropogenic drivers; the latter as determined by regionally specific forest management. This mean we will have an empirical 1x1 km forest-soil model (EFISCEN-space), complemented with a more detailed plant physiological model (Forgem) that is partly fed by remote sensing derived photosynthetic activity. In this way, the regional circumstances for optimal carbon management can be taken into account considering as well mitigation effects in the harvested wood product pool under different policy scenarios (Eggers et al. 2008, Nabuurs et al. 2008). The forestry work is closely coordinated with the work on forest age classes in WP1, as well as forest related assessments in WP2.

In the first phase of the work (Task 4.1), each model will be evaluated against existing datasets from previous projects, and additional data from WP2 and WP3. Each model will be evaluated against existing datasets from previous projects (e.g. CarboEurope-IP, NitroEurope-IP, CC-TAME, CARBO-Extreme), and additional data, particularly from WP2, and some from WP3 (but not those used for regional attribution in WP 4.2). The models will be tested at site level to ensure that they capture the annual and decadal scale variability found in the datasets under different natural climatic and non-climatic drivers, and under different management. A suite of state-of-the-art statistical methods, developed over the past decade (e.g. Smith et al., 1997; Morales et al., 2005; Smith & Smith, 2007) will be used to assess the performance of each model (error, coincidence, association, bias) for each dataset. The ability of the models to capture variation in C pools and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes found at the sites tested will be assessed, as will the attribution of the observed changes to the various drivers present in each of the different datasets. For models able to simulate the same land use, outputs and attribution will be compared. Those models that are shown to successfully capture the variability will then be used to simulate in detail the data-rich regions from WP3.

All models applied are point models that are applied to any area that can be assumed to be homogeneous. When applied at a site, they can easily be applied in this way. When applied in the data rich regions, detailed spatial data (in a GIS) will be used. The region is divided into homogeneous response units (HRU; same land cover, management, soil type etc.). A similar approach has been used in CarboEurope-IP and NitroEurope-IP, and is a tried-and-tested method. The models run for each HRU and outputs are given for each HRU within the region. The outputs can be mapped spatially and aggregated to the region as appropriate. At pan-European level, the procedure is similar, but the spatial resolution of the pan-European HRUs is lower. Each model is run using spatial data on, e.g. soils, land cover, land management, climate etc., for each pan-European HRU. The HRUs at pan-European scale have a lower spatial resolution than those used at the regional level, but the principle is the same. Again, this approach has been used in countless previous European projects including ATEAM; CarboEurope-IP, NitroEurope-IP, CC-TAME, Carbo-Extreme and many others. It is a tried and tested method, in common use among the modelling teams. At each scale of application, the uncertainty associated with the data used to drive the models, will be thoroughly assessed as described in the work plan (see especially WP4, 5 and 7).

In Task 4.2, the detailed fields of driving variables from WP3 will be used with the models to simulate

measured changes in C pools and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes in the data-rich regions from WP3. The models will be run in a factorial manner (first including variability in all drivers, then holding one driver at a time constant) to quantify the contribution of the different drivers to the observed C stocks, CO2, N2O and

CH4 fluxes and spatial and temporal variability in these measures in the WP3 regions. A formal detection and attribution technique, known as optimal fingerprinting, developed to isolate the causes of observed

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change will be used. Using this method, the models are run with all factors included, and allowed to vary within set ranges. The models are then run again, fixing one potential driver at a time. By comparing the model outputs to the observations, the distinct spatio-temporal patterns of the response serve as ‘fingerprints’ that allow the observed change to be separated into contributions from each factor (Tett et al., 2002; Gedney et al., 2006). We will further develop these formal detection and attribution techniques (originally developed for climate attribution) and use them to attribute annual to decadal variability of carbon pools and CO2, N2O

and CH4 budgets in managed European ecosystems to human and natural driving processes. The optimal fingerprint from each model will be compared to provide an ensemble approach to attribution, with the proportional contribution from each driver in each model compared to give a range of contributions, as simulated by a number of conceptual formulations of the ecosystems encapsulated within the different models. This will partly inform the sensitivity / uncertainty analysis performed in Task 4.3, though that more formal analysis will allow a more probabilistic assessment to supplement the model ensemble range delivered here in Task 4.2.

A formal global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis will be undertaken for all WP4 models (Task 4.3), using data in Tasks 4.1 and 4.2, using Bayesian and Monte Carlo techniques developed primarily in CarboEurope-IP and NitroEurope-IP and described in detail elsewhere (van Oijen et al. 2005, Gottschalk et al., 2007; Larocque et al., 2008). The model parameters found to be most sensitive (i.e. having the largest influence) on ecosystem C and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes will be determined via global sensitivity analysis (when all varied model parameters are allowed to vary within their initial probability density functions, and each is then held constant in turn, one by one; Hamby, 1994; Saltelli et al. 2000) using the Sensitivity Index (Smith & Smith, 2007). The parameters may not be the same for each model and for each dataset. The sensitive parameters will then be used in the global uncertainty analysis. In a similar manner, the five to ten sensitive model parameters will be allowed to vary within their initial probability density functions, and each will then held constant in turn, one by one. Instead of assessing the impact on the output parameters (e.g. C or GHG flux), the impact of input / parameter variability on output variability (uncertainty) will be assessed using the Importance Index and Relative Deviation Ratio (see Smith & Smith, 2007). This will allow uncertainty in the model outputs to be quantified, which in turn will allow the model outputs on attribution to the different natural and human drivers to be interpreted. Task 4.3 will, therefore, allow not only model

uncertainty to be quantified, but also uncertainty in the attribution of observed differences in plot

level, regional and pan-European level C and GHG fluxes to be quantified for each model in the

sectoral model ensemble.

In Task 4.4 the sectoral models will be run at pan-European scale, under recent, current and future conditions using driving datasets collated in other projects (CARBO-Extreme, CC-TAME) and in WP2, to

attribute annual to decadal variability of carbon and GHG budgets in managed European ecosystems

to anthropogenic and natural driving processes. The uncertainty analysis of Task 4.3 will be used to quantify the uncertainty associated with attribution of changes and variability in C and GHG fluxes to anthropogenic versus natural drivers from the sectoral ecosystem models. The results will provide pan-European data fields for use in the assessment of future vulnerability of C stocks and GHG emissions in European managed land in WP6. The outputs from Task 4.4 will be compared pan European estimates made using data oriented / generic model / top down techniques in WP5. The integration of bottom up sectoral approaches, with top-down approaches has proved very powerful in previous projects in applying a dual constraint approach to pan-European estimates of C and GHG fluxes and their variability (e.g. Janssens et al., 2003; Schulze et al., 2008).

WP5: Quantification of the annual to decadal magnitude and variability of the C and GHG budget of

European terrestrial ecosystems for EU 27

The goal of WP5 is to quantify the full European carbon balance and its annual-to-decadal variability

in an integrated approach. In contrast to the sectoral and full GHG view of WP4, WP5 uses the strength of generic models to quantify carbon compartment fluxes in ecosystems, to include all ecosystem types (with less detailed management) and to include land use changes. Process-oriented and data-oriented ecosystem models, and atmospheric concentration measurements and inversion models will be integrated. We selected

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state-of-the-art process-based models that include parameterization of ecosystem management, in order to analyze the covariance between management and climate at various scales, and its impact on the carbon balance. Two state-of-the-art process-oriented models LPJml and ORCHIDEE will be run over the regions with data from WP3 and for the EU27+ for the period 1900 to 2008 with a focus on the 1990-2008 period. These simulations will be then updated each year of the project and extended up to the year 2010. Five forcing fields will be considered: climate, rising atmospheric CO2, nitrogen deposition, land use

change and land management. These drivers will be based on data acquired in WP1. Three main types of managed ecosystems and transitions between them will be considered: croplands, grasslands and forest. Different age classes will be considered for forest and land use change to correctly simulate the biomass and soil carbon dynamics.

The same driver data will be used to run the data driven model, developed by Freibauer et al. (in prep.), which is parametrized with the response functions from WP2 and also used in WP4. Two additional data driven approaches will be applied to produce alternative spatially explicit response functions at regional and EU27+ level by artificial neural networks and a hierarchical regression model tree. These data oriented approaches ensure across scale consistency and allows a larger number of scenario runs due to its high computation speed.

The results of the process-oriented and data driven modelling will be regional high resolution maps and European maps of main carbon stocks and fluxes (e.g NEE, NPP, GPP, living biomass, soil carbon) on a 0.25x0.25° grid for EU27+, and a sensitivity analysis to each driver.

Models results will be evaluated against ecosystem-scale data base on data acquired in WP2 and WP3 (e.g ecosystem fluxes, inventory, agricultural statistics) in particular to access models uncertainties. They will be also compared to atmospheric large scale inversion and results from data oriented models. Management-climate covariance will be calculated by factorial simulations, in which one driver is fixed and the others are variable. Drivers of land-use change, forest and crop management intensity and practice, and climate will be prepared in WP1.

In a first evaluation step and in analogy to Task 4.1, the wealth of existing Carboeurope-IP data, complemented with new data collected by WP2 and WP3 will be used to evaluate the models at site level. The focus of this model evaluation activity will be given to soil C change chronosequences after land-use transitions (in cooperation with Task 2.4), and to the long time series of eddy-covariance CO2, water and heat flux measurements. Process-oriented model results (Task 5.1) and data oriented model results (Task 5.2) will be compared with each other, and with data, not only for their predicted CO2 fluxes (regional distribution, interannual variability) but also for their sensitivity to each driver.

In a second evaluation step (Task 5.3), atmospheric concentration data from 15 atmospheric concentration measurement stations will be assimilated by inversion models in order to produce time varying maps of CO2

fluxes at intermediate resolution (100 to 500 km; weekly) over the period 1996-2007. Three inverse modeling groups, funded by national sources, will participate to this exercise (see Letters of Intent, Appendix 3). Inversion results will be compared between inversions, and with ecosystem model fluxes, for the seasonal and interannual variability. The carbon flux anomalies of heatwaves of summer 2003, summer 2005 and autumn 2006 will be investigated. The decadal mean CO2 budget of the main bioclimatic regions of Europe, and its uncertainties, will be quantified by inversions. We will identify ‘hot spot’ regions where mean flux, or variability in fluxes in response to changing drivers is particularly important.

The project will benefit from new advances of inversion methods developed during CarboEurope-IP to i) meet the scale at which ground measurements take place, ii) best combine information from atmospheric measurements and prior information on land fluxes (i.e., using ecosystem models) and iii) estimate uncertainties associated to the spatial and temporal distribution of the fluxes (i.e. error of the mean fluxes and their interannual variations). Because of budget limitations, priority is given to sustain a high-quality atmospheric CO2, CH4 network without which inversions could not deliver results. Three leading inversion modeling groups, CEA-LSCE (P. Peylin), MPI-BGC (C. Roedenbeck), and Wageningen University (W. Peters) are engaged to contribute to this task by running their inversion system, but with external sources of funding.

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The synthesis of the continental scale carbon budget (Task 5.4) will proceed into three consecutive cycles, in a roughly sequential order.

Cycle-1, Months 0 to 18. In parallel with new data collection programs, modellers will pursue and extend analysis of Carboeurope-IP data. The past Carboeurope-IP synthesis (Ciais et al., 2009 a&b; Luysaart et al., 2009; Schulze et al., 2008) will be extended by analyzing the processes controlling the component fluxes:

GPP, NPP, RH, NEP, NBP for each region and each ecosystem. We will define the model-data comparison protocols linking WP2 and WP3 to the integration in WP5. The first comparison between atmospheric inversion and ecosystem models for regional fluxes will be performed.

Cycle-2, Months 12 to 30. New model runs will be integrated over the period 1900-2008, with separation

of drivers: climate, land use change, and management intensity changes within each land use type (fertilizers and tillage for crops, fertilizers for grasslands, age-class structure for forests). A mid-term synthesis of the European C balance will be provided by Month 30.

Cycle-3, Month 30 to 42. Model runs of Cycle-2 will be extended to produce a regular yearly update of the carbon balance of Europe. Full GHG balance will be estimated by combining sectoral models output maps from WP4 for N2O and CH4 fluxes, with CO2 fluxes from the WP5 models. Detailed model-evaluation against atmospheric inversion results will be done. A final synthesis will be provided by Month 42.

WP6: Future vulnerability of sources and sinks and risk of positive feedback with climate change and

European politics – post-2012 scenarios

WP6 aims to assess the risk of positive feedback in the climate-carbon system by scenarios with typical

and extreme variations in drivers, projections with realistic drivers and by modelling feedbacks with

global bioenergy and timber markets and climate policies in the post-2012 climate regime. The overall

objective of WP6 is to draw guidelines and recommendations on land-use practices to be promoted by

EU policies.

Climate change and climate policies will affect GHG budgets in the land use sector. The choices among mitigation and vulnerability management strategies will depend on the associated economic costs and benefits. WP6 will use the outputs from biophysical model developed and applied in WP4 and WP5 to an existing economic modelling cluster built to assess post Kyoto policy strategies. In this way economic

models will assimilate the wealth of biophysical information generated by GHG-Europe. This modelling cluster was developed by IIASA for policy analysis in close coordination with the direct users of the results in European Commission services. The modelling cluster will be used within GHG-Europe to assess the economic impacts of climate change and of climate policies on the agricultural and forestry sectors on national and European levels. The economic models will provide scenarios of land use and management for Europe constrained by changes in global demand for timber and bioenergy and future climate

policies, which will also be reflected in the scenario driver fields in WP1.

Two distinct strands of analysis will be carried out. First we will carry out a broader analysis of integrated

multi-sectoral policy designs with the aim to maximize European value added for post-Kyoto strategies given existing and emerging sectoral policies (agriculture, forestry, bioenergy and environment) by reaping ancillary co-benefits from European policy integration in a global context (policy leakage). This will be accompanied by a detailed technical analysis of how land use practices are affected by policies to support European climate policies given the constraints and context of the ongoing negotiations. Second, we will carry out long-term scenarios focusing on vulnerability assessment and the potential contributions

and risk of the European LULUCF sector for long-term aspirational climate targets.

Near and medium term scenarios (until ~2030) to study the impact of post-Kyoto policies (mitigation

scenarios): Changes in land use and management and in associated GHG budgets induced by policies, in particular by the Common Agricultural Policy, Rural development Strategy, EU Forestry Strategy and

Forest Action Plan, and in general EU policies on climate change will be assessed. The results from the integrated model cluster will be used to provide quantitative assessments in terms of cost-efficiency and

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environmental effectiveness of individual land-use practices, competitive LULUCF mitigation potentials (taking into account ancillary benefits, trade-offs and welfare impacts), and policy implications in terms of instrument design and the international negotiation process. The proposed structure of the model cluster allows to provide an evaluation of policy options at a great level of detail for EU27 in a post-Kyoto regime, as well as to offer perspectives on global longer-term policy strategies in accordance with the principles and objectives of the UNFCCC in a wider European land-use policy context. The Post-Kyoto assessment will quantitatively evaluate the potential impacts of existing EU legislation based on the latest perspectives on economic development, energy and agricultural policies and agreements on GHG emissions reductions, as well as explore the scope for further cost-effective measures to reduce GHG emissions from the LULUCF sector. The analyses will be carried out in close cooperation with the European Commission services to maximize the policy relevance of the assessment.

Longer term scenarios until 2100 to study the feedback between land use, policies, and climate

(mitigation and adaptation scenarios): These scenarios focus on vulnerability management. Thus, mitigation and adaptation to climate change will be combined. These scenarios will be conducted in

accordance to the scenarios developed for the IPCC AR5. Assessment of the efficiency of long-term

land use adaptation and mitigation processes will be carried out by quantifying the net accrual of GHGs

to the atmosphere in the context of wider sustainability impacts for individual management practices. Vulnerability assessment will be performed in a bottom up fashion where adaptive measures are

endogenously selected by the economic model and include biophysical adaptation on the site as well as

adaptation through trade. On site adaptation measures may range from changing crop rotations, planting times, irrigation scedules, pesticide application and fertilization regimes. These direct adaptation needs due to driver changes will be quantified in a spatially explicit way. On the other hand indirect market effects, such as relocation of production from drought prone areas, will become visible only through changes in interregional trade flows of the major agricultural crops, forest products as well as biomass products. The remaining impacts will be reported in physical terms (yield and GHG losses) as well as in economic terms.

WP7 Scientific consistency, uncertainty methods and data base The main objective of this WP is to facilitate and track the integration between the observations and

modeling activities in the project via a central database with quality control and the provision of

uncertainty analysis tools.

Model needs (WP4, WP5, WP6) and observations (WP1, WP2, WP3) will be evaluated to find the best link and collaboration inside the project. Data collected will be available in a project database including other data sources coming from former projects, in a standardized and harmonized format, quality checked and together with uncertainty estimation and complete metadata. These activities will be based on the experiences gained from other projects like CarboEurope-IP and IMECC where however only eddy covariance and atmospheric measurements have been standardized and quality controlled. In this project the data sources are much more heterogeneous including point measurements, spatial data (WP1, WP2, WP3) and process analysis results (WP2). New methods to quality control, harmonize and standardize the data entries to the database will be developed. It will also be critical to ensure coherence with other databases of field measurements, e.g. in NitroEurope-IP and to ensure the coherence with the eddy covariance data standardized by other projects, e.g. CarboEurope-IP, IMECC and FLUXNET.

In addition, methods for the uncertainty definition and assessment will be developed and applied to both data and model outputs. Finally standardized tools for the propagation of uncertainties will be provided and made available for use in the project with data oriented models, simplified process models and in data analysis.

WP7 is hence central in ensuring consistency in data and in uncertainty analysis across all Work Packages. WP7 plays a crucial role in ensuring continuity in data quality and accessibility from past EU projects and, after termination of GHG-Europe, of the project data and results to the wider scientific community.

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WP8 Coordination and dissemination

This WP is dedicated to the organization, management and administration of the project and to

disseminate the project results to science, policy and society.

VTI will coordinate the project with a small effective Project Management Team (Fig. 2.1) with proven leadership (Task 8.1). The Coordinator Annette Freibauer has already coordinated several EU projects since the 4th EU Framework Programme (FP4), including the CarboEurope cluster of projects in FP5 and the CarboEurope-IP Integrated Project in FP6. She will be supported in the daily project management by a Project Manager and in finances and organisatorial matters by an Administrator. For details see Section 2.1.

The project results are disseminated to science, policy and society via a wide range of well-established,

stakeholder-oriented methods and pathways (Task 8.2) in strong coordination with policy-relevant activities in WP6. For details see Section 2.2.

Intellectual Property Rights are ensured via the GHG-Europe data policy which will be part of the Consortium Agreement. For details see Section 2.2.

B.1.3.3 Timing of work packages and their components WP Task 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

WP1 Trends in Drivers

1 1 Natural drivers �

1 2 Nitrogen deposition �

1 3 Land-use change �

1 4 Forest management, age-class distribution � �

1 5 Agricultural management � �

1 6 Socio-economic drivers �

1 7 Synoptic analysis and uncertainty �

WP2 Critical processes

2 1 Peatland � �

2 2 Forest and N deposition � �

2 3 Agricultural Management � �

2 4 Land use change � �

2 5 Eastern European forests � �

2 6 Mediterranean shrublands � �

3 1 Observational and experimental evidence � �

3 2 Database of drivers and stocks �

3 3 Lateral transport �

3 4 Errors and uncertainties �

3 5 Variability and vulnerability assessment �

WP4 Sectoral attribution

4 1 Model evaluation � �

4 2 Regional attribution � �

4 3 Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis �

4 4 Pan-European attribution � �

WP5 EU27 Budgets

5 1 Generic models � � � �

5 2 Data oriented models � � � �

5 3 Top down atmospheric constraints �

5 4 Synthesis � �

6 1 Model integration and adaptation �

6 2 Post-2012 policy implementation � �

6 3 Vulnerability Assessment �

6 4 Policy implications � �

WP7 Database and uncertainty

7 1 Database � � � � �

7 2 Standardisation, harmonization QA/QC � � �

7 3 Infrastructure for model parameter estimation �

WP8 Coordination and dissemination

8 1 Day-to-day consortium and project management

8 2 Organization of overall project meetings � � � �

8 3 Deliverable tracking and reporting � � � �

8 4 Financial management

8 5 Dissemination � � � � � � �

� deliverable

WP3 Regional variability

WP6 Post 2012 Scenarios

Fig. 2: Gantt chart (project planning)

B.1.3.4 Work package list /overview

Work package list

Work package

No

Work package title Type of activity

Lead beneficiary

No

Person-months

Start month

End month

1 Drivers and pressures RTD 4 45 1 36

2 Critical processes RTD 1 289 1 36

3 Regional assessments RTD 7 475 1 40

4 Attribution RTD 5 131 1 40

5 EU 27 budgets RTD 2 161 1 42

6 Integrated Scenario Analysis RTD 3 22 1 42

7 Database and uncertainty RTD 6 47 1 42

8 Coordination and dissemination RTD 1 36 1 42

Total 1206

B.1.3.5 Deliverables list

List of Deliverables1

Description WP participant PM Nature

Dissimination level Month

Workshop on recent and past agricultural management 1 3 3 O RE 7

Complete European harmonized driver maps and time series for natural drivers

1 4 4 R RE 12

Complete improved driver maps and monthly time series for reduced and oxidised wet and dry N deposition

1 4 4 R RE 18

Complete compilation of new improved maps of European land use changes between 1900 and 2006/2010

1 42 9 R RE 18

Complete driver maps for agricultural management practice for past to present

1 3 4 R RE 18

Complete socio-economic driver maps 1 3 4 R RE 18

Complete driver maps for forest type, forest age class distribution, harvest and disturbance

1 22 9 R RE 18

Complete compilation of application rates from inorganic and organic fertiliser in agricultural systems

1 3 4 R RE 24

Complete quantitative assessment of the annual to decadal variability in drivers, hotspots of changes

1 4 4 R RE 36

Workshop on the effect of land use changes on GHG fluxes

2 1 15 O RE 6

Complete the set up of 12 GHG measuring sites along a Romanian forest management gradient

2 11 23 R RE 7

Workshop on the effect of agricultural management on GHG fluxes

2 12 14 O RE 12

Complete updated data base on GHG fluxes in forests 2 15 17 R RE 12

Complete synthesis of GHGs in peatlands as affected by land management and climate drivers

2 14 24 R RE 14

Complete and deliver to data base at least 20 site years of CO2 flux data from at least 6 different scrubland sites

2 16 24 R RE 24

Complete analysis of fire impact on C and N cycles (woody encroachment) over 10 years from 18 experimental burnt sites

2 16 25 R RE 24

Complete pan-European soil C sampling and synthesis on the impact of different land use changes

2 1 26 R RE 30

Complete comparison and validation of three peatland models

2 14 22 R RE 36

Complete assessment of forest management’s impact on Romanian forest.

2 11 29 R RE 36

Complete synthesis of European agricultural management impacts on GHG fluxes

2 12 47 R RE 36

Complete synthesis of processes affected by N 2 15 23 R RE 36

154 1 In a project which uses ‘Classified information1’ as background or which produces this as foreground the

template for the deliverables list in Annex 7 has to be used

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deposition in forests

Annual datasets of GHG fluxes at site level from six selected regions

3 7 52 R RE 24

Magnitude and variability of GHG fluxes at site level from six selected regions

3 7 60 R RE 24

Complete compilation of existing data from flux towers and chambers, biomass inventories and soil C stocks of the 6 data rich regions

3 7 55 R RE 24

Database of high resolution meteorological data for six selected regions

3 7 33 R RE 24

Magnitude of lateral exchange fluxes for the six regions

3 7 28 R RE 36

Annual datasets of GHG fluxes at site level from six selected regions

3 7 39 R RE 36

Complete regional scale estimates of the impact on land management on GHG budgets in 6 selected regions

3 7 48 R RE 36

Complete regional scale estimates of the uncertainty of GHG balances

3 7 55 R RE 36

Inverse atmospheric inversions for two regions 3 7 22 R RE 36

Complete the assessment of the decadal scale variability of GHG fluxes in the selected six regions

3 7 83 R RE 40

Complete sectorial model evaluation using data collated from previous projects

4 5 17 R RE 12

Complete attribution analysis for each plot scale site from pervious projects using each sectoral model

4 5 18 R RE 24

Complete attribution analysis for each GHG-Europe data rich region using each sectoral model

4 5 19 R RE 30

Complete plot and regional level sensitivity analysis 4 5 20 R RE 33

Complete sectoral model evaluation using data collected during the project

4 5 20 R RE 36

Complete pan-European sectoral attribution analyses and deliver to WP 6

4 5 21 R RE 38

Compare outputs pan-European sectoral attribution analyses with top-down analyses from WP5

4 5 16 R RE 40

Protocols for site scale simulations of fluxes with data oriented models

5 2 14 R RE 6

Protocols for factorial experiments with LPGml and ORCHIDEE

5 2 17 R RE 6

Protocols for land use change and management model evaluation and site simulations in WP 2 and 3

5 2 12 R RE 6

Complete generic and data oriented model evaluation using data collected from previous projects

5 2 19 R RE 12

Mid-term synthesis of GHG-Europe results as two scientific publications

5 2 14 R PU 21

Delivery of complete functional relationships and spatio-temporal patterns for the future vulnerability analysis

5 2 15 R RE 26

Complete model evaluation using data collected during the project

5 2 25 R RE 36

Complete European time-varying gridded maps of main carbon stocks and fluxes quantified sensitivity to climate, CO2, nitrogen, land use, and land management

5 2 16 R RE 38

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intensity

Complete comparison of model results between ecosystem models and data oriented models and with top-down analyses from WP5

5 2 16 R RE 40

Final synthesis on the manageability of European terrestrial GHG emissions

5 2 13 R PU 42

Detailed report on Policy Implications for Post Kyoto policies

6 3 3 R RE 6

Database on EU-Policy Scenario Results. Major environmental, societal, market, and technological impacts

6 3 2 R RE 6

Documentation of scenario analysis. A detailed description of the flow of information through the coupled models plus illustration using early specified scenario

6 3 3 R RE 12

Database on Long-term Climate Policy Scenario Results. Major environmental, societal, market, and technological impacts in electronic data base format

6 3 3 R RE 36

Database Vulnerability Scenario Results. Major environmental, societal, market, and technological impacts in electronic data base format

6 3 7 R RE 36

Summary Report for Policy Makers on policy assessment and implications

6 3 4 R PU 42

Workshop with modellers an experimentalists to set up an effective data base system including parameter uncertainties and reproduceble model run parameters

7 6 3 O PE 2

Report on the workshop results with instructions for data acquisition and delivery

7 6 2 R RE 4

Prototype of the database system (Database structure ready with an example of each dataset type)

7 6 6 R RE 12

Heterogeneous data uncertainty protocol 7 4 8 R RE 12

Prototype of the QA/QC tools 7 6 7 O RE 18

Storage of uncertainty meta-data in a standardized from in the project database

7 6 9 O RE 18

First version of the standardized and quality controlled data in the database

7 6 3 R RE 24

Representation of model experiments and results in a reproducible format in the data base

7 6 4 R RE 30

Complete tools for assessing parameter distribution and geostatistical geostatistics tools

7 6 5 R RE 30

Participation of Participants at Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings for post-2012 negotiations

8 1 2 O PU Every Dec.

Implementation of web page 8 1 2 O PU 2

Organization kick-off meeting 8 1 3 O RP 2

Press releases or press conference after the kick-off meeting

8 1 1 O PU 2

Organization first progress meeting 8 1 3 O RE 14

Press releases or press conference after the first progress meeting

8 1 1 O PU 14

Annual policy briefing documents of project results 8 1 3 R PU 14

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First report to commission 8 1 3 R PU/RE 18

Side event at Conference of the Parties (COP) to present project results (December 2011)

8 1 2 O PU/RE 25

Organization second progress meeting 8 1 3 O RE 26

Press releases or press conference after the second progress meeting

8 1 1 O PU 26

Brochure explaining the scientific findings to the broad public and to secondary schools

8 1 3 R PU 30

Second report to commission 8 1 2 R PU/RE 30

Open science conference on European GHG fluxes together with final project meeting

8 1 4 O PU 38

Final press conference and press release on project findings

8 1 1 O PU 38

Final report to commission 8 1 2 R PU/RE 42

TOTAL 1206

Project Effort Form 1 - Indicative efforts per beneficiary per WP

Participant No. Part. Short Name PM per WP PM per WP PM per WP PM per WP PM per WP PM per WP PM per WP PM per WP

WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 WP8

Sum per participant

1 (Coordination) VTI 0 27 0 0 14 0 0 36 77

2 CEA 6 0 8 0 80 0 0 0 94

3 IIASA 12 0 0 5 0 14 0 0 31

4 MPG 9 0 3 0 27 0 7 0 46

5 UNIABDN 0 6 0 39 0 8 9 0 62

6 UNITUS 0 4 103 0 16 0 31 0 154

7 VUA 0 7 24 0 0 0 0 0 31

8 Alterra 2 0 6 12 0 0 0 0 21

9 CEH 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 19

10 ETH 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 0 46

11 ICAS 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50

12 INRA 0 54 36 46 0 0 0 0 136

13 PULS 0 0 84 0 0 0 0 0 84

14 TUM 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15

15 UA 0 32 1 0 0 0 0 0 33

16 CEAM 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15

17 UHEL 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 27

18 BFW 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

19 FEM-CEALP 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 33

20 DTU 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

21 ECN 0 0 9 0 2 0 0 0 11

22 EFI 7 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 12

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23 FMI 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 23

24 JR 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 14

25 APB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 RUG 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8

27 SLU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

28 SYKE 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 9

29 UCD 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

30 FLD-UCPH 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

31 UIBK 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20

32 UNIBO 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

33 UGR 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 16

34 WUR 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5

35 UNIUD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

36 UHEI-IUP 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10

37 CNR 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 26

38 CTFC 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

39 UCLM 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

40 CNRM 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 14

41 PIK 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 12

42 FSU 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

Sum 45 289 475 131 161 22 47 36

Project Effort Form 2 - indicative efforts per activity type per beneficiary

Project number (acronym): 244122 GHG-Europe Activity Type Beneficiary

1 VTI Beneficiary

2 CEA Beneficiary

3 IIASA Beneficiary

4 MPG Beneficiary

5 UNIABDN

Beneficiary 6 UNITUS

Beneficiary 7 VUA

Beneficiary 8 Alterra

Beneficiary 9 CEH

Beneficiary 10 ETH

Beneficiary 11 ICAS

Beneficiary 12 INRA

Beneficiary13 PULS

RTD/Innovation activities

WP 1 0 6 12 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

WP 2 27 0 0 0 6 4 7 0 19 0 50 54 0

WP 3 0 8 0 3 0 103 24 6 0 46 0 36 84

WP 4 0 0 5 0 39 0 0 12 0 0 0 46 0

WP 5 14 80 0 27 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 6 0 0 14 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 7 0 0 0 7 9 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 'research' 41 94 31 46 62 154 31 21 19 46 50 136 84

Consortium management activities

WP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 8 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total ' management'

36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL BENEFICIARIES

77 94 31 46 62 154 31 21 19 46 50 136 84

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Activity Type Beneficiary

15 UA Beneficiary 16 CEAM

Beneficiary 17 UHEL

Beneficiary 18 BFW

Beneficiary 19 FEM-CEALP

Beneficiary 20 DTU

Beneficiary 21 ECN

Beneficiary 22 EFI

Beneficiary 23 FMI

Beneficiary 24 JR

Beneficiary 25 APB

Beneficiary 26 RUG

Beneficiary27 SLU

RTD/Innovation activities

WP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0

WP 2 32 15 0 5 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 3 1 0 27 0 33 0 9 0 23 0 0 8 0

WP 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 14 0 0 0

WP 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 'research' 33 15 27 5 33 6 11 12 23 14 0 8 0

Consortium management activities

WP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total ' management'

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL BENEFICIARIES

33 15 27 5 33 6 11 12 23 14 0 8 0

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Activity Type Beneficiary

29 UCD Beneficiary

30 FLD-UCPH

Beneficiary 31 UIBK

Beneficiary 32 UNIBO

Beneficiary 33 UGR

Beneficiary 34 WUR

Beneficiary 35 UNIUD

Beneficiary 36 UHEI-

IUP

Beneficiary 37 CNR

Beneficiary 38 CTFC

Beneficiary 39 UCLM

Beneficiary 40 CNRM

Beneficiary41 PIK

RTD/Innovation activities

WP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 2 5 8 0 2 16 0 0 0 0 8 9 0 0

WP 3 0 0 20 0 0 5 0 0 26 0 0 14 0

WP 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 12

WP 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 'research' 5 8 20 2 16 5 0 10 26 8 9 14 12

Consortium management activities

WP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

WP 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total ' management'

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL BENEFICIARIES

5 8 20 2 16 5 0 10 26 8 9 14 12

B.1.3.6 Work package descriptions Work package number 1 Start date or starting event: Month 1

Work package title Drivers and pressures

Activity Type RTD

Participant number 4 3 22 2 8 12 5

Participant short name MPG IIASA EFI CEA Alterra INRA UNIABDN

Person-months per participant: 18 18 7 6 2 0 0

Objectives

1. Provide standardized gridded fields of natural and human drivers for EU27+ from about 1900 to 2010 for WP2, WP4, WP5 and WP6

2. Provide standardized gridded fields of natural and human drivers for EU27+ for scenarios up to 2100 for WP2, WP4, WP5 and WP6

3. Identify of hot spots and hot moments and time span of major changes by synoptic analysis of driver fields for EU27+ from 1900 to 2010

4. Quantify uncertainty in the driver fields by tools developed in WP7

Description of work

WP1 is led by MPG (Markus Reichstein). MPG provides the driver fields for natural drivers except radiation, for land use change (supported by INRA) and N deposition. CEA provides diffuse and direct radiation driver fields. EFI supported by Alterra and SYKE provide driver fields for forest management. IIASA provides driver fields for agricultural management (supported by INRA and UABDN) and socio-economics. MPG will coordinate synoptic analysis of the joint dynamics of the driver fields and uncertainty analysis in all Tasks in coordination with WP7.

Task 1.1: Natural drivers - lead MPI-BGC (Enrico Tomelleri), contrib.: CEA

The full characterization of regional climate requires large ensembles of model runs with different models, model setups, multiple forcing scenarios and initial conditions. Since one joint harmonized data set for past and future could only be achieved by sacrificing accuracy, we plan to establish two different data sets, one focusing on evaluation of past climatic effects (1860-2010) using model simulations corrected by observations and one for 1950-2100 based on regional climate simulations in CARBO-Extreme and CC-

TAME.

• Create state-of-the-art climate data sets for the past 150 to 300 years as well as climate scenarios until 2100 with the characteristics given in Table 1.1 by adapting, stiching and harmonizing respective driver sets produced by the EU projects CarboEurope-IP, CARBO-Extreme and CC-TAME, and integrating them with recent ECMWF products (ERA interim).

• Develop a new product for trends in short-wave radiation as well as their diffuse and direct components.

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Task 1.2: Nitrogen deposition - lead MPI-BGC (Sönke Zaehle)

• Construct driver fields containing up-to-date output from a range of regional and global atmospheric chemistry and transport models, drawing on the experiences made in the NitroEurope-IP project, from the EMEP unified model (50 km x 50 km) for 1980-2006. These data will be complemented by results of the seven global models used in Dentener et al. (2006) including both oxidised and reduced nitrogen chemistry to describe the spread in deposition estimates based on model uncertainty.

• Downscale the obtained fields to the common 0.25° x 0.25° grid and derive a monthly time-series of reduced and oxidised wet and dry deposition velocities for 1900-2006.

• Derive driver fields for scenarios will be derived from projections by the RAINS model under EMEP/CLRTAP and UNECE provided by IIASA.

Task 1.3: Land-use change - lead FSU: Martin Herold; contrib. MPI-BGC, IIASA, INRA

• Combine the data streams of past land cover maps from remote sensing products and statistics (CLC2000: 1990-2000; EUROSTAT NUTS-II level land cover statistics: 1974-2005 (2007, 2010); data sets of Ramankutty et al. (2006): 1961-2000; Zaehle et al. (2006): 1951-2000); new available land monitoring products from remote sensing (MODIS vegetation continuous change, GLOBCOVER follow up, other time-series data etc.) to produce a greatly improved spatial representation of land cover change for the period 1974-2005, which will be extended to 2010 for individual countries and EU27+ as soon as available.

• Extend the time series for the period 1950-1974 by data from national statistical offices and perform a literature review to better quantify land cover changes at the scale of the EU27+ Member States back to 1900.

• IIASA will provide land use projections consistent with the past by scenarios from WP6.

Task 1.4: Forest management and resulting age-class distribution - lead EFI (Markus Lindner);

contrib: Alterra, IIASA

• Generate maps of forest types based on the gridded forest map developed in the CarboEurope-IP project.

• Generate dynamic maps of estimated forest age class distributions (share of age classes within administrative boundaries and projected on the common 0.25° x 0.25° grid) at least from 1950 to present based on national data from FAO forest resource assessments, UNECE wood harvest statistics and detailed national inventories available e.g. for Sweden, Finland and Romania (cf. Task 2.6).

• Generate driver fields for forest harvest and historical disturbance for detailed forest management models (WP4, WP5) and establish a set of management/disturbance scenarios to explore the uncertainty space around the baseline management under current climate and disturbance regimes.

• Generate future age class projections under alternative management/disturbance scenarios with the EFISCEN model using scenario runs of the past projects MEACAP, SENSOR and ongoing projects on biomass resource assessments. Disturbance risk will be projected based on the approach developed by Schelhaas (2008).

Task 1.5: Agricultural management - lead IIASA (Michael Obersteiner), contrib.: INRA, UNIABDN

• Compile driver fields of historical agricultural management practices agricultural management by crop type and by grassland type (share of practice within administrative boundaries and projected on the

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common 0.25° x 0.25° grid) based on work in the EU projects NitroEurope-IP and INSEA and augmented by data from national archives (e.g. France, Germany) and EUROSTAT census data from 1974 to 2005 (2007, 2010) at NUTS 3 level.

• Hold expert workshops and send questionnaires to national agricultural agencies to review, extend and improve the historical agricultural management database and for data unavailable from statistics, in particular about livestock management systems and expert rules on good farming practices.

• Allocate crop types will be allocated to suitable soil types and calculate crop rotations by the crop rotation simulator developed in NitroEurope-IP.

• Allocate the quantity and type of mineral N fertilizer to crop types according to specific N requirements and yield levels, calculate available C and N in manure, and distribute it to crop types to match N requirements. Allocation of manure between cropland and grassland will be derived from expert rules.

• Estimate tillage practice and grassland management, including manure application, grazing rotations and intensity, and cutting frequencies via questionnaires to farm extension services, data from FADN and expert workshops.

• Assess individual agricultural management practices with respect to their potential for mitigation / adaptation and quantitatively assess their (biophysical) potential for mitigation (all GHGs expressed in for each gas in CO2-eq. ha-1) and adaptation (expressed in terms of influence on adaptive capacity) and potential impact on other environmental variables (e.g. biodiversity, water quality, soil quality, air quality) as input to WP6.

• Generate a matrix of typical practice/management measures and their synergies and trade-offs with EU policy objectives (Programme for Rural Development, Water Framework Directive, Nitrates Directive, Climate Policy, Soil Thematic Strategy, CAFÉ, etc.) in cooperation with EU projects CC-TAME, SEAMLESS, NitroEurope-IP.

Task 1.6: Socio-economic drivers - lead: IIASA (Michael Obersteiner)

IIASA will provide, based on work in e.g. CC-TAME, a summary of hierarchical socio-economic factors affecting land use and management in Europe (e.g. subsidies, trade and sectoral policies, commodity price and demand changes), societal trends (e.g. GDP change, population growth, consumption patterns) and institutional factors (e.g. land distribution, policies for land use, agriculture and forestry; Rametsteiner et al., 2007) that allows to integrate across geographic scales, and carry out consistent assessments of in-depth studies in regions (WP3) and EU27+ (WP6).

• Scale down the scenarios for GDP and population on half degree resolution by Riahi et al. (2007) to the common 0.25° x 0.25° grid and integrate projections from the SENSOR project.

• 0.25 degree resolution for detailed analysis of European GHG emission scenarios. These driver scenarios will be used for the IPCC AR5. In addition, we will use driver projections from related projects such as SENSOR (FP6) to inform the more aggregate Riahi et al. 2007 scenarios.

• Provide information for adjustments in economic models in WP6 to include sector policy changes.

• Provide information of lateral C flows from trade and regional relocation of agricultural and forestry products

• Provide for policy analysis in WP6 information about European baseline policies and policy changes in areas such as the Common Agricultural Policy, Rural development Strategy, EU Forestry Strategy and

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Forest Action Plan, Energy Policies of Member States and EU, Clean Air (CAFÉ), Water Directive, Soil Thematic Strategy, and Biodiversity related policies such as Natura 2000.

Task 1.7: Synoptic analysis and uncertainties - lead: MPG (Markus Reichstein)

Carry out a synoptic analysis of the joint dynamics of the driver fields to identify hot spot, hot moments and time-span of changes in natural and anthropogenic conditions. These will be visualized in driver change

maps for decadal periods from 1900 to 2010.

Deliverables D1.1 Workshop on recent and past agricultural management (tillage practice, fertiliser application, harvest rates) (Month 7)

D1.2 Complete European harmonized driver maps and time series for natural drivers including direct and diffuse radiation for past, present and future (Month 12)

D1.3 Complete driver maps for forest type, forest age class distribution, harvest and disturbance for Europe for past, present and future (Month 18)

D1.4 Complete improved driver maps and monthly time series for reduced and oxidised wet and dry N deposition for European scale for past, present and future (Month 18)

D1.5 Complete new improved maps of European land use changes between 1900 and 2006/2010 (Month 18)

D1.6 Complete driver maps for agricultural management practice for past to present (Month 18)

D1.7 Complete socio-economic driver maps with high accuracy for 1990-2020 and lower accuracy for 1950-1990 (Month 18)

D1.8 Updated driver maps of application rates from inorganic and organic fertiliser in agricultural systems since 1950 for European level (Month 24)

D1.9 Complete quantitative assessment of the annual to decadal variability in drivers, hotspots of changes and the temporal magnitude of regional trends and variability in natural drivers, visualized in driver change maps for decadal periods from 1900 to 2010 (M36)

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Work package number 2 Start date or starting event: Month 1

Work package title Critical processes

Activity Type RTD

Participant number 1 12 11 15 9 33 14 16

Participant short name VTI INRA ICAS UA CEH UGR TUM CEAM

Person-months per participant 26 54 50 32 19 16 15 15

Participant

number 39 7 30 38 20 5 18 29 6 32

Participant

short name UCLM VUA UCPH CTFC DTU

UNI ABDN BFW UCD UNITUS UNIBO

Person-

months 9 9 8 8 6 6 5 6 4 2

Objectives

1. Collect, harmonize and analyse site level observations to improve the quantitative understanding of the vulnerability of C pools and GHG fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems to changes in natural and anthropogenic drivers with focus on hot spots (peatlands, abandoned land) and hot moments (land use change, management change)

2. Perform additional measurements to fill critical gaps in GHG measurements, explanatory variables and to better understand the medium to long-term effects of changes in anthropogenic drivers

3. Expand observations to undersampled regions (South East Europe) and ecosystems (shrublands)

4. Derive general, ecosystem- and region-specific response functions of C and GHG budgets to changes in individual drivers and to driver combinations

5. Develop models and modules for hot spots and processes which are not or inadequately represented in state-of-the-art models of WP4 and WP5: peatlands, land use change, soil C dynamics, N2O, CH4.

Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks), and role of participants

WP2 is led by VTI (Annette Freibauer). Partner responsibilities are given in the Task descriptions. The databases collected in the Tasks, the synthesis results and derived response functions (with uncertainties) and new data will be made available to the modelling groups for model evaluation via the central database (WP 7).

Common activities performed in all Tasks of WP2:

• Synthesize data and knowledge on the response of the respective ecosystems studied in the Task to

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natural and anthropogenic drivers, and make data and synthesis results available via the central database (WP7) for model calibration and validation (WP4, WP5).

• Provide a platform for exchange of knowledge among European scientists on the variability of C budgets and GHG fluxes in relation to changes in N deposition and anthropogenic drivers (e.g. via workshops in Tasks 2.1 to 2.4).

• Analyze the data gathered to detect the most important drivers of the interannual variability of C budgets and GHG fluxes and long term trends in C pools in soil and biomass, derive time series of total and maximum photosynthesis, and ecosystem -, soil- and heterotrophic respiration and try to relate these to N deposition, climate and climate variability, management, disturbances, and their interactions whereever data availability allows.

• Derive response functions (with uncertainties) and assess the vulnerability of soil C pools and GHGs to N deposition and anthropogenic management at European scale (in coordination with WP4, WP5 and WP6 and drivers from WP1) taking into account different climate regions and soil types and the temporal dynamic of soil C stock change after a change in drivers.

Task 2.1: Peatland processes - lead by TUM (Matthias Drösler), contrib.: CEH, VTI, VUA,

UNIABDN, subcontractors for data collation and standardized additional measurements

Peatlands are receiving increasing attention in the context of the UNFCCC and post-2012 negotiations so that research is intensified in major peat nations (Finland, Sweden, UK, Ireland, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, France). Leading researchers from all these ongoing national programmes have agreed to contribute to this first comprehensive European effort proposed here. Additional data are delivered from WP3 regions Finland and Netherlands. Specific activities in Task 2.1:

• Maintain measurements of GHG fluxes, drivers and explanatory variables at 11 peatland sites, each with gradients in land use and management under a standardized measurement protocol, two of them to be exclusively funded by the GHG-Europe project, to obtain complete, high-quality, harmonized, multi-year time series of observations at benchmark sites.

• Validate, compare and further develop three model-approaches for peatland GHG budgets, from process models (PEATLAND by VUA (cf. also WP3), ECOSSE by CEH and UNIABDN) to data oriented models (TUM, VTI). Process models for peatlands are among the least developed sectoral models which need concerted effort to become able to describe and test peatland sensitivity to anthropogenic and natural drivers.

Task 2.2: Forest processes – lead by UA (Ivan Janssens), contrib.: CEH, BFW, DTU, UNIBO Whilst WP1 and WP4 will use aggregated, implicit information about forest management from C stock data in forest inventories at annual to decadal time resolution, Task 2.2 will gather data and quantitative understanding from site level experiments and GHG flux observations with explicit driver data at hourly to decadal time resolution – the basis for validation of ecosystem models (WP5). We will improve the so far limited understanding of 1) how forest management alters the response of GPP, NPP, NEP, ecosystem respiration, N2O and CH4 fluxes to climatic variability and 2) how much the memory of past high N deposition alters C turnover and GHG fluxes in forest soil at decadal time scale. Specific activities in Task 2.2:

• Resample a forest in which a 15N tracer experiment was performed 10 years ago to quantify the residence time of added N in different ecosystem pools, as well as on the decadal amounts of C sequestered per

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unit N.

• Expand with modelled and measured information of all relevant drivers (in particular climate, N deposition, management), link and explore three complementary databases: 1) the forest database developed by Luyssaert et al; (2007) during CarboEurope-IP (content so far: C pools and GPP, NPP, NEP, ecosystem respiration, heterotrophic respiration at annual scale, N deposition and monthly climate series, and forest management), 2) the CarboEurope-IP/FLUXNET CO2 flux database (content so far: NEE and water vapour fluxes, a wealth of climatic information at half hourly time scale, and forest management), and 3) the database on CH4, N2O, and soil respiration from NitroEurope-IP and previously, NOFRETETE.

Task 2.3: Agricultural management – lead by INRA (Jean Francois Soussana), contrib.: VTI,

UNIABDN, UNITUS, SLU

The main objective of this task is to derive a quantitative understanding of response processes and the vulnerability of C pools and GHG fluxes on agricultural land in relation to management and site properties. Specific activities in Task 2.3:

• Maintain measurements of GHG fluxes, drivers and explanatory variables on the few experimental sites in Europe2 comparing paired agricultural management treatments and measuring long-term dynamics of soil and vegetation state variables, carbon and nitrogen inputs and outputs, and all GHG fluxes to obtain complete, high-quality, harmonized, multi-year time series of observations at benchmark sites.

• Synthesise dispersed existing and emerging data on the impact of agricultural practices on C stocks and GHG budgets from existing long-term experiments (e.g. SOMNET and national networks) and flux site data sets by allocating small funds to leading groups3 in this area (in cooperation with WP3). Check for consistency, provide uncertainty estimates and make all data and synthesis results available via the central database (WP7) for model validation in WP4 and WP5.

• Apply a standardised soil fractionation procedure to derive accurate data on different SOC pools for initialising/evaluating soil models at benchmark sites1.

• Initialize sectoral models (in cooperation with WP4) at benchmark sites comparing spin-up runs and with measured SOC fractions. Assess consequences of initialisation for model performance (e.g. for ecosystem respiration and N2O emissions).

Task 2.4.: Land use changes – lead by VTI (Axel Don), contrib.: CEH, UCD, FLD-UCPH

There is lack of quantitative knowledge about effect of various land use changes on soil carbon turnover and GHG budgets within different climate regions and soil types of Europe (Don et al, 2008). This task will improve the quantification of the effect of land use change on GHG fluxes and SOC stocks including possible long term effects. Specific activities in Task 2.4:

• Conduct a Pan-European sampling campaign to assess the impact of LUC on soil C stocks. 30 existing long-term experiments and monitoring plots will be resample including existing unique chronosequence

154 2 Arable sites: Carlow, Ireland (comparison of low and conventional till), Foulum, Denmark (different tillage regimes), Hertfordshire, UK (crop rotations). Grassland sites: Oensingen, Switzerland (intensive vs. extensive cut grass-legume mixture); Laqueuille, France (intensive vs. extensive cattle grazed permanent pasture). 3 SOMNET: Pete Smith, UNIADNUNIABDN; N2O flux data: A. Freibauer, VTI; FLUXNET data: D. Papale, UNITUS; Swedish network of long-term experiments: Thomas Kätterer, SLU; French network of long-term arable experiments, Hubert Boisard, INRA.

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experiments with known land use history and time record (e.g. Vesterdal et al., 2002, 2007).

• Provide the first consistently designed European quantification of land use change impact on soil C of all major land use changes including those into bioenergy production systems

Task 2.5. Forest management in South Eastern Europe – lead by ICAS (Olivier Bouriaud)

The aim of this task is to gain quantitative estimates of the GHG fluxes and C stock in a heavily undersampled region, which is a hotspot of land use and management change. The proposed activities will benefit from the ongoing national forest inventory in Romania (4x4 km) which is aiming at delivering high resolution estimations of forest state, forest and C stocks. Specific activities in Task 2.5:

• Select from the ongoing dense National Forest Inventory (NFI) plots along a management gradient over a substantial number of replications: 5-10% of NFI plots (1000 sites). First, determine whether forest management has an impact on existing C stocks. Second, determine on these plots via dendrochronology and harvest (where data are available) the annual to decadal variations of the C stocks and tree growth.

• Measure for the first time in Eastern European forests soil respiration, CH4 and N2O by flux chambers in plots along a management gradient in beech forests (dominant forest type), including extremes in management intensity, a wide range of age classes and the particularities of Eastern European forest history, train (by VTI) and equip a laboratory in Romania with gas chromatography for central gas analysis. The gas samples would be analyzed in a newly equipped lab Romania (gas chromatography).

Task 2.6. Mediterranean shrublands – lead by CEAM (Arnaud Carrara); contrib.: UGR

The aim of this Task is to generate a unique dataset on the C budget of shrublands/scrubland ecosystems representative of the Iberian peninsula and of effects of fire, logging and water availability on C stocks and their vulnerability. This dataset critical input for the quantification of European C budget (WP 5). Specific activities in Task 2.6:

• Maintain measurements of C stocks, CO2 fluxes at ecosystem scale (eddy covariance) and soil respiration, drivers and explanatory variables on 8 shrubland/scrubland sites in Spain in different elevations, characteristics of vegetation cover, soil and climatic conditions. Special effort will be made to collect ancillary ecosystem state variables and of ecosystem variables for upscaling by remote sensing (e.g NDVI) requested by the modeling community of the project.

• Analyse chronoseqeunces of experimentally burnt sites in different functional shrub types with regard to C and N turnover in soils and annual to decadal changes in C and N stocks.

• Estimate soil organic carbon stocks for Mediterranean shrublands using GIS-land cover and soil profiles.

• Study the effect of logging management treatments (factorial experiment) on the carbon cycle of a burned-forest regenerating as scrubland.

• Analyse the spatial variability at the plot scale of carbon and water cycles in some selected Mediterranean shrublands ecosystems as input to uncertainty analysis and upscaling.

Deliverables

D2.1 Workshop on the effect of land use changes on GHG fluxes (Month 6) D2.2 Complete the set up of 12 GHG measuring sites along a Romanian forest management gradient

(Month 7) D2.3 Workshop on the effect of agricultural management on GHG fluxes (Month 12)

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D2.4 Complete updated data base on GHG fluxes in forests (Month 12) D2.5 Complete synthesis of GHGs in peatlands as affected by land management and climate drivers (2

workshops) (Month 14) D2.6 Complete and deliver to data base at least 20 site years of CO2 flux data (eddy covariance) from at least

6 different Mediterranean scrubland sites (Month 24) D2.7 Complete analysis of fire impact on C and N cycles by analysis of C and N dynamics (woody

encroachment) over 10 years from 18 experimental burnt shrubland sites (Month 24) D2.8 Complete pan-European soil C sampling and synthesis on the impact of different land use changes on

GHG fluxes and soil C stocks (Month 36) D2.9 Complete comparison and validation of three peatland models (Month 36) D2.10 Complete assessment of forest management’s impact on Romanian forest based on the national

inventory and additional measurements. (Month 36) D2.11 Complete synthesis of European agricultural management impacts on GHG fluxes (Month 36) D2.12 Complete synthesis of processes affected by N deposition in forests including new data from

resampled 15N deposition experiment (Month 36) D2.13 Complete synthesis in Mediterranean shrublands and woody enchroachments impact on GHG

fluxes (Month 36).

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Work

package

number

3 Start date or starting event: Month 1

Work

package title

Impact of land management on the regional scale GHG balance of

selected, data rich regions in Europe

Activity Type RTD

Participant

number 7 6 13 10 12 19 17 37 23

Participant

short name VUA

UNITUS PULS ETH INRA

FEM-CEALP UHEL CNR FMI

Person-

months per

participant: 22 103 84 46 36 33 27 26 23

Participant

number

31 40 21 26 2 8 34 4 15

Participant

short name

UIBK CNRM ECN RUG CEA Alterra WUR MPG UA

Person-months 20 14 9 8 8 6 5 3 1

Objectives

1. Document and determine the impact of land use management and climate on the local to regional scale GHG balance of selected, data rich regions in Europe at high spatial resolution

2. Identify the magnitude of lateral transport of GHG in specific regions in Europe by determining specific “farm gate” budgets and lateral flows of carbon by riverine transport, harvest, agricultural and forest practices and trade.

3. Reduce the uncertainty of GHG emissions for selected, data rich regions in Europe by consistently representing the error and uncertainty structure from driver data, bottom up models and local site flux data and by applying a top down constraint for France and the Netherlands.

4. Assess the importance of region specific circumstances and changes in drivers for the regional scale vulnerability of C and GHG budgets

WP3 will be led by VUA (Han Dolman). Every of the six regions is represented by one or more research teams. Alpine: ETH, FEM-CEALP, UIBK, Netherlands: VUA, Alterra, RUG, ECN, WUR, UA; France: INRA, CEA, CNRM; Italy: UNIUTS, CNR; Finland: UHEL, FMI; Poland: PULS. MPG contributes to method development for scaling errors.

Task 3.1 Observational and experimental evidence of local/site GHG responses to changing drivers in

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selected regions in Europe – lead by UHEL (Timo Vesala), contrib.: VUA, ETH, FEM-CEALP, UIBK,

APB, INRA

Execute a set of measurements of atmospheric GHG concentrations and GHG fluxes using eddy covariance methods. For the six regions, we will take measurements of CO2 and CH4 by eddy covariance and N2O and CH4 by chamber techniques at sites representing dominant land cover and land use types for at least one whole annual cycle. These measurements are generally nationally funded, but for some GHG-Europe funding is required. The methodology follows that established in CarboEurope IP (see e.g. Dolman et al., 2008, Aubinet et al. 2007). Identify the magnitude and variability of GHG fluxes across land use in Europe.

Task 3.2 Generate a consistent database of current and past land use, soil carbon and nitrogen pools,

and biomass stocks, N deposition – lead by VUA (Han Dolman), contrib.: ETH, FEM-CEALP, UIBK,

APB, UHEL, INRA

High resolution land use and soil data are required as input to the models from WP4 and WP5 to represent the heterogeneity in land use and management in a spatially explicit manner, complementing those data collected at coarser resolution in WP1 with a tiling approach. For all regions, we will use the highest resolution data available. In particular, we aim to establish a coherent approach to process high resolution (<1 km) land use history data.

• Generate a consistent set of remote sensing data (fPAR, LAI) at high resolution for upscaling local to regional observations with data oriented and generic models. We will use the freely available high resolution MODIS products. We will also use IKONOS, SPOT data when available.

• Produce for each of the six regions high resolution (<10 km) weather data to drive GHG exchange models. Use national weather data in a systematic downscaling methodology to derive high resolution weather time series for 1900-2010.

• Use observed/analyzed time series of high resolution weather data (1980-2010) to establish interannual to decadal variability in GHG emissions. Provide high resolution input to the modelling activities in Task 4.2, 5.1 and 5.2 for the six regions to determine the regional scale variability of GHG emissions in Europe.

• Assess spatio-temporal variations of GHG fluxes between the six regions and assess relative impacts of land use and climate on GHG emissions in close cooperation with WP4 and WP5.

Task 3.3 Determine the magnitude of lateral transport of GHG in and out of the six regions in Europe

– lead by ETH (Nina Buchmann), contrib.: VUA, FEM-CEALP, UIBK, APB, UHEL, INRA

• Apply the methodology developed by Janssens et al. (2003) and Ciais et al. (2008) to determine lateral exchange fluxes for the six regions. This will include wood imports and exports, agricultural products exchange and riverine dissolved carbon and nitrogen transport.

• For 4 selected sub-regions, determine “closed” farm gate GHG budgets that will consists of detailed accounting of the inflow and outflow of all components, i.e. emissions, input of fertilizer, export of products.

Task 3.4 Develop and apply a consistent approach to determine errors and uncertainties involved in

upscaling (and downscaling) GHG flux estimates – lead by VUA, contrib.: MPG

• Apply a set of sectoral models for forest, peatland, grassland and generic models (LPJ, Orchidee) similar to those in WP4 and WP5 at high resolution for the six selected regions and apply an uncertainty analysis

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at high resolution. The models will be validated using the site level observations in Task 3.1 and be run with input data from WP1 (coarse resolution) and with high resolution input from Task 3.2.

• Determine the spatial coherence and heterogeneity in GHG flux estimates for the regions. We will use geospatial statistics (correlation analysis) to determine typical length scales involved and to determine the error involved in representation of a large area or land use class by a single measurement.

• Generate a set of realistic uncertainty and error analyses that can be meaningfully used in top down estimates and for UNFCCC reporting purposes at national scale. Deriving fluxes from inverse modelling requires a-priori fluxes and their uncertainties including their spatio-temporal covariances.

• Use the information obtained in Task 3.4 to execute two high resolution regional inversions for the Netherlands and France. For these two regions, we will use mesoscale inversions (e.g. Lavaux et al. 2007, Gerbig et al. 2008) to determine the remaining uncertainties in GHG sources and sinks at regional level. Combined with the a priori estimates of the fluxes, this will allow precise quantification of the remaining uncertainty of the regional flux estimates.

Task 3.5 Decadal scale variability and vulnerability assessment at regional scale – lead by INRA (Jean-

François Soussana), contrib.: VUA, ETH, UHEL, FEM-CEALP, UIBK, APB

We will use the high resolution input data from Task 3.2 and 3.3 and validated assessments from Task 4.2, 5.1 and 5.2 to expand the GHG budgets to study decadal scale variability. We will use this to assess the vulnerability of GHG emissions and budget to changes in land use and management over the six regions.

Validate the large scale vulnerability assessments of WP6 and European decadal scale variability of WP5 by high resolution data and detailed, evidence based insight into the local and regional scale impacts of land use change on GHG emissions, based on the region-specific land use history and changes in specific drivers (cf. Table 2.1, Fig. 3)

Deliverables D3.1 Annual datasets of GHG fluxes at site level from six selected regions (Month 24, 36) D3.2 Magnitude and variability of GHG fluxes at site level from six selected regions (Month 24, 36) D3.3 Complete compilation of existing data from flux towers and chambers, biomass inventories and soil

C stocks of the 6 data rich regions (Month 24) D3.4 Database of high resolution meteorological data (Month 24) D3.5 Magnitude of lateral exchange fluxes for the six regions (Month 36) D3.6 Complete regional scale estimates of the impact on land management on GHG budgets in 6

selected regions (Month 36) D3.7 Complete regional scale estimates of the uncertainty of GHG balances including error analysis

(Month 36) D3.8 Inverse atmospheric inversions for two regions (Month 24, 36) D3.9 Complete the assessment of the decadal scale variability of GHG fluxes in the selected 6 regions

(Month 40) D3.10 Complete the vulnerability assessment of the effect of changes in land management for 6 selected

regions (Month 40)

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Work package number 4 Start date or starting event: Month 1

Work package title Attribution of annual to decadal variability of carbon and GHG

budgets in managed European ecosystems to human and natural

driving processes

Activity Type RTD

Participant number 5 12 24 8 28 22 3 1

Participant short name UNIABDN INRA JR Alterra SYKE EFI IIASA VTI

Person-months per participant: 40 46 14 13 9 5 3 04

Objectives

1. Determine the suitability of sectoral ecosystem models for attributing the variability and fluxes of C and GHG in European managed land to human and natural drivers.

2. Attribute variability and fluxes of C and GHG in European managed ecosystems to anthropogenic and natural drivers in the data-rich regions studied in GHG-Europe.

3. Assess the sensitivity of different drivers (and internal parameters) in sectoral models, to quantify the uncertainty associated with model outputs for given input variability, and to determine the uncertainty associated with model attribution of variability and fluxes of C and GHG in European managed ecosystems to anthropogenic and natural drivers at plot, regional and pan-European level.

4. Attribute variability and fluxes of C and GHG in European managed ecosystems to anthropogenic and natural drivers at pan-European level to compare with the top-down approaches used in WP5, and to provide data for the future vulnerability analysis in WP6.

Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks), and role of participants

WP4 will be led by UNIABDN (Pete Smith). UNIABDN will run the Sundial/MAGEC (cropland), DayCent and DNDC (cropland and grassland) models, INRA will run the PaSim model and a data driven model for grassland and contribute to running DayCent and DNDC for grasslands. Alterra, JR and SYKE will run the EFISCEN-space model for forestry. IIASA will run the EPIC model and VTI will run its data driven model for cropland, grassland and forestry.

In WP4, sectoral models will be used, which include a highly developed range of land management descriptions as well as response to climate and other direct / indirect / natural drivers (e.g. atmospheric CO2 concentration, N-deposition), to quantify the proportion of observed / predicted change in ecosystem C storage and GHG balance, and the interannual and decadal variability in these measures, to human and natural driving processes.

Task 4.1 Model evaluation – lead UNIABDN, contrib.: INRA, JR, ALTERRA, SYKE, EFI, IIASA, VTI

• Evaluate each sectoral model against existing datasets from previous projects (e.g. CarboEurope-IP,

NitroEurope-IP, CC-TAME, CARBO-Extreme), and additional data, particularly from WP2, and site level data

154 4 Model development in WP2. Model application will be supported by national funding.

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from WP3 (but not that used for regional attribution in WP 4.2).

• Test models using state-of-the-art statistical methods to ensure that they capture the annual and decadal scale variability in C stock and GHG emissions found in the datasets under different natural climatic and non-climatic drivers, and under different management regimes.

• Test models for ability to capture attribution of the observed changes to the various drivers and driver combinations present in each of the different datasets.

Task 4.2 Regional attribution – lead UNIABDN, contrib.: INRA, JR, ALTERRA, SYKE, EFI, IIASA, VTI

• Use detailed data from WP3 (and WP1) with the models to simulate measured changes in C and GHG fluxes in the data-rich regions from WP3.

• Develop formal detection and attribution techniques (optimal fingerprinting) and use them to isolate the causes of observed change. Use the distinct spatio-temporal patterns of the response in each region as ‘fingerprints’ to allow the observed change to be separated into contributions from each anthropogenic and natural driver.

• Compare the optimal fingerprint from each model to provide an ensemble approach to attribution, with the proportional contribution from each driver in each model compared to give a range of contributions.

Task 4.3 Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis – lead UNIABDN, contrib.: INRA, JR, ALTERRA, SYKE,

EFI, IIASA, VTI

• Undertake a formal global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis using Bayesian and Monte Carlo techniques.

• Determine the most sensitive model parameters (i.e. having the largest influence on ecosystem C and GHG fluxes) via global sensitivity analysis (when all varied model parameters are allowed to vary within their initial probability density functions, and each is then held constant in turn, one by one).

• Use the sensitive parameters in the global uncertainty analysis to examine the impact of input / parameter variability on output variability (uncertainty).

• Assess uncertainty in the model outputs and quantify uncertainty in the attribution to the different natural and anthropogenic drivers to be interpreted at plot, regional and pan-European level for the sectoral model ensemble.

Task 4.4 Pan-European attribution – lead UNIABDN, contrib.: INRA, JR, ALTERRA, SYKE, EFI, IIASA,

VTI

• Run the sectoral models at pan-European scale (EU27+), under recent, current and future conditions.

• Attribute annual to decadal variability of carbon and GHG budgets in managed European ecosystems to anthropogenic and natural driving processes.

• Quantify the uncertainty associated with attribution of changes and variability in C and GHG fluxes to anthropogenic versus natural drivers from the sectoral ecosystem models.

• Provide results to WP6 for the assessment of future vulnerability of C stocks and GHG emissions in European managed ecosystems.

• Compare pan-European estimates from Task 4.4 with those made using data oriented / generic model / top down techniques in WP5.

• vTI will create annual emissions fields of CH4 from animal husbandry from 1990 to 2010, at resolution of NUTS 3 or higher, by combining animal density maps as far as available, statistical data on animal numbers

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and livestock properties from Eurostat and national census and FADN data and the regions in WP3 with the national time series of implied emission factors from the National Inventory Reports under the UNFCCC.

Deliverables

D4.1 Complete sectoral model evaluation using data collated from previous projects (Month 12)

D4.2 Complete attribution analysis for each site at plot scale site with data from previous projects using each sectoral model (Month 24)

D4.3 Complete attribution analysis for each GHG-Europe data rich region using each sectoral model (Month 30)

D4.4 Complete plot and regional scale sensitivity analysis (Month 33)

D4.5 Complete model evaluation using data collected during the project (Month 36)

D4.6 Complete pan-European sectoral attribution analyses and delivery to WP6 (Month 38)

D4.7 Complete comparison of pan-European sectoral attribution analyses with top-down analyses from WP5 (Month 40)

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Work package number 5 Start date or starting event: Month 1

Work package title Quantification of the annual to decadal magnitude and variability of the

C and GHG budget of European terrestrial ecosystems for EU 27

Activity Type RTD

Participant number 2 4 6 1 41

36

21

Participant short name CEA MPG UNITUS VTI PIK UHEI-IUP ECN

Person-months per participant: 80 27 16 15 12 10 2

Objectives 1. Quantify the terrestrial carbon balance and its annual to decadal variability of the data rich regions

studied in GHG-Europe with two state-of-the-art vegetation models fitted with land management parameterization and with three data driven approaches.

2. Quantify the terrestrial carbon balance of EU27+ with two state-of-the-art vegetation models fitted with land management parameterization and with three data driven approaches over the last century, with high resolution over the recent period 1990-2008 (2010).

3. Attribute the effects of climate, CO2, Nitrogen deposition, land use change and land management changes on the terrestrial carbon balance in EU27+ using model factorial experiments.

4. Monitor atmospheric mixing ratios of CO2, CH4 and 222Rn at a core network of up to 15 atmospheric stations as top-down constraint to the European annual to decadal CO2 and CH4 balance.

5. Deduce time varying maps of CO2 fluxes over Europe by 3 different inverse models using these atmospheric data5.

6. Provide data, functional relationships and spatio-temporal patterns for the future vulnerability analysis in WP6.

7. Organize model data comparison protocols allowing efficient comparison and synthesis of the WP4 and WP5 results and their uncertainties.

8. Organize synthesis activity and annual updates of the European terrestrial C and GHG balance.

WP5 is led by CEA (Philippe Ciais). WP5 will quantify the European carbon balance and its annual-

154 5 Three leading inversion modeling groups, CEA-LSCE (P. Peylin), MPI-BGC (C. Roedenbeck), and Wageningen University (W. Peters) engaged to contribute to this task by running their inversion system with other sources of funding. Based on three different transport models, the inversions will provide a unique constraint to the ecosystem models in terms of fluxes and their uncertainties (see figure 5.2 from the “CarboScope web page (http://inversions.lsce.ipsl.fr/carboscope/)): 1) TM5 model (Wageningen U.) using nested grids and a spatial resolution of 1° x 1° over Europe follows the same approach than CarbonTracker, 2) LMDZ model (CEA-LSCE) with a zoomed grid over Europe of resolution going of up to 50 km will be implemented following the work of Carouge et al. (2008) in a 4-D variational data assimilation system developed by Chevallier et al. (2007), 3) TM3 model (MPI-BGC).

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to-decadal variability with wall-to-wall coverage over the last 30 years. An integrated approach will be used, based upon process-oriented and data-oriented ecosystem models, and atmospheric concentration measurements and inversion models. Three main types of managed ecosystems will be considered: croplands, grasslands and forest. Annually updated synthesis of the full GHG budget will be organized including input for N2O and CH4 from Task 2.1 and WP4. CEA will run the ORCHIDEE model, coordinate the atmospheric top-down activities and the synthesis activities. PIK will run the LPJml model. VTI, MPG and UNITUS will run the data driven models and provide analysis of patterns and functional relationships. UHEI-IUP and ECN will run atmospheric stations and contribute to top-down activities. Institutes purely involved in atmospheric monitoring will be subcontracted by VTI.

Task 5.1 Generic models – lead by LSCE (Nicolas Viovy), contrib.: PIK

• Perform transient spin up of ORCHIDEE and LPJml with changing CO2 and land cover to start with the most realistic possible initial conditions for simulations in 1900.

Perform at least five simulations to analyse the role of each driver in the change of carbon fluxes: 1) only changes in climate, 2) change in climate and CO2, 3) change in climate, CO2 and nitrogen deposition, 4) change in climate, CO2, nitrogen deposition, and land use, 5) change in climate, CO2, nitrogen deposition, land use, and land management intensity.

• Produce European time-varying gridded maps of main carbon stocks and fluxes with driver fields from WP1 and a sensitivity analysis to each driver.

• Evaluate models results against ecosystem scale data acquired in WP2 and WP3 and from previous projects to determine models uncertainties.

• Compare model results to atmospheric large scale inversion, results from data oriented models and from WP4.

Task 5.2 Data oriented models – lead by MPG (Markus Reichstein), contrib.: UNITUS, VTI

• Derive generic (empirical) functional relationships by data oriented approaches (artificial neural network, fuzzy logic, hierarchical regression model tree) from plot level data acquired in WP2 and WP3, from previous projects and from ecosystem state variables from moderate resolution remote sensing (e.g. fPAR, NDVI, LAI) using automatic stratification to maximize variance, such the most important climate-management interaction can be identified.

• Determine the main spatio-temporal patterns in the data.

• Use the functional relationships and data oriented models to generate European maps of trace gas fluxes as affected by climate variability, land-use and management, compare the results against process-oriented results from Task 5.1 and WP4 and provide functional relationships and spatio-temporal patterns for the future vulnerability analysis in WP6.

Task 5.3 Top down atmospheric constraints – lead by CEA (Martina Schmidt), contrib.: UHEI-

IUP, ECN, subcontractors, inversions by CEA, MPG and WU (see footnote 4)

Atmospheric concentration data provide a unique and complementary constraint to the ecosystem model flux estimates with information that integrate the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the fluxes over large areas. The objective if this task is to continue the effort initiated by CarboEurope-IP with on-line hourly monitoring of GHG concentrations (CO2, CH4) and 222Rn at a core set of 15

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stations in Europe. These concentration time series will provide constraints to estimate regional carbon fluxes across Europe by means of inverse modelling. Although the scale of inversion fluxes is on the order of 100 km each day, the results will be regrouped at a coarser resolution of 400-500 km for synthesis, because at this upper-scale fluxes have been shown to be robust.

• Collect in situ hourly mean atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and 222Rn concentrations and meteorological data from a European network of up to 15 existing stations (Appendix 2), deliver the data to the database (WP7) quality controlled in a harmonised format and analyse spatio-temporal trends.

• Assimilate the atmospheric concentration data with state of the art inversion procedures (see footnote 5) to provide weekly CO2 surface fluxes at medium resolution (50 to 300 km), atmospheric boundary conditions (for possible use in WP3), and site specific information (such as the contributions of fossil fuel, land, and ocean fluxes to the total modelled CO2 concentration).

Task 5.4 Synthesis – lead by LSCE (Nicolas Vuichard), contrib.: all modelling groups

Based upon the experience of delays in the CarboEurope-IP project, synthesis is planned from the very beginning of the GHG-Europe project and will be based on relatively strict model integration and output delivery protocols provided timely to participants. Also an efficient link and model evaluation between the new data collected in WP2 and in WP3 is essential and will be organized by strict data delivery protocols to the database (WP7) and bidirectional exchange in several cycles.

CEA will organize

• with WP2 participants, detailed model integration protocols for site level synthesis (site history, model spin up, model-data comparisons)

• with WP3 participants, comparison of the output of the generic and data oriented models against higher resolution model and data acquired in each different region

• with WP4 participants, comparison of the output of the generic and data oriented models and the sectoral models

• with WP5 participants, comparison between top-down inversions and bottom-up fluxes at the relevant regional scale.

In addition, special synthesis sessions will be organized at the annual project meetings, where modelers and experimentalists will work together on joint synthesis assessment of C fluxes at regional scale, driving processes and associated uncertainties.

Deliverables

D5.1 Protocols for site scale simulations of fluxes with data oriented models (Month 6)

D5.2 Protocols for factorial experiments with LPGml and ORCHIDEE (Month 6)

D5.3 Protocols for land use change and management model evaluation and site simulations in WP 2 (Month 6)

D5.4 Complete generic and data oriented model evaluation using data collected from previous projects (Month 12)

D5.5 Mid-term synthesis of GHG-Europe results as two scientific publications (Month 21)

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D5.6 Delivery of complete functional relationships and spatio-temporal patterns for the future vulnerability

analysis in WP6 (Month 26)

D5.7 Complete model evaluation using data collected during the project (Month 36)

D5.8 Complete European time-varying gridded maps of main carbon stocks and fluxes quantified sensitivity to climate, CO2, nitrogen, land use, and land management intensity (Month 38)

D5.9 Complete comparison of model results between ecosystem models and data oriented models and with top-down analyses from WP5 (Month 40)

D5.10 Final synthesis on the manageability of European terrestrial GHG emissions in two scientific publications (Month 42)

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Work package number

6 Start date or starting event:

Month 6

Work package title

Integrated Scenario Analysis

Activity Type RTD Participant number

3 5

Participant short name

IIASA UNIABDN

Person-months per participant:

10 7

Objectives

1. Assess post-2012 policies, their instruments and measures, for the EU LULUCF sector in a global and multi-sectoral context.

2. Provide detailed technical assessment for the ongoing LULUCF negotiations

3. Provide a pan-European vulnerability assessment

4. Synthesise the project’s policy relevant results and engage in policy communication

WP6 is led by IIASA (Michael Obersteiner) who performs economic and integrated policy assessments and leads the policy maker synthesis. UNIABDN leads the vulnerability assessment. WP6 receives strong input by data, response functions, model results and future scenarios from WP3, WP4 and WP5.

Task 6.1 Model integration and adaptation – lead by IIASA (Michael Obersteiner)

• Carry out a detailed analysis to determine the computing, and data requirements for both medium term (~2030) and long term (~2100) scenario assessments. This will help planning to schedule the amount and detail of policy scenarios to be performed. The flow of information with the collaborating WPs 1-5 will be specified with the exact order of model runs and the type and format of data exchange, in particular for integrating results from WP3 and WP4.

• Carry out a first policy scenario at a very early stage to test the functionality of the integrated framework and to determine possible improvements, in particular with respect to data exchange. The estimated number of scenario runs will be communicated to other Work Package leaders to ensure feasibility.

Task 6.2 Post-2012 policy implementation – lead by IIASA (Michael Obersteiner)

• Assess strategies and proposed instruments for future EU policies on agriculture, forestry, energy, and climate policy departing from research activities in CC-TAME and EC4MAC who are participating in the European Consortium for Modelling of Air Pollution and Climate Strategies.

• Communicate with the European LULUCF expert group and European Commission services for

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targeted specification of policy scenarios by regular meetings to ensure relevance and timeliness of GHG-Europe policy analysis for needs of the up-coming COPs of the UNFCCC.

• Assess cost-benefits and interprete efficiencies of post-2012 strategies of competing land-uses in view of ancillary benefits and trade offs between adaptation, vulnerability management and mitigation on concrete individual practice level. Results will be checked by computing a robustness score which will use model output from individual baseline and policy scenarios. Efficiencies of practices and policies will be checked for consistency between the farm/forest enterprise level (WP3) as well as on the sectoral level (with input from WP4). Welfare gains and losses to consumers and producers will be quantified.

Task 6.3 Vulnerability Assessment – lead by UNIABDN (Pete Smith), contrib.: IIASA

• Examine the outputs from the models and attribution analyses in WP3, WP4 and WP5 to determine the key drivers that render land more vulnerable to future loss of carbon, or future increase in GHG emissions. Using future fields of changes in these key drivers (e.g. land use, climate, N deposition) from WP1, and drawing from supplementary data on climate variability and land use change from FP7 projects CC-TAME and CARBO-Extreme, the vulnerability of different land use sectors (e.g. forest, agriculture, peatlands) will be examined for environmental, societal, market, and technological impacts.

• Analyse in quantitative detail those sectors and regions that become more vulnerable to C loss or increased GHG emissions in the future to derive indicators of market, societal, technological, and environmental impacts with account for regional and time differences. Environmental impact measures will focus on i) measures of competitive economic potentials for internalized environmental qualities (mitigation), ii) external environmental effects, and iii) vulnerability management. Societal impacts will contain farm and forest employment & income changes. Market impacts will focus on changes in commodity prices, trade volumes, and production and consumption responses. Technological measures will summarize adaptation of land management in terms of species choice, planting and tillage regime, fertilization and irrigation intensities, and harvesting regimes.

Task 6.4 Policy implications – lead by UNIABDN (Pete Smith), contrib.: IIASA

• Assess the outcomes of WP1-6 in terms of the emerging policy options at the national, regional and global levels and provided with a science based commentary on the institutional, regulatory and economic framework for delivering sustainable land-based GHG-mitigation and adaptation options under possible post-2012 regimes as well as for long-term policies under the UNFCCC. Efficiency of individual policy instruments (e.g., subsidies, auctioning of environmental services, taxes) using the normative and predictive models will help to give critical guidance on the economic mechanism design issues of policy implementation. Particular focus will be given to the quantification of potential cost saving from policy coordination due to the identification of the ancillary benefits between policies affecting the policy sector and potential benefits of cross-sectoral policy coordination.

• Fed by the long-run scenarios of Task 6.2, evaluate costs and benefits from mitigation and adaptation policies. Issues of timing and international policies coordination will be considered. Focus will be on the evaluation of the autonomous or management induced adaptive capacity and its geographic dimension of European ecosystems, the associated costs as well as potential co-benefits from mitigation measures. At the end of the project IIASA will lead a Summary Report

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for Policy Makers detailing the main scientific and policy relevant conclusions of the assessment.

Deliverables D6.1: Detailed report on Policy Implications for Post Kyoto policies (Month 6 onward – living document) D6.2 Database on EU-Policy Scenario Results. Major environmental, societal, market, and technological impacts in electronic data base format (Month 6 onward – constant updates)

D6.3 Documentation of scenario analysis. A detailed description of the flow of information through the coupled models plus illustration using early specified scenario (Month 12)

D6.4 Database on Long-term Climate Policy Scenario Results. Major environmental, societal, market, and technological impacts in electronic data base format (Month 36)

D6.5 Database Vulnerability Scenario Results. Major environmental, societal, market, and technological impacts in electronic data base format (Month 36)

D6.6: Summary Report for Policy Makers on policy assessment and implications (Month 42)

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Work package number 7 Starting date or event Month 1

Work package title Scientific consistency, uncertainty methods and data base

Activity Type RTD

Participant number 6 5 4

Participant short name UNITUS UNIABDN MPG Close interaction with all Participants

Person-months per participant: 31 9 7

Objectives

1. Facilitate the communication between the observations and modeling activities in the project.

2. Organize the data delivery protocols to the database in coordination with WP4, WP5 and WP6 needs.

3. Develop new tools and routines to quality control and standardize the different types of observational data to be delivered to the database and to ensure consistence with existing databases.

4. Operate the central project database.

5. Guarantee long-term access to data and results beyond the project lifetime via a well documented data base.

6. Provide standardized tools for the propagation of uncertainties to data analysis and simple models.

Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners

WP7 is led by UNITUS (Dario Papale). UNITUS will host the central projecct database and will organize the standardisation, harmonization and quality control of data delivered to the database. UNITUS, UNIABDN and MPG will provide standardized tools for uncertainty quantification and propagation.

Task 7.1: Database and link between modelling and observations – lead: UNITUS (Dario Papale)

• Organise a workshop with the Work package and Task leaders to obtain a clear picture of the types of observations and the needs of the different models and model intercomparison protocols. This will ensure that the data will be acquired, processed and made available in a way that is directly and easily usable by the modelers and vice versa.

• Make all data and model output available on a web-based database with a public section with main general information and metadata and a protected section for internal use in the project where registration is required.

Task 7.2. Standardisation, harmonization QA/QC and data uncertainty quantification – lead: UNITUS

(Dario Papale), contrib.: MPG, UNIABDN

• Quality control, harmonize and standardize the format of the different data sets of the project using new tools developed on the basis of the experience in the EU projects Carboeurope-IP, NitroEurope-IP and IMECC.

• Draft a comprehensive guideline how to assess uncertainties in heterogeneous measurements integrating over the specific focus of the existing guidelines in accordance with existing international protocols.

• Explore possible methods to assess spatial and temporal uncertainties including probabilistic approaches as

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well as expert knowledge and questionnaires.

• Quantify uncertainty with the use of standardized methods that distinguish the different sources of variance and bias in measurement data after the correction for known errors.

Task 7.3.: Infrastructure for model parameter estimation and uncertainty propagation – lead: UNIABDN

(Martin Wattenbach), contrib.: MPG, UNITUS

• Provide to the other WPs protocols and methods to estimate and present the uncertainty propagation process in a standardized way via an internal consultancy force and dedicated tools (e.g. made available online) to be used in the project and potentially in larger contexts for 1) evaluation of measurement data uncertainties and 2) assessment of model structural uncertainty via model intercomparison (linked to Tasks 3.4 and 5.4).

• Generate a platform for model inter-comparison and uncertainty evaluation interlinked with the measurement data uncertainty (Maier et al. 2008).

• Develop a consistent approach that is multi-criterial and multi-scale in time and space in order to account for cross correlation of input and outputs as well as temporal and spatial autocorrelation, via Monte Carlo technique and Bayesian approaches.

• Develop a tool to estimate multivariate parameter distributions of simple linear and non-linear semi-empirical models, with or without considering errors in the predictor variables and allow forecasting target quantities including uncertainties based on those parameter distributions. It will be based on Monte-Carlo methods and non-parametric bootstrapping approaches.

• Store the model input data probability density functions (pdfs) as well as model output in the data base to be available to other model users, developers as well as measurement data holders in order to reproduce the experiments and report the use of measurements in the process.

Deliverables

D7.1 Workshop with Work package and Task leaders for defining needs (Month 2)

D7.2 Report on the workshop results with instructions for data delivery to the database (Month 4)

D7.3 Prototype of the database system (Database structure ready with an example of each dataset type) (Month 12)

D7.4 Heterogeneous data uncertainty protocol (Month 12)

D7.5 Prototype of the QA/QC tools (Month 18)

D7.6 Storage of uncertainty meta-data in a standardized from in the project database (Month 18)

D7.7 First version of the standardized and quality controlled data in the database (Month 24)

D7.8 Representation of model experiments and results in a reproducible format in the data base (Month 30)

D7.9 Complete tools for assessing parameter distribution and geostatistics (Month 30)

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Work package number 8 Starting date or event Month 1

Work package title Coordination and dissemination

Activity Type OTH

Participant number 1

Participant short name VTI

Person-months per participant: 36

Objectives

1. Implement and maintain the project management structure

2. Ensure an effective information flow within the GHG-Europe Consortium and the Commission

3. Manage risks and solve eventual problem in the course of the project

4. Ensure efficient bi-directional communication between the project and European stakeholders concerning the needs and the implications of the results obtained in GHG-Europe

5. Broadly communicate and distribute results of the project via briefings, brochures, workshops and internet platforms

6. Synthesise the project’s results for dissemination targeted to different stakeholder groups

7. Organise training for early-stage researchers

Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners

WP9 is led by VTI (Annette Freibauer supported by the project management team). VTI will coordinate the project, execute all daily project management and administration activities necessary for a successful project execution and coordinate the dissemination activities. UNIABDN and IIASA will contribute to the dissemination to policy makers (cf. WP6).

Task 8.1: Day-to-day consortium and project management – lead: VTI (Annette Freibauer)

The Project Management Team is dedicated the daily GHG-Europe management and organizational activities necessary for the efficient functioning of the project. Specific tasks are:

• Establish a Consortium Agreement including provisions for intellectual property issues management

• Ensure an effective communication within the Consortium

• Circulate relevant information from the Coordinator and the Steering Committee, meeting minutes from the Work Packages, the Project Management Team etc., and within the Consortium

• Set up and maintain a web site for general information about the project and the distribution of periodic news

• Act as a focal point for external contacts on behalf of the project

• Oversee and potentially adjust work plan together with Steering Committee in response to external stimuli

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Task 8.2: Organization of overall project meetings – lead: VTI (Annette Freibauer)

The Project Management Team is in charge of the preparation and organization of

• the GHG-Europe kick-off meeting, first progress meeting, second progress meeting, and the final meeting as open science conference

• the meetings of the Steering Committee and the Advisory Board

Task 8.3: Deliverable tracking and reporting – lead: VTI (Annette Freibauer)

The assessment of the quality of deliverables and reports before submission to the Commission is a modular procedure with the Work Package Leaders being responsible for the respective scientific focus and results, the approval of the reports by the Steering Committee and the definite compilation of the reports by the Project Management Team. Specific tasks are:

• monitor the progress of the project according to the established milestones and deliverables

• compile required reports together with the Work Package Leaders

• be connected with the Work Package Leaders and the Commission to ensure satisfactory and timely completion of regular reports

• Perform six-monthly formal risk assessment of the work progress in the project

Task 8.4: Financial management – lead: VTI (Annette Freibauer)

The management and administration of all financial aspects and issues, and the budget of the overall project is the particular role of the Administrator. Specific tasks are:

• Ensure satisfactory and timely completion of all administrative-budgetary task of the overall project

• Provide direct liaison with the Coordinator’s account department and the Commission to ensure satisfactory and timely provision of financial parts of annual reports, cost statements, audited statements etc.

Task 8.5: Dissemination – lead: VTI (Annette Freibauer), contrib.: IIASA, UNIABDN, ALTERRA, EFI

A differentiated strategy for stakeholders from science, policy and the broad public will be implemented. Training activities for early-stage researchers are linked to dissemination. Details are given in the section 2.2 Dissemination.

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Deliverables

D8.1 Implementation of web page (Month 2)

D8.2 Kick-off meeting (Month 2)

D8.3 Press conferences or press releases for each of the 4 project meetings (Months 2, 14, 26, 38)

D8.4 Annual reports to the commission (Month 12,24,36,42)

D8.5 Two progress meetings (Months 14, 26)

D8.6 Annual policy briefing documents of project results (Month 14, 26, 38)

D8.7 Participation of Participants at Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings for post-2012 negotiations (Every December)

D8.8 Side event at COP to present project results (December 2011, Month 25)

D8.9 Open science conference on European GHG fluxes together with final project meeting (Month 38)

D8.10 Brochure explaining the scientific findings to the broad public and to secondary schools (Month 30)

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B.1.3.7 Efforts for the full duration of the project Project number (acronym): 244122 GHG-Europe

Workpackage WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 WP8 TOTAL per Beneficiary

Beneficiary 1 VTI 0 26 0 0 15 0 0 36 77 Beneficiary 2 CEA 6 0 8 0 80 0 0 0 94 Beneficiary 3 IIASA 18 0 0 3 0 10 0 0 31 Beneficiary 4 MPG 9 0 3 0 27 0 7 0 46 Beneficiary 5 UNIABDN 0 6 0 40 0 7 9 0 62 Beneficiary 6 UNITUS 0 4 103 0 16 0 31 0 154 Beneficiary 7 VUA 0 9 22 0 0 0 0 0 31 Beneficiary 8 Alterra 2 0 6 13 0 0 0 0 21 Beneficiary 9 CEH 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 Beneficiary 10 ETH 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 0 46 Beneficiary 11 ICAS 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 Beneficiary 12 INRA 0 54 36 46 0 0 0 0 136 Beneficiary 13 PULS 0 0 84 0 0 0 0 0 84 Beneficiary 14 TUM 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Beneficiary 15 UA 0 32 1 0 0 0 0 0 33 Beneficiary 16 CEAM 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Beneficiary 17 UHEL 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 27 Beneficiary 18 BFW 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Beneficiary 19 FEM-CEALP 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 33 Beneficiary 20 DTU 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Beneficiary 21 ECN 0 0 9 0 2 0 0 0 11 Beneficiary 22 EFI 7 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 12 Beneficiary 23 FMI 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 23 Beneficiary 24 JR 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 14 Beneficiary 25 APB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beneficiary 26 RUG 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Beneficiary 27 SLU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beneficiary 28 SYKE 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 9 Beneficiary 29 UCD 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Beneficiary 30 FLD-UCPH 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Beneficiary 31 UIBK 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 Beneficiary 32 UNIBO 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Beneficiary 33 UGR 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Beneficiary 34 WUR 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 Beneficiary 35 UNIUD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beneficiary 36 UHEI-IUP 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 Beneficiary 37 CNR 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 26 Beneficiary 38 CTFC 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Beneficiary 39 UCLM 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Beneficiary 40 CNRM 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 14 Beneficiary 41 PIK 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 12 Beneficiary 42 FSU 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 TOTAL 51 289 473 130 151 17 47 35 1206

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B.1.3.7 List of milestones and planning of reviews

List and schedule of milestones

Milestone

no. Milestone

name WPs no's.

Lead beneficiary

Delivery date from Annex I

Comments

M1 Data protocols

7,5 2 6 Data delivery protocols agreed

M2 Uncertainty analysis tools

7 6 18 Uncertainty analysis tools available in the database

M3 Driver fields 1 4 18 Driver fields completed for European analysis

M4 Response functions

2,3 1 24 Site level response functions completed for model validation

M5 Model evaluation

2, 4, 5 5 24 Site level model evaluation completed

M6 Regional GHG budgets

3, 4, 5 7 36 GHG budgets with sectoral, generic and data oriented models completed for the six pilot regions

M7 Scaling error

3, 7 6 36 Methodology for scaling errors and uncertainty completed

M8 European attribution

4 5 36 European attribution by sectoral models completed

M9 European GHG budget

4, 5 2 38 Past to present GHG budgets with sectoral, generic, data oriented models and atmospheric inversions completed for EU27+

M10 European vulnerability

4, 5, 6 3 38 European vulnerability scenarios completed

M11 European feedbacks

6 42 European scenarios with policy and socio-economic feedbacks to land use and GHGs completed

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Reviews should ideally be synchronised with ends of project reporting periods – which may coincide with the major milestones of the project. A tentative planning has to be indicated using the following template table:

Tentative schedule of project reviews

Review

no. Tentative timing planned venue

of review Comments , if any

1 After project month 18 Braunschweig,

Germany

Alternatively at the venue of the project

meeting (tbd)

2 After project month 30 Braunschweig,

Germany

Alternatively at the venue of the project

meeting (tbd)

3 After project month 42 Braunschweig,

Germany

Alternatively at the venue of the project

meeting (tbd)

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B2. Implementation B.2.1 Management structure and procedures B.2.1.1 GHG-Europe management overview

An effective project management with clear assignments provides the basis for achieving the objectives of the GHG-Europe project with its consortium formed by 37 partners from 15 European countries. VTI is in charge of the project management, administration, and the decision-making processes. GHG-Europe has adopted a modular structure that assures effective management and

decision making at two levels of integration: 1) strategic level of the project as a whole, 2)

operational level (Work Packages and Tasks).

Fig. 4: Management structure of the GHG-Europe project. Yellow: Financier and initiator; orgrange: external advisors; blue: internal project structure.

B.2.1.2 GHG-Europe management structure

The GHG-Europe consortium will be led by the Coordinator (Annette Freibauer, VTI, Germany) in close cooperation with the Steering Committee (cf. Fig. 4). She is responsible for the integrity, cohesion and results of the project as a whole, and chairs the Steering Committee and the Project

Management Team. She organises dissemination and policy outreach activities. She takes the ultimate decisions in the project regarding scientific direction, response to risk and eventual delays and settlement of eventual disputes. The Project Management Team is formed by the Coordinator, the Project Manager (Axel Don) responsible for the day-to-day scientific management and the preparation of the scientific reports, and the Administrator responsible for the project secretariat, the project website and administration. The Administrator also manages the project financial issues, performs the project accounting, and acts as direct liaison with the Coordinator’s account department in order to ensure satisfactory and timely completion of all administrative-budgetary tasks.

The Steering Committee is formed by the Coordinator, the Work Package Leaders and the Gender Representative (Markus Reichstein, Annette Freibauer, Han Dolman, Pete Smith, Philippe Ciais, Michael Obersteiner and Dario Papale, N.N). It is responsible for the scientific focus and leadership of

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the project. It takes strategic decisions about the scientific direction and oversees the scientific excellence and progress in the project. It assures quality control of the methods and results of the overall project, performs progress control measures and risk assessment of project success and if necessary, initiates remediative action. It guarantees a good international scientific integration of GHG-Europe with activities in other continents and in the Global Carbon Project

The Work Package Leaders (Markus Reichstein, Annette Freibauer, Han Dolman, Pete Smith, Philippe Ciais, Michael Obersteiner and Dario Papale) are responsible for the scientific focus and coherence of their respective Work Package and the tasks therein, the timely delivery of results, the integration of products and results between the Work Packages and the communication within their Work Package and with the Coordinator. The Work Package Leaders must ensure the consistency of the methods, data and results in their Work Package and between the Work Packages.

The Task Leaders lead specific activities within the Work Packages. They ensure coherence and consistency with the other Tasks in the Work Package and support the Work Package Leader in fulfilling the Deliverables.

Within the consortium a Gender Representative will be assigned to ensure adherence to Gender Equity rules. The Gender Representative will be member of the Steering Committee to mainstream gender issues into all project activities (cf. Section 5).

An Advisory Board will be established before the start of the project to give guidance and feedback on the project’s performance from an external science and policy perspective. It will comprise experts from relevant research fields including two scientists from EU member states, two scientists from outside EU (USA, Global Carbon Project), one policy maker for land-use issues and one policy maker for climate issues. The policy makers should represent key stakeholders in the post-2012 climate negotiations. The consortium already has close personal contacts to policy makers, negotiators and the UNFCCC secretariat but prefers to select the policy-related members of the Advisory Board in agreement with the Climate Change Unit of DG Research.

B 2.1.3 GHG-Europe Management Measures The modular project structure with hierarchical management responsibilities ensures an effective management of the overall project via mutual control and agreed procedures for progress and risk assessment and eventual corrective measures.

The Consortium Agreement will be negotiated in parallel to the contract negotiations and signed

at the start of the project. It will define the working relations and responsibilities for all partners within the Consortium (the Coordinator, Work package Leaders etc.). It also specifies the procedures for response to risk and delays, for settlement of disputes, data policy, Intellectual Property Rights arrangements and procedures within the project and the procedure of incorporation of new Participants and exclusion of non-performing Participants during the project duration. In response to requests by non-participating European scientists the data synthesis activities in WP 2 and the modelling activities in WPs 4, 5, and 6 will be opened to voluntary contributions without funding.

Four GHG-Europe project meetings will be held. All project Participants will be invited, together with the members of the Advisory board and invited external guests from policy and science. These meetings have a pivotal function for the cohesion of the project and its functioning, and serve as a forum for the exchange of scientific knowledge and new research findings and for dedicated input

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from external experts and voluntary contributions. All project meetings will be transmitted via video to allow for participation by members hindered by family or other obligations (Section 5). If possible the meetings will be held alongside meetings of the CARBO-Extreme and CC-TAME project to maximize synergies and facilitate scientific cooperation and the transfer of knowledge.

The GHG-Europe Steering Committee will hold at least two meetings per year. Additionally, bimonthly telephone conferences will be held so that any deviations from the planned schedule and new developments can be rapidly communicated and reactions planned. Additional Work Package meetings and small workshops will be organized and chaired by the respective Work Package Leader. The purpose of the Work Package meetings is to discuss, harmonize the activities within the

Work Package and to supervise the work progress with the respective project targets and

milestones, to identify potential problems and to resolve them at the Work Package level as well as to ensure the compilation of the respective contributions to the different kind of project reports (scientific reports and financial statements). The Coordinator and the Project Manager will also be invited and have right of attendance.

GHG-Europe will use a wide range of communication forms. Frequent communication via emails and various mailing lists is taken for granted in international research projects to maintain the communication between Participants. Telephone or video conferences will be held within the Steering Committee frequently to assure regular mutual update on progress. A GHG-Europe web site with a user-friendly, interactive content management system will be build up in order to allow an efficient information exchange and dissemination. Sending periodic newsletters is an efficient tool to concentrate relevant information – such as important achievements, activities, upcoming publications and deadlines - up to a minimum avoiding an overflow of time-consuming emailing.

Obviously successful project management is not only achieved through formal methods of management and communication, it is based on good working relationships between the partners. These are supported and developed through communication, face-to-face meetings, and the exchange of knowledge, mutual visits or co-supervision of students. Although international travel is often time consuming, expensive and causing high CO2-emissions, personal meetings are an essential tool to develop mutual understanding and confidence. Most of the project partners already have already collaborated successfully for several years in previous EU projects in an inspiring productive atmosphere. This is proven by the high number of joint publications (cf. Section 2.2).

The dissemination of new knowledge will be ensured by peer-reviewed scientific papers, an open conference at the end of the project, access to project results on a web based platform with open access to publications from the project, annual policy brief documents, the active collaboration with stakeholders at different levels, and by the dissemination of information via different electronic and press media (policy documents, talks at science days etc., cf. Section 2.2 Dissemination).

Project reporting

Each Work Package will be requested to elaborate on a regular (6 monthly) basis a Work Package

report on progress and risks. It provides information on the realized activities to achieve the established objectives and deliverables, eventually encountered difficulties and their implications at the relevant project level. The financial part reports and summarizes about all budget issues of the Work Package during the respective period. The reports will be submitted to the Project Manager and distributed internally within the Consortium. Annual reports will be collected at Work Package

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level, harmonized and provided to the Commission as required. Financial information and documentation from the partners will be given directly by the Participants to the Project Management Team. The Steering Committee must approve the annual project reports. The same procedure will be followed for the Final report. This procedure has successfully worked in previous – even larger – EU projects.

According to the modular project structure, work plans will be developed and adjusted at the different project levels. They will be annually reviewed with regards to achievements, eventual risks and adaptation needs due to new findings at each Steering Committee meeting, and updated and adjusted according to the annual reports or decisions of the Steering Committee. Also at the Work Package level, detailed plans including relevant procedures for the tasks and their integration of work across Work Packages will be elaborated.

Settlement of disputes

The Consortium Agreement will set up fixed procedures. In principle, any dispute will be tackled at the lowest level, i.e., first at Task level, then on WP level, then by the Steering Committee. The Coordinator ultimately decides about solutions. In case the coordinator is involved in the dispute external arbitration will be sought.

B 2.1.4 Risk and Contingency Plans There are no risks for society/citizens associated with the project. The risks of the project not being able to complete its technical and scientific objectives have been assessed. We conclude that the risks are low, since the study has adopted a workable approach for detecting, modelling and assessing ecosystem response and the vulnerability of C stocks and GHG emissions to changes in human and natural drivers, built around existing and ongoing observational and experimental infrastructure, a strong network of committed EU scientists for data synthesis and well-proven, peer-reviewed state-of-the-art models to ensure secure delivery. We are partly contingent on driver data and future scenarios from the CARBO-Extreme and CC-TAME project. This data should be available by the time needed because they are only needed after the end of both projects, and both projects already have preliminary scenarios available. Both projects are bound to GHG-Europe through the participation of their Coordinators as Work package Leaders in GHG-Europe and of key partners.

The first major risk to the project is that access to background and foreground knowledge is not granted. This is critical for WP1, WP2 and WP3 which heavily rely on such knowledge. However, past experience, e.g. in CarboEurope-IP, has proven that access has been granted in almost all cases without delay. Provisions were already made for GHG-Europe by getting agreement to share experimental data prior to proposal writing. In this process, access to about 70 % of the existing data could already be successfully negotiated for the project. Further negotiations will be performed during the contract preparation phase so that data harmonisation and synthesis can immediately begin at the start of the project. Overall, we have experienced a great willingness to contribute to data synthesis. The wide spread of data sources has minimized the risk of not achieving a critical mass of information for performing the data mining and model improvement.

The second major risk to the project is inadequate performance of activities which rely on externally co-funded work. This is particularly true for the observations, but also to a smaller extent to the other

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activities and the interface to policy. Again, we draw on positive experience in CarboEurope-IP, where 30 associated partners have made voluntary contributions without project funding at the same schedule and quality as the project Participants. The proposed research has strong links to the activities in the major participating institutes so that extra in-house staff effort has already been provisionally allocated to achieve the Objectives. Up to now, we have received a very positive signal from the European and US research community, with offers for voluntary contributions in a similar way as organized in CarboEurope-IP (cf. Section on Impact).

For both major risks, GHG-Europe can also draw on experience from the FP7 COCOS project, which is dedicated to improving the interoperability of data, methods and biogeochemical information at the global scale. Given the provisions taken and the good previous experience our assessment is that the risks are low.

A main risk to the study would be the loss of one of the partners. However, the potential risks of such an event on the study’s ability to meet its technical and scientific objectives has been minimised by ensuring there is some overlap of skills in the study consortium, which on the other hand also yields uncertainty assessment from model comparisons. There are also several teams with cross-sectoral expertise (e.g. VTI, CEA, VUA, MPG, PIK, INRA). Therefore, even in the unexpected event of the loss of a partner, there would be sufficient skills within the consortium to be able to complete the study to the stated objectives within the project time-scale. The Steering Committee will nominate an alternative responsible, preferably from the same institute.

The risk of cascading delays is low because we have access to a large amount of preliminary data from previous projects and to preliminary critical driver data from running EU projects CARBO-Extreme and CC-TAME. Most measurement sites are already in operation in EU projects such as CarboEurope-

IP or NitroEurope-IP or by national funding. Most models have already been applied for other purposes at EU level.

The risk that a critical deliverable is of bad quality or impossible to achieve is small because, as mentioned above, the project relies to a large extent on pre-existing knowledge and models which will be assembled and made operational. If a critical deliverable cannot be achieved with the required quality, the issue will be dealt at the management level as early as recognized and an alternative implementation plan will be designed.

Risk that the consortium does not agree on some of the issues is very low as e.g., the consortium agreement will incorporate detailed rules for decision-making and the settlement of disputes.

A formal risk and contingency assessment was implemented in the management plan based on strict monitoring of progress made by six-monthly reports in the tasks and Work Packages. The Coordinator together with the Project Management Team and the Work Package leaders will ensure that scientific risks will be identified at the earliest possible stage, so that efficient countermeasures will be taken well in time. The Steering Committee can then immediately act to diagnose the potential implications of any delayed deliverable and decide a redeployment of resources to address this risk.

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B.2.2 Beneficiaries

Organization full name: Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute Institute for Agricultural Climate Research

Organization short name / acronym / web page: VTI/ www.vti.bund.de

Role in GHG-Europe: Coordination, Work package and Task leader WP2 and WP8, contributions to WP5

Description of the organization

The Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute (VTI) is one of four German federal research institutes under the auspices of the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV). The VTI was created on January 1, 2008 from part of the German Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL) and other federal research centres for forestry and fisheries. Within VTI, the Institute for Agricultural Climate Research (VTI-AK) investigates the impact of agriculture on climate, greenhouse gas and air pollutant fluxes in agro-ecosystems, and soil carbon turnover. VTI-AK calculates the emissions from agriculture and land use for the official German inventories. The institute combines a strong experimental and observational expertise with local to continental scale modelling.

Expertise and experience of the organization

VTI-AK has recently evolved from the former Institute for Agricultural Ecology of the FAL, the leading German research institute for climate change impacts on crops and ammonia and air pollutant emissions. The institute has seen a major re-orientation in 2008 when the former research group on ecosystem GHG processes moved from MPI-BGC (see participant 4) to VTI-AK. VTI-AK officially advises the German ministries for agriculture and environment on climate change and has frequent contacts with media and the broad public.

Selected reference projects

EU-projects (Freibauer): GHGs in European agriculture (FAIR, FP4); CarboEurope-GHG, coordinator of CarboEurope cluster (FP5); CarboEurope-IP, NitroEurope-IP (FP6), Seq-Cure (LIFE), ICOS, COCOS (FP7)

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Annette Freibauer, geo-ecologist and agronomist, head of research group for emission inventories, VTI-AK, coordinator of the CarboEurope cluster of projects and scientific officer of the CarboEurope-IP project. Coordinating Lead Author of IPCC, member of international science panels: TCO, Global Carbon Project. 30 publications in peer reviewed journals and books, expert in soil carbon related processes and N2O fluxes in agro-ecosystems, greenhouse gas emission inventories and climate policy. Coordinator. Dr Axel Don, geo-ecologist, scientist, expert on land use change effects on soil C, soil carbon monitoring. 3 years of project management experience in the long term experiment on tree biodiversity BIOTREE, Project manager. Dr Rene Dechow, hydrologist, scientist. Expert in N2O and soil carbon modelling, fuzzy logic and diagnostic ecosystem modelling. Several years of experience in modelling and data integration in EU projects.

Selected recent relevant publications

Freibauer, A., M.D.A. Rounsevell, P. Smith, and A. Verhagen (2004): Carbon sequestration in European agricultural soils. Geoderma 122:1-23

Freibauer, A. and M. Kaltschmitt (2003): Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural mineral soils in Europe – controls and models. Biogeochemistry 63(1): 93-115

Don, A., Scholten, T, Schulze, E-D. (2009): Conversion of cropland into grassland – implications for soil organic carbon stocks in two soils with different texture. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, in press, doi: 10.1002/jpln.200700158

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Organization full name: Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Organization short name / web page: CEA / www.lsce.ipsl.fr CNRS / www.cnrs.fr

Role in GHG-Europe: Work package and Task leader WP5, contributions to WP1 and WP3 Description of the organization

The institute LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement) is a joint research unit of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-INSU) and the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), two major funding agencies in France. The LSCE is part of the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) in Paris and covers numerous fields of research related to climate and environment.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The experience and qualification of LSCE researchers relevant to GHG-Europe comprises a unique expertise in atmospheric composition monitoring, development of process-based models over land and ocean, and inversion methods to quantify sources and sinks of greenhouse gazes using atmospheric, space-borne, and in-situ observations. The LSCE researchers also played a leading role in the development of Earth System modelling in France, with the LMDZ-INCA chemistry-aerosol transport model and the ORCHIDEE terrestrial ecosystem simulator.

Selected reference projects

The organizational experience of the LSCE in the European research area is reflected through its active participation in several EU funded projects, GEMS-IP, CarboEurope-IP, QUANTIFY, CARBOOCEAN, CARBOAFRICA and NitroEurope-IP. The LSCE coordinates GEOMON-IP dealing with ground-based atmospheric observation complementary to satellite, and IMECC and ICOS dealing with infrastructure carbon cycle measurements.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Philippe Ciais is research scientist, currently Assistant Director at the LSCE (Staff 300). He has over 15 years research in the field of Carbon Cycle studies and of environmental isotope studies, and has contributed to 140 publications in A-ranking peer reviewed journals, including 19 in Science and Nature. He coordinates the ICOS European Research Infrastructure and is lead author of the IPCC. Dr Philippe Peylin is a research scientist working on the Carbon Cycle with a strong expertise in the development of inverse atmospheric tracer models and in the optimization of biogeochemical models. Dr Martina Schmidt is a research scientist, working on measurements and interpretation of atmospheric Greenhouse gases. Dr Nicolas Viovy is a research scientist, expert in modelling carbon, water, and nitrogen fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. He contributed to more than 35 A-ranking publication in peer reviewed journals. He is coordinating the development of the ORCHIDEE terrestrial model at LSCE.

Selected recent relevant publications

Ciais, P., M. Reichstein, N. Viovy, A. Granier, et al. (2005) Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003, Nature, 437, 529-533.

Berthelot, M., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Dufresne, J.-L., and Monfray, P. (2005) How uncertainties in future climate change predictions translate into future terrestrial carbon fluxes. Glob. Change Biolog., 11, 959-970.

Peylin P., P. Rayner, P. Bousquet, C. Carouge, F. Hourdin, P. Heinrich, P. Ciais, and AEROCARB contributors, Daily CO2 flux over Europe from continuous atmospheric measurements: 1, inverse methodology, Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 5, 3173-3186, 2005.

Gervois, S; Ciais, P ; de Noblet-Ducoudre, N; Brisson, N ; Vuichard, N ; Viovy, N (2008) Carbon and water balance of European croplands throughout the 20th century GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 22 (2): Art. No. GB2022 JUN 13 2008

Vetter, M ; Churkina, G ; Jung, M ; Reichstein, M; Zaehle, S ; Bondeau, A ; Chen, Y; Ciais, P ; Feser, F ; Freibauer, A ; Geyer, R ; Jones, C ; Papale, D ; Tenhunen, J ; Tomelleri, E ; Trusilova, K ; Viovy, N Heimann, M (2008) Analyzing the causes and spatial pattern of the European 2003 carbon flux anomaly using seven models BIOGEOSCIENCES, 5 (2): 561-583

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Organization full name: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Organisation short name / web page: IIASA / http://www.iiasa.ac.at

Role in GHG-Europe: Work package leader WP6, Task leader in WP1 and WP6, contributions to WP4

Description of the organization

The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) is a non-governmental research organisation based in Laxenburg, Austria. The institute conducts inter-disciplinary scientific studies on environmental, economic, technological and social issues in the context of human dimensions of global change. IIASA is well-known for: energy, forestry, population, climate change, risk and vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation, technology, air pollution, land-use, and mathematical modelling.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The participating Forestry Program (FOR) (http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/FOR/) has a proven record in frontier science in the fields of European and global forest modelling, agriculture sector modelling, economic modelling, and land use change modelling including erosion. Special emphasis is put on combining aspects such as mitigation and adaptation strategies of climate change, ecosystem management, natural hazards, and special social and economic aspects such as risk, vulnerability and uncertainty into a harmonized integrated modelling approach. Furthermore, the program’s scientific expertise comprises also integrated (policy) assessment of sustainability strategies e.g., biomass for bioenergy potential estimations coupled with forest certification tools.

Selected reference projects

Climate Change – Terrestrial Adaptation and Mitigation in Europe CC-TAME. (FP7, No.212535, www.cctame.eu), Coordinator; Integrated Sink Enhancement Assessment INSEA. (FP 6, No. SSPI-CT-2003/503614, www.insea-eu.info), Coordinator; Global Earth Observation – Benefit Estimation: Now, Next and Emerging GEO-BENE. (FP6, No. 037063, www.geo-bene.eu), Coordinator;

ClimateCost. Full Costs of Climate Change (FP7, No. 212774), Partner

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Michael Obersteiner, senior expert in global forest modelling, spatial global modelling of socioeconomic systems, energy risk management, and climate policy analysis. He has been principle investigator of a number of large-scale projects including EU funded projects both in FP6 and FP7.

Selected recent relevant publications

Marland G, Obersteiner M, Schlamadinger B (2007). The carbon benefits of fuels and forests. SCIENCE, 318:1066-1068.

Kindermann, G, M Obersteiner, E Rametsteiner and I McCallum (2006) Predicting the deforestation-trend under different-carbon prices, Carbon Balance and Management. 1:15, doi:10.1186/1750-0680-1-15, www.cbmjournal.com/content/1/1/15

Kindermann G, McCallum I, Fritz S and M Obersteiner (2008) A global forest growing stock, biomass and carbon map based on FAO statistics. Silva Fennica, #S07A1026, accepted 31.01.2008.

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Organization full name: Max Planck Society (MPG) – Max Planck Institute

for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC) Organization short name / acronym / web page: MPG / www.bgc-jena.mpg.de

Role in GHG-Europe: Work package leader WP1, Task leader in WP1 and WP5, contrib. to WP3 and WP7

Description of the organization

The Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC) is a research institute of the German Max-Planck Society (MPG), founded in 1997. Its research mission is the investigation of the global biogeochemical cycles and their interaction with the climate system. The institute combines strong observational expertise (soil carbon, vegetation structure, vegetation-atmosphere fluxes etc.) with global scale modelling (e.g. global carbon cycle).

Expertise and experience of the organization

The MPI-BGC is one of the pivotal European biogeochemical cycle research institutions, and as such has been coordinating the EU-funded CarboEurope-IP project. The Institute is strongly involved in the EU-funded NitroEurope-IP, CARBOAFRICA and CIRCE-IP projects, and will be coordinating the Carbo-Extreme project. MPI-BGC regularly advises policy makers and has frequent contacts with media/public.

Selected reference projects

EU-projects: CARBOEUROFLUX, MIND (FP5); CarboEurope-IP (FP6), CARBOAFRICA, CIRCE-IP; CARBO-Extreme (coord., in negotiation), ERC-Starting Grant to MR (QUASOM)

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Markus Reichstein, head of Independent Model-Data Integration Group at MPI-BGC, WP and research line leader in several EU projects, lead integration activities in CarboEurope-IP, more than 50 publications in peer reviewed journals, expert in modelling soil carbon related processes, processing and synthesis of ecosystem carbon and water flux, robust ecosystem model-data integration techniques and diagnostic ecosystem modelling, Work Package Leader WP1. Dr Christoph Gerbig, head of Airborne Trace Gas Measurements and Mesoscale Modeling Group within the Biogeochemical Systems Department at MPI-BGC, was WP leader in CarboEurope-IP, and is contributor to several EU projects. He has more than 40 peer reviewed publications, is expert in top-down inverse modeling, atmospheric transport, and trace gas measurements. Dr Sönke Zaehle is a postdoctoral research fellow and expert in terrestrial biosphere modelling, specifically focussing on nitrogen dynamics, land-use change effects and model uncertainty. He has also expertise in reconstructing past land use patterns for biospheric modelling. Dr. Enrico Tomelleri is a postdoctoral research fellow and expert in data-oriented modeling and model-data fusion using flux, land-use and remote sensing data

Selected recent relevant publications

Heimann, M., Reichstein, M. (2008) Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and feedbacks. Nature, 451, 289-292.

Reichstein, M et al. (2007) Determinants of terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covariance flux sites. Geophysical Research Letters 34 L01402.262.

Reichstein, M., et al. (2007) A combined eddy covariance, remote sensing and modeling view on the 2003 European summer heatwave. Global Change Biology, 13, 634–651.

Ahmadov, R., Gerbig, C., et al., (2007) Mesoscale covariance of transport and CO2 fluxes: Evidence from observations and simulations using the WRF-VPRM coupled atmosphere-biosphere model. JGR-Atmospheres, 112, D22107, doi:10.1029/2007JD008552.

Gerbig, C., J. C. Lin, J. W. Munger, and S. C. Wofsy, (2006), What can tracer observations in the continental boundary layer tell us about surface-atmosphere fluxes?, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 539-554, 2006

Zaehle, S. et al., 2007. Projected changes in terrestrial carbon storage in Europe under climate and land-use change, 1990-2100. Ecosystems, 10(3): 380-401.

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Organization full name: University of Aberdeen Organization short name / acronym / web page UNIABDN / www.abdn.ac.uk/idx.php

Role in GHG-Europe: Work package leader WP4, Task leader in WP4, WP6 and WP7, contrib. to WP2

Description of the organization

The University of Aberdeen is a premier teaching and research University in the UK established in 1495. The work on the project will be carried out in the School of Biological Sciences, which has a research rating of 5 (the highest) from the most recent Research Assessment Exercise of UK University Departments. Research within the School covers the whole spectrum of biology from microbes to vertebrates and from molecular to global scales. Expertise and experience of the organization

The team conducting the work is a leader in the field of modelling greenhouse gas fluxes and soil C and N cycling. Members of the research group have coordinated many national and international projects in this area and have produced a number of seminal research papers on the subject. Team members also chair and serve on national and international advisory panels on these issues. The team contribute to numerous EU and other projects on modelling cropland or soil C & N cycling and are providing models to the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) and advice to EU, UK and Scottish governments on issues related to soils, climate change and renewable energy.

Selected reference projects

CarboEurope-IP; NitroEurope-IP; QUERCC. Quantifying ecosystem roles in the carbon cycle; PICCMAT. Policy Incentives For Climate Change Mitigation Agricultural Techniques http://climatechangeintelligence.baastel.be/piccmat/index.php. CC-TAME, CARBO-Extreme.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Prof Pete Smith, WP4 leader, is Royal Society-Wolfson Professor of Soils and Global Change in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Aberdeen. Author, Lead Author and Convening Lead Author for 4 IPCC reports, partner and coordinator of numerous research projects funded by EU, UK and other sources and contributor to a number of expert committees (e.g. European Climate Change Programme). Awarded Royal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award in 2008. Editor / Board member of 6 journals. Areas of interest are the carbon cycle, greenhouse gas emissions, the impacts, adaptation & mitigation of climate change, ecosystem modelling, agriculture and soils. Dr Jo Smith. Reader in ecosystem modelling. Her main areas of expertise are in modelling soil organic matter and nutrient dynamics. She is co-leader of the Environmental Modelling Group (2 Academic staff, 11 Post-docs, 6 PhD students). Associate editor of Journal of Environmental Quality. Dr Martin Wattenbach. Research Fellow at University of Aberdeen, assistant of the cropland coordinator in CacrboEurope IP. 2007 contributing author to the 4th IPCC assessment report. Honorary lecturer at the University of Potsdam. Main areas of interest, ecosystem modelling, soils, hydrology, forestry and agricultural systems

Selected recent relevant publications

Janssens, I.A., Freibauer, A., Ciais, P., Smith, P., et al. 2003. Europe’s terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7-12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Science 300 (Jun 6 2003): 1538-1542.

Fang, C., Smith, P., Moncrieff, J.B. & Smith, J.U. 2005. Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature. Nature 433, 57-59.

Schröter, D., Cramer, W., Leemans, R.,…Smith, J.U., Smith, P. et al., 2005. Ecosystem service supply and human vulnerability to global change in Europe. Science 310 (5752), 1333-1337.

Smith, J.U., Smith, P., Wattenbach, M., et al. 2005. Projected changes in mineral soil carbon of European croplands and grasslands, 1990-2080. Global Change Biology 11, 2141–2152.

Reay, D.S., Sabine, C.L., Smith, P. & Hymus, G. 2007. Springtime for sinks. Nature 446, 727-728. Smith, J.U., Smith, P., Wattenbach, M. Gottschalk, P. et al. 2007. Projected changes in cropland soil

organic carbon stocks in European Russia and the Ukraine, 1990-2070. Global Change Biology 13, 342-356.

Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z. et al. 2008. Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philosophical

Transactions of the Royal Society, B. 363, 789-813.

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Organization full name: Università degli Studi della Tuscia

Organization short name / web page: UNITUS

Role in GHG-Europe: Work package and Task leader WP7, contributions to WP3

Description of the organization

The Department of Forest Environment and Resources of University of Tuscia (DISAFRI) is composed by 11 full time permanent scientists working in the field of forest research (biological processes and interactions from the scale of plants to the ecosystem and regional problems) with a focus on the structure and function of forest ecosystem in order to identify the most suitable mechanism for a forest sustainable management. The Department of Crop Production (DPV) of the University of Tuscia, deals with the factors and technologies concerning herbaceous and tree crop production, through both the teaching and the research activities carried out by its staff. Currently the DPV is composed by 16 academic staff and 11 technicians.

Expertise and experience of the organization

DISAFRI has considerable experience, at national and international level, in projects dealing with forestry, carbon, energy, and water cycling, ecosystem modelling, remote sensing, rehabilitation of degraded areas and land management. DISAFRI is also actively involved in national and international (IPCC) initiatives aiming to provide the scientific background for the implementation of the Rio conventions and the Kyoto protocol.

Selected reference projects

DISAFRI is involved in many Italian, European and international projects, as coordinator or full participant: EUROFLUX; CARBOEUROFLUX; VULCAN; EUROFACE; POPFACE; CARBODATA; CarboEurope-GHG; CarboEurope-IP; CARBOAFRICA; NitroEurope-IP; IMECC; CIRCE; COCOS; ICOS; CARBO-Extreme.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Dario Papale, scientist at the University of Tuscia, expert in eddy covariance data analysis and model data integration in particularly with data-oriented models for terrestrial carbon fluxes spatialization at regional and continental scales. Scientific responsible of the ecosystem component database of the CarboEurope-IP project and CARBO-Extreme database. Prof Paolo De Angelis is Associate Professor. He obtained his PhD degree with researches on the effects of elevated [CO2] on Mediterranean forest trees. He participated to several European Research Projects, focused on the impact of environmental stresses and climatic changes on different forest ecosystem processes. Prof Raffaele Casa, Associate Professor, is an agronomist with remote sensing expertise, having experience in national and international research groups. His current research interests include the study of the effects of environmental factors on arable crops Prof Riccardo Valentini His expertise concerns canopy processes, particularly eddy covariance measurements and modelling of carbon dioxide and water fluxes, volatile organic compounds exchanges and biophysical and physiological studies on forest trees.

Selected recent relevant publications

Papale, D. and R. Valentini, 2003: A new assessment of European forests carbon exchanges by eddy fluxes and artificial neural network spatialization. Global Change Biology, 9, 525-535.

Papale, D. et al., 2006: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation. Biogeosciences, 3, 571-583.

Calfapietra C., De Angelis P., Gielen B., Lukac M., Moscatelli M.C., Avino G., Lagomarsino A., Polle A., Ceulemans R., Scarascia Mugnozza G., Hoosbeek M.R., Cotrufo M.F. 2007. Increased nitrogen-use efficiency of a short-rotation poplar plantation in elevated CO2 concentration. Tree

Physiology, 27: 1153-1163. Casa, R., Rossi, M., Sappa, G., Trotta, A., 2009. Assessing crop water demand by remote sensing and

GIS for the Pontina Plain, Central Italy. Water Resources Management, in press Reichstein, M…D. Papale, … R. Valentini, 2005: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into

assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Global Change Biology, 11, 1424-1439.

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Role in GHG-Europe: Work package and Task leader WP3, contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

Environmental research at the VU University Amsterdam is carried out at the Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences. It includes research on physical processes related to the impact of land use change on our climate, water resources, groundwater, geohydrology and ecological systems, geomorphology, biodiversity, carbon and nutrient cycling, as well as research on the social and economic issues and drivers leading to such land use change.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences cover a wide range of disciplines and is excellently placed to approach environmental issues in an integrated manner. The Department of Hydrology and Geo-environmental Science of the Faculty is involved in several studies on carbon cycling and Global Change, in particular the interaction of land use (change) with hydrology and the major biogeochemical cycles, measurement and modelling of water, energy and CO2 exchange of the biosphere, links with hydrology and transport within the atmospheric boundary layer, and plays a strong role in (inter-)national carbon cycle studies and as a partner in many (inter-)national projects.

Selected reference projects

COCOS coordination action on Carbon Observing Systems (FP7), WATCH, WATer and global Change (EU FP6), CarboEurope-IP (FP6) IMMEC, Infrastructure for Measurements of the European Carbon Cycle (EU FP6), CIRCE, Climate Change and Impact Research: the Mediterranean Environment (EU FP6), GREENCYCLES, Biogeochemistry and Climate Change Research and Training Network (Marie Curie training network, EU FP6)

Key scientific / technical personnel

Han Dolman, Prof. Dr. is an expert in carbon cycle and ecohydrology. He is coordinator of the COCOS, FP7 coordination action on Carbon Observing Systems, was coordinator of the regional component of CarboEurope-IP and was chairman of the CarboEurope cluster from 2001 to 2003 and is currently member of the executive board. He is involved as PI and coordinator in several EU projects (see above). He was appointed chairman of the joint GCOS-GTOS Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC) in March 2007. Ko van Huisteden, Dr. is an associate professor and expert in CH4 emissions of peatland and Siberian wetlands. He developed the PEATLAND model. Guido van der Werf, Dr. developed the Global Fire Emission Database and is expert on global carbon cycle, CASA and emissions from fires. Michiel van der Molen, Dr. is involved in the COCOS coordination action, and expert in high latitude carbon cycle and mesoscale atmospheric modelling. Antoon Meesters, Dr. is an expert in mesoscale atmospheric modelling and is developing tools for regional inverse models to determine CO2 sources and sinks at regional scale.

Selected recent relevant publications Dolman, A.J. et al., (2006) CERES, the CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy in Les Landes,

South West France, May-June 2005. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87, 1367–1379

van der Molen M. K., A. J. Dolman (2007), Regional carbon fluxes and the effect of topography on the variability of atmospheric CO 2, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D01104

L. F. Tolk, A. G. C. A. Meesters, A. J. Dolman, and W. Peters (2008) Modelling representation errors of atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios at a regional scale. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6587-6596

Hendriks, A. J. Dolman, M. K. van der Molen, and J. van Huissteden (2008) A compact and stable eddy covariance set-up for methane measurements using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 431-443

Organization full name: Vereniging voor Christelijk Hoger Onderwijs Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek en Patientenzorg

Organization short name / web page: VUA / www.vu.nl

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Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP1, WP3 and WP4

Description of the organization

Alterra is the (non-profit) research institute of the Netherlands employing over 500 staff members and is part of Wageningen University and Research Centre (Wageningen UR). The taskforce ‘Forest ecosystems’ carries out international research on forests and forestry. This involves ecological analyses of the Dutch forest reserves, forest management aspects, modelling of forest dynamics from the plot level to the European scale. Topics are sustainability impact assessments, impacts of environmental changes, carbon sequestration, European wood availability to industry, and sustainable forest management.

Expertise and experience of the organization

Alterra will be responsible for WP3: the development of the modelling tools to be employed in MOTIVE. Furthermore Alterra will be involved in WP4, the actual simulations and in WP 8, the dissemination. Resources needed for the work to be carried out by beneficiary Alterra B.V. will be provided by Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek, see Chapter 2.3 Third Parties.

Selected reference projects

The taskforce is actively involved in many EU funded projects like CAMELS, CASFOR, LTEEF, SCEFORMA, Dynabeech, NATMAN, CarboEurope-IP, EFORWOOD, ADAM, MEACAP, Alternet and Evoltree. Members of the taskforce have coordinated EU projects like LTEEF, CASFOR, SCEFORMA, DYNABeech.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Mart-Jan Schelhaas has worked since 1998 in forest scenario modelling at the European level with an emphasis on natural disturbances impacts, both at Alterra and the European Forest Institute. Further he developed forest models at smaller scales, such as the carbon sequestration model CO2FIX and the individual tree model ForGem. Dr Geerten Hengeveld received his PhD from Wageningen University in 2007 on ecological modeling. Since then he has worked at Alterra on forest resource mapping and modeling forest development. He is lead author of the European tree species map at 1km2 resolution. He is working with the global model Image, the European model EFISCEN, and the local model CO2FIX to model the effects of forest management and C sequestration. Dr Isabel van den Wyngaert received her PhD from University of Utrecht on functional analysis of European Wetland Ecosystems. Currently she heads the development of the Dutch National Greenhouse gas reporting of the LULUCF sector to the UNFCCC, and she develops the high resolution European forest resource model.

Selected recent relevant publications

Nabuurs, G-J., A. Pussinen, T. Karjalainen, et al. Stemwood volume increment changes in European forests due to climate change—a simulation study with the EFISCEN model (2002) Global Change Biology, 8: 304-316

Janssens, I. A., A. Freibauer, P Ciais, P. Smith, G.J. Nabuurs , G Folberth, B. Schlamadinger, R.W.A. Hutjes, R. Ceulemans, E.-D Schulze, R. Valentini, A.J. Dolman (2003) Europe's terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7 to 12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Science 300: 1538-1542.

Nabuurs, G.J., O. Masera et al. 2007. Ch 9 Forestry. In Metz et al. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007. Mitigation of Climate Change. WG III IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. P 541 – 584

Schelhaas, M. J., G.J. Nabuurs & A. Schuck. 2003 Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and the 20th centuries. Global Change Biology 9: 1620-1633.

Organization full name: Alterra B.V. Organization short name / web page: Alterra / www.alterra.wur.nl/UK/

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Organization full name Natural Environment Research Council - Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Organization short name / web page: CEH / www.nerc.ac.uk

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

NERC is the UK national organization for environmental research, which both administers research funding and conducts research directly through its Centres and Surveys. The part of NERC contributing to GHG-Europe is the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), which addresses the full breadth of ecological and hydrological research.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The CEH Edinburgh laboratory conducts fundamental and applied research into the emission, dispersion, deposition and ecological impacts of a wide range of air pollutants and trace gases. The research particularly focuses on peatland, grassland and forest ecosystems. The laboratory is an international leader on the fluxes of greenhouse gas and trace gases, which a particular emphasis on the interactions with nitrogen compounds, development of flux measurement method and process based ecosystem models analyzing C-N interactions and the associated uncertainties. CEH regularly advises UK government on these topics playing a key role in contributing to the UN-FCCC and the UNECE-CLRTAP.

Selected reference projects

CEH Edinburgh has led and contributed to a wide range of EU research projects in this area. Following on from the success in coordinating the FP4 GRAMINAE (grassland ammonia interactions) project, CEH played a key role in the FP5 GREENGRASS (GHG with grasslands, inc. peatland) and CarboMont projects. CEH Edinburgh was a partner of CarboEurope Integrated, and is currently coordinator of the FP6 NitroEurope Integrated Project, a 5 year effort addressing the effect of reactive nitrogen with the European GHG balance. The laboratory is also a partner of the new CarboExtreme project (FP7), with a contribution focused on analysis of modelling uncertainties.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr. Mark Sutton is coordinator of the NitroEurope-IP, and was previously coordinator of the EU GRAMINAE and EXAMINE projects. He was also the CEH PI for the GREENGRASS, CarboMont and CarboEurope IP projects. He is currently co-chair of the UNECE ‘Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen’ which aims to integrate multiple drivers to develop future mitigation options. Dr. Mike Billett is head of Atmospheric Sciences (staff 35), holds an NERC Senior Fellowship at CEH and leads the UK “Carbon Catchments” project. His specialist focus is on the land management interactions that control net GHG exchange with peatlands. Dr. Pete Levy is a senior scientist focused on the measurement and modelling of carbon and GHG dynamics in relation to land use change, with a special focus on peatland and forest ecosystems.

Selected recent relevant publications

Billett, M. F., C. M. Deacon, S. M. Palmer, J. J. C. Dawson, and D. Hope (2006), Connecting organic carbon in stream water and soils in a peatland catchment, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G02010

Billett, M. F., S. M. Palmer, D. Hope, C. Deacon, R. Storeton et al. (2004), Linking land-atmosphere-stream carbon fluxes in a lowland peatland system, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB1024,

Levy, P.E., D.C. Mobbs, S.K. Jones, R. Milne, C. Campbell & M.A. Sutton (2007). Simulation of fluxes of greenhouse gases from European grasslands using the DNDC model. Agriculture,

Ecosystems and Environment 121: 186–192 Sutton M.A., E. Nemitz, J.W. Erisman, C. Beier, K. Butterbach Bahl, P. Cellier, W. de Vries, F.

Cotrufo, U. Skiba, C. Di Marco, S. … M.R. Theobald, P. Levy et al. (2007) Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species. Environmental Pollution 150, 125-139.

Sutton M.A., Simpson D., Levy P.E., Smith R.I., Reis S., van Oijen M. and de Vries W. (2008) Uncertainties in the relationship between atmospheric nitrogen deposition and forest carbon sequestration. Global Change Biology 14, 2057-2063.

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Organization full name Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Organization short name / web page: ETH ZURICH / www.ethz.ch

Role in GHG-Europe: Task leader in WP3

Description of the organization

The Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich in Switzerland was founded 1855 and has a long tradition as a world-leading research and teaching institute in science and engineering. Currently it is ranked among the top five universities in Europe according to the Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranking 2008.

Expertise and experience of the organization

ETH Zürich has been actively involved in many national and international projects on climate change and climate impacts. High scientific standards are complemented by the continuous support of new, innovative research areas, e.g., Competence Center for Environment and Sustainability CCES or the Centre for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM). The Chair of Grassland Sciences (NB) runs most of the eddy flux towers within the SwissFluxnet and has established a couple of ecosystem manipulation experiments to study CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes. Currently a large project on non-CO2-GHG fluxes is starting, including regional upscaling using aircraft measurements. The research focus is on biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems, in particularly the ecosystem C, N and water dynamics under changing climatic conditions, and interactions among biodiversity and ecosystem functions. The Assistant Professor of Terrestrial Ecosystem Physiology (AK) is operating two isotope laser spectrometer systems to study effects of climate change on carbon and water flows through terrestrial ecosystems.

Selected reference projects

NB has contributed to various projects on carbon and nitrogen fluxes in ecosystems, including Forcast and CarboEuroflux (FP5), CarboEurope IP and NitroEurope-IP (FP6), COST Action E38 (Woody root

dynamics) as well as drought effects addressed in C-Extreme (FP7),. She is the national contact point for the ESFRI project ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System), was chairing the ESF program SIBAE (Stable Isotope in Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange) and initiated the COST Action ES0806 (Stable Isotopes In Biosphere-Atmosphere-Earth System Research). AK runs ISOCYCLE (FP6; Marie Curie Excellence Grant), and contributes to Carbo-Extreme (FP7).

Key scientific / technical personnel

Prof. Nina Buchmann, Chair of Grassland Sciences in the Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich. Expert in ecosystem physiology and biospheric-atmospheric GHG exchange of soils and ecosystems. Principal investigator and Work Package leader in EU-projects on C and N fluxes in ecosystems, i.e. FORCAST, CarboEuroflux, CarboEurope-IP, C-Extreme, ICOS. 2004 to 2008 member of the German Advisory Council for Global Change. PD Dr. Werner Eugster, senior scientist in the Grassland Sciences group. Expert in micrometeo-rology (eddy covariance measurements), geographer. Prof. Alexander Knohl, Assistant Professor of Terrestrial Ecosystem Physiology, ETH Zurich and Marie Curie Team Leader. Expert in tracing carbon and water fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems with stable isotope laser spectroscopy and eddy covariance measurements. Principal investigator of ISOCYCLE, contributing to C-Extreme.

Selected recent relevant publications

Knohl A, Schulze ED, Kolle O, Buchmann N (2003). Large carbon uptake by an unmanaged old deciduous forest in Central Germany. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 118: 151-167.

Ciais P, Reichstein M, …, Buchmann N, …, Knohl A, …, Valentini R (2005). Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437:529-533.

Granier A,….,Buchmann N, …Knohl A,…(2007) Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003. Agricultural Forest Meteorology 143, 123–145.

Reichstein M, …, Buchmann N, …, Knohl A, … (2007) Reduction of ecosystem productivity and respiration during the European summer 2003 climate anomaly: a joint flux tower, remote sensing and modeling analysis. Global Change Biology 13 (3): 634-651

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Role in GHG-Europe: Task leader in WP2

Description of the organization

The Forest Research and Management Institute (Institutul de Cercetare si Amenajare Silvice - ICAS) is a governmental institution in charge of both forest research, national forest inventory and the preparation of the forest management plans. It supervises the implementation of new technologies in the public and private forestry sectors, in order to assure sustainable management of Romanian forest.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The research activities are structured to focus on strategic directions to promote competitiveness, ensure forest sustainability and grow opportunities through research. Research fields cover silvo-genetics, pedology, biometry and growth modelling, pollution impacts, remote-sensing, entomology. A high-tech laboratory of dendrochronology was recently founded, which is in tight relations with foreign labs and contributes to the International Tree-Ring DataBase. The Institute, founded in 1933, is a member of many international organizations such as IUFRO, EFI, EARSeL (European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories).

Selected reference projects

LIFE Nature - Restoration Forest Habitats from Pietrosul Rodnei Biosphere Reserve. (2003 NAT / RO / 00027 REV; http://www.icassv.ro/life_pietrosu/). EEC 2152/2003 Forest Focus regulation – Reporting requirements for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) under the UNFCCC. USDA Forest Service International Programs - Long-term Effects of Air Pollution on Selected Forest Ecosystems in the Retezat National Park (project 00 – JV – 11272172 – 035 – Cooperation Romania - USDA –Forest Service). FP5 extension - Ash for the future: defining European Ash population for conservation and regeneration (FRAXINAS – project FP 5extension of FRAXIGEN to NSA countries – EVK 2 – 2001 - 0058).

Key scientific / technical personnel

Oliver Bouriaud, Dr. is a research scientist expert in dendro-ecology. He is focusing on the impacts of global changes on the forest productivity and carbon balance. He has been working in numerous prestigious institutes over the world (INRA, France; EFI, Finland; CFS, Canada) and has a long experience in international cooperation.

Selected recent relevant publications

Bouriaud O., Popa I. 2008. Comparative dendroclimatical study of Scots pine, Norway spruce and Silver fir in a Vrancea Moutains, Eastern Carpathian. Trees, in press

Davi H., Bouriaud O., Dufrêne E. et al. 2006. Effect of aggregating spatial parameters on modelling carbon and water fluxes in forest ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 139: 269-287

Bouriaud O., Bréda N., Dupouey J.-L. and A. Granier. 2005. Is ring width a reliable proxy for stem biomass increment? A case study in European beech. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35 (12): 2920-2933

Bouriaud O., Leban J.-M., Bert D. and C. Deleuze. 2005. Intra annual wood density variations in Picea abies (K.) in relation to climate and growth rate. Tree Physiology, 25 (6): 651-660

Organization full name: Forest Research and Management Institute Organization short name / web page: ICAS / http://www.icas.ro

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Organization full name: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Organization short name / web page: INRA/ www.inra.fr

Role in GHG-Europe: Task leader in WP2 and WP3, contributions to WP1 and WP4

Description of the organization

INRA carries out mission-oriented research for better food and nutrition, preservation of the environment and competitive, sustainable agricultural practices. INRA is ranked 2nd in the world and 1st in Europe for publications in the agricultural sciences, and plant and animal sciences. 1,826 researchers and 1,634 doctoral students work at INRA. The complementary nature of topics studied and techniques used, as well as the diversity of partnerships, guarantee INRA great capacity and the relevance of its actions to benefit society.

Expertise and experience of the organization

INRA has been actively involved since more than 10 years in research projects on climate change, on the carbon and water cycles and on the greenhouse gas balance of terrestrial ecosystems. These research activities have led to large investments in field sites (see www.ore.fr) and in ecosystem manipulation experiments. INRA is responsible for the constitution of the soil information system for French soils and is involved in several European projects linked to soil monitoring and modeling. INRA also coordinates four French national projects (ANR) on climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability.

Selected reference projects

The institute has contributed to a series of shared costs projects on elevated CO2 impacts (FP4 MEGARICH), on the carbon cycle, including FP4 Euroflux, FP5 GreenGrass (coordinated by INRA), CarboAge and CarboEuroFlux, FP6 CarboEurope-IP and NitroEurope-IP. INRA is a partner of infrastructure projects on the carbon cycle such as FP6 IMECC and the ESFRI supported ICOS project. INRA has also contributed in this area to concerted actions such as CarboEurope-GHG. These research projects have been supported by Marie-Curie fellowships and by a research and training network.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Jean-François Soussana, senior scientist, head of the Grassland Ecosystem Research Unit (staff of 30) in Clermont-Ferrand is a lead author of the IPCC for the fourth assessment report on Impacts and Adaptation. He coordinated the EESD FP5 'GreenGrass' project (2002-2004) and leads WP in CarboEurope-IP and NitroEurope-IP. Dr André Granier, senior scientist, head of the research unit “Forest ecology and ecophysiology” in Nancy (staff of 52 permanent, 23 PhD students and post-docs). He leads research on the effects of drought on ecosystem functioning: fluxes and tree growth and on forest management. Dr Denis Loustau, senior scientist, head of the Functional Ecology and Environmental Physics Unit, in Bordeaux. He leads research on climate change impacts on forests.

Selected recent relevant publications

Bréda N, Huc R, Granier A, Dreyer E (2006) Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences. An. forest sci., 63, 625–644.

Fontaine, S. et al. (2007). Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply. Nature 450, 277-281.

Howden, S. M., Soussana, J. F., Tubiello, F. N., Chhetri, N., Dunlop, M., and Meinke, H. (2007). Adapting agriculture to climate change. PNAS, 104, 19691-19696.

Magnani F, et al. (2007). The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate forests. Nature, 447. Soussana, J. F., Allard, V., Pilegaard, K.et al. (2007). Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2,

N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 121. Tubiello, F., Soussana, J. F., Howden, S. M., and Easterling, W. (2007). Crop and pasture response to

climate change. PNAS, 104, 19686-19690.

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Organization full name Poznan University of Life Sciences Organization short name / web page: PULS/ www.up.poznan.pl

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3, coordination of region Poland

Description of the organization

POZNAŃ UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES is one of the most highly ranked institutions of higher life sciences education in Poland. It is consisted of 7 faculties (Agronomy, Horticulture, Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering, Forestry, Animal Science, Food Science and Technology, Wood Technology). The university employs about 780 scientific workers and academic teachers (169 professors). There were almost 200 scientific projects realized at university in the academic year 2007/2008 that were financed by the Polish Ministry of Science. Additionally 10 projects EU financed FP6 projects are realized meanwhile.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The Agrometeorology Department is part of the Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering and is one of the leading scientific units. The department research activities are mostly focused on the energy and the mass (mostly greenhouse gases) exchange in the landscape. The micrometeorological techniques are applied for heat and mass exchange. The results of the research resulted in numerous scientific publications.

Selected reference projects

The Agrometeorology Department is mainly involved in projects related energy and mass exchange between the atmosphere and ecosystem. There are several EC projects where department is involved: CarboEurope IP, NitroEurope-IP, Adaggio SSA, GreenFlux TOK.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Prof. Janusz Olejnik – head of Agrometeorology Department sice 2003, leads the group of scientist (4 staff) involved in CarboEurope IP, NitroEurope-IP and Adaggio SSA. He coordinates TOK FP6 GreenFlux project. Dr. Bogdan H. Chojnicki – department’s worker since 1994. His scientific career is mainly focused on heat and mass exchange between the terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Dr. Marek Urbaniak – works at department since 2007. He deals maily with theory and application of eddy covariance technique for GHG exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere.

Selected recent relevant publications

Olejnik J., F. Eulenstein, A. Kędziora. A. Werner, 2002: Evaluation of water balance model using

data for bare soil and crop surfaces in middle Europe. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 106/2, 105-116,

Olejnik J., Kędziora A., Eulenstein F., 2003: Mitigation of radiation and heat balance structure by

plant cover structure, in ”Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management” ed. L. Ryszkowski Publishing by CRC Press, 27-56, printed in USA

Byrne, K. A., Chojnicki, B., Christensen, T. R., Drösler, M., Freibauer, A., Frolking, S., Lindroth, A., Mailhammer, J., Malmer, N., Selin, P., Turunen, J., Valentini, R. & Zetterberg, L., 2004: EU Peatlands: Current Carbon Stocks and Trade Gas Fluxes, Carboeurope-GHG, Concerted Action Synthesis of the European Greenhouse Gas Budget. Department of Forest Science and Environment, Viterbo, 1-58.

Owen K. E., J. Tenhunen, M. Reichstein, Q. Wang, E. Falge, R. Geyer, X. Xiao, P. Stoy, Ch. Ammann, A. Arain, M. Aubinet, M. Aurela, Ch. Bernhofer, B. H. Chojnicki , A. Ranier, T. Gruenwald, J. Hadley, B. Heinesch, D. Hollinger, A. Knohl, W. Kutsch , A. Lohila, T. Meyers, E. Moors, Ch. Moureaux, K. Pilegaard, N. Saigusa, S. Verma, T. Vesala, Ch. Vogel. 2007: Linking flux network measurements to continental scale simulations: ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange capacity under non-water-stressed conditions. Global Change Biology 13, 734–760

Chojnicki, B. H.; Urbaniak, M.; Jozefczyk, D.; Augustin, J. 2007: Measurement of gas and heat fluxes at Rzecin wetland. - In: Wetlands : monitoring, modelling and management ; proceedings of the International Conference W3M, Wierzba, Poland, 22-25 September 2005: 125-131; London (Taylor & Francis).

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Organization full name: Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Vegetation Ecology Organization short name / web page: TUM/ www.wzw.tum.de/vegoek/engindex.html

Role in GHG-Europe: Task leader in WP2

Description of the organization

The Chair of Vegetation Ecology is part of the Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), Germany. In 2007 TUM had 22.236 Students and 6.600 professional staff. The chair of Vegetation Ecology is member of the Department of Ecology and Ecosystem-Management. The Mission of the Department is to assess the human impact on the environment and to trace sustainable development pathways in all aspects of landuse and landuse change. The Chair of Vegetation Ecology is responsible for global change research related to wetland ecosystems. The TUM is ranked as first University in Germany.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The focus of the Chair of Vegetation Ecology since 20 years is on restoration of ecosystems, specifically on peatlands. Since 10 years the role of peatlands in the carbon cycle and the effect of peatland restoration on GHG-exchange is a main topic of the ongoing research at the unit. This research is done by the “Global Change Ecology”-research group within the chair. The first GHG-measurements for NEE-balances in peatlands of Germany were done by this group and since then the Chair is recognized as a leading institution in GHG-exchange related to peatlands in Germany. Special emphasis is given to identify the driving variables of peatlands for GHG-exchange and specifically the interaction between climate, landuse, vegetation, water-table and soil-conditions, for the development of models to predict GHG-exchange under changing environmental conditions.

Selected reference projects

FP6 EU-project GREENFLUX: Micrometeorological techniques for in situ measurements of greenhouse gases exchange; FP6 COST 639 “burned out”- activity; coordination of the German BMBF-project “Strategies for climate friendly peatland management” (2006-2010); coordination of the German BMELV-project: GHG-budgets of German histosols for reporting to the LULUCF/AFOLU of the UNFCCC (2009-2012); Coordination of the German LfU-project: “Climatic relevance of peatland restoration” (2009-2011); Coordination of the German BStMWFK-project: Climate change impacts on ecological services of grassland ecosystems on peatsoils (2009-2011)

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Matthias Drösler, senior scientist, head of the “Global Change Ecology” research group (staff of 10) at the Chair of Vegetation Ecology. He coordinates the projects listed above in the thematic frame of peatlands and GHG-exchange. He is advisor for a Danish national project on GHG-budget from organic soils (Univ. of Aarhus). Prof Dr Jörg Pfadenhauer, head of the Chair of Vegetation Ecology, with his research focus on ecosystem restoration and vegetation management and classification worldwide. Dipl.-Ing. Christoph Förster, researcher in the group with focus on GHG-exchange and modelling.

Selected recent relevant publications

Drösler M., Freibauer A., Christensen T., Friborg T. (2008): Observation and status of peatland greenhouse gas emission in Europe. In: Observing the continental scale Greenhouse Gas Balance of Europe. Editors; Han Dolman, Riccardo Valentini and Annette Freibauer Ecological Studies. Springer. 390 p. ISBN: 0387765689. pp. 243-262.

Fiedler, S., B.S. Höll, K. Stahr, A. Freibauer, M. Drösler, M. Schloter, H.F. Jungkunst (2008): Partitioning of particulate organic carbon and total carbon in the pore water of drained and rewetted fen peatlands. Biogeosciences Discuss., 5, 2049-2073.

Höper, H., Augustin, J., Drösler, M., Lundin, L., Moors, E., Vasander, H., Waddington, M, (2008): Restoration of peatlands and greenhouse gas balances. In Strack, M. (Ed.) (2008): Peatlands and

Climate Change, International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, ISBN 978-952-99401-1-0. pp. 182-210.

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Organization full name: Universiteit Antwerpen Organization short name / web page: UA / www.ua.ac.be

Role in GHG-Europe: Task leader in WP2, contributions to WP3

Description of the organization

The University of Antwerp was established in the early 1970’s. Environmental research is one of the key foci of the university; the university founded an Institute of Environmental Studies, while also the Faculties of Science and Medicine are very active in environmental research. The University of Antwerp is supporting four Centres of Excellence. One of these specializes in environmental research and is presided by the Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The main objectives of the research group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology are a better understanding of the functioning, the dynamics and the structure of vegetations, at the leaf, plant, community and ecosystem levels. Particular emphasis lies on global change impacts. The research group combines experimental work with process-based modelling.

Selected reference projects

FP7 : CARBO-Extreme ; FP6 : CarboEurope IP ; FP5 : CASIROZ, CarboEuroflux ; FP4 : ECOCRAFT, Euroflux.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Ivan Janssens, Prof. Dr. Expert in ecosystem carbon cycling, with particular emphasis on the impact of climate change on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon dynamics Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Dr. Expert in forest carbon and elemental cycling and methods to study its temporal and spatial variability. Specializes in network synthesis activities Sara Vicca, PhD student, focuses on temperature and moisture responses of greenhouse gas emissions Bert Gielen, PhD student, focuses on the water and carbon balance of temperate forests

Selected recent relevant publications

Luyssaert S., Schulze E.-D., Boerner A., Knohl A., Hessenmoeller D., Law B.E., Ciais P., and Grace J. Old growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature, 455 (2008), P. 213-215.

Neirynck J., Janssens I.A., Roskams P., Quataert P., Verschelde P., and Ceulemans R. Nitrogen biogeochemistry of a mature Scots pine forest subjected to high nitrogen loads. Biogeochemistry, (2009) in press.

Luyssaert S., et al. CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database. Global change biology, (2007) doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x

Piao S.L., Ciais P., Friedlingstein P., Peylin P., Reichstein M., Luyssaert S., Fang J.Y., Barr A., Chen A.P., Grelle A., Hollinger D.Y., Laurila T., Lindroth A., Richardson A.D. and Vesala T. Net carbon losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming. Nature 451 (2008), p. 49-U3.

Davidson E.A., Janssens I.A. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature, 440 (2006), p. 165-173.

Janssens I.A., Freibauer A., Ciais P., Smith P., Nabuurs G.-J., Folberth G., Schlamadinger B., Hutjes R.W.A., Ceulemans R., Schulze E.D., Valentini R., Dolman A.J..- Europe's terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7 to 12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Science, 300 (2003), p. 1538-1542.

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Organization full name: Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo

Organization short name / web page: CEAM / www.ceam.es/

Role in GHG-Europe: Task leader in WP2

Description of the organization

Fundación CEAM was created in 1991 to address specific environmental research areas in the Mediterranean Basin by the Spanish government. CEAM is European leader on air pollution dynamics in the Mediterranean Basin, and operates the EUropean PHOto REactor (EUPHORE), the largest simulation chamber facility in the world for atmospheric chemistry. The Foundation is involved in other programmes like meteorology of serious environmental hazards (high winds, torrential rains), evaluation of air pollution effects on vegetation, land-cover reclamation after wildfires, and desertification. Fundación CEAM regularly advises Spanish government and the EU Commission on air pollution, desertification and climate change issues and is playing a key role in contributing to IPCC and the groups of the UNECE CLRTAP and the UNFCCC.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The Air Pollution Effects Laboratory has large experience on CO2 and Energy flux and nitrogen deposition measurements by different approaches. The lab coordinates all flux activities for CarboEurope-IP and NitroEurope-IP in Spain. Involved in CIRCE-IP project, Fundación CEAM regularly advises policy makers and has frequent contacts with media and the broad public.

Selected reference projects

EU-projects: BEMA I & BEMA II, MEDEFLU (F4), VOCAMOD, RECAB, CARBOEUROFLUX (FP5). CARBOMONT(FP5), MIND (FP5), CABROEUROPE-IP(FP6), CIRCE-IP, ICOS, IMECC.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Arnaud Carrara, senior scientist, leads carbon cycle research group within the “Air Pollution Effects” Department, involved in several EU Projects (FP5, FP6). Extensive experience in eddy covariance measurement, data treatment and analysis. Expert in ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO2 and H2O. Dr Maria-Jose Sanz, senior scientist, head of the Lab “Air Pollution Effects”, with expertise in the biological uptake and ecophysiological effects of trace gases, nitrogen deposition. Research line leader in several European projects. Member of the Spanish delegation is working in the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol negotiation since 2000 leading with LULUCF issues. IPCC lead author and Programme Officer of the Adaptation, Technology and Science Programme from the UNFCCC Secretariat, since august 2007. Dr. Cristina Gimeno, senior scientist with expertise on ecophysiology, soil respiration and nitrogen deposition.

Selected recent relevant publications

J G. Canadell, M Kirschbaum, B Schlamadinger, W A. Kurz, M-J Sanz, Y Yamagata, A Freibauer. (2007) Factoring out Natural, Indirect and Direct Human-Induced Effects on Terrestrial Carbon Sources and Sinks. Environmental Science and Policy, 10:370-384 doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2007.01.009

T G. Gilmanov, ... , Gimeno, C, ... Sanz, M.J., ... (2007) Partitioning European grassland net ecosystem CO2 exchange into gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration using light response function analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 121; 93-120

M. M. Millán, M. J. Estrela, M. J. Sanz, et al. (2005) Climatic Feedbacks and Desertification: The Mediterranean Model. Journal of Climate 18(5); 684 - 701 (10.1175/JCLI-3283.1)

Ph. Ciais, M. Reichstein, N. Viovy, [...], A. Carrara, [...], M.J. Sanz, [...] (2005). Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437: 529-533 doi: 10.1038/nature03972

Carrara A., Janssens I.A., Curiel Yuste J. and Ceulemans R. (2004). Seasonal changes in photosynthesis, respiration and NEE of a mixed temperate forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 126, 15-31.

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Organization full name University of Helsinki Organization short name / web page: UHEL/ www.helsinki.fi/university/

Role in GHG-Europe: Task leader in WP3

Description of the organization

The University of Helsinki established in 1640, is the largest and most versatile university in Finland. The University has ca. 38 400 students and 7 900 employees (http://www.helsinki.fi/inbrief/index.html). The Academy of Finland, which is an expert organisation in research funding and science policy, has designated 12 units of the University of Helsinki as National Centres of Excellence in Research for 2002—2007, 13 units for 2006-2011 and 12 units for 2008-2013 (http://www.aka.fi/en-gb/A/Science-in-society/Centres-of-Excellence-/). The university lays special emphasis on the quality of education and research. The University of Helsinki is a member of the League of the European Research Universities (LERU).

Expertise and experience of the organization

Department of Physics and Department of Forest Ecology at UHEL have long tradition (~ 30 years at Dept. Forest Ecology) on carbon uptake of forest ecosystems. They have had intensive co-operation since 1995 when SMEAR II station (Station for Measuring Forest Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relationships) at Hyytiälä, Finland started its operation. The research includes both modelling and laboratory experiments combined with long-term field measurements on carbon and nitrogen cycling of different ecosystems, the most studied ones being forests, wetlands (peatlands) and lakes.

Selected reference projects

Department of Physics and Department of Forest Ecology at UHEL have participated to several EU projects on carbon and nitrogen cycling. The most important ones are EUROFLUX, CARBOEUROFLUX , CarboEurope-IP, CARBOAGE, NOFRETETE and NitroEurope-IP. They have also been active in the infrastructure IMECC and the key partner in ICOS preparatory phase ESFRI project. They have coordinate EU project CORE (Climate-Atmosphere Interactions), INTAS project “Random walk models for the footprint problem in the turbulent atmosphere” and Marie Curie training course. The departments have been key partners in Nordic Centre of Excellence NECC “"Studies of Ecosystem Carbon Exchange and its Interaction with the Climate System" and in the national Centre of Excellence “Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Meteorology of Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change".

Key scientific / technical personnel

Timo Vesala, professor of meteorology, leads the research group of 10 persons on biosphere-atmosphere interactions and is the vice coordinator of the Finnish Centre of Excellence. TV has been PI in several EU projects and coordinated one EU project and 2 INTAS projects. He is the activity leader in CarboEurope-IP and ICOS projects. Eero Nikinmaa, professor, leads the research group of 10 persons on forest ecology and ecophysiology and is a member of the managing board of the Finnish Centre of Excellence. EN has participated in several EU projects and has been country PI in ESF-COST project. He is an acitivity leader of IMECC project.

Selected recent relevant publications

Piao S, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Peylin P, Reichstein M….Vesala T (2008) Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming. Nature 451, 49-53.

Ciais P, Reichstein M, Viovy1 N, Granier A, Ogée J …., Vesala T et al. (2005) European-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 102, 11201-11206.

Kulmala M, Hari P, Raivonen M, Vesala T, Munger JW, Pilegaard K, (2003) Ultraviolet light and leaf emission of NOx

. Nature 422, 134. Vesala T, Kljun N, Rannik U, Rinne J, Sogachev A, Markkanen T, Sabelfeld K, Foken T, Leclerc

MY. (2008) Flux and concentration footprint modelling: State of the art. Environmental Pollution 152, 653-666.

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Organization full name Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscapes - Austrian Forest Research Centre

Organization short name / web page: BFW / http://bfw.ac.at/

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

BFW is a multidisciplinary Research and Training Centre of the Federal Republic of Austria, constituted as an autonomous institution based on public law. Research activities cover the sustainable multifunctional use, management and protection of forest ecosystems and catchment areas for drinking water supply, long-term changes in ecosystems and biodiversity conservation and enhancement and protection against natural hazards and geo-risk management. BFW is dealing with a multitude of research areas; these are 1) the sustainable multifunctional use, management and protection of forest ecosystems and catchment areas for drinking water supply, 2) long-term changes in ecosystems and biodiversity conservation and enhancement, 3) the protection against natural hazards and geo-risk management.

Expertise and experience of the organization

Within the Department of Forest Ecology the site-related factors of forest ecosystems are studied, which includes soil science, geomorphology, climate and forest vegetation. The Unit of Soil Biology investigates the role of soils as sources or sinks for atmospheric trace gases. Microbial community structures in soils, soil biodiversity and nitrogen cycling are major research topics of several projects. Microbial processes involved in the production and decomposition of N2O, CO2, CH4 are studied in field trials and laboratory experiments. The BFW is working on long term field trials and manipulation experiments in forested ecosystems. A major research topic are climate effects and nitrogen deposition on ecosystem functioning and on the GHG budgets.

Selected reference projects

EU projects: NOFRETETE, NitroEurope-IP, COST0804, COST639, COST856, SUSTMAN, ENVASSO, ALTERNET, ESF-CLIMMANI, CARBOINVENT; National: MICDIF, RELIS, HUMMIN, CANFLOOD, DIANA, NITROGENOME

Key scientific / technical personnel

Prof Dr Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern is head of the Unit of Soil Biology at the BFW and University Docent at the BOKU Vienna (University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences). She investigates the role of forest soils as sources or sinks for atmospheric trace gases and the diversity and function of soil organisms. She supervised 20 masters and doctoral thesis and is presently WP-Leader, SSC member and head of the gender committee within NitroEurope-IP, SSC member in MICDIF and NITROGENOM, MC member in CLIMMANI, as well as coordinator of the national project consortium DIANA. Dr Barbara Kitzler, PostDoc, has been fully involved in the EU-Projects NOFRETETE and NitroEurope-IP. Focus on climate change and N deposition on GHG emissions, data management, modelling and management of field sites and laboratory investigations

Selected recent relevant publications

Schindlbacher A., Zechmeister-Boltenstern S., Jandl R., 2009: Carbon losses due to soil warming: Do autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration respond equally? Global Change Biology, in press. A. Schindlbacher., S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern, B. Kitzler, R. Jandl, 2008: Experimental forest soil warming: response of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration to a short-term 10°C temperature rise. Plant and Soil, Heidelberg, 303, 323–330. B. Kitzler, S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern, C. Holtermann, U. Skiba, and K. Butterbach-Bahl, 2006: Nitrogen oxides emission from two beech forests subjected to different nitrogen loads. Biogeosciences, 3, 293-310. B. Kitzler, S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern, C. Holtermann, U. Skiba, and K. Butterbach-Bahl, 2006: Controls over N2O, NOx and CO2 fluxes in a calcareous mountain forest soil. Biogeosciences, 3, 383-395.

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Organization full name: Edmund Mach Foundation Organization short name /web page: FEM-CEALP/

http://www.fondazioneedmundmach.it/ http://www.cealp.it

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3

Description of the organization

The Centre for Alpine Ecology (CEALP) is a special research branch of the Edmund Mach Foundation (FEM) based in the Autonomous Province of Trento (Italy). The FEM is a Public non-profit Research body, governed as a private institution and funded by the Trento Independent Provincial Council. The centre carries out multidisciplinary research in the field of forest ecology, wildlife ecology, genetics and sustainable development.

Expertise and experience of the organization

In 1995, a research group working on plant eco-physiology and forest microclimatology was established at FEM-CEALP. The group is today composed by 10 researchers and technicians with backgrounds in forest ecology, biology, environmental engineering,, mathematics and with experience in both experimental and modelling activities. The work of the Forest ecology group focuses on vegetation- atmosphere interactions and on soil structure and functionality. In particular, the energy and gas exchange (C, N and water vapour) between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere are analysed and spatial (remote sensing and GIS), radiative and biogeochemical models are developed. Upscaling of carbon budget, using forest inventory data and remote sensing images is performed at different scales (Kyoto protocol).

Selected reference projects

The group took part to different UE projects (IV, V and VI Framework) on the effects of land and climate changes on carbon and nitrogen balance (ECOMONT, CARBOMONT, CarboEurope-IP-IP, NitroEurope-IP-IP). Moreover the institute is involved in the national project for carbon balance (CARBOITALY) and in the National Carbon Forest Inventory. Moreover the group collaborates with the National Centre for the Study and Conservation of Forest Biodiversity of Verona-Bosco della Fontana in research projects on remote sensing, LAI measurements and biodiversity.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Damiano Gianelle: Principal Investigator and scientific coordinator of the institute. His main research interests are remote sensing, eddy covariance, carbon balance, ecophysiology, forest resource inventory.

Mirco Rodeghiero: senior researcher, PhD in Forest Ecology, responsible for the soil respiration measurements and forest inventory.

Loris Vescovo: senior researcher, PhD in Environment Agronomy, responsible for the remote sensing data analysis and data upscaling

Matteo Sottocornola: PhD in Environmental Science, responsible for the eddy covariance data elaboration.

Roberto Zampedri: responsible for the maintenance of the microclimatic station and nitrogen data collection.s

Selected recent relevant publications

Gianelle D., Vescovo L., Marcolla B., Manca G.and Cescatti A., 2009. Ecosystem carbon fluxes and canopy spectral reflectance of a mountain meadow. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(2), 435-449.

Dalponte M., Bruzzone L., Gianelle D., 2008. Fusion of Hyperspectral and LIDAR Remote Sensing Data for Classification of Complex Forest Areas. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 46, 1461-1427.

Rodeghiero M., Cescatti A. 2008. Spatial variability and optimal sampling strategy of soil respiration. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 106-112

Rodeghiero M. and Cescatti A., 2006. Indirect partitioning of soil respiration in a series of evergreen forest ecosystems. Plant and Soil, 284:7-22.

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Organization full name: Technical University of Denmark, National

Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Organization short name /web page: DTU / www.risoe.dtu.dk

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

Risø DTU is part of the Technical University of Denmark and is the national laboratory for sustainable energy research in Denmark, with research groups within wind generators, solar panels, bio energy, energy systems, systems analyses and environmental impacts studies. The Biosystems division of Risø DTU has 3 groups doing research in bio energy production and conversion and in environmental impacts studies and carbon sequestration. The division has a staff of 100 scientists and technicians.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The division has many years of experience within greenhouse gases and air pollutants, soil chemistry, decomposition, plant nutrition, plant-microbe symbioses and risk assessment in plant and energy production. The Biosystems division has coordinated and participated in numerous national and international ecosystem research projects with particular focus on biogeochemical cycling, exchange of greenhouse gases, and impacts of air pollution and energy production on terrestrial ecosystems – forest, agriculture, grass- and shrublands. The Biosystems divison has carried out greenhouse gas flux measurements for many years and is among the 10 sites in Europe with the longest continuous record of CO2 flux measurements. Risø DTU is the leading Danish research institute within large-scale field measurements by eddy covariance techniques in both forest and agricultural ecosystems. The division has strong experience in measuring atmosphere-biosphere exchange of C and N compounds, use and measurements of stable isotopes, soil-microbe interaction in C and N turnover, soil water transport of chemical elements, advanced greenhouse facilities and assessment of environmental impacts on ecosystem functioning.

Selected reference projects

Euroflux, CarboEurope, CarboEurope-IP, Greengrass, IMECC, NOFRETETE, NitroEurope-IP, ICOS. In addition some projects have been supplemented by Marie Curie fellowships.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Prof Dr Kim Pilegaard. Head of division. Flux measurements of CO2, nitrogen oxides and ozone. Partner in several EU projects. Dr Claus Beier, Head of programme, Science coordinator, senior scientist. Experimental manipulations and biogeochemical cycling and modeling. Coordinator of several EU projects Dr Andreas Ibrom, Senior scientist, Biometeorology, carbon sequestration and canopy modeling. Partner in several EU projects

Selected recent relevant publications

Fredrik Lagergren, …, Andreas Ibrom, …, Kim Pilegaard et al.. Biophysical controls on CO2 fluxes of three Northern forest based on long-term eddy covariance data. Tellus B, 60B, 143-152, 2008. Soussana, JF, Allard, V, Pilegaard, K, et al. Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites. Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment, 121, 121-134, 2007. Granier, A., … Pilegaard, K., et al., Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 143, 123-145, 2007. M. Reichstein, …, K. Pilegaard, et al.. Reduction of ecosystem productivity and respiration during the European summer 2003 heatwave: a joint flux tower, remote sensing and modelling analysis. Global Change Biology, 13, 634-651, 2007.

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Organization full name Energy research Center of the Netherlands Organization short name / web page: ECN / www.ecn.eu

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3 and WP5

Description of the organization

ECN develops and brings to the market high-value knowledge and technology for sustainable energy management. We work on the necessary energy innovation together with universities and research organisations. Our knowledge is applied in all stages of the work in cooperation with industry, intermediary organisations and government. ECN is recognized as a national energy institute and has the ambition to play a major international role in providing policy advice. ECN employs 636 fte and has an annual turnover of 122 M€. The department on Air Quality and Climate Change consists of 22 fte.

Expertise and experience of the organization

ECN has been involved in many research projects on air pollution and biosphere-atmosphere exchange since the 1980’s and on climate change since 1992. Main focus points in the current research are Climate Change, Nitrogen, Instrument Development and Aerosols. Besides policy studies in support of the national government and the EU, we participate in and lead many national and international research projects and networks.

Selected reference projects

ECN has contributed to a large series of EU research projects, relevant here are FP4 European methane, FP5 AEROCARB, RECAB, GreenGrass, and FP6 CarboEurope-IP, NitroEurope-IP, GEOMON and IMECC. ECN coordinated the FP5 project CHIOTTO. ECN leads two ESF Research Networking Programs: NiNE and TTORCH; ECN takes part in ESF RNP INTROP. Furthermore ECN takes part in COST actions 633, 729, 804.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Ir. Alex Vermeulen, senior scientist, is program manager of the Climate Change research program at ECN. He coordinated the FP5 CHIOTTO project (2002-2006) and lead the Tall Tower activity in CarbEurope-IP. His field of expertise is atmospheric transport modelling, deposition modelling and high precision atmospheric measurement techniques. Dr. Elena Popa, junior scientist, is specialist in high precision concentration measurements and data evaluation. Drs. Arjan Hensen, senior scientist, is specialist in emission measurement techniques at a wide range of scales from flux chambers to mobile plume measurements (TDL, QCL). Ir. Petra Kroon, junior scientist, will soon finish her PhD on flux observations of greenhouse gases using innovative optical methods (QCL). Ing. Pim van den Bulk, senior engineer, has long-time experience in field work and analytical methods (GC, MS, analystical chemistry).

Selected recent relevant publications

Bergamaschi P, Krol M, Dentener F, Vermeulen A, Meinhardt, F., Graul, R., Ramonet, M., Peters, W., and Dlugokencky, E. J, 2005. Inverse modelling of national and European CH4 emissions using the atmospheric zoom model TM5, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2431-2460.

Erisman JW, Bleeker A, Hensen A, Vermeulen A 2008. Agricultural air quality in Europe and the future perspective. Atm. Env., 42, 3209-3217.

Hensen A, Groot TT, van den Bulk WCM, Vermeulen AT, Olesen JE, Schelde K (2006): Dairy farm CH4 and N2O emissions, from one square metre to the full farm scale. Agriculture, Ecosys. & Env. 112 2-3, 146-153

Kroon PS, Hensen A, H. J. J. Jonker, M. S. Zahniser, van ’t Veen WH, and Vermeulen AT, 2007. Suitability of quantum cascade laser spectrometry for CH4 and N2O eddy covariance measurements, Biogeosciences, 4, 715–728

Law RM, Peters W, Rödenbeck C, .., Vermeulen AT, Zhu Z, 2008. TransCom model simulations of hourly atmopsheric CO2: experimental overview and diurnal cycle results for 2002. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 22, GB4013, doi:10.1029/2007GB003081

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Organization full name European Forest Institute Organization short name / acronym / web page: EFI / www.efi.int/portal/

Role in GHG-Europe: Task leader in WP1, contributions to WP4

Description of the organization

The European Forest Institute (EFI) is an international organisation established by European States. The purpose of the Institute is to undertake research on the pan-European level on forest policy, including its environmental aspects, on the ecology, multiple use, resources and health of European forests and on the supply of and demand for timber and other forest products and services in order to promote the conservation and sustainable management of forests in Europe. EFI's main research areas are (i) forest ecology and management, (ii) forest products markets and socio-economics (ii) policy analysis and (iv) forest information systems and modelling. EFI employs app. 40 person years of researchers and support staff at headquarters and the Mediterranean Regional Office EFIMED.

Expertise and experience of the organization

EFI is the leading forest research network in Europe (ca 130 member institutions) and has a proven track record in forest research at the European level, in the development of databases and modelling tools, dissemination through publications, events and internet and network management. EFI excels in carrying out projects on relevant forest issues at the European level, and has a track record of over 30 projects carried out for the European Commission DGs during the past few years.

Selected reference projects

FP5: CarboInvent, CarboEurope-GHG, SILVISTRAT. FP6: CarboEurope-IP, EFORWOOD; SENSOR; MEACAP. FP7: BEE; AquaTerrE, MOTIVE. Other EU funds: Study on impacts of climate change on European forests and options for adaptation (DG Agri); Real potential for changes in growth and use of EU forests (EUwood; DG Tren).

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Marcus Lindner is the Head of Programme Forest Ecology and Management at EFI. He has more than 15 years experience of research on climate change impacts and the development of response strategies in forest management, forest sector sustainability assessment, forest management effects on carbon budgets, and environmentally constrained bioenergy potentials from European forests. He is involved in several projects such as EFORWOOD, Biomass Energy Europe, EUwood and recently he coordinated the study for DG Agri on “Impacts of Climate Change in European Forests and Options for Adaptation”. He was steering committee member of COST Action E 21 “Contribution of Forests and Forestry to Mitigate Greenhouse Effects”. MSc Hans Verkerk, is specialised in forest resource modelling, particularly with the EFISCEN model. Mr. Verkerk is involved in the FP6 SENSOR project, in which carbon sequestration and carbon emissions were two of several sustainability indicators applied to assess sustainability impacts of policy changes in Europe on the forest sector. He is also responsible for modelling Finnish forest resource development in the project “Forest-based Bioenergy and Its Climatic and Economic Viability - An Integrated Analysis”.

Selected recent relevant publications

Eggers, J., Lindner, M., Zaehle, S., Zudin, S., Liski, J., 2008. Impact of changing wood demand, climate and land use on European forest resources and carbon stocks during the 21st century. Global Change Biol 14, 2288–2303.

Jandl, R., Lindner, M., Vesterdal, L., Bauwens, B., et al. 2007. How strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration? Geoderma 137, 253-268.

Lindner, M., Karjalainen, T., 2007. Carbon inventory methods and carbon mitigation potentials of forests in Europe: a short review of recent progress. European Journal of Forest Research 126, 149-156.

Lindner, M., Lucht, W., Bouriaud, O., et al. 2004. Specific Study on Forest Greenhouse Gas Budget. In. University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy, http://gaia.agraria.unitus.it/ceuroghg/ReportSS1.pdf , p. 62.

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Organization full name: Ilmatieteen laitos Finnish Meteorological Institute Oganization short name web page: FMI / www.fmi.fi

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3

Description of the organization

Ilmatieteen Laitos - Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) is a research and service agency under the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The main objective of the FMI is to provide the Finnish nation with the best possible information about the atmosphere above and around Finland. FMI produces high-quality observational data and research knowledge about the atmosphere, combining its know-how into services to benefit of mankind and environment. The Finnish Meteorological Institute: - observes the physical state of the atmosphere, its chemical composition and electromagnetic phenomena - produces information on past, present and future state of the atmosphere - conducts research of high standard in the fields of meteorology, air quality, space physics, remote sensing and geomagnetism - conducts competitive commercial activities based on the providing of the expert services both in Finland and abroad.

Expertise and experience of the organization

Our research group monitors the atmospheric composition, including accurate CO2 and CH4 concentrations, at the Pallas-Sodankylä site in northern Scandinavia as part of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) network of the World Meteorological Organisation and studies ecosystem, hydrological, energy, and carbon balances at several CO2 flux sites including two subarctic wetlands and two forests and one drained forested peatland site. The Academy of Finland, which is an expert organisation in research funding and science policy, has designated National Centres of Excellence in Research (http://www.aka.fi/en-gb/A/Science-in-society/Centres-of-Excellence-/). FMI research group is part of the Centres of Excellence for periods 2002-2007 and 2008-2013 co-ordinated by Prof. Markku Kulmala.

Selected reference projects

FMI Greenhouse gases research group has participated to several EU projects on carbon and nitrogen cycling. The most important ones are LAPP, CARBOEUROFLUX, CORE, CarboEurope-IP, METHMONITEUR, NitroEurope-IP, EUROHYDROS, IMECC, GEOMON and Life+ project SNOWCARBO. We have participated in Nordic Centre of Excellence NECC “"Studies of Ecosystem Carbon Exchange and its Interaction with the Climate System" and in the national Centre of Excellence “Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Meteorology of Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change".

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Tuomas Laurila, leads the research group of 9 persons on biosphere-atmosphere interactions and has been PI in most of the EU projects listed above and coordinated one EU project.

Selected recent relevant publications

Piao S.L., Ciais P., Friedlingstein P., Peylin P., Reichstein M., Luyssaert S., Fang J.Y., Barr A., Chen A.P., Grelle A., Hollinger D.Y., Laurila T., Lindroth A., Richardson A.D. and Vesala T. Net carbon losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming. Nature 451 (2008), p. 49-U3

Thum, T., Aalto, T., Laurila, T., Aurela, M., Lindroth, A., Vesala, T. (2008) Assessing seasonality of boreal coniferous forest CO2 exchange by estimating biochemical model parameters from micrometeorological flux observations. Biogeosciences, 5, 1625–1639.

Lohila, A. (2008) Carbon dioxide exchange on cultivated and afforested boreal peatlands. Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 73, Finnish Met. Inst., Helsinki, 110 pp.

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Organization full name JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH Organization short name / web page: JR / www.joanneum.at

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP4

Description of the organization

JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH (JR) is Austria's second largest independent research organisation. It has a non-profit character and is owned by the state of Austria and 10% by TNO (Netherlands).

Expertise and experience of the organization

The Institute of Energy Research working group “Energy, Land Use and Climate Change” has been involved in methodology development and policy related to climate change specifically in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector. This has included coordination of two IPCC chapters, contributions to several others, and involvement with many projects, both studies and implementation (e.g. CDM AR). JR is an accredited observer to the UNFCCC. The expert group works on the technical and scientific issues, as well as in the development of policy mechanisms in the post-Kyoto area after 2012. As well, a JR employee is a member of the CDM A/R Working Group. The experts at the Institute of Digital Image Processing have many years of experience in analysing image data recorded by remote sensing systems on board aeroplanes and satellites. Using the technologies for geometrical image processing and advanced image analysis developed here, the condition of our environment can be comprehensively recorded and monitored on the basis of these data.

Selected reference projects

JR is the coordinator of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 "GHG Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems" and is WP leader in the NoE Bioenergy. JR staff coordinated the 6th FP project “CarboInvent” and participated in several international projects like CarboEurope-IP, ESCOBA, ENFA, INSEA, CarbonPro, ENCOFOR (EuropeAid Program). Currently JR works on the projects RE-Impact (EuropeAid), CC-TAME, CEUBIOM, GEOLAND-2 and several projects with the World Bank.

Key scientific / technical personnel Prof Dr Mathias Schardt is Head of Institute of Digital Image Processing at Joanneum Research and has a long experience in satellite based forestry remote sensing. Hannes Schwaiger has a MSc. in Forestry and Wood Technology and a Degree of a postgraduate study on Technical Environmental Protection has experience in forestry, modelling of carbon budgets of forests and agricultural land use, GHG emission reductions, bioenergy, waste management, wood products, life-cycle analysis (LCA) and Kyoto Protocol issues. David Neil Bird (MSc. Geophysics) main areas of interest and work are: estimation of emissions from bioenergy systems, the influence of changes in surface albedo on environmental benefits of agriculture, forestry and other land-use (AFOLU) projects; evaluation of emission reductions from AFOLU that result from improved land management including agriculture and use of biomass; Heinz Gallaun has a MSc in Geodesy by the University of Technology in Graz. Since 1991, he works as a research engineer and project manager at the Institute of Digital Image Processing. His scientific work comprises monitoring land-cover changes, mapping of forest parameters for large areas and mapping of land-cover in alpine regions

Selected recent relevant publications

Bird N., and H. Schwaiger (2008): Incorporating changes in albedo in estimating the climate mitigating benefits of bioenergy projects, presented at the “World Bioenergy 2008” conference in Jönköping, Sweden, 27th -29th May 2008.

Schwaiger H., A. Türk (2006): “The European Emission Trading Scheme and Biomass Use, Pro-ceedings of the 15th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, From Research to Market Deployment, ISBN 978-88-89407-59-X ISBN 3-936338-21-3”

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Organization full name: Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen-South

Tyrol, Forest Departement

Organization short nameweb page: APB / www.provinz.bz.it/forst Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3

Description of the organization

The Autonomous Province of Bolzano is the governmental body of South Tyrol and as such it is involved since 1982 through the Forest Department in many international research programmes concerning the state of Alpine forest ecosystems. The Forest Department is institutionally delegate for the forest health in the South Tyrolean region with respect to forest pests and climate change.

Expertise and experience of the organization

Intensive ecosystem studies were started in 1992 at the permanent observation plots of IT01-Renon/Ritten and IT02-Monticolo/Montiggl according to ICP-IM and ICP-Forests protocols as well to the EU Reg. 3528/1986 to point out changes in forest normality and biodiversity as consequences from man-induced factors, with particular aim for bioindication.

Selected reference projects

Since 1997 the Forest Department was involved in CARBOFLUX, later CARBOEUROFLUX (EU FP4 and 5 Framework) and is participant in CarboEurope-IP. In addition, the Renon site has been selected and investigated during the FORCAST project (FP5), the ADVEX project, NitroEurope-IP (FP6) and has also joined the FLUXNET network. The scientific activity at the experimental site is carried out in a strong cooperation with national and international research institutions and laboratories.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Stefano Minerbi, Principal Investigator, is Coordinator of the research activities at the permanent observation plot at Renon. He graduated in forestry and as specialist in forest protection (defence) he is working at the Forest Department since 1982. He is author of scientific publication both in national and international journals. Luigi Minach, Head of the Environmental Agency, responsible for the hardware setup of the eddy covariance system. Since 1997 is responsible for the measuring network for atmospheric pollution in the Province of Alto Adige. Leonardo Montagnani, PhD, eddy covariance and meteorological measurements at the Renon site. Researcher in plant ecology and biometeorology he has been working within the framework of the EU projects Euroflux, CarboEuroflux and EuroSiberianCarbon.

Selected recent relevant publications

R. Valentini, G. Matteucci, A. J. Dolman, E.-D. Schulze, C. Rebmann, E. J. Moors, …, L. Montagnani, S. Minerbi, P. G. Jarvis (2000) - Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests - Nature. Vol. 404, 861- 865

Aubinet M., Berbigier P., Bernhofer Ch., Cescatti A., Feigenwinter C., Granier A., Grünwald Th., Havrankova K., Heinesch B., Longdoz B., Marcolla B., Montagnani L., Sedlak P. (2005). - Comparing CO2 storage and advection conditions at night at different CARBOEUROFLUX sites. - Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 116: 63-94.

Marcolla B., Cescatti A., Montagnani L., Manca G., Kerschbaumer G., Minerbi S., (2005). - Importance of advection in the atmospheric CO2 exchanges of an alpine forest. - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 130:193-206

M. Göckede, T. Foken, M. Aubinet, M. … S. Minerbi, J. Moncrieff, L. Montagnani, et al. (2008) - Quality control of CarboEurope flux data – Part 1: Coupling footprint analyses with flux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 5, 433–450.

Christian Feigenwinter, Christian Bernhofer, Uwe Eichelmann, Bernard Heinesch, Martin Hertel, Dalibor Janous, Olaf Kolle, Fredrik Lagergren, Anders Lindroth, Stefano Minerbi, Uta Moderow, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, et al. (2008) - Comparison of horizontal and vertical advective CO2 fluxes at three forest sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 12-24

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Organization full name: University of Groningen, Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) Organization short name / web page: RUG / www.rug.nl/cio

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3

Description of the organization

University of Groningen is a classical university, founded in 1614, with research and teaching activities in a wide range of disciplines, with the mission “to work at the frontiers of knowledge”. 25000 students and 5000 employees form an interdisciplinary and international lively scientific community, closely coupled to society and international networks.

Expertise and experience of the organization

CIO is an interdisciplinary research institute within the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the RUG. CIO is specialized in making highly accurate measurements of (the variations in) the natural abundances of rare isotopes. To this end it has at its disposition a wide range of modern instrumentation (mass spectrometers, including a 2,5 MV accelerator mass spectrometer for C-14, as well as laser-based spectrometers), and carries out research that aims to improve existing techniques or develop new measurement methods. Paleoclimatology, the Global Carbon Cycle and the Global Hydrological Cycle are the main research topics.

Selected reference projects

CIO has been or is a partner in a series of carboncycle-related EU-funded research-projects: ESCOBA, EuroSiberian Carbonflux, 14-CO-OH, TCOS Siberia, AeroCarb, CarboEurope-IP, CarboOcean, (subcontractor in CHIOTTO), as well as in the relevant infrastructure projects TACOS and IMECC. CIO is part of the national program “Climate changes spatial planning” and the ICOS-NL-consortium.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Harro A.J. Meijer Prof. Dr., chairman of CIO-RUG; isotope-aided studies in the carbon and water cycle, initiated e.g. atmospheric diurnal cycle measurements including 14C-AMS, using CO as a ff-CO2 proxy, 14C in grape wines-studies for past atmospheric fossil-fuel-CO2 load. Rolf E.M. Neubert, Dr., Assistant Professor, head of CIO’s atmospheric research group, Lutjewad sampling and monitoring station manager, Global Carbon Cycle and isotope-aided process studies.

Selected recent relevant publications Ramonet M., P. Ciais, I. Nepomniachii, K. Sidorov, R.E.M. Neubert, U. Langendörfer, D. Picard, V.

Kazan, S. Biraud, M. Gusti, O. Kolle, E.-D. Schulze and J. Lloyd, 2002. Three years of aircraft-based trace gas measurements over the Fyodorovskoye southern taiga forest, 300 km north-west of Moscow. Tellus 54B, 713 - 734.

Zimnoch, M., T. Florkowski, J.M. Necki and R.E.M. Neubert, 2004. Diurnal variability of δ13C and δ

18O of atmospheric CO2 in the urban atmosphere of Kraków, Poland, Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 40, 129 - 143.

Sirignano, C., R.E.M. Neubert and H.A.J. Meijer, 2004. N2O influence on isotopic measurements of atmospheric CO2, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 18, 1839 – 1846.

Gamnitzer, U., Karstens, U., Kromer, B., Neubert, R.E.M., Meijer, H.A.J.; Schroeder, H., Levin, I., 2006. Carbon monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO2? JGR, 111, D22302.

Schumacher, M., Neubert, R.E.M., Meijer, H.A.J., Jansen, H.G., Brand, W.A., Geilmann, H., and Werner, R.A., 2008: Oxygen isotopic signature of CO2 from combustion processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 18993-19034.

Sirignano, C., Neubert, R. E. M., Meijer, H. A. J., and Rödenbeck, C., 2008: Atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide observations from two European coastal stations 2000–2005: continental influence, trend changes and APO climatology, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 20113-20154.

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Organization full name: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Organization short name / web page: SLU / www.slu.se

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

SLU is the most research intense university in Sweden, as close to 70 per cent of the university's turnover is dedicated to research and postgraduate education. The external funding of this research is of the utmost importance for SLU and comes from both national and international contributors as the European Commission. One third of all biological research in Sweden is conducted at SLU. Our research ranges from environmental monitoring, climate changes, rural development, animal and human health to biotechnology and functional genomics.

Selected reference projects SLU has over 60 projects financed by FP6. Currently no EC-funded projects on GHG within the group.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Thomas Kätterer, Professor in Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition, Deputy Head of Department Soil and Environment. 47 articles in international peer reviewed journals. Expert in carbon and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, carbon sequestration, soil organic matter, solute transport, root production, soil fertility, plant nutrition, systems analysis and modelling. Dr Olof Andrén, Professor in Soil Biology. Expert in soil biological processes, decomposition of organic material in soil, nutrient and carbon balances, modelling of biological soil processes, tropical soil biology.

Selected recent relevant publications

Bolinder MA., Andrén, O., Kätterer, T., L-E. Parent. 2008. Soil organic carbon sequestration potential for Canadian agricultural ecoregions calculated using the Introductory Carbon Balance Model. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88:451–460.

Andrén, O. Kätterer, T, Karlsson, T. and Eriksson, J. 2008. Soil C balances in Swedish agricultural soils 1990-2004, with preliminary projections. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 81:129–144

Andrén O, Kirchmann H, Kätterer T, Magid J., Paul EA, Coleman DC. 2008. Visions of a more precise soil biology. European Journal of Soil Science 59: 380–390. Kätterer T and Andrén O. 2008. Predicting daily soil temperature profiles in arable soils from air

temperature and leaf area index. Acta Agric Scand. Sec. B in press. DOI: 10.1080/09064710801920321

Kätterer T, Andersson L, Andrén O and Persson J. 2008. Long-term impact of chronosequential land use change on soil carbon stocks on a Swedish farm. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 81:145–155.

Andrén, O., Kihara, J., Bationo, A., Vanlauwe, B. and Kätterer, T. 2007. Soil climate and decomposer activity in sub-Saharan Africa estimated from standard weather station data – a simple climate index for soil carbon balance calculations. Ambio 36(5):379-386.

Reichstein M, Kätterer T, Andrén O, Ciais P, Schulze E-D, Cramer W, Papale D and Valentini R. 2005. Temperature sensitivity of decomposition in relation to soil organic matter pools: critique and outlook. Biogeosciences 2: 317-321.

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Organization full name Finnish Environment Institute Organization short name / web page: SYKE / www.environment.fi/syke

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP4

Description of the organization

The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) is the national research and development institute within the environmental administration of Finland, situated in Helsinki. The tasks of SYKE include monitoring and assessment of the state of the environment, of pollution loading, land use changes, and water resources, research on the environmental changes, their causes and possible ways to solve them and restore the environment. The institute, moreover, develops, assesses and applies environmental models and decision support systems.

Expertise and experience of the organization

SYKE is actively involved in research related to climate change and ecosystems. The topics include the effects of climate change on ecosystems, adaptation to climate change, emissions and sinks of green house gases in ecosystems, management of ecosystems under climate change and feedback mechanisms between ecosystems and climate change. A particular strength of the institute is the ability to combine knowledge and expertise of different ecosystems and research disciplines. An area of expertise in the institute is carbon cycling in soil. Researchers in this field have experience on different research methods from sophisticated experimental work to advanced mathematical modelling. The calculation systems resulting from this work are being used as parts of green house gas inventory systems in various countries and larger earth system, ecosystem and forestry models.

Selected reference projects

EU-projects related to the topic of this proposal: NitroEurope-IP (FP6), Euro-limpacs-IP (FP6), DOMAINE (FP5), EU-tender CLIMSOIL

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Jari Liski, Senior Researcher, Leader of research theme "Carbon and greenhouse gas budgets of ecosystems" in the institute, Leader of the soil carbon research group Dr Pekka Vanhala, Senior Researcher, Soil microbiologist

Selected recent relevant publications

Ciais, P., Schelhaas, M.J., Zaehle, S., Piao, S.L., Cescatti, A., Liski, J., Luyssaert, S., Le-Maire, G., Schulze, E-D., Bouriaud, O., Freibauer, A., Valentini, R. & Nabuurs, G.J., 2008. Carbon accumulation in European forests. Nature Geoscience 1: 425-429.

Eggers, J., Lindner, M., Zudin, S., Zaehle, S. & Liski, J. 2008. Forest resource development in Europe under changing climate and land use. Global Change Biology 14: 1-16.

Tuomi, M., Vanhala, P., Karhu, K., Fritze, H. & Liski, J. 2008. Heterotrophic soil respiration - comparison of different models describing its temperature dependence. Ecological Modelling 211(1): 182-190.

Vanhala, P., Karhu, K., Tuomi, M., Björklöf, K., Fritze, H & Liski, J. 2008. Temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition in southern and northern areas of the boreal forest zone. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40(7): 1758-1764.

Liski, J., Lehtonen, A., Palosuo, T., Peltoniemi, M., Eggers, T., Muukkonen, P. & Mäkipää, R. 2006. Carbon accumulation in Finland's forests 1922-2004 – an estimate obtained by combination of forest inventory data with modelling of biomass, litter and soil. Annals of Forest Science 63(7): 687-697.

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Organization full name: University College Dublin, School of Biology and Environmental Science Organization short name / web page: UCD / www.ucd.ie/plantecophysiology/

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

UCD is the largest third level Institution in Ireland with ~23,000 students, more than 25% of whom are engaged in graduate research study. UCD has a mission that encompasses undergraduate and postgraduate teaching/research with the goal of becoming a leading European research-Intensive University and has made major commitments to research in recent years, including extensive infrastructural developments and a new Earth Institute specialising in climate/environmental change.

Expertise and experience of the organization

UCD has been involved in climate change studies and associated studies, including the effects of land use change and altered management practices on carbon sequestration and GHG emissions for the last ~10years. These research activities have resulted in the establishment of a range of extensively-instrumented field sides in major Irish ecosystems, supported by national funding. We have, through a number of collaborative projects, established a consortium, involving Trinity College Dublin, School of Botany and TEAGASC, Johnstown Castle that will cooperate on the proposed project.

Selected reference projects

The UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, encompassing the former Department of Botany, has contributed to a range of EU projects (FP6 CarboEurope-IP; FP5 AIMS; various STD projects), as have the collaborating Institutes, with involvement in FP5 Greengrass, FP6 IMECC and NitroEurope-IP. The UCD PI, Bruce Osborne, is also the project coordinator of the FP6 Marie Curie Project, MassExtinct. All three Institutes in the consortium have major National Research funding, these include CARBIFOR 1 and 2 (>€4 million) and CCFLUX (~1 million)

Key scientific / technical personnel

Prof Bruce Osborne, Professor of Plant Ecophysiology, Head of Subject. Leads a group of 12 postgraduate students, two postdoctoral researchers and one technician on a range of ecosystem projects. Specialises in plant-environment interactions at leaf, canopy and ecosystem scales and their interaction with soil factors. Current work encompasses forest, cropland and grassland ecosystems, including the conversion of land to bioenergy crops and the impact of afforestation on GHG emissions. Prof Mike Jones; Chair of Botany in Trinity College Dublin; specialises in climate change, bioenergy crops and GHG budgets, particularly in grassland ecosystems Dr Gary Lanigan; Senior Research Scientist/Gaseous Emissions Officer in TEAGASC; Specialises in life cycle analysis of GHG emissions, natural abundance isotope measurements and soil processes in agricultural ecosystems.

Selected recent relevant publications

Black, K., Byrne, K., Mencuccini, M., Tobin, B., Nieuwenhuis, M., Reidy, B., Bolger, T., Saiz, G., Green, C., Farrell, T. & Osborne, B. A. (2008). Carbon stock and stock changes across a Sitka spruce chronosequence on surface water gley soils. Forestry (In press)

Black, K., Bolger, T., Davis, P., Nieuwenhuis, M., Reidy, B., Saiz, G., Tobin, B. & Osborne, B. A. (2007). Inventory and eddy covariance-based estimates of annual carbon sequestration in a sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong Carr) forest ecosystem. European Journal of Forest Research 126, 167-198.

Black, K., Davis, P., Lynch, P., Jones, M. B., ... Osborne, B. A. (2006). Long term trends in solar radiation and their potential effects on gross primary productivity. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 141, 118-132.

Gilmanov, T. G., Jones, M. B., Lanigan, G. et al. (2007). Partitioning European grassland net ecosystem CO2 exchange into gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration using light response function analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 121, 93-120.

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Organization full name: University of Copenhagen, Forest & Landscape Denmark Organization short name /web page: FLD-UCPH / www.sl.ku.dk

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

Forest & Landscape Denmark (FLD) is an independent centre within Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen. FLD undertakes research, education, and extension services within the areas forest, landscape and planning. It was formed in 2004 by merging four research and academic institutes. The centre has some 300 employees and an annual budget of about €20 million.

Expertise and experience of the organization

Forest and Landscape Denmark has large expertise within research on C and N cycling including GHG emissions as affected by forest management, N deposition, LUC, and soil type. The centre has a long record in whole ecosystem research using long-term, large-scale field experiments and possesses the infrastructure for LUC chronosequence experiments. Relevant research areas are climate effects on ecosystems, nutrient cycling, carbon-nitrogen interactions, carbon sequestration, soil GHG fluxes, plant succession, soil processes and soil water quality. FLD has contributed to and coordinated many European projects regarding climate change, nitrogen and carbon cycling, and greenhouse gas emissions as affected by forest management and LUC.

Selected reference projects

The centre has coordinated several projects in the FP5 including AFFOREST, NAT-MAN, WOOD-ENMAN, CNTER and GIANT ALIEN, and has a leading role in ongoing FP6-projects such as SENSOR, EFORWOOD and NitroEurope-IP

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Lars Vesterdal, senior scientist, leads research on effects of forest management, tree species and afforestation on soil C and N cycling, WG chair in Cost 639 “Greenhouse-gas budget of soils under changing climate and land use”, responsible for Danish UNFCCC and Kyoto reporting for forests. Author and co-author of >20 peer-reviewed papers. Associate Editor for Can. J. For. Res. Dr Per Gundersen, professor, leads research on carbon and nitrogen interactions in forest ecosystems and afforestation, including effects of N deposition on soil C sequestration. Coordinator of the FP5 project CNTER. Author and co-author of >60 peer-reviewed papers.

Selected recent relevant publications

Berg, B., Gundersen, P., Akselsson, C., Johansson, M.-B., Nilsson, Å, Vesterdal, L., 2007. Carbon sequestration in Swedish forest soils – a comparison of three approaches. Silva Fennica 41: 541-558.

Callesen, I., Liski, J., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Olsson, M.T., Tau-Strand, L., Vesterdal, L., Westman, C.J., 2003. Soil carbon stores in Nordic upland forest soils – relationships with climate and site variables. Global Change Biol. 9: 358-370

de Vries, W., Reinds, G.J., Gundersen, P., Sterba, H., 2006. The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbon sequestration in European forests and forest soils. Global Change Biol. 12:1151-1173.

Jandl, R., Lindner, M., Vesterdal, L., Bauwens, B., et al. 2007. How strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration? Geoderma 137: 253-268.

Ritter, E., Vesterdal, L., Gundersen, P., 2003. Changes in soil properties with time after afforestation of former intensively managed soils with oak and Norway spruce. Plant Soil 249: 319-330

Vesterdal, L., Ritter, E., Gundersen, P. 2002. Change in soil organic carbon following afforestation of former arable land. For. Ecol. Manage. 169: 141-151

Vesterdal L., Rosenqvist L., van der Salm C., Hansen K., Groenenberg B.-J., Johansson M.-B., 2007. Carbon sequestration in soil and biomass following afforestation: experiences from oak and Norway spruce chronosequences in Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands. In: Heil G., Muys B., Hansen K. Environmental Effects of Afforestation in North-Western Europe - From Field Observations to Decision Support. Springer, Plant and Vegetation 1: 19-52.

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Organization full name: University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ecology Organization short name / web page: UIBK / www.uibk.ac.at/ecology/

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3

Description of the organization

The Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, is dedicated to the study of ecological effects of land use and climate changes on mountain ecosystems, bridging the scales from plant organ to the ecosystems and landscapes by combining field measurements and modelling, and incorporating links to socioeconomic research.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The organisation has more than 30 years of experience in integrated ecosystem research in mountain areas (including experimental work at different scales of integration and modelling) and has coordinated a number of international and national projects, including the EU-projects EcoMont (FP4), SustAlp (FP4), CarboMont (FP5), several EU-Interreg projects as well as FWF (Austrian National Science Fund) and further national projects. Topics studied have included various aspects of biogeochemical cycles (C, N, H2O), with a focus on the ecosystem – atmosphere exchange of CO2 and underlying processes, effects of land-use changes, biodiversity and ecosystem processes, plant-ecosystem interactions, potential risks (incl. surface runoff, avalanches, erosion), interactions between socio-economy and ecology and related landscape processes.

Selected reference projects

EcoMont (EU-FP4, CT ENV4-CT95-0179, 1996-1999): Ecological effects of land-use changes on European terrestrial mountain ecosystems; CarboMont (EU-FP5, EVK2-CT2001-00125, 2001 – 2004): Effects of land-use changes on sources, sinks and fluxes of carbon in European mountain areas; FWF projects ‘Comparative Studies on the gas exchange of hay meadows’ (P17560, 2005-2007) and ‘Autotrophic and heterotrophic components of ecosystem respiration in mountain grasslands’ (P18756-B16, 2006-2009)

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Michael Bahn, expertise in plant and ecosystem physiology, focus on C fluxes with a special reference to soils. Work package leader in two EU-projects (FP4/5), principal investigator/ coordinator of several national projects. Dr Georg Wohlfahrt, expertise in measuring and modelling soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer (SVAT) of mass and energy between grassland ecosystems and atmosphere; principal investigator/ coordinator of several national projects.

Selected recent relevant publications

Bahn M., W. L. Kutsch and A. Heinemeyer (2008) Synthesis: Emerging issues and challenges for an integrated understanding of soil carbon fluxes. In: Kutsch W., Bahn M., Heinemeyer A. (eds) Soil Carbon Fluxes. An Integrated Methodology. Cambridge University Press. In press

Bahn M., Knapp M., Garajova, Z., Pfahringer N., Cernusca A. (2006) Root respiration in temperate mountain grasslands differing in land use. Global Change Biology 12: 995-1006

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Organization full name Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Organization short name / web page: UNIBO / www.unibo.it

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

The University of Bologna, the oldest university in Europe, is one of the main research institutions in Italy, with a long record of participation and coordination of European projects. The Group of Forestry and Forest Ecology led by Prof. F. Magnani has a record of excellence in the modelling and measurement of forest C balance and its interactions with N and water availability.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The activity of the Forest Ecology Group covers the following fields: - carbon sequestration by forests, effects of forest age, N deposition and drought - carbon sequestration by Kyoto forests and afforestation - forest stand growth modelling, with particular reference to the effects of age and N availability - water use of forest trees, effects of drought on growth, photoprotection - remote sensing of canopy processes and forest biochemical contents

Selected reference projects

Prof. Federico Magnani has been involved in a number of EU projects on the future impact of Climate Change (LTEEF, LTEEF-2, Carbo-Age, MIND, CIRCE, IMECC) and is currently coordinating a project by the European Space Agency (Project No. 20678/07/NL/HE).

Key scientific / technical personnel

Prof Federico Magnani holds a PhD in Forest Ecology from the University of Edinburgh (UK). Currently Associate Professor at the University of Bologna, Italy, Department of Fruit and Woody Plant Sciences, where he heads the Group of Forestry and Forest Ecology. His activity has mainly focused on the experimental study and mathematical modelling of tree and forest function and growth (leading to the formulation of the hypothesis of functional homeostasis in water transport) and on the interaction of the carbon and nitrogen cycles (Magnani et al. 2007, 2008).

Selected recent relevant publications

Magnani F, Dewar RC, Borghetti M (2008) Leakage and spillover effects of forest management on carbon storage: theoretical insights from a simple model. Tellus Series B in press .

Magnani F, Bensada A, Cinnirella S, Ripullone F, Borghetti M (2008) Hydraulic limitations and water-use efficiency in Pinus pinaster along a chronosequence. Canadian Journal of Forest

Research 38 73-81. Magnani F, Mencuccini M, Borghetti M, et al (2007) The human footprint in the carbon cycle of

established temperate and boreal forests. Nature 447 848-850. Mencuccini M, Hölttä T, Petit G, Magnani F (2007) Sanio's Laws revisited. Size-dependent changes

in the xylem architecture of trees. Ecology Letters 10 1084-1093. Grassi G, Magnani F (2005) Stomatal, mesophyll and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis as

affected by drought and leaf ontogeny in ash and oak trees. Plant Cell and Environment 28 834-849. Grassi G, Vicinelli E, Ponti F, Cantoni L, Magnani F (2005) Seasonal and interannual variability of

photosynthetic capacity in relation leaf nitrogen in a deciduos forest plantation in northern Italy. Tree Physiology 25 349-360.

Magnani F, Grace J, Borghetti M (2002) Adjustment of tree structure in response to the environment under hydraulic constraints. Functional Ecology 16 385-393.

Magnani F, Mencuccini M, Grace J (2000) Age-related decline in stand productivity: the role of structural acclimation under hydraulic constraints. Plant Cell and Environment 23 251-263.

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Organization full name Universidad de Granada Organization short name / web page: UGR, www.ugr.es

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

Founded in 1531, the UGR is a higher learning institution offering 51 advanced degrees and serving more than 60,000 students. The UGR also conducts research ranging broadly across the arts and sciences. Synergy between teaching and research is increasing with new Masters Programmes as part of the University’s adaptation to the European higher education accords adopted in Bolonia, orienting advanced students towards more explicit involvement in the University’s research activities.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The UGR has a long history of European investigation, and participated in more than 50 projects of the 5th and 6th Framework Programmes (http://invest.ugr.es/ofpi/OtrosPM/PM6.asp) - four as coordinator - in part through its Office for Projects and European Financing. The UGR is currently involved in preparing 13 proposals for the 7th Framework Programme, two as coordinator.

Selected reference projects

In greenhouse gas exchange research, the UGR is a relatively new player, having participated in the 6th Framework CarboEurope-IP in an unfunded sense only. However, the experience of the personnel involved in this proposal extends to FP4 (EUROFLUX) and FP5 (Carbo-Age) projects, in part due to the international and interdisciplinary character of the investigators involved.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Andrew S. Kowalski, professor of Applied Physics, has more than 15 years of experience measuring ecosystem-atmosphere exchanges via micrometeorology. He is author of 40 publications and currently PI for national and regional projects on Mediterranean shrubland carbon balances. Dr Jorge Castro, Professor of Ecology, belongs to the Terrestrial Ecology Group. Author of around 40 publications, he currently leads two research projects related to post-fire regeneration of ecosystem, and has been working for 5 years on soil carbon storage and plant-microbe interactions. Dr Regino Zamora, full professor of Ecology, leads the Terrestrial Ecology group of the UGR and has published more than 100 articles (23 in the most prestigious ecological journals, and two receiving mentions in Nature). He has been PI of 11 national projects and one international cooperation project, and was president of the Spanish Terrestrial Ecology Association, among other honours.

Selected recent relevant publications

Kowalski, A. S. & Serrano-Ortiz, P., 2007, On the relationship between the eddy covariance, the turbulent flux, and surface exchange for a trace gas such as CO2, Bound.Lay. Meteorol.,124,129-141.

Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghetti, M., Berbigier, P., Berninger, F., Delzon, S., Grelle, A., Hari, P., Jarvis, P. G., Kolari, P., Kowalski, A. S., Lankreijer, H., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Moncrieff, J. B., Rayment, M., Tedeschi, V., Valentini, R., and Grace, J., 2007, The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests, Nature, 447,848-850.

Serrano-Ortiz, P., Kowalski, A. S., Domingo, F., Rey, A., Pegoraro, E., Villagarcia, L., and Alados-Arboledas, L., 2007, Variations in daytime net carbon and water exchange in a montane shrubland ecosystem in southeast Spain, Photosynthetica, 45(1),30-35.

Jonasson, S.; Castro, J. y Michelsen, A. 2006. Interactions between plants, litter and microbes in cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Arctic. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38,526-532.

Kowalski, A. S., Loustau, D., et al.., 2004, Paired comparisons of carbon exchange between undisturbed and regenerating stands in four managed forests in Europe, Global Change Biol., 10,1707-1723.

Valentini, R., Matteucci, G., Dolman, A.J., Schulze, E.-D., Rebmann, C., Moors, E.J., Granier, A., Gross, P., Jensen, N.O., Pilegaard, K., Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., Bernhofer, Ch., Grünwald, T., Aubinet, M., Ceulemans, R., Kowalski, A.S., Vesala, T., Rannik, Ü., Berbigier, P., Loustau, D., Guðmundsson, J., Thorgeirsson, H., Ibrom, A., Morgenstern, K., Clement, R., Moncrieff, J., Montagnani, L., Minerbi, S. and Jarvis, P.G., 2000, Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests, Nature, 404,861-865.

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Organization full name Wageningen University and Research Centre Organization short name / web page: WUR / www.wur.nl/UK/

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3 and WP5

Description of the organization

Wageningen University is a university dedicated to education and knowledge generation in the field of life sciences and natural resources. As an international centre of learning and research it receives students from over a hundred countries. Over 200 PHD students graduate annually from the university. WUR participates in more than 200 EU projects and has received the ECTS label from the European Union.

Expertise and experience of the organization

Within the department of Environmental Sciences, the two participating chair groups: Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology (NCP) and Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ) cover expertise in coupled carbon nitrogen cycle and dynamic vegetation change modelling (NUCOM_Bog model); landscape scale manipulation experiments and the carbon balance and GHG research. There is a strong research effort and expertise in global atmospheric chemistry modeling, Large Eddy Simulation, and atmospheric inverse modeling.and GHG atmospheric transport processes in MAQ.

Selected reference projects

The chair groups have more than 10 years of experience in the field of modelling, carbon and GHG studies and have participated in a in a number of relevant shared costs projects such as 5th framework programmes CarboEurope projects Euroflux, CarboAge and CarboData and in the 6th framework programme CarboEurope-IP. The groups are at (inter)national level undertaking projects on Bio-geological feedbacks in the Tundra (Darwin Institute), Integrated carbon monitoring systems, and GHG landscape scale studies in managed fen ecosystems.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Prof Maarten Krol, Professor of Air Quality and Atmospheric Chemistry at MAQ. His research projects at present include include inverse modelling of CO2 and Methane and air pollution Dr Wouter Peters, lecturer at MAQ, is spearheading global atmospheric transport modelling efforts to develop an integrated carbon monitoring system (ICMS) that synthesizes forest and agricultural statistics, from satellites, from atmospheric and ecological observations, and from process models into one consistent analysis of the carbon cycle. He is also affiliated to NOAA-ERSL. Dr Monique Heijmans, lecturer at NCP, focuses her research on Climate change effects on peatlands and modelling of dynamic vegetation change and the coupled carbon – nitrogen cycle. Dr Elmar Veenendaal. Associate professor leads the fen meadow landscape scale management experiment for carbon balance and GHG effects in the NCP chair group and is contact person.

Selected recent relevant publications

Heijmans, M., D. Mauquoy, D. van Geel, B. Berendse, F. Long-term effects of climate change on vegetation and carbon dynamics in peat bogs. Journal of Vegetation Science 19 (2008) 307-320.

Krol, MC. S. Houweling, B. Bregman, M. van den Broek, A. Segers, P. van Velthoven, W. Peters, F. Dentener, and P. Bergamaschi (2005), the two-way nested global chemistry-transport zoom model TM5: algorithm and applications, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5, 417-432.

Peters, W.; Jacobson, A.R.; Sweeney, C.; Andrews, A.E.; Conway, T.J.; Masarie, K.; Miller, J.B.; Bruhwiler, L.M.P.; Petron, G.; Hirsch, A.I.; Worthy, D.E.J.; Werf, G.R. van der; Randerson, J.T.; Wennberg, P.O.; Krol, M.C.; Tans, P.P. An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker PNAS 104 (2008) 48. p. 18925 - 18930.

Stephens, B.B., Gurney, K.R., Tans, P.P., Sweeney, C., Peters, W., Bruhwiler, L., et al. (2007) Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2. Science 316, 1732-1735

Veenendaal, E.M., O. Kolle, P. A. Leffelaar, A. P. Schrier-Uijl, J. Van Huissteden, J. Van Walsem,

F. Möller, and F. Berendse CO2 exchange and carbon balance in two grassland sites on

eutrophic drained peat soils Biogeosciences, 4,(2007) 1027-1040.

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Organization full name Università degli Studi di Udine Organization short name / web page: UNIUD / www.disa.uniud.it

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3

Description of the organization

The Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali (Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, DiSA) is part of the University of Udine and is divided in 6 different sections of the most relevant agricultural and environmental areas. The Dept. employs 46 professors, 15 technicians and other 100 persons among post-docs, Phd-studends and visiting scienmtists. The work flow embraces both horizontal integration (among sections) and vertical knowledge flow (research – extension – teaching) sometimes with specialized personnel.

Expertise and experience of the organization

Since 1995 the environmental agricultural and forestry section of the department has been collaborating in research and project applications related to carbon balance of agricultural and forestry activity. The group has developed expertise in measuring stocks of carbon and in developing methodologies for their quantification and certification also in cooperation with other research and management institutions. This activity produced some tools that can be used for full carbon accounting of several environmental agricultural and forestry management practices. The results in the form of structured relational databases, methodologies and accounting mathematical models have already been applied for calculating the carbon budget at local and national scale for private companies and private bodies. The most relevant result is probably the quantification of the Italian sink potential of agricultural soils developed for the Ministry of Environment. This expertise has also been used for developing appropriate rural development plans for local regional government.

Selected reference projects

The main projects are carried out with international cooperation and within thematic networks and are related to understand the sustainability and the management of carbon resources (sink and sources) in different ecosystems in Italy and Europe. The main projects on these topict the Dept. have been involved are: INTERREG CADSES IIIB “CarbonPro”; "Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development" Fifth (EC) RTD Framework Programme “Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems and increasing drought: vulnerability assessment (MIND) ”; The Environment and Climate Research Programme of the European Commission, Directorate General XII, “Popface”. We are also collaborating as sub-contractors in NitroEurope-IP.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Prof Alessandro Peressotti, associate professor. He leads WP in the CarbonPro, MIND and Popface project. Dr Gemini delle Vedove, senior scientist. He leads National research project on impact of agricultural management and land use on GHG gases. Dr Giorgio Alberti, young scientist. He took part in several European and US projects as phd student as post doc.

Selected recent relevant publications

Inglima I., Alberti G., Bertolini T., Vaccari F.P., Miglietta F., Cotrufo M.F., Peressotti A. (in press) Precipitation pulses enhance respiration of Mediterranean ecosystems: the balance between organic and inorganic components of increased soil CO2 efflux. Global Change Biology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01784.x

Campbell J.L., Alberti G., Martin J., Law B.E. (2009) Carbon dynamics of a Ponderosa pine plantation following fuel reduction treatment in the northern Sierra Nevada. Forest Ecology and Management, 257: 453-463.

Matese A., Alberti G., Gioli B., Vaccari F.P., Toscano P., Zaldei A. (2008) Compact EDDY: a compact, low consumption eddy covariance logging system. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 64: 343-346.

Alberti G., Peressotti A., Piussi P., Zerbi G. (2008) Forest ecosystem carbon accumulation during a secondary succession on Eastern PreAlpine (Italy). Forestry, 81: 1-11.

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Organization full name University of Heidelberg, Institut für Umweltphysik Organization short name / web page: UHEI-IUP / www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de.

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP5

Description of the organization

The Institut für Umweltphysik (IUP) at the University of Heidelberg (UHEI) is an experimentally oriented institute at the Faculty of Physics.

Expertise and experience of the organization

UHEI-IUP has long experience in studying various geophysical and bio-geochemical processes in almost all environmental compartments, and their interaction with climate. This includes experimental and modelling work. The institute has a number of specialised laboratories for high-precision greenhouse and trace gases measurements, radio nuclides, as well as other trace substances. It has developed a monitor to measure atmospheric 222Radon which is run at a number of European and globally distributed sites.

Selected reference projects

ICOS, EuroHydros, CarboEurope-IP, TCOS-Siberia, Meth-MonitEUr

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr. Ingeborg Levin is senior research scientist and professor at the Faculty of Physics at the University of Heidelberg (UHEI). She has established and is leading the Carbon Cycle Group at the Institut für Umweltphysik (IUP) now for over 25 years. I. Levin has wide experience in greenhouse gases, isotopic and related trace gases observations and interpretation on the regional, continental and global scale, and has set up a laboratory for high-precision greenhouse and other trace gases measurements in the atmosphere and at the air-soil interface. Since many years she is cooperating with and gives advice to the German Umweltbundesamt which performs long-term observations of greenhouse gases at a number of German GAW stations. I. Levin is the leading German and European representative of WMO CO2 Experts for the GAW network.

Selected recent relevant publications

Schmitt, S., Hanselmann, A., Wollschläger, U., Hammer, S., and Levin, I. 2008. Investigation of parameters controlling the soil sink of atmospheric molecular hydrogen, Tellus B in press.

Levin, I., S. Hammer, B. Kromer, and F. Meinhardt, 2008. Radiocarbon Observations in Atmospheric CO2: Determining Fossil Fuel CO2 over Europe using Jungfraujoch Observations as Background. Sci. Total. Environ. 391, 211-216, doi. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.019.

Levin, I. and U. Karstens, 2007. Inferring high-resolution fossil fuel CO2 records at continental sites from combined 14CO2 and CO observations. Tellus 59B(2), 245-250.

Levin, I., and C. Rödenbeck, 2007. Can the envisaged reductions of fossil fuel CO2 emissions be detected by atmospheric observations ? Naturwissenschaften, doi. 10.1007/s00114-007-0313-4.

Schmidt, M., R. Graul, H. Sartorius, and I. Levin, 2003. The Schauinsland CO2 record: 30 years of continental observations and their implications for the variability of the European CO2 budget. J.

Geophys. Res. 108(19), 4619, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003085.

Levin, I., M. Born, M. Cuntz, U. Langendörfer, S. Mantsch, T. Naegler, M. Schmidt, A. Varlagin, S. Verclas and D. Wagenbach, 2002. Observations of atmospheric variability and soil exhalation rate of Radon-222 at a Russian forest site: Technical approach and deployment for boundary layer studies. Tellus 54B, 462-475.

Levin, I., H. Glatzel-Mattheier, T. Marik, M. Cuntz, M. Schmidt and D.E: Worthy, 1999. Verification of German methane emission inventories and their recent changes based on atmospheric observations. J. Geophys. Res., 104, D3, 3447 - 3456.

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Organization full name: CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE Organization short name / acronym / web page: CNR / ww.cnr.it

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3

Expertise and experience of the organization

CNR is the largest public research organization in Italy. The laboratories of IBIMET (Biometeorology) and IBAF (Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology) have more than 120 scientist staff members and their activity ranges from climatology to sustainability, eco-physiology and carbon cycle research. The main activity of the groups involved deals with atmospheric monitoring and flux measurements using a range of different techniques. Airborne flux measurement, remote sensing, land use change and forest management are also part of the expertises of the group.

Selected reference projects

CNR groups involved in this project are participants to a number of EU projects including CarboEurope-IP, NitroEurope-IP, CARBO-Extreme, CARBOAFRICA and CIRCE-IP. They also operate the BIOLABS Infrastructure in the IMECC project. CNR aircraft fleet is part of EUFAR (European Fleet of Aircraft for Research), which is one the VII° Framework Infrastructures.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr Franco Miglietta – IBIMET-CNR Research Director, with relevant experience in environmental physiology and carbon cycle research. EU-Project management expertise as both coordinator and participant Dr Beniamino Gioli - IBIMET-CNR, Scientist with relevant experience in airborne flux measurement and remote sensing, including data analysis interpretation Dr Giorgio Matteucci – ISAFOM and IBAF - CNR, scientist, with relevant and long experience in flux measurement, data interpretation, forest ecology and management and disturbances.

Selected recent relevant publications

Chiesi M., Maselli F., Bindi M., Fibbi L., Cherubini P., Arlotta E., Tirone G., Matteucci G., Seufert G. (2005). Modelling carbon budget of Mediterranean forests using ground and remote sensing measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 135: 22–34

Luyssaert S, Inglima I, Jung M, G.Matteucci et al. (2007) CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 13(12) 2509-2537

Taylor G, Tallis MJ, Giardina CP, Miglietta F et al. (2008) Future atmospheric CO2 leads to delayed autumnal senescence GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 14(2) 264-275

Miglietta F, Gioli B, Hutjes RWA, et al. (2007) Net regional ecosystem CO2 exchange from airborne and ground-based eddy covariance, land-use maps and weather observationsGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 13(3) 548-560

Gioli B, Miglietta F, Vaccari FP, et al. (2006) The Sky Arrow ERA, an innovative airborne platform to monitor mass, momentum and energy exchange of ecosystems ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS 49(1): 109-116

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Organization full name Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya Organization short name / acronym / web page CTFC / www.ctfc.cat

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

The Forest Technology Center of Catalonia is a public research center devoted to applied research, training and technology transfer to forestry sector. Its aims are to provide new knowledge and tools for understanding and managing natural and rural terrestrial ecosystems. CTFC was created in 1995 as a consortium between the Catalan Government, the County of Solsonès, the University of Lleida and the district Government of Lleida

Expertise and experience of the organization

The fields of expertise of CTFC are rural development and forestry (including scrubland and grassland management). CTFC has a wide experience in working with and for governments and also with private enterprises in terms of research, development and innovation. CTFC has also participated in many EU funded research projects

Selected reference projects

CarboEurope-IP. EU-RTD integrated project. VI FP. GOCE-CT-2003-505572. 2004-2008 CARBOMONT. EU-RTD project Vth Framework. EVK2-CT2001-00125. 2001-2004 Variation du Reservoir de la Matière Organique du Sol (VAMOS). DG XII . EV5CV-T 920141. 1993-1996 BurnOut - Greenhouse gas budget of soils under changing climate and land use. Cost Action 639. 2006-2009

Key scientific / technical personnel

Pere Casals Tortras PhD. (CTFC). Specialist in plant-soil relationships and soil nitrogen dynamics. Skills using 13C, 14C and 15N as a soil and plant tracers and soil C fractionation. Background in plant and soil sciences. Involved in research projects assessing the effects of land-use changes and fire derived drivers on carbon and nitrogen stocks and fluxes Pere Rovira Castella PhD. (CTFC). Research Scientist with expertise in soil organic matter dynamics: isolation and quantification of labile-recalcitrant, active-passive fractions. SOC modelling and carbon sequestration. Experience on physical fractionation of soil organic matter (both particle-size and densimetric); chemical fractionation (including: standard humus fractionation by extraction with alcalis, acid hydrolysis, quantification of highly recalcitrant forms, including black carbon) and chemical characterization of soil organic matter (thermal properties). Joan Romanyà Socoro PhD. (UB). Soil Science Prof. at the University of Barcelona. Specialist on soil fertility and plant nutrition in natural and man made ecosystems. He has broad experience in studying soil nutrient cycling and organic matter changes as affected by fire, afforestation and agricultural practices. He has broad experience on field based studies using both repeated sampling schemes combined with chronosequences. He has also experience in using soil organic matter models (Century and Roth-C) to assess soil organic matter sequestration in soils after changing land use.

Selected recent relevant publications

Garcia-Pausas J, Casals P, Camarero Ll, Huguet C, Sebastià MT, Thomson R, Romanya J. 2008. Factors regulating carbon mineralization in the surface and subsurface soils of the Pyrenean mountain grasslands. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.001

Montané F, Rovira P, Casals P. 2007. Shrub encroachment into mesic mountain grasslands in the Iberian peninsula: Effects of plant quality and temperature on soil C stocks. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, doi:10.1029/2006GB002853

Garcia-Pausas J, Casals P, Camarero Ll, Huguet C, Sebastià MT, Thomson R, Romanya J. 2007. Soil organic carbon storage in mountain grasslands of the Pyrenees: effects of climate and topography. Biogeochemistry, 82, 279 – 289

Duguy B., Rovira P. & Vallejo V.R., 2007. Land use history and fire effects on soil fertility in eastern Spain. European Journal of Soil Science 58, 83-91.

Rovira P., Duguy B. & Vallejo V.R. 2008. Black carbon in wildfire-affected mediterranean shrubland soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, in press.

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Organization full name: Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Organization short name / web page: UCLM / www.uclm.es

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP2

Description of the organization

The University of Castilla-La Mancha is a public, higher education and research institution. It has ca. 30.000 students and 1500 faculty.

Expertise and experience of the organization

UCLM was established in 1985, and has grown to establish different field sites to study the joint effects of fire, forest management and drought on the dynamics of vegetation. More recently, UCLM has acquired the technological capability for sampling different species of GHG in ecosystem manipulation experiments.

Selected reference projects

Our research group has directed the first Spanish national climate change impact study (ECCE), and was a member of the steering group of the first climate change impact study of Europe (ACACIA). We coordinated POST-Fire and the EU projects LUCIFER and RICAMARE, participated in ALARM, ATEAM, SPREAD, ERAS, DELFI, and in the North American SAHRA.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr José M Moreno, full professor and Head of the Department of Environmental Sciences, is the Vice-Chair of the WG II of the IPCC, and was Coordinating Lead Author in the 4AR of the IPCC. Dr Víctor Resco, postdoctoral research fellow. He leads research on the impacts of climate change in water limited ecosystems.

Selected recent relevant publications

Resco V, et al. (2008). Drought-induced hydraulic limitations constrain leaf gas exchange recovery after precipitation pulses in the C3 woody legume, Prosopis velutina. New Phytologist, doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02687.x

Resco V., et al. (2008). Chlorophyll fluorescence, predawn water potential and photosynthesis in precipitation pulse-driven ecosystems - implications for ecological studies. Functional Ecology, 22, 479-483

Resco de Dios V, et al. (2007). Climate change effects on Mediterranean forests and preventive measures. New Forests, 33, 29-40

Alcamo J., J.M. Moreno, et al. (2007). Ch. 12. Europe. In: M.L. Parry, et al. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 541

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Organization full name: Meteo-France / Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Organization short name / web page: CNRM / www.cnrm.meteo.fr/

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP3

Description of the organization

Meteo-France is the French weather service. In this project, Meteo-France is represented by its research centre (CNRM).

Expertise and experience of the organization

CNRM has long experience in land surface modelling, in mesoscale atmospheric modelling, in transferring research to operations. CNRM was involved in the regional component of the FP6 CarboEurope-IP and in the FP6 geoland project. In both projects, CNRM implemented terrestrial carbon flux simulations with the SURFEX modelling platform. The atmospheric transport of CO2 was implemented in the MesoNH model.

Selected reference projects

CarboEurope-IP, geoland, geoland2

Key scientific / technical personnel

Dr. Joël Noilhan, head of the mesoscale meteorology division of CNRM. Has more than 20 years of experience in research in land surface modelling and mesoscale meteorology. His most recent works concern the mesoscale simulation of the atmospheric transport of CO2. Dr. Jean-Christophe Calvet, head of a land surface modelling and EO data assimilation section of CNRM, within the mesoscale meteorology division. Has more than 15 years of experience in research in remote sensing and land surface modelling, for applications in meteorology. Dr Calvet is task manager for the land carbon core information service in geoland2.

Selected recent relevant publications

Calvet, J.-C. , A.-L. Gibelin, J.-L. Roujean, E. Martin, P. Le Moigne, H. Douville, and J. Noilhan:

Past and future scenarios of the effect of carbon dioxide on plant growth and transpiration for three vegetation types of southwestern France, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 397-406, 2008.

Sarrat, C., J. Noilhan, A. J. Dolman, C. Gerbig, R. Ahmadov, L. F. Tolk, A. G. C. A. Meesters, R. W. A. Hutjes, H. W. Ter Maat, G. Pérez-Landa, and S. Donier: Atmospheric CO2 modeling at the regional scale: an intercomparison of 5 meso-scale atmospheric models, Biogeosciences, 4, 1115–1126, 2007.

Sarrat, C., Noilhan, J., Lacarrère, P., Donier, S., Lac, C., Calvet, J.-C., Dolman, A.J., Gerbig, C., Neininger, B., Ciais, P., Paris, J.D., Boumard, F., Ramonet, M., Butet, A.: Atmospheric CO2 modeling at the regional scale: Application to the CarboEurope Regional Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12105, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008107, 2007.

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Organization full name: Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung e.V. Organization short name / web page: PIK / www.pik-potsdam.de

Role in GHG-Europe: Contributions to WP5

Description of the organization

The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research currently has around 200 employees and receives core funding from the federal and state governments of ca 6M€ annually. PIK addresses crucial scientific questions in the fields of global change, climate impacts and sustainable development. Researchers from natural and social sciences work together to generate interdisciplinary insights and to provide society with sound information for decision making.

Expertise and experience of the organization

The main methodologies used at PIK are systems and scenarios analysis, quantitative and qualitative modelling, computer simulation, and data integration. PIK plays an active role in international network and policy advising activities such as the IGBP, the IPCC, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) and the EU NoE ALTER-Net.

Selected reference projects

PIK has coordinated the FP5 Integrated Project ATEAM, the first pan-European, regionally specific, cross-sectoral assessment of ecosystem vulnerability to climate change. Alongside ATEAM, a Concerted Action AVEC provided additional stakeholder dialogue an training for young scientists with respect to the ATEAM methodology. PIK’s expertise has been developed further in ALARM (a risk-oriented assessment of European ecosystem dynamics) and in the FP7 Network of Excellence ALTER-Net. In CarboEurope-IP, PIK contributed assessments and methodology for the modelling of the European ecosystem carbon balance. PIK now is also a partner in CarboExtreme and several related projects.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Professor Dr Wolfgang Cramer, geographer and plant ecologist, heads the PIK Research Domain “Earth System Analysis” and is full professor of global ecology at Potsdam University. He has contributed to science in the area of forest dynamics modelling, with respect to climate drivers, and now works on the broader understanding of biosphere dynamics at the global and continental scale. For the EU, he has been directing the FP5 project ATEAM and its companion outreach activity, AVEC. He advises the German government as well as the EU and contributes to several major EU projects. Dr Alberte Bondeau is a physicist and remote sensing expert. On the basis of the widely used generic biosphere model LPJ, she developed the land use impacts model LPJmL which contains process-based components for agricultural and forest ecosystems.

Selected recent relevant publications

Bondeau A, ..., Cramer W et al. 2007 Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance. Global Change Biology 13:679-706

Haberl H, ..., Bondeau A et al. 2007 Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems. PNAS published July 6, 2007, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0704243104

Müller C, Eickhout B, Zaehle S, Bondeau A, Cramer W & Lucht W 2007 Effects of changes in CO2, climate, and land use on the carbon balance of the land biosphere during the 21st century. J Geophys

Res 112, G02032 Seguin B, Arrouays D, Balesdent J, Soussana J-F, Bondeau A, Smith P, Zaehle S, de Noblet N &

Viovy N 2007 Moderating the impact of agriculture on climate. Agric For Met 142:278-287 Zaehle S, Bondeau A, Carter TR, Cramer W et a. 2007 Projected changes in terrestrial carbon

storage in Europe under climate and land use change, 1990-2100. Ecosystems 10:380-401 Schaphoff S, Lucht W, Gerten D, Sitch S, Cramer W & Prentice IC 2006 Terrestrial biosphere carbon

storage under alternative climate projections. Clim Chg 74:97-122 Schröter D, Cramer W ... Bondeau A et al 2005 Ecosystem Service Supply and Vulnerability to

Global Change in Europe. Science 310(25.11.2005):1333-1337

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Organization full name: Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Organisation short name / acronym / web page: FSU / http://www.uni-jena.de/

Role in GHG-Europe: Task leader in WP1

Description, Qualification and Capacity

The FSU Jena is a contoured, classical, comprehensive university and hosts more than 20.000 students and more than 1.000 professors and senior scientists. The Department of Earth Observation includes 15 scientists and two support staff. Active research focuses on earth observation-based projects for boreal forest monitoring, radar science, digital image processing, and development of spatial data infrastructures. At the Department of Earth Observation research tasks are supported by high level hard- and software. The land cover project office of GOFC-GOLD (Global Observations of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics, a technical panel of the Global Terrestrial Observing System-GTOS) has been established at the Department of Earth Observation and funded by the European Space Agency.

Selected reference projects

GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office (http://www.gofc-gold.uni-jena.de/). The project office activities focus on land cover harmonization and validation, support of global and regional land monitoring activities, observation strategies (IGOL), and technical support for the UNFCCC and GEO implementation. One major activity is the coordination of an international REDD working group to develop technical guidance on current and future forest and REDD monitoring capabilities (Sourcebook: www.gofc-gold.uni-jena.de/redd). The group leads international activities to comparative validation of land cover and change datasets and the preparatory activities for observing land cover as Essential Climate Variable (ECV, www.fao.org/gtos/ECV-T09.html), involved on planning the GMES global land monitoring component and is partner in related GLOBCOVER and FAO’s Forest Resources Assessment activities with focus on the remote sensing survey.

Key scientific / technical personnel

Martin Herold, PD Dr. habil has more than 10 years of technical experience and is an internationally expert in forest and land change observations from satellite data, and spatial data analysis and modeling. He received a PhD in Geography from the University of California Santa Barbara, USA in 2004 and completed his habilitation in 2009 on issues of operational regional and global land cover monitoring. He is coordinator of the GOFC-GOLD Land Cover project office at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena. Since 2005, Dr. Herold has been heavily in technical support for the UNFCCC-REDD process, and for applications of remote sensing of land change for GHG estimation and reporting.

Selected recent relevant publications

Herold, M., Woodcock, C., Mayaux, P., Baccini, A. and C. Schmullius (2008). Some challenges in global land cover mapping: an assessment of agreement and accuracy in existing 1 km datasets, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112, 2538–2556.

Herold, M., Woodcock, C.E., Loveland, T. R. Townshend, J., Brady, M., Steenmans C. and C. Schmullius (2008) Land Cover Observations as part of a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS): progress, activities, and prospects, IEEE Systems, 2, 3, 414-423.

Herold, M. & T. Johns (2007): Linking requirements with capabilities for deforestation monitoring in the context of the UNFCCC-REDD process, Environmental Research Letters, 2, 045025 (7 pp),

DeFries, R., Achard, F., Brown, S., Herold, M., Murdiyarso, D., Schlamadinger, B. & C. De Souza (2007): Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation in developing countries: considerations for monitoring and measuring, Environmental Science and Policy, 10, 385-394.

Herold, M., Woodcock, C., Di Gregorio, A., Mayaux, P., Belward A., Latham, J. & C. C. Schmullius (2006): A joint initiative for harmonization and validation of land cover datasets, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 44, 7, 1719-1727.

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B.2.3 Consortium as a whole

B.2.3.1 Consortium overview

The multi-disciplinary consortium consists of 42 partners from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The project is only possible by bringing together a critical mass of internationally recognised

researchers with complementary expertise from different disciplines – and for measurements in all parts of Europe, regional complementarity but similar expertise. The team covers the broad fields of biogeochemistry, agricultural sciences, forest science, climatology, hydrology, soil science and geo-science and economics all with strong experience in carbon and nitrogen cycling research. The consortium members are scientifically well connected internationally and have taken key roles in IPCC (e.g. VTI, ALTERRA, CEA, IIASA, INRA, MPG, UNIABDN, PIK) and are coordinating international science projects (e.g. VTI, MPG, CEA, IIASA, VUA, CEH). Consortium members have a remarkable, maybe unique track record of influential top-level papers on the topics of this

project (carbon and nitrogen cycle, GHG fluxes, impact of climate and land management, vulnerability assessment) in top journals like Nature, Science or PNAS with many other international co-authors#. In particular, consortium partners have pioneered the use of an integrated approach, based on a suite of different measurements and models, to study the impact of climate variability

and land use on terrestrial C storage and GHG fluxes. The article by Ciais et al. (2005) and follow up studies showed that flux measurements could be successfully combined with remote sensing data and ecosystem models to understand the immediate impact of climate on the terrestrial carbon balance. But this study and the CarboEurope-IP project lacked an integration of all three major GHGs, and the attribution of various kinds of land use and management options to the European terrestrial GHG balance. In GHG-Europe this knowledge gap will be filled by systematically factoring out different

natural and anthropogenic drivers for CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes, and collecting and synthesising

data that were not in the scope of former and parallel projects such as CarboEurope-IP, CARBO-

Extreme and CC-TAME. GHG-Europe draws on a balanced mixture of research teams with strong joint research activitites in the past and new teams adding complementary expertise in soil science, shrublands, in Eastern Europe and in socio-economics.

Apart from the proven scientific excellence, the consortium members have very close links or are directly involved as scientific experts in a number of policy or decision making processes linked to

154 # List of recent (last 5 years) respective publications with crucial involvement of consortium partners. Canadell, JG et al. (2007) Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks, PNAS, 104, 18866-18870. Ciais, P., et al. (2005), Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003, Nature, 437, 529-533. Davidson, E. A., and I. A. Janssens (2006), Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change, Nature, 440, 165-173. Fang, C. M., et al. (2005), Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature, Nature, 433, 57-59. Heimann, M., and M. Reichstein (2008), Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks, Nature, 451, 289-292. Janssens, I. A., et al. (2003), Europe's terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7 to 12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions, Science, 300, 1538-1542. Luyssaert S, et al. (2008) Old-growth forests as global carbon sink. Nature, 455, 213-215. Magnani, F., et al. (2007), The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests, Nature, 447, 848-850. Marland, G., et al. (2007), The carbon benefits of fuels and forests, Science, 318, 1066-1068. Piao, S. L., et al. (2008), Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming, Nature, 451, 49-53. Reay, D. S., et al. (2007), Spring-time for sinks, Nature, 446, 727-728. Schröter, D., et al. (2005), Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe, Science, 310, 1333-1337. Schulze, E.-D., A. Freibauer (2005): Environmental science: Carbon unlocked from soils. Nature, 437, 205-206 Tubiello, F. N., et al. (2007), Crop and pasture response to climate change, PNAS, 104, 19686-19690.

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the topic of climate change and carbon and nitrogen cycling and ecosystem function (VTI, ETH, INRA, MPG, UIBK, UNIABDN). Partners are also providing input in the EEAC, the Network of

European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils, where 30 advisory councils for environmental policy and sustainable development from 15 countries in the European Union are participating. Moreover GHG-Europe partners are firmly anchored in the European Research, collaborated strongly in various previous EU and ESF research projects and the large majority have deep experience with successful EU project management, e.g. as coordinators of

experimental, observational and impact assessment FP5 – FP7 projects (cf. partner descriptions). The team has a balanced spread of institutions: 21 research organisations, and 20 universities, many of them strongly involved in policy interaction. The geographic domain of GHG-Europe is significantly enlarged compared to previous projects with 4 out of 8 regional tasks in WP2 and 3 being located in Eastern and Southern Europe. The first GHG flux stations and lab facility for South Eastern Europe will be funded by GHG-Europe with strong cooperation and knowledge transfer within the project from VTI. However, since large parts of the project rely on existing long term data and important experimental structures, the majority of partners are from EU countries with a long term record of GHG flux data.

B.2.3.2 Complementarity of participants and partner roles

In the formation of the GHG-Europe consortium we have aimed at achieving a good mix of partners with excellent and complementary expertise in particular aspects of GHG research and partners that span from experimental to modelling expertise in order to facilitate a close collaboration between data generation, data assessment and modelling. This design assures optimal exploitation of the disciplinary data and knowledge and cross-scale and -disciplinary integration that is an essential aspect of this project. In this integration aspect ALTERRA, UNIABDN, UNITUS, VTI and VUA play the most important roles, guiding observational, methodological and modelling tasks. Also within the

project components we achieved a high degree of complementarity with distributed expertise in human and natural drivers (e.g. MPG, IIASA, INRA), ecosystem level long-term observations (e.g. VTI, ETH, UNITUS), regional integration and assessments (VUA, CNRM) in the observational tasks and modelling groups that are strong in cropland, grassland, peatland, forest modelling (ALTERRA, UNIABDN, INRA, CEH). Moreover we benefit from the strong experience in biogeochemical data-basing and standardization (UNITUS, MPG). A clear model-data integration

expertise is realized at CEA, ALTERRA, MPG, VTI and UNIABDN, while know-how on future

socio-economic and climate scenarios and their use is established at IIASA, UNIABDN, and MPG. We achieved also an excellent spread and complementarity of experience with respect to different

ecosystem types to be considered, such as forest (e.g., ALTERRA, UHEL, ICAS, EFI, SYKE), peatlands (e.g. VTI, TUM, CEH, UHEL, VUA), grassland systems (e.g. ETH, INRA, VTI) croplands (e.g., UNIABDN, INRA, VTI, SLU) shrublands (e.g. CEAM, UGR, UNITUS) and soil (e.g. UA, VTI, UNIABDN, MPG, INRA). The work plan illustrates that all partners have specific responsibilities reflecting their expertise, often spread over several Work Packages. With this cross-linkage of shared

responsibilities we ensure that the project is a real collaborative effort across a wide spectrum of

disciplines and research activities. At the same time, the consortium comprises well established

senior and young scientists, providing excellent opportunities to contribute to the European Research Area (ERA) now as well as strengthen ERA in the future with the next generation of scientists. A rigorous and central management structure is in place to ensure scientific success and timely delivery of scientific and economic analysis to the policy process. An external international Advisory board

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including stakeholders of politics and land use issues will be implemented as critical observer and advisor (cf. Section 2.1).

B.2.3.3 Subcontracting As described above large parts of the proposed research rely on existing and emerging data. To insure the availability of data from associated partners of the GHG-Europe consortium about 170,000 Euros are dedicated to subcontracts for data providing. Five institutes will be participating as subcontractors delivering long term time series of atmospheric measurements of CO2, CH4 and 222Rn in order to top down constrain the European GHG budgets (subcontract partners of VTI, see Appendix 2). Since these partners do no carry out scientific tasks beyond data acquisition we propose not to include them as full participants in the proposal. In the regional experiments on Mediterranean shrubland and in Central Italy three additional partners will provide data for these studies as subcontract partners (subcontract partners of UNITUS, CEAM and UGR).

Short name Subcontrator Country Partner Budget [k€] Task

ELU Eötvös Loránd University, Dept. Of Meteorology

Hunganry vTI 28 Tall tower data

UBE Universität Bern Swiss vTI 28 Tall tower data

UKRAK AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques

Poland vTI 28 Tall tower data

CESI CESI Ricerca S.p.A. Spain vTI 28 Tall tower data

ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Global and Mediterranean Environment Division

Italy vTI 28 Tall tower data

UNINA2 Seconda Università di Napoli Italy UNITUS 25 Agriculture data

Terrasystem Terrasystem srl Italy UNITUS 20 Remote sensing products

CREAF Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals

Spain UGR 15 soil sampling and analysis at 2 flux tower sites

CREAF Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals

Spain CEAM 15 soil sampling and analysis at 2 flux tower sites

Sum 215

Part of GHG-Europe’s work is foreseen to be carried out by Alterra BV through resources provided by Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (Stichting DLO). Beneficiary Alterra BV reimburses the costs of third party Stichting DLO, Costerweg 50, 6701 BH Wageningen, P.O. Box 9101, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.

B.2.3.4 Funding for beneficiaries from "third" countries No participant outside the EU, except for Switzerland as associated country, is requesting EU funding.

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B.2.4 Resources to be committed

This project largely builds upon exploiting existing and ongoing infrastructures, published and

unpublished data, models and model-data integration technology, which have already been acquired or developed and will be adapted and amended for the purpose of the project. Experimental and monitoring infrastructures are being secured by other projects (past: e.g. CarboEurope-IP, NitroEurope-IP, future: IMECC, national projects). Data-sharing agreements will be established with each of these projects. Data from terminated projects will be immediately available for GHG-Europe in accordance with the data policy of these projects. Agreement by contributors from national project has already been achieved before the proposal preparation. Hence GHG-Europe asks only for minor

funding for adding missing measurements and maintaining existing monitoring sites or

infrastructure, but major parts of the resources will be committed for the research based on

those opportunities. Measurements in undersampled regions of Eastern and South Eastern Europe will be supported with 500,000 € of EU funding to set up new GHG flux measurement stations and a gas analysis infrastructure in a Romanian laboratory and to perform measurements to substantially improve the coverage of GHG flux measurements in these regions. Existing experimental infrastructures will be utilized for targeted research, available data and additional harmonized measurements to fill critical information gaps. In detail, GHG-Europe will collect by the integration activities in WP2 detailed data from experiments from over 300 sites which have not been harmonized so far, and obtain data from several hundreds of sites from the databases of Luyssaert et al. (2007), CarboEurope-IP, NitroEurope-IP and FLUXNET, many hundreds of thousands of data from forest inventories and from soil profile databases (Romania, Spain). GHG-Europe will perform additional measurements of GHG fluxes and soil organic carbon quality in 31 existing experiments and monitoring sites to fill gaps in critical processes and ecosystems. Soil profiles will be resampled on 48 chronosequence sites to trace carbon sequestration after land use change and recovery from shrubland fires. WP3 will add a lot of detailed data from carbon inventories, 45 GHG flux sites equipped with eddy covariance for CO2 fluxes and 21 sites with GHG flux measurements by chambers. This ambitious programme is only feasible because all sites have strong extra funding so that GHG-Europe only funds small additions to make better use of the existing data for the purpose of attribution and to obtain full GHG budgets. Existing data will be brought into harmonized arrangements that allow answering the posed scientific questions concerning manageability of GHG fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. For the purpose of data synthesis and coordination with past and ongoing research, about 100,000 € have been allocated to a series of workshops.

Modelling in GHG-Europe relies on existing state-of-the-art models. GHG-Europe employs 3 different data mining approaches, 5 sectoral models, 2 generic ecosystem models and 3 different approaches to atmospheric inversions. All models have been created and used by the participating research teams for years and will be further improved for tackling the simulation of different management options in terrestrial ecosystems and being compared with long term datasets, evaluated and applied within this project. A selection of available socio-economic and climate scenarios will provide effective tools to assess future GHG vulnerability and management options. Finally, the model-data integration experiences and techniques from CarboEurope-IP (UNIABDN, CEA, MPG) and NitroEurope-IP (CEH, INRA) are forming a great basis for further progress. IIASA will support policy consultations via direct contacts with European Commission services.

In total, we roughly estimate that GHG-Europe can build upon models, data, and infrastructure equivalent to at least 20’000 person months invested in research and development during the past 5-10

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years. Hence, we will be able to immediately concentrate on the specific project topics and the

requested EU resources will be directly used for the proposed innovative research proposed.

Major parts of the resources applied for in this proposal will be allocated to personnel cost (see working months of the WPs) that allows us to carry out the proposed analyses and develop the methods needed. This is even true for the WP2 and 3 with an experimental focus, where running costs are low and mostly covered by the partners themselves, and only the additional work for the aims of this project carried out by PhD students, PostDocs and/or technicians is requested as EU contribution. Moreover, in-house personnel will be added by the partners. For instance, the modelling teams will rely heavily on in-house expertise and personnel (in addition to computing infrastructure) provided by the partners. This is only possible since partners can build upon national funding for the core of their modelling or experimental research.

Major costs other than personnel in the GHG-Europe project are travel costs resulting from project meetings, workshops, Steering committee and Advisory Boards’ meetings that facilitate efficient dissemination of the results and participation costs of other meetings where progress and results of GHG-Europe are communicated. In addition, the coordinator together with the project management team has a budget for necessary travel to the different level-project meetings and for covering the meeting costs of the Advisory Boards to GHG-Europe. To ensure a high dissemination quality and efficient feedback to stakeholders the dissemination task is located in the Coordination WP with some funding dedicated for organising integrated response to requests from stakeholders to provide print and other materials, organise meetings and travel to stakeholders and a state of the art web page. A total of 70,000 € is reserved for dissemination (part of VTI budget).

The budget is distributed between the Work Packages according to their work load (Table 2.1), with emphasis on the parts establishing the scientific basis, where allocation is ca. 55% to experimental focussed WPs, 8% to producing reliable driver data maps and time series in WP1, 31% to the modelling (WP4, 5 and 6). Ca. 5% are allocated to coordination activities including workshops. Fig shows the relation between person months and allocated EU required budget per perticipant, indicating a strong correlation, reasonable for personnel intensive projects. The scatter can be attributed to different salary levels across Europe and different proportions of personal costs from the total required budget.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 200 400 600 800

Person month per participant

Bu

dg

et

[k€

]

Fig 4: Budget (requested total EU contribution) versus person months (PM) incurring for each participant including a linear regression line.

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Table 2.1: Allocation of the EU contribution to Work Packages and Tasks and major purposes of funding

WP Task k€ Major purposes

1 440.1 Personnel to derive driver fields 1.1 40.0 1.2 30.0 1.3 62.1 1.4 90.0 1.5 80.0 1.6 90.0 1.7 48.0

2 1635.2 Personnel for synthesis and data mining; additional measurements; workshops

2.1 371.8 2.2 278.8 2.3 269.0 2.4 280.0 Personnel; measurements 2.5 225.6 Personnel; GHG equipment 2.6 210.0 Personnel; measurements

3 2113.4 6 regions 3.1 610.0 Measurements 3.2 520.0 Personnel for data collection and modelling 3.3 420.0 Personnel for data collection and modelling 3.4 370.0 Personnel for methodological development 3.5 193.4 Personnel for modelling

4 4.1-4.4 823.3 Personnel for modelling 5 992.0

5.1 252.0 Personnel for modelling 5.2 184.9 Personnel for modelling 5.3 464.0 GHG monitoring 5.4 91.0 Personnel for synthesis

6 6.1-6.4 140.8 Personnel for modelling 7 7.1-7.2 184.0 Personnel for data base and tool 8 8.1-8.4 320.0 Personnel for coodination; meetings and dissemination

The total costs requested from the EC amounts to 6,648,710 Euros (EC contribution) with a total

GHG-Europe budget of about 8,788,100 Euros.

In total, the EU contribution is planned to be spent in the fractional cost categories given in Table 2.2. These numbers are taken from the detailed budget breakdown of the partner A forms provided to the coordinator to substantiate the requested funding. The cost categories differ slightly from the numbers given above due to different definitions (“coordination” above includes management, dissemination and other consortium related activities, meetings and some travel; “indirect costs” below were included in the costs given above).

In total, the EU contribution is planned to be spent in the following fractional cost categories:

Fractional cost categories k€ %

Personnel 4423 66.5 Consumables 1080 16.2 Durable equipment 113 1.7 Travel incl. workshops 653 9.8 Subcontracting 215 3.2 Other costs 165 2.5 Total 6649 100.0

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B3. Potential impact

B.3.1 Expected impacts listed in the work program

Quantification of temporal variability of European carbon and GHG budgets

GHG-Europe will make a step change in the quantification of the European carbon and GHG budget in robustness, detail, comprehensiveness and consistency in time, spatial scales and across ecosystems. This will be achieved via a systematic, fully integrated approach that combines multi-year, multi-site observations, a series of models with different complexity and process coverage validated against the observations, driven by a new, comprehensive, temporally- and spatially-consistent set of driver fields for the period 1900-2010, and up to 2100 in scenario mode. Uncertainties will be systematically quantified and attributed to error propagation through measurements, space scales and model parametrisation. The monthly to annual variability in the C budget of Europe and of two pilot regions will be verified against atmospheric inversions.

Identification of the main driving processes

The spatial and temporal variability in the carbon and GHG budgets of ecosystems, regions and the Europe will be attributed to the complex interacting set of drivers by fingerprinting, model experiments and advanced statistical data analysis (artificial neural networks, regression trees, fuzzy logic). The latter will also derive ecosystem and region specific response functions of C and GHG fluxes to changes in the main driving processes. The results will allow to factor out natural versus anthropogenic drivers. Specific advances beyond state-of-the-art are the inclusion of the effects of direct versus indirect radiation (“global dimming”), of land use history and past management, of ecosystem specific eventual delays in response to changing drivers and of combined driver effects.

At European level, synoptic analysis of driver fields will identify hot spots, hot moments and time span of major changes in driver fields of individual drivers and coincidence of changes in various drivers.

Assessment of future vulnerability of GHG sources and sinks

GHG-Europe will assess the vulnerability of C pools and the sensitivity of GHG fluxes to individual and combined changes in drivers by combining the results of the attribution analysis with the spatio-temporal changes in driver fields. The models will be run in scenario mode and coupled to dynamic economic land use models to project possible trajectories of ecosystem C stocks and GHG fluxes in response to climate, market and policy pressures. Novel aspects are the combined assessment of land use, detailed management and their interaction with climate variability and socio-economic drivers, and the fact that the project will provide fully spatio-temporal explicit scenarios of future risks and feedbacks with climate change and economic drivers of land use and management. Via site level response functions, analysis of likely future changes in driver fields and hotspots of change, sensitivity analysis of sectorial models including uncertainty, and EU wide scenarios with likely and extreme changes in driver field combinations.

A more solid foundation for policy in relation to international commitments and post-2012

initiatives

GHG-Europe will significantly improve the prognostic capacity of state-of-the-art ecosystem models by systematic multi-site, multi-scale validation and Bayesian calibration and the improved

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representation of ecosystem response to natural AND anthropogenic factors. The project results will provide quantitative and qualitative new insights for a better foundation of decisions in the international negotiations. GHG-Europe will provide the scientific basis for “factoring out” natural variability and past management effects. The results will also allow robust assessment of the consequences of political choices in the post-2012 negotiations regarding baseline methods and accounting rules for C stock changes in the LULUCF sector.

In view of the European implementation of post-2012 climate policies, GHG-Europe will provide the scientific foundation to assess the risk for compliance due to uncertainties and vulnerability of C stocks to climate change, and in particular, to socio-economic changes affecting land use decisions, e.g. global market effects on wood harvest and bioenergy demand. As key deliverable (D6.5: Detailed report on Policy Implications for Post Kyoto policies), GHG-Europe will analyse how European climate policy decisions affect the terrestrial C and GHG budget, and how energy, agricultural and environmental policies interfere with the climate policy goals. This deliverable will be treated as a living document and will be continuously updated to reflect the latest analytical inputs to the LULUCF negotiating process. These analyses will be performed in close interaction with the European Commission, DG Environment and DG Agriculture and individual member states. The economic modelling team of GHG-Europe is contributing to a planned communcation by DG ENV on post-Kyoto strategies and advices several European governments with their quantitative analysis.

B.3.1.1 Impact on Stakeholder groups Global Earth Observations (GEO): GHG-Europe has strong activities in WP1, WP2, WP3 and in particular through tools and the database in WP7, to improve international access and interoperability of data streams related to global earth observations. The data in GHG-Europe include some listed as Essential Climate Variables and almost all parameters listed in the essential variables under Terrestrial Carbon Observations (TCO). In this respect, GHG-Europe amends the European efforts in global leadership within the GEO process, which have started in the FP7 projects COCOS and ICOS-Infrastructure, by adding variables, observations, and coordinating research.

EU policies affected: GHG-Europe will mainly support the European climate action and renewable energy package which was agreed upon by the European Parliament in December 2008. We will analyse the contribution of bioenergy (1st, 2nd, 3rd generation) to Europe's overall emissions to at least 20% (30%) below 1990 levels by 2020 in a global context to account for possible leakage effects and the option to import sustainably produced bioenergy from abroad. The central strategy to achieve this target, strengthening and expansion of the Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), will be the main focus of analysis. In addition, we will analyse the enhanced use of bioenergy through policy instruments of the Renewable Electricity Directive, Liquid Biofuels Directive, and the Renewable Heating and Cooling Directive. Most of the resources of GHG-Europe will, however, be devoted to analyse the emission reduction from sectors not included in the EU ETS, agriculture (waste) which shall be cut by 10% from 2005 levels by 2020. The economic impact assessment performed in GHG-

Europe will also account for the provision that each Member State will contribute to the emission reduction effort according to its relative wealth, with national emission targets ranging from -20% for richer Member States to +20% for poorer ones.

GHG-Europe will carry out an analysis for the European climate action and renewable energy package in a multi-sectoral setting. Many agricultural, forestry and environmental policies within the European Union and single Member States support environmentally friendly management measures to obtain

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multiple policy objectives at reasonable costs. We will conduct an assessment of the possible synergies with policy instruments that were designed not entirely with focus on GHG mitigation or adaptation, such as the Common Agricultural Policy, Rural development Strategy, EU Forestry Strategy and Forest Action Plan, Energy Policies of Member States, Clean Air (CAFÉ), Water Directive, Soil Thematic Strategy, and biodiversity related policies such as Natura 2000. The latter four policies will be assessed in which way they are conducive to support climate adaptation objectives. We will quantify synergistic effects as well as avoidance of negative side effects through better policy coordination on the level of policy instrument matching using the PRO LULUCF model cluster. We will provide detailed quantitative analysis of the European added value resulting from the fact that a broad inclusion of land-based offset mechanisms could make it more cost effective for Europe to meet GHG mitigation objectives (including in the EU ETS). This is important, especially if competitiveness issues come into play, for example if the USA implement a trading system that gives participants flexibility to use land-based offsets on a larger scale. Such type of competitiveness assessment will be carried out within GHG-Europe.

Farms and forestry enterprises: Apart from the competitiveness assessment GHG-Europe will also provide an assessment of socio-economic impacts of changes in viability of the European farming and forestry sector in Europe by giving estimates of the amount of farms (by farm type) that will no longer be economically viable and exit the market. The global analysis (GLOBIOM) will account for impacts of increased biofuel imports to Europe on malnutrition elsewhere.

B.3.1.2 European dimension The project will address the issues raised in the Call at the European level, using a strongly integrated approach. The European member states are characterized by contrasting climate, diverse ecosystems and specific regional gradients in management intensities. The proposed challenge to more

accurately quantify the impacts of anthropogenic versus natural drivers of European terrestrial

GHG emissions can only be tackled at European level by linking in the same consortium

specialists of each ecosystem / region. Moreover, there are several national projects on GHG emissions of selected ecosystems where only a European scale synthesis of existing an emerging knowledge provides the critical mass of new evidence to perform systematic data analysis and improve models. A pan-European approach is necessary for these reasons. For GHG-Europe, we

build upon strong past and ongoing European and national research bringing considerable

added value to the project by background and foreground knowledge and by considerable co-

funding. We would not be able to propose such an ambitious work programme without the

consortium already having existing long-standing expertise, models, data and ongoing research

in this area as well as consortium members being excellently networked within Europe and

globally. Many researchers outside the Consortium have already agreed to share data knowledge, contribute to the European integration effort, and participate in synthesis workshops. Modelling teams from Europe and the US have expressed their interest to participate with their models in the model intercomparison by using the same model protocols and driver fields. These partners will sign a cooperation agreement at the start of GHG-Europe in a similar way in which CarboEurope-IP has successfully handled voluntary contributions. Even at the proposal stage, the proposed project has

had a considerable coordinating impact on the European GHG science.

The project brings together expertise, data and models from, as yet, disparate communities (e.g.

peatland, shrubland, forest and agricultural research) in a balanced way, and also brings

together a variety of tools and approaches (e.g. driver data, experiments, modelling, socio-

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economic scenarios) to address the Call. The interdisciplinarity, the large consortium of 42 Participants from 15 EU Member States and agreed unfunded contributions from a similar number of partners to the project and the strong foundation on past and ongoing large-scale projects and their large consortia (CarboEurope-IP, NitroEurope-IP, CARBO-Extreme, CC-TAME) will guarantee that GHG-Europe plays a key role in structuring European research in this area. We build on our previous experience in leading large-scale projects in EU FP6 and FP7 outlined above), providing ample

opportunity for early-career scientists to work abroad, network and build up expertise in ERA

as well as rendering this research more competitive than could be achieved in a smaller

consortium or in national projects. It is foreseen in several Tasks of the project to share early-career scientists between institutes so that training in different techniques and science environments is optimally combined with a real integration of work. As a result, we anticipate the proposed

research to be world class in its scope and its impact, thus, being able to strengthen the

European position in international negotiations.

Figure 6 shows the main synergies

with existing EU projects, and

shows how GHG-Europe builds on

these existing projects, and

provides additional aspects not

included in those projects. For example, CARBO-Extreme focussing on climate variability drivers, while CC-TAME focuses on socio economic drivers of land use and integrated assessment of EU climate and environmental policies. The coordinators of both projects take a lead role in GHG-Europe ensuring maximum synergy between these projects and GHG-

Europe. The box labelled GHG-

Europe shows the additional perspectives provided by this project, and how these are necessary to address the problems addressed in the Call.

B.3.1.3 International dimension GHG-Europe will contribute to the Global Carbon Project (GCP) under the IGBP-IHDP-WCRP-DIVERSITAS programmes, by feeding European expertise into global synthesis, providing a global platform for scientific exchange at the final project conference, and by influencing the research priorities of the GCP with three project Participants being member of the GCP Scientific Steering Committee. Annette Freibauer (VTI), the coordinator of GHG-Europe, is currently acting European representative of the GCP, and other project partners have made significant contributions to the work of the GCP over the last decade.

Fig 6: Synergies between GHG Europe and other key EU FP6 and

FP7 and national funded projects, and the added perspectives

provided by GHG Europe

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GHG-Europe addresses the politically critical question of “factoring out natural, direct and indirect human-induced effects” on ecosystem C budgets. This issue is high on the post-2012 negotiation agenda and is likely to be passed again to IPCC (an IPCC expert workshop is already scheduled for May 2009) and will be addressed in IPCC AR5. Key Participants in GHG-Europe have had leading roles (Convening Lead Author, Lead author) for previous IPCC assessment reports. The planned synthesis report (Deliverable D6.6), scientific publications and established international leadership give GHG-Europe an ideal position for strong visibility and an active role in IPCC AR5.

B.3.2 Plan for the use and dissemination of foreground

B.3.2.1 Training Early-stage researchers will receive special training in an international, interdisciplinary research environment by the following mechanisms:

• Career development plans: every early-stage researcher in the project is encouraged to set up a career development plan together with his/her supervisor and a second mentor from the project. The plan will be annually updated, e.g. alongside the annual project meetings, and will help to control progress, facilitate peer network building and further recruitment after the end of the project.

• A self-organized Young Scientists Forum via a web based platform, for discussing issues related to career development etc.

• Sharing of early-stage researchers between institutes to gain experience in different skills, e.g. field measurements and data mining techniques, various ecosystem models, atmospheric inverse methods, or to work in different ecosystem types.

• Scientific writing course organised by VTI via a combination of a three-day course after the first progress meeting and e-learning, with the purpose of stimulating early scientific publications from the project.

• Communication training organised in cooperation with the CarboSchools+ project: early stage researchers will engage in a half-day training after the second progress meeting to formulate their research in an understandable way for lay people and secondary school students. They will develop small projects with schools, at Science Days, Girls Days or similar in which they learn how to engage with the broad public. These activities will also produce case studies for the brochure for schools.

B.3.2.2 Dissemination of project results The dissemination of the obtained knowledge and results of a project is a crucial activity. Therefore 70,000 Euro (1% of the total required budget) is dedicated to disseminate results and achievements of GHG-Europe (part of the VTI budget). A differentiated strategy targeted towards

the specific needs of various stakeholder groups will be pursued to guarantee the immediate

availability of new results at adequate level of complexity.

Science

• Scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals, special issues as results of workshops in WP2 and as final product of the project

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• Presentations at major international conferences and meetings

• Close links with other relevant international and national research projects

• Sessions to decadal variability of ecosystem GHG budgets, sensitivity of ecosystem GHG fluxes to changing human drivers and attribution at EGU General Assemblies

• The final project meeting will be organised as open science conference to present the results to the larger scientific community

• Contributions to Global Carbon Project

• Project website for announcements and publication of intermediate results and reports. Project results, animated maps of GHG budget etc. via the ICOS Carbon Portal (http://icos-infrastructure.ipsl.jussieu.fr/) we prefer to use an already established EU web infrastructure to guarantee that the results are easily found and remain accessible at an active web site after the project end.

• Participation in international science boards (see 3.1.2)

• Make best efforts to ensure open online access to reviewed articles within six months after publication via the project website.

Policy makers

The coordinator and key members of the consortium are actively involved in the global post-2012 negotiations as part of the national delegations, or currently at UNFCCC secretariat. Although it is expected that an important part of the post-2012 negotiations will be finished in 2009 – by the start of this project further improvement of reporting and accounting methodologies, in particular for factoring out natural and human-induced effects and past management, are expected to continue.

We foresee seven major areas on the negotiation tables where policy options need to be assessed in greater detail in order to support the ongoing negotiations. These are: (1) General accounting method –fungibility of LULUCF sector; (2) Approaches to achieve fuller accounting ; (3) Distinct treatment for emissions and removals ; (4) Cost impacts from factoring out proposals; (5) Trade advantages from different treatments of harvested wood products ; (7) Supply scheduling of peatland rehabilitation. These areas will be quantitatively addressed by WP6 with support from all other WPs.

GHG-Europe will take the following actions:

Hold regular meetings with European Commission services, EU LULUCF experts and other stakeholders to guide scenario development in WP6 and for timely feedback of scenario output.

WP6, in particular Task 6.4, is fully dedicated to meet the needs of EU policy makers, post-2012 negotiators and other stakeholders in bidirectional mode.

Prepare annual policy briefs of recent findings and disseminate them to policy makers in the European Commission, in EU Member States and during Conferences of the Parties (COP)

Present the project results in Side Events at COP meetings

Organise coordinated response to requests from policy makers via a Policy Group led by VTI and composed of the Participants with several years of experience in the international climate negotiations. We will use the contacts and networks which most Participants already have to the respective ministries and authorities (in particular VTI, CEA, INRA, ALTERRA, EFI, UNIABDN, CEAM, CEH, TUM, UNITUS). Policy relevant activities, in particular in Task 6.4, will support the response.

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The response will be documented in the living document for policy makers (D6.5). IIASA will support policy consultations via direct contacts with European Commission services.

Actively participate in the post-2012 negotiations by scientific advise to the European LULUCF Experts group: GHG-Europe has the unique feature that Annette Freibauer (VTI, coordinator) is negotiator for LULUCF in the German delegation. Other key Participants are direct advisors to their national negotiators.

Other stakeholders

Agricultural holdings: Dissemination via presentations at, and targeted material for, national and international farmers´unions: briefings at national and international meetings and large conferences (e.g. “Green Week”).

Forestry enterprises: Dissemination through through EFI's network of 140 member institutes (EFI, ALTERRA).

Peatland restoration: Dissemination via presentations at, and targeted material for, national and international farmers´unions: briefings at national and international meetings and large conferences of stakeholder organizations (IPSS, IMCG).

Media and society

• Proactive contact with media via personal contacts with journalists, invitations to field campaigns and workshops and professional support by the public relations department of VTI

• Press conferences and press releases whenever important findings are made or research is published, network of selected journalists, organised by the Coordinator in cooperation with the press offices of the Participants

• Press release and press conference with local scientists at every annual meeting

• Brochure with the recent scientific findings of GHG-Europe in a language for secondary schools, and examples of successful use of the results in secondary school teaching (cf. Training) in cooperation with the EU project CarboSchools+. This brochure will add to the series of two successful documents in CarboEurope-IP which were received with great interest by teachers, teacher associations, FAO and UNESCO for further distribution and their own dissemination acitivities.

• Active engagement of scientists with the public and secondary schools. This will be part of the training for early stage researchers (cf. Training).

• Participation in events like Girls Days, Science Days etc. (cf. Training).

Exploitation of project results

According to the data policy, the data obtained by the project, collected in the synthesis activity (provided that intellectual property rights allow), the uncertainty tools and project results will be made publicly available for further use by science, education and any other non-commercial use after the termination of the project.

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B.3.2.3 Management of intellectual property According to the FP7 Grant Agreement “Annex II General Conditions II.26”, foreground from all activities shall be the property of the beneficiary carrying out the work generating that foreground. Where several beneficiaries have jointly carried out work generating foreground and where their respective share of the work cannot be ascertained, they shall have joint ownership of such foreground. All kind of specific issues, regulations and agreements on intellectual property right will be managed by the Consortium Agreement. All Participants have already agreed as precondition for joining the consortium that they will share all relevant background and foreground knowledge since this will form the basis of added value in GHG-Europe.

We will elaborate the respective parts the Consortium Agreement concerning the management of knowledge and intellectual property rights according to the General Conditions of the FP7 Grant Agreement (Annex II), and to recommendations given by the respective EC documentations, e.g. the “Guide to Intellectual Property Rules for FP7 projects” or the “Checklist for a Consortium Agreement for FP7 projects”, or the DESCA “Simplified FP7 Model Consortium Agreement”. Specifications of (joint) ownership, the transfer and use of foreground generated during the project, its dissemination including (but not restricted to) publications governed by Art.II.30. of the Grant Agreement, as well as specification with regard to the access and use of knowledge within GHG-Europe are elements of the Consortium Agreement. During the duration of the project, the publication of new knowledge

acquired within the project must be in accordance with fair use policies recently established in

CarboEurope-IP, FLUXNET and ICOS (and after the end of the project openly with due

acknowledgement of authors, the project and the EU funding). During the kick-off meeting

agreements on the respective publication procedures and a publication strategy plan will be

elaborated.

The project data base will have a download tracking system taken over from CarboEurope-IP so that owners of public data know who is using their data. For any data which are not yet public the data owners automatically first receives a request to grant access. This strategy has been developed in CarboEurope-IP and has proven to be very transparent and successful in providing early access and in producing an unexpectedly high number of high-level synthesis publications. Immediate data access to unpublished data had been granted in almost all cases.

In the course of the GHG-Europe project we will elaborate with more detail the management of knowledge and data subject to proprietary restrictions. A plan of action in case of any problems with regard to the protection of intellectual property will be elaborated in the Consortium Agreement. No commercialization activity is foreseen within the project.

B4 Ethical Issues

There are NO ethical issues associated with the GHG-Europe project or its proposal.

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B5 Consideration of gender aspects

Within the consortium, gender issues are well recognized and will be mainstreamed into all activities. This will be facilitated by Gender Representative nominated at the kick-off meeting of GHG-Europe. The Observer for Gender Issues will be member of the Steering Committee (Fig. 2.1) and oversee the gender implications of the project activities. Prof. Pete Smith has been on the Gender Committee for CarboEurope-IP and NitroEurope-IP. His experience has been included in the gender strategy of GHG-Europe. Earlier experiences in former EU or ESF projects showed that many potential issues were rather related to family status than to sex. GHG-Europe will tackle all urgent issues identified

in earlier projects that can be addressed at project level:

Raising awareness:

• Consortium Agreement: All Participants will commit themselves to actively contribute to gender equity by promoting young scientists with families in the project.

• Plenary discussions: Adequate time for discussing gender issues in the plenary will be reserved in all four project meetings.

Difficulty to stay away from home – a frequent problem for early-stage researchers of both sexes

with family commitments:

• Minimal travel time: All four project meetings will take place at central locations that can be easily reached.

• Video transmission: All four project meetings will be transmitted via video so that Participants unable to travel can virtually attend. Meetings at Work Package level and small workshops will be transmitted upon request.

• Childcare – a potential facilitation for attendance to meetings: VTI will organise and fund childcare at all four project meetings. Meetings at Work Package level and small workshops will offer childcare upon request.

Fear of young female researchers to take on visible responsibilities and leadership:

• Female role models: female project members are involved in a broad range of prominent functions and positions, e.g. Dr. Annette Freibauer as Coordinator and Work Package Leader and Prof. Nina Buchmann Task leader in WP3.

• Increase the visibility of female researchers at meetings: Oral and poster presentations will be solicited from female researchers to increase the visibility through the role of rapporteurs to the plenary etc. The Gender Issue Representative will check the draft agendas and propose corrections in case of imbalance.

In general, gender aspects are considered within GHG-Europe according to the respective national strategies and laws of each of the project members.

Individuals at the post-doc or PhD-student level are not known yet, but all members involved in the consortium will consider and encourage applicants on the basis of quality, not gender. The existence of female role models within the consortium will facilitate such recruitment in an atmosphere of trust in fair consideration and awareness in handling of gender issues.

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Appendix 2: Atmospheric measurement stations

Stations Institute Short

name partner CO2 CH4 Rn

Mace Head Institute Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique

LSCE participant X X

Trainou Institute Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique

LSCE participant X X X

Puy de Dome Institute Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique

LSCE participant X X X

Ochsenkopf Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry

MPI participant X X

Bialistok Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry

MPI participant X X

Heidelberg Universität Heidelberg U-Hei participant X X X Schauinsland Universität Heidelberg U-Hei participant X X X Hungarian Tower

Eötvös Loránd University, Dept. Of Meteorology

ELU subcontractor X X

Cabauw Energy research Centre of the Netherlands

ECN participant X X X

Jungfraujoch University of Bern UBE subcontractor X Pallas Finish Meteorological

Institute FMI participant X X X

Kasprowy AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques

UKRAK subcontractor X X

Platau Rosa CESI Ricerca S.p.A. CESI subcontractor X Lampedusa Italian National Agency for

New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Global and Mediterranean Environment Division

ENEA subcontractor X X

Appendix 4: List of Tasks by Partner

Partic. No.

Partic. short name

WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 WP8

1 VTI none WP leader; Task 2.1: measure GHG fluxes at 1 site, contribute data from 3 German sites, link to German projects, update European peatland maps, develop and run data oriented model of GHG fluxes; Task 2.3: contribute database of N2O fluxes, develop and run data oriented model C stock changes and N2O fluxes; Task leader of 2.5: Pan European sampling and synthesis on land use change

none Tasks 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4: Run data oriented model for all GHGs developed in WP2, focussing on agricultural systems

Expand and use data oriented models and sectoral models for all GHGs used at vTI for all EU ecosystems

none none Project coordinaWP leader; Tleader of Tasks 88.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8coordinate outreand dissemination

2 CEA Task 1.1: diffuse and direct radiation driver fields

none Mesoscale and continental modelling, AROME-LPDM, ORCHIDEE, tall towers atmospheric measurements of French region

none WP Leader; Leader of Task 5.3 and 5.4; Task 5.1: perform simulations with ORCHIDEE at european level, comparison with ecosystem scale data and inversions;Task 5.3: Monitor atmospheric mixing ratios of CO2, CH4 and 222Rn; Invers estimates of European CO2 fluxes. Task 5.4: Definition of simulation protocols (WP2) , comparison with observations (WP3), comparison between generic, data

none none none

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oriented and sectorial models (link with WP4), comparison with inversion (WP5)

3 IIASA Task 1.1: provide regional climate simulations from CCTAME; Task 1.2: derive driver fields for N deposition scenarios (RAINS model); Task 1.3: provide land use projections consistent with the past by scenarios from WP6; Task 1.5 (leader): agricultural management; Task 1.6 (leader): Socio-economic drivers

none none Task 4.1: Evaluate sectoral models used in CCTAME; Task 4.2: Regional model comparison with measured data; Task 4.3: Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis; Task 4.4: Pan-European scale model application

none WP leader; Task 6.1 (leader): Set up model integration and adaptation and first policy scenario runs; Task 6.2 (leader): Assessment of EU policies; Task 6.3: Vulnerability assessment using data on climate variability and land use change from CCTAME; Task 6.4: Lead a Summary Report for Policy Makers detailing the main scientific and policy relevant conclusions of the assessment

none Task 8.5: Contribto dissemination

4 MPG WP leader; Task leader 1.1 (Tomelleri), 1.2 (Zaehle), 1.7 (Tomelleri); contrib task 1.3 (Zaehle)

None Contrib to Task 3.4 (scaling errors) (Gerbig)

None Task lead 5.2 (Reichstein, DA models for CO2, water and other GHG i.a.), contrib 5.3 (atm inv., Gerbig), 5.4

None Contrib Task 7.2, 7.3 (QA/QC protocol, standardized processing)

None

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(synthesis, all)

5 UNIABDN Assist task 1.5 leader in assembling agricultural management data for Europe

Assist in peatland modelling under task 2.1, provide access to SOMNET data, assist in agricultural site model calibration

none Lead WP4. Lead tasks 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4. Run Sundial/MAGEC, DNDC and DayCent for cropland and grassland

Assist in comparison of generic and sectoral models from WP4 with WP5 models

Lead task 6.3 - vulnerability assessment and 6.4 - policy implications

Contribution to task 7.2 - especially on uncertainty quantification for database. Lead task 7.3 on uncertainty propagation

Contribute disemination aknowledge exchanactivities under t8.5

6 UNITUS none Task 2.3: GHG fluxes measurements at two agricultural sites

Task 3.1: 5 eddy covariance sites in the study region, automatic and manual chambers measurements of CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes. Task 3.2: crop and management historical maps of the region, high resolution remote sensing data

none none WP Leader. Project database management, data standardization and uncertainty analysis

none none

7 VUA none Task 2.1 Contribute to peatland processes, in particular observation analysis and modelling

WP leader. Task 3.1. Site observations at Horstermeer site, Task 3.2. Task leader: generate consistent current and past land use, soil carbon and N and biomass maps. Task 3.3. contribute to lateral transport estimates. Task leader 3.4. Errors and uncertainties in up and downscaling, Task 4.5 contribute to vulnerabiliy analysis

none none none none none

8 Alterra Contribute to task 1.4: forest management drivers (historic age class distribution, natural disturbances)

none Contribute to task 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 for the case study in the Netherlands

Contribution to tasks 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4: Run EFISCEN-space model for forestry

none none none contribution to t8.5: dissemination

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9 CEH none Task 2.1: GHG measurements at Auchencorth Moss; peatland modelling with ECOSSE; Task 2.2: Data and NitroEurope experience; Task 2.4: Data and test sites

none none none none none none

10 ETH none none Task leader in WP3, Task 3.1: measure GHG fluxes within one of the data-rich regions (Alpine). Task 3.2: provide ancillary data from the Alpine region. Task 3.3: Contribute to farm gate budgets in Alpine region. Task 3.5: contribute to vulnerability assessments in Alpine region.

none none none none none

11 ICAS none Task 2.5: Establish GHG flux sites along forest management gradients including new lab facilities to measure CO2, N20 and CH4; provide and analyse data on biomass and soil C stock on Romanian forests and afforestations

none none none none none none

12 INRA Support on driver fields for agricultural management (1.5) and land use change (1.3)

Leader of task 2.3: agricultural management. Data synthesis, sectoral model-data integration

Contributes (7 EC sites and 3 chamber sites, regional hot spots: energy crops and C forestry) with French plains region to tasks 3.1, 3.2, 3.3). Leads task 3.5 (Decadal scale variability and vulnerability assessment at regional scale)

Run PaSim model for grasslands and contributes to other process based models for grasslands. Contributes to tasks 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

none none none none

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13 PULS none none 3.1. Data of three flux sites: cropland, afforestation and wetland. 3.2. Regional drivers maps that contains all available information about agricultural (crops and grasslands) will be developed in terms of farm gate GHG budgets including land use history and farming techniques

none none none none none

14 TUM none Task 2.1 - leader; 1) Data synthesis on C-Stocks and budgets and fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O in peatlands; contribute data from 6 German sites, link to German projects; 2) Data survey with standardised measuring protocol on the effect of human vs. natural drivers on GHG-exchange of peatlands; 3) Model comparison, validation and development for the GHG-exchange modelling for peatlands; 4) Assessment of the magnitude and sensitivity of European peatland GHG-fluxes to climate and management including future scenarios

none none none none none none

15 UA none Task 2.2 leader: Link & analyze existing databases on forest C & GHG fluxes in relation to potential drivers

Conduct eddy covariance measurements of GHG fluxes at 1 station in the Dutch region

none none none none none

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16 CEAM none Task leader; Task 2.6: coordination, run 2 shrubland flux-tower sites. Contribute soil CO2 efflux and N2O/CH4 fluxes data in shrublands

none none none none none none

17 UHEL none Task 2.3:Flux and additional data provision on natural wetland peatland (Siikaneva fen, Southern Finland)

Providing measurements and data from Hyytiälä SMEAR II (Scots pine, Southern Finland) covering EC (CO2), chambers (CO2, CH4 and N2O), inventories and N-deposition.

none none none none none

18 BFW none Task 2.2.: Forest processes: gather data and quantitative understanding from site level experiments and GHG flux observations, link and explore available forest databases on CH4, N2O, and soil respiration, link to forest management

none none none none none none

19 FEM-CEALP none none 3.1 GHG Fluxes measurements using eddy covariance methods and chamber tecniques in two sites (forest and grassland). 3.2 Use of remote sensing data (MODIS) to produce multitemporal high resolution maps of fPAR, NDVI and LAI.

none none none none none

20 DTU none Task 2.2: Forest processes. Arrangement of N deposition workshop and synthesis of N influence on C uptake and sequestration.

none none none none none none

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21 ECN none none Task3.1: Leader of the NL regional observations, measure GHG concentrations at 1 site, fluxes at 1-2 sites, link to national projects and international projects on the Nitrogen cycle (NinE, INI). Dependent on national projects 2 additional flux and 2 concentration sites. Link to national projects on animal housing and landuse dependent emissions. Task 3.4 regional high resolution inversion of GHG fluxes.

none Task 5.1 Expand FACEM model with high resolution fluxes submodel for N2O and CH4. Task 5.3 European scale inversion of trace gas fluxes; contributing to trace gas concentration records and quality control (TTorch ESF RNP). Contribute to the synthesis in taks 5.4.

none none none

22 EFI Task 1.4 Leader: Reconstructing forest management and resulting evolution of age class distribution from 1950 to 2008 based on forest inventories; inter- and extrapolation with EFISCEN model; Generate future age class projections under alternative management/disturbance scenarios

none none Contribute to Tasks 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 with focus on forest management effects on the GHG budgets in forest ecosystems by supporting developement of EFISCEN-space and contributing sensitivity studies with regional EFISCEN version with alternative management scenarios (input from Task 1.4).

none none none Contribute to T8.5 Disseminathrough various networks acommunication channels

23 FMI none Task 2.3: Flux and additional data provision on natural and managed peatlands (three active, three completed)

Providing measurements and data from 5 EC (CO2) sites in Finland. At the three peatland sites CH4 and at two of them also N2O emission data is provided. Wet N-deposition information is provided

none Provide quality controlled CO2, CH4, N2O and radon measurements at Pallas

none none none

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24 JR none none none Tasks 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4: Generate European wide spatially explicit maps on carbon stocks in forests based on forest inventory plot data and remote sensing. Modelling albedo effects related to land cover changes.

none none none none

25 APB none none Continue measurements and provide CO2, N20 and CH4 long term flux data from the subalpine Renon forest site

none none none none none

26 RUG none none Region Netherlands, task 3.1: atmospheric GHG concentrations and GHG fluxes using eddy covariance methods at Lutjewad. Soil chamber measurements.

none objective 4: should add Radon measurements at Lutjewad tall tower (subcontractor?) in appendix 2 as station number 15 (now there are 14 of the "up to 15")

none none none

27 SLU none Task 2.3: Contribute data on long term cropland experiments from Sweden to the synthesis

none none none none none none

28 SYKE none none none Tasks 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4: Provision of soil carbon expertise and Yasso07 soil carbon model for the analyses that will be carried out using EFISCEN-Space, incl. modification of Yasso07 model as necessary, and participation in conducting these analyses

none none none none

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29 UCD none Task 2.4: Facilitate soil sampling on land use change sites in Ireland (including bioenergy fields) and contribution with flux and inventory data from Ireland to the synthesis of land use change effects of GHG budgets.

none none none none none none

30 FLD-UCPH none Task 2.4: contribute to synthesis activity on effects of afforestation of cropland on soil C stock change (data and literature); resample 2 afforestation chronosequences, contribute data from one other afforestation chronosequence.

none none none none none none

31 UIBK none none Task 3.1: GHG fluxes at the following Alpine grasslands: 1 EC-site; 3 chamber-based sites differing in land use; farmgate budget for at least 1 farm; Task 3.2: Contribute to generating database of current and past land use, soil carbon and nitrogen pools, and biomass stocks, N deposition; Task 3.3: Contribute to determining the magnitude of lateral transport of GHG in and out of the Alpine region

none none none none none

32 UNIBO none Provide an extended dataset, compiled out of literature sources, of forest C balance (stocks or fluxes) in a large number of chronosequences in new and established forests under a wide range of N deposition

none none none none none none

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and climate conditions

33 UGR none Contribution to Task 2.6: run 3-5 scrubland flux-tower sites. Effect of post fire logging management in scrubland. Contribute soil CO2 efflux data in shrublands

none none none none none none

34 WUR none none Provide regularly updated carbon cycle analysis based on top-down modeling. and making all products available under the CEII umbrella - this includes boundary conditions, fluxes, and site specific auxiliary info such as modeled meteo, CO2, tracer components, etc to help data analysis by site PI's

none none none none none

35 UNIUD none none Task 3.3 Closed farm gate GHG budgets in Central Italy region. Land based and product based LCA for cropland +and animal husbandry farms

none none none none none

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36 UHEI-IUP in situ (stable) measurements of CH4 and N2O emissions from different animal husbandry in Germany

none none none (1) provide quality-controlled hourly CO2, CH4 and 222Radon data from two German monitoring stations, Schauinsland (in cooperation with UBA) and Heidelberg, (2) estimate Radon-based top-down GHG fluxes for the catchment areas of these sites, (3) evaluate 20 years of CH4 data from these two stations for continental inversions and Radon-based emissions estimates

none none none

37 CNR none none Task 3.1: CO2-H2O flux measurement in Central Italy region (two external eddy site (Collelongo and Lecceto), two mobile eddy tower in the study region). Task 3.2: Land Use Change and Forest Management/Disturbances maps for Central Italy region

none none none none none

38 CTFC none contribution to Task 2.6: Fire effect on C-N cycle (woody encroachment). Soil C stocks in mediterranean shrublands. C pools at shrubland flux-tower sites.

none none none none none none

39 UCLM none contribution to Task 2.6: run 1 shrubland flux-tower sites. Detailled measurements of water-carbon exchanges at plot scale.

none none none none none none

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40 CNRM none none Contribution to the uncertainty analysis over France with the ISBA-A-gs generic model and atmospheric forcings at high resolution. Decadal simulations at high resolution.

none none none none none

41 PIK none none none none Task 5.2: Run generic model (LPJ) on European scale

none none none

42 FSU Task leader 1.3: Development of land-use trajectory for modelling

none none none none none none none