Anne Frank and Anne Frank and Holocaust Holocaust

Background Background InformationInformation

Ms. OzmunMs. Ozmun

88thth grade English grade English

Recognizing Stereotyping, Recognizing Stereotyping, Scapegoating, Prejudice, and Scapegoating, Prejudice, and

DiscriminationDiscrimination

• CheerleaderCheerleader• Homeless PersonHomeless Person• Old PersonOld Person• Young African-American ManYoung African-American Man• Asian StudentAsian Student• BabyBaby• Little GirlLittle Girl• Little BoyLittle Boy• Teenage BoyTeenage Boy• Teenage GirlTeenage Girl• New YorkerNew Yorker• CalifornianCalifornian• MidwesternerMidwesterner• SouthernerSoutherner

• Not smartNot smart• NuisanceNuisance• ForgetfulForgetful• AthleticAthletic• Good StudentGood Student• CuteCute• Likes DollsLikes Dolls• Likes Toy CarsLikes Toy Cars• Likes SportsLikes Sports• Likes to Talk on the PhoneLikes to Talk on the Phone• RudeRude• Laid BackLaid Back• HonestHonest• Friendly, HospitableFriendly, Hospitable

Reflect on why stereotypes are dangerous, even if people who use them often claim they mean no harm. Be prepared to discuss.

Why is any use of stereotypes harmful, even in a joke?

Examples:

Real StereotypesReal Stereotypes• Real stereotypes are not funny. They are harmful and hurtful. They Real stereotypes are not funny. They are harmful and hurtful. They

keep us from seeing people as individuals. Stereotypes are especially keep us from seeing people as individuals. Stereotypes are especially dangerous when they determine how people act toward one another.dangerous when they determine how people act toward one another.

• In the 1930’s in Germany, the Nazis used In the 1930’s in Germany, the Nazis used stereotypesstereotypes of Jews to turn of Jews to turn other Germans against them. Posters with hateful stereotypes of Jewish other Germans against them. Posters with hateful stereotypes of Jewish people—showing exaggerated features such as big noses and greedy people—showing exaggerated features such as big noses and greedy expressions—were common. Frustrated by losing World War I and by the expressions—were common. Frustrated by losing World War I and by the economic problems they then faced during the Great Depression, many economic problems they then faced during the Great Depression, many Germans needed someone to blame. The Nazis picked up on this. To take the Germans needed someone to blame. The Nazis picked up on this. To take the public’s attention off them, even before they came to power in 1933, the Nazis public’s attention off them, even before they came to power in 1933, the Nazis blamed Germany’s problems on “international Jewry.” Jews everywhere, not blamed Germany’s problems on “international Jewry.” Jews everywhere, not just in Germany, were blamed for the economic conditions, even for losing the just in Germany, were blamed for the economic conditions, even for losing the war.war.

• Germany had a totalitarian government in which all sources of Germany had a totalitarian government in which all sources of information were controlled. But even if that hadn’t been true, Germans information were controlled. But even if that hadn’t been true, Germans needed someone to blame. They were easily persuaded to make Jewish people needed someone to blame. They were easily persuaded to make Jewish people scapegoatsscapegoats for their problems. for their problems.

• ScapegoatingScapegoating, or attributing blame, works because it gives people a , or attributing blame, works because it gives people a focus for their frustrations and their anger and gives them a reason for their focus for their frustrations and their anger and gives them a reason for their prejudices. prejudices.

• ScapegoatingScapegoating doesn’t have to be based on fact for it to work. doesn’t have to be based on fact for it to work. Neither does Neither does prejudiceprejudice. Many Germans and people in other countries were . Many Germans and people in other countries were prejudicedprejudiced against Jews for all kinds of reasons that didn’t make sense. against Jews for all kinds of reasons that didn’t make sense. Prejudice Prejudice is strong feelings that can be difficult to change. People who hate a is strong feelings that can be difficult to change. People who hate a certain group often have never actually met a member of that group.certain group often have never actually met a member of that group.

• DiscriminationDiscrimination is prejudice in action. is prejudice in action. DiscriminationDiscrimination is a way to is a way to exclude or abuse people for reasons that make no sense—usually because of exclude or abuse people for reasons that make no sense—usually because of their race, religion, nationality, or anything else that sets them apart. their race, religion, nationality, or anything else that sets them apart. DiscriminationDiscrimination requires action on the part of the person who requires action on the part of the person who discriminatesdiscriminates. . That’s why it is easier to identify someone who That’s why it is easier to identify someone who discriminatesdiscriminates than someone than someone who is who is prejudicedprejudiced

This 1940 poster advertises the worst of the Nazi anti-Semitic films, "The Eternal Jew."

The caption: "The Jew: The inciter of war, the prolonger of war." This poster was released in late 1943 or early 1944.

Vocabulary for Anne Frank Vocabulary for Anne Frank Background InformationBackground Information

• Stereotype:Stereotype:a standard mental picture that is held by all members a standard mental picture that is held by all members of a group and that represents an oversimplified of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinion, affective attitude, or unreasonable judgment.opinion, affective attitude, or unreasonable judgment.

• Scapegoating:Scapegoating:one that bears the blame for others; one that is the one that bears the blame for others; one that is the object of irrational hostility or hate.object of irrational hostility or hate.

• Prejudice:Prejudice:an irrational attitude of hostility or hate directed an irrational attitude of hostility or hate directed against an individual, a group, a race, or their against an individual, a group, a race, or their supposed characteristics.supposed characteristics.

• Discrimination:Discrimination:the act, practice, or an instance of discriminating the act, practice, or an instance of discriminating categorically—rather than individually; prejudiced or categorically—rather than individually; prejudiced or prejudicial outlook, action, or treatment; prejudicial outlook, action, or treatment; racial racial discriminationdiscrimination

Under the Nazis, the goal of the German government was to kill all the Jewish people in Europe in a step-by-step plan carried out by government workers. Other people whom the Nazis considered unworthy were also marked for death.

These are some important vocabulary terms you need to know:•Annihilation: complete destruction•Anti-Semitism: anti-Jewish action, sentiments, or statements•Expropriate: to transfer ownership from another person to oneself•Genocide: the deliberate killing of an entire group of people•Ghetto: the section of many European cities in which Jews had traditionally been confined from the Middle Ages through the early 1880’s. (By the 1930’s when Hitler came to power, Jewish ghettos in Europe were a thing of the past. They were started again by the Nazis and their followers)•Persecute: to oppress by harassing and torturing•Systematic: carried out in a step-by-step manner

What does the word What does the word HOLOCAUST mean?HOLOCAUST mean?

hol⋅o⋅causthol⋅o⋅caust––noun noun 1.1.a great or complete devastation or a great or complete devastation or

destruction, destruction, esp. by fire.esp. by fire. 2.2.a sacrifice a sacrifice completely completely consumed by fireconsumed by fire; burnt offering. ; burnt offering. 3.(3.(usually initial capital letterusually initial capital letter ) ) the the systematic mass slaughter of European Jews systematic mass slaughter of European Jews in Nazi concentration camps during World in Nazi concentration camps during World War II (usually prec. by War II (usually prec. by thethe). ). 4.4.any mass any mass slaughter or reckless destruction of life.slaughter or reckless destruction of life.

• Synonyms:Synonyms:1. 1. inferno, conflagration, ruin, havoc, ravage.inferno, conflagration, ruin, havoc, ravage.

Famous Quote from Martin Niemöller

First they came for the Socialists, and I did not speak out -- Because I was not a Socialist.

Then they came for the Trade Unionists, and I did not speak out -- Because I was not a Trade Unionist.

Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out -- Because I was not a Jew.

Then they came for me -- and there was no one left to speak for me.

Martin was an outspoken opponent of Hitler and the Nazi Regime. How can we apply this to our life?

How the Holocaust How the Holocaust Progressed..Progressed..

Stage 1: Stage 1: ((Early 1930’s)Early 1930’s)

• Registration: All Jewish people Registration: All Jewish people were required to register with were required to register with the government as Jews. the government as Jews.

• Star of David on their clothing Star of David on their clothing (visible): All Jewish people (visible): All Jewish people were required to wear a Star of were required to wear a Star of David in order to be recognized David in order to be recognized immediately by officials. immediately by officials.

Information about Information about Stages:Stages:

It is very important to understand that none It is very important to understand that none of these stages were absolute--People could of these stages were absolute--People could decide whether or not to enforce the laws decide whether or not to enforce the laws and whether or not to comply with them. and whether or not to comply with them.

But people who resisted were usually But people who resisted were usually imprisoned or executed. imprisoned or executed.

The Nazis singled out Jews for death, but The Nazis singled out Jews for death, but they were not the regime’s only targets. they were not the regime’s only targets. Others imprisoned and murdered included Others imprisoned and murdered included anyone who disagreed with or spoke out or anyone who disagreed with or spoke out or acted against the Nazis.acted against the Nazis.

A yellow Star of David badge bearing the German word Jude (Jew)

In September 1941, the Nazi regime, at Goebbels's urgent request, ordered Germany's Jews over the age of 6 to sew on their clothing a yellow Star of David with the word Jude (Jew) in bold, Hebrew-like letters. The following year, the measure was introduced in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Slovakia, and other lands under German control.

How the Holocaust How the Holocaust ProgressedProgressed

Stage 2: Stage 2: ExpropriationExpropriation

(Late 1930’s)(Late 1930’s)

• Laws passed to take away Jewish Laws passed to take away Jewish businesses, jobs, and wealth. businesses, jobs, and wealth.

• No schoolNo school• No travelNo travel

Intensified after 1939Intensified after 1939• No phones, cameras, radios, or No phones, cameras, radios, or

petspets..Why was it important for Stage 1 to occur before Stage 2? Do you think the stages were pre-planned by the Nazi Government?

A boy sits on a bench in a public park. The words painted on the bench say, "For Aryans only."By law, German and Austrian Jews were prohibited from using many public facilities except those marked "For Jews only." In some cities, Jews were not allowed in public parks, swimming pools, or movie theaters. Jews were allowed to shop in stores only during designated hours, usually late in the day when stores had run out of fresh foods.

What does this remind you of from American History?

German Jews are forced to turn in their radiosOn September 23, 1939, Jews in Germany were forced to turn in their radios to local authorities.

Why do you think the government would have them turn in their radios?

How the Holocaust How the Holocaust ProgressedProgressed

Stage 1: Stage 1: Definition: Definition: ((Early 1930’s)Early 1930’s)

• RegistrationRegistration• Star of David on Star of David on

their clothing their clothing (visible)(visible)

Stage 3: Stage 3: ConcentrationConcentration

• Moving Jews to the Moving Jews to the GhettoGhetto

• Ghetto—fenced in, cannot Ghetto—fenced in, cannot get outget out

• Slave laborers: Working for Slave laborers: Working for little to no money.little to no money.

• Limited: food, shelter, and Limited: food, shelter, and heat.heat.

Life in the Ghetto = slow Life in the Ghetto = slow deathdeath

Stage 2: Stage 2: ExpropriationExpropriation

(Late 1930’s)(Late 1930’s)

• Laws passed to take away Laws passed to take away Jewish businesses, jobs, and Jewish businesses, jobs, and wealth. wealth.

• No school or travelNo school or travel• After 1939: No phones, After 1939: No phones,

cameras, radios, or petscameras, radios, or pets

                                                                                            

                                                                                                    

GHETTOS IN POLAND 1939-1941

Germany occupied western Poland in fall 1939. Eastern Poland was not occupied by German forces until June 1941. In south-central Poland the Germans set up the Generalgouvernement (General Government), where most of the early ghettos were established. Ghettos were enclosed districts of a city in which the Germans forced the Jewish population to live under miserable conditions.

Ghettos isolated Jews by separating Jewish communities both from the population as a whole and from neighboring Jewish communities.

The Warsaw ghetto, established on October 12, 1940, was the largest ghetto, in both area and population. There, more than 350,000 Jews--about 30 percent of the city's population--were eventually confined in about 2.4 percent of the city's total area.

The Lvov ghetto, shown here in the The Lvov ghetto, shown here in the spring of 1942, was established in spring of 1942, was established in late 1941 with 106,000 people. By late 1941 with 106,000 people. By May of 1942, only 84,000 residents May of 1942, only 84,000 residents

were left.were left.•

A sign, in both German and Latvian, warning that people attempting to cross the fence or to contact inhabitants of the Riga ghetto will be shot. Riga, Latvia, 1941-1943.

Why would they want to keep people from crossing the fence?

A crowd of Jews fill the market square.

a typical ghetto rooma typical ghetto room

March, 1943: SS guards oversee a column of Jews with bundles walking down a main street in Krakow during the final liquidation of the ghetto. They get rid of the ghettos… Where do you think these people are being taken?

How the Holocaust How the Holocaust ProgressedProgressed

Stage 1: Stage 1: Definition: Definition: ((Early 1930’s)Early 1930’s)

• RegistrationRegistration• Star of David on Star of David on

their clothing their clothing (visible)(visible)

Stage 3: Stage 3: ConcentrationConcentration

• Moving Jews to the Moving Jews to the GhettoGhetto

• Ghetto—fenced in, cannot Ghetto—fenced in, cannot get outget out

• Slave laborersSlave laborers• Limited: food, shelter, and Limited: food, shelter, and

heatheat

Life in the Ghetto = slow Life in the Ghetto = slow deathdeath

Stage 2: Stage 2: ExpropriationExpropriation

(Late 1930’s)(Late 1930’s)

• Laws passed to take away Laws passed to take away Jewish businesses, jobs, and Jewish businesses, jobs, and wealth. wealth.

• No school, No travel, No No school, No travel, No phones, cameras, radios, or phones, cameras, radios, or petspets

Stage 4: Stage 4: Annihilation; The Annihilation; The final solutionfinal solution

Killing of Jews…but also Killing of Jews…but also anybody else who wasn’t anybody else who wasn’t “perfect”, including:“perfect”, including:

• Anybody who speaks out, Anybody who speaks out, Communists, Democracy, Communists, Democracy, Gypsies, Homosexuals, Blacks, Gypsies, Homosexuals, Blacks, Jehovah’s witnesses, Mental Jehovah’s witnesses, Mental and/or physical disabilitiesand/or physical disabilities

SHOES AND HOLOCAUST

After taking over one of the concentration camps in Poland, these Soviet soldiers are overwhelmed by the number of shoes they find. Why do you think the shoes affect the soldiers so much?

MORE ON SHOES

Quote from “Walking with Living Feet”: But here each shoe is different, a different size and shape: a high heel, a sandal, a baby’s shoe so tiny that its owner couldn’t have been old enough to walk, and shoes like mine. Each pair of those shoes walked a path all its own, guided its owner through his or her life and to all of their deaths. Thousands and thousands of shoes, each pair different, each pair silently screaming someone’s murdered dreams.

Comprehension Questions

• Why does Dora describe the differences in the shoes?

• What does the last sentence mean to you?

CARTLOAD OF SHOESThe wheels are turning, turning,What are they bringing there?They are bringing me a cartloadOf quivering footwear.

A cartload like a weddingIn the evening glow;The shoes—in heaps, dancingLike people at a ball.

Is it a holiday, a wedding dance?Or have I been misled?I know these shoes at a glanceAnd look at them with dread.

The hells are tapping:Where to, where to, what in?From the old Vilna StreetsThey ship us to Berlin.

I need not ask whoseBut my heart is rent:Oh, tell me, shoes, the truthWhere were the feet sent?

The feet of those bootsWith buttons like dew,--The child of those slippers,The woman of that shoe.

And children’s shoes everywhere,Why don’t I see a child?Why are there bridal shoes thereNot worn by the bride?

Among the children’s worn out bootsMy mother’s shoes so fair!Sabbath was the only dayShe donned this footwear.

And the heels are tapping:Where to, where to, what in?From the old Vilna streetsThey chase us to Berlin.

KristallnachtKristallnacht• ““Nazis smash, loot, and burn Jewish shops and Nazis smash, loot, and burn Jewish shops and

temples,” temples,” screamed the headline on the front page screamed the headline on the front page of of The New York TimesThe New York Times on November 11, 1938. on November 11, 1938.

• Kristallnacht-“Night of Broken Glass” took place on Kristallnacht-“Night of Broken Glass” took place on November 9 and 10, 1938 in Austria and Germany. November 9 and 10, 1938 in Austria and Germany.

The night was filled with a “mass frenzy of The night was filled with a “mass frenzy of destruction,” wrote one historian. The destruction of Jewish-destruction,” wrote one historian. The destruction of Jewish-owned property may have seemed like random acts of owned property may have seemed like random acts of vandalism. It wasn’t.vandalism. It wasn’t.

During Kristallnacht, synagogues were set on fire or During Kristallnacht, synagogues were set on fire or destroyed completely. Mobs attacked Jewish shops and destroyed completely. Mobs attacked Jewish shops and homes, smashing windows and looting contents. Jews were homes, smashing windows and looting contents. Jews were taunted, beaten, humiliated in the streets and in their homes. taunted, beaten, humiliated in the streets and in their homes. Many Jewish people died. Many Jewish people died.

Kristallnacht was used as an excuse to round up Jews Kristallnacht was used as an excuse to round up Jews who have been singled out for arrest earlier. More than who have been singled out for arrest earlier. More than 30,000 were taken to concentration camps at Dachau, 30,000 were taken to concentration camps at Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen. The arrest lists had been Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen. The arrest lists had been drawn up in advance. The camps had been made larger in drawn up in advance. The camps had been made larger in preparation.preparation.

Kristallnacht: Kristallnacht: the official beginning of the the official beginning of the

HolocaustHolocaust

BEFORE KRISTALLNACHT

AFTER KRISTALLNACHT

Burning synagogue in Rostock the morning after

Kristallnacht

Residents of the mid-size city of Rostock watch the burning Augustenstrasse synagogue the morning after Kristallnacht, November 1938. Friedrich Best, a non-Jewish teenager who lived near the synagogue, took the photograph. As he ate his breakfast, he saw from the kitchen window that a crowd was gathering. Suddenly, flames leaped from the roof of the synagogue. Best ran and got his camera. He snapped two photographs, which he later developed and showed to his parents. Fearing that he would be arrested if the police found out that he had recorded the event, his parents insisted that he destroy both prints and negatives. Best secretly saved the negatives and sold them to the city archive in 1958 after a call for Nazi-era artifacts was published in the Rostock newspaper.

Dachau concentration campEarly photo of Dachau concentration camp, established in March 1933.

This electrified fence, and its guard towers, is at the extreme This electrified fence, and its guard towers, is at the extreme outer edge of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Out of the picture to its outer edge of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Out of the picture to its left are the barracks of "A" lager. This was the quarantine left are the barracks of "A" lager. This was the quarantine section of the men's camp where new arrivals selected for section of the men's camp where new arrivals selected for

slave labor were warehoused. Interiors of these barracks can slave labor were warehoused. Interiors of these barracks can also be viewed in this exhibition. This gives a sense of the also be viewed in this exhibition. This gives a sense of the

enormous size of Birkenau. From the far end of this photo to enormous size of Birkenau. From the far end of this photo to the opposite end of the camp behind us, it is almost exactly the opposite end of the camp behind us, it is almost exactly

one kilometerone kilometer

View of the Auschwitz's double, View of the Auschwitz's double, electrified, barbed wire fence and electrified, barbed wire fence and barracks. barracks.

View of the entrance to the main camp of Auschwitz (Auschwitz View of the entrance to the main camp of Auschwitz (Auschwitz I). The gate bears the motto "Arbeit Macht Frei" (work makes I). The gate bears the motto "Arbeit Macht Frei" (work makes one free).one free).

How can this be seen as true?How can this be seen as true?

View of the kitchen barracks, the electrified fence, and the gate at the main camp of Auschwitz (Auschwitz I). In the foreground is the sign "Arbeit Macht Frei" (Work makes one free). (1945)

Interior of a barrack type 260/9-Pferdestallebaracke (stable barracks). (After January 1945)

The notorious doctor of Auschwitz, The notorious doctor of Auschwitz, Josef Mengele, has become an , has become an enigma of the twentieth century. enigma of the twentieth century. Mengele's handsome physical Mengele's handsome physical appearance, fastidious dress, and appearance, fastidious dress, and calm demeanor greatly calm demeanor greatly contradicted his attraction to contradicted his attraction to murder and gruesome experiments. murder and gruesome experiments.

Mengele's seeming omnipresence Mengele's seeming omnipresence at the ramp as well as his at the ramp as well as his fascination with twins have incited fascination with twins have incited images of a mad, evil monster. His images of a mad, evil monster. His ability to elude capture had ability to elude capture had increased his notoriety as well as increased his notoriety as well as given him a mystical and devious given him a mystical and devious persona. persona. But in May 1943, Mengele entered But in May 1943, Mengele entered Auschwitz as an educated, as an educated, experienced, medical researcher. experienced, medical researcher. With funding for his experiments, With funding for his experiments, he worked alongside some of the he worked alongside some of the top medical researchers of the top medical researchers of the time. Anxious to make a name for time. Anxious to make a name for himself, Mengele searched for the himself, Mengele searched for the secrets of heredity. The Nazi ideal secrets of heredity. The Nazi ideal of the future would benefit from of the future would benefit from the help of genetics: if Aryan the help of genetics: if Aryan women could assuredly give birth women could assuredly give birth to twins who were sure to be blond to twins who were sure to be blond and blue eyed - then the future and blue eyed - then the future could be saved. could be saved.

Mengele, as he learned while Mengele, as he learned while working for Professor Otmar working for Professor Otmar Freiherr von Vershuer, believed that Freiherr von Vershuer, believed that twins held these secrets. Auschwitz twins held these secrets. Auschwitz seemed the best location for such seemed the best location for such research because of the large research because of the large number of available twins to use as number of available twins to use as specimens.specimens.

The prisoners that were taken from the camps were sent on what became known as "Death Marches" (Todesmärsche). Some of these groups were marched hundreds of miles. The prisoners were given little to no food and little to no shelter. Any prisoner who lagged behind or who tried to escape was shot.

Corpses of Auschwitz prisoners in block 11 of the main camp (Auschwitz I), as discovered by Soviet war crimes investigators.

What event occurred that What event occurred that allowed Hitler and the allowed Hitler and the Nazis to gain power?Nazis to gain power?

• In 1929, the crash of the New York In 1929, the crash of the New York stock market plunged the world into stock market plunged the world into an economic depression called The an economic depression called The Great Depression.Great Depression.

• Many German bankers who lost Many German bankers who lost money were Jews.money were Jews.

• Germany was in a weakened state of Germany was in a weakened state of mind due mind due

to this.to this.

What event triggered the What event triggered the beginning of World War II?beginning of World War II?

• Poland was invaded by Germany Poland was invaded by Germany during 1939.during 1939.

– Why did Germany choose Poland as its Why did Germany choose Poland as its first target?first target?• Poland had the largest population of Jews.Poland had the largest population of Jews.

• The Jewish population of Poland just before The Jewish population of Poland just before the start of the second world war was about the start of the second world war was about 3.3 million. 3.3 million.

How long did it take How long did it take Germany to take over the Germany to take over the

rest of Europe?rest of Europe?• Less than two years…Less than two years…

by 1941, Germany by 1941, Germany controlled most of controlled most of Europe, including Europe, including France, and Germany France, and Germany had begun to invade had begun to invade North Africa and North Africa and Great Britain.Great Britain.

• By 1942, Germany By 1942, Germany even controlled part even controlled part of Africa. of Africa.