ancient rome: the master builders by 150 bc, ancient greek culture was in decline and the romans had...
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Ancient Rome: the Master Builders
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Ancient Roman ArchitectureBy 150 BC, ancient Greek Culture was in decline and the Romans had captured Greece—remained strong until 450 AD.
Roman architecture was markedly influenced by its Greek and Etruscan predecessors.
The Romans replaced Greek stonework with bricks and concrete.
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The Forum 78BCE – 608 AD
City Center of an Empire
Collection of Temples, public buildings and statues
Different shapes, styles and arranged without order
West side = Politics East side = Religious Sides = shops
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The Forum 78BCE – 608 AD
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The Forum 78BCE – 608 AD
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The Forum 78BCE – 608 AD
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Basilica of Maxentius 4th century AD
Very large, vast interior – 280’ x 88’ x 120’ highDestined for commercial and administrative activitiesCovered with vaults, not the typical flat roof as most basilicas
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Basilica of Maxentius 4th century AD
Covered by 3 groin vaults (two intersecting vaults with ribbed intersection)
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groin vaults
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Basilica of Maxentius 4th century AD
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Triumphal Arch of Septimius Severus 203 AD
It is build out of brick and travertine, clad with marble slabs
Built to celebrate the victories of emperor Septimius Serverus and his sons
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Trajans Market 2nd Century AD
Located on the hills behind the Forum
Streets of Shops
Includes a covered market
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Colosseum: 70AD
Largest Roman Amphitheater (could seat 50,000)
6 tiers of seats supported by a structural brick and concrete façade of 80 arches on four levels – 600’ end to end
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Colosseum 70AD
Begun by Vespasian on Neros Lake of his Golden House
2 complete passageways encircling it with ramps from seating areas – allowed for handling of large audiences
Used as late as 523 AD
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Temples: Often for 3 gods – individual chambers (Cellas)
Divine accommodations were pushed back on high podium
Viewed from only one viewpoint – the front
Ideal position was at the end of the open space / axis
Flat, frontal view
1st Century Augustus and Tiberius rebuilt most of the temples in Rome – Retained base, but changed the exterior to meet current Hellenistic and Roman style
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Pantheon: 25 BCE -213 AD One of the last great Pagan TemplesPortico: Corinthian granite columns by Agrippa (25 BCE)120-124AD Hadrian built the rotunda, with an occulus at the highest point, an opening through which the sun shines
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Pantheon: 25 BCE -213 AD 142’ spherical rotunda with a 30’ oculus, height of dome equals diameter of the floor plan (in theory could hold a sphere).Coffered ceiling: once embellished with stucco, was introduced to reduce weight.
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Pantheon: 25 BCE -213 AD 21’ walls built of concrete sandwiched between layers of brick, sheathed in marble veneer
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Pantheon: 25 BCE -213 AD Built with 8 great recesses – 7 for major gods and 1 for the entrance
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Pantheon: 25 BCE -213 AD: Its monumental size is unparalleled by any other masonry structure up to now
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Pantheon:25 BCE -213 ADImpressive and fascinatingMonumentalFocus on interior
Parthenon:470-437 BCBeautiful and elegantNot monumentalOriented to the exterior
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Roman Engineering Advances:Invented concrete (2nd century BC), which allowed huge spanning of volumes of interior space (Pantheon) and arched construction (Colosseum)
Indoor plumbing, hot water, heat, public lavatories, and sewers creating a highly developed urban infrastructure
Expanded use of arches and vaults: developed groin vaults and rotundas
Invented paved roads
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Roman Architectural Innovations:Apart from the engineering innovations, the Romans:
Created urban developments of a large scale, such as the forum, and blocks of apartments using concrete, rising eight stories high.
Established triumphal arches.
Invented use of pilasters (half columns that were embedded as part of the wall) and Tuscan and Composite column orders.
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Forms:
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Baths of Diocletian: 302 AD
Largest and most sumptuous of the imperial baths
Remained in use until the aqueducts that fed them were cut by the Goths in AD 537.
Barrel vaults, groin vaults and domes
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AquaductsSloped to have water travel from source to cityBuilt first using wood frame-removed once keystone was placed
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Pont du Gard at Nimes: 25 ADAquaduct – water supplyThree tiers of stone arches 160’ high bringing water from over 25miles away
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Concrete:Was not liquid, but a mixture of sand, lime, water and aggregate.Poured into wood or brick forms – was strong, waterproof, light and monolithic.Covered with brick or marble veneer, or a decorative stucco
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Concrete:
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Concrete: