animal diversity kingdom animalia. what is an animal? multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic store...
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Animal DiversityKingdom Animalia
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What is an Animal?
• Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic• Store carbohydrates as glycogen (plants store theirs as starch)• Lack cell walls• Nervous and muscular tissue• Sexual reproduction leading to an diploid zygote that undergoes
mitosis
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Cambrian Explosion
• Most major animal groups around today originated in the Precambrian and Cambrian era• Explosion of diversity in a relatively short period of time• Many of the Cambrian species are extinct but their body plans remain
in species alive today
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Animal Phylogeny• Animal kingdom is probably monophyletic• Evolutionary history is reconstructed using comparative anatomy and
studying embryology• There are 4 key evolutionary branch points in animal evolution
1. Development of true tissues2. Split between radial and bilateral symmetry3. Development of a body cavity4. Developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes
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True Tissues
• Tissues are a group of cells that work together for a single function• Sponges lack true tissues and are considered a more primitive animal
group• Cnidaria are the first animal group to develop true tissues: muscles
and nervous tissue• Led to the ability to move and therefore interact with their
environment
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Symmetry• Asymmetry- no pattern of symmetry around an axis…• No way to divide the org into similar looking halves
• Radial-more than one line of bisection• Bilateral- one line of bisection ie a distinct right and
left side • Also typically have dorsal and ventral surface, anterior and
posterior surface
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http://biologicalexceptions.blogspot.com/2011_09_01_archive.html
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Body Cavity
• Also called a coelem: Fluid filled cavity found between body wall and digestive tract• Tube within a tube• Cushions your internal organs• May have been an adaptation in burrowing organisms
• Many different types and ways that a body cavity develops• Acts as a hydrostatic skeleton in some less advanced animals• Some evidence that it allows for a larger animal to evolve.
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Embryology- Protostom vs Deuterotome• Protostomes-mouth forms first then the anus during embryological
development• Most invertebrate groups
• Deuterostomes- anus forms first then the mouth• Can split up cells at 4 cell stage and each will continue to develop into a complete viable
organism• Echinoderms and chordates
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www.mhhe.com
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Other Notable Trends in Animal Life
• Increased complexity and specialization of structures• Example-development of tissues, organs, segmentation
• Greater dependence on sexual reproduction• Improved sensory systems and increasingly complex brain• cephalization
• Expanding patterns of behavioral patterns
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Segmentation• Repeated grouping of parts or compartments• Aids in movement and evolution of appendages• Groups of segments and their appendages have become
specialized for a variety of “jobs” among regions ie a division of labor
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Cephalization
• Def-Having a head• Sensory organs, centralized nervous system and feeding parts are all usually
concentrated here• Are there advantages to this arrangement?• Is there a particular kind of symmetry associated with this?
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Cephalization Advantage-• Anterior end of a travelling animal will encounter
stimuli-food, danger etc… first• Adaptation for burrowing, crawling, swimming• Radial animals tend to be sessile or planktonic- can
meet environmental symmetry from all sides• Active animals moving in a distinct direction “meet”
the environment from one end and bilateral symmetry fits that lifestyle
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Animal Phyla
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Vertebrate Animal Phyla
• Chordates: all members have a notochord, hollow dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal arches• Urochordata• Caphalochordata• Vertebrata