ancient mesopotamia · mesopotamia means “land between the rivers” & is often called the...
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Ancient Mesopotamia
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River Valley CivilizationsThe discovery of farming during the Neolithic
Revolution allowed nomadic people to settle into civilizations
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The world’s first civilizations all began in river valleys
The first civilization began in an area known
as Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia means “land between the rivers” & is
often called the “Fertile Crescent” or as the “Cradle of Civilization”
The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flooded once per year, leaving
behind fertile soil ideal for farming
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The first civilization developed in the Fertile Crescent: Sumer
But, surrounding deserts & the lack of natural barriers attracted outsiders to Mesopotamia
made the Sumerians vulnerable to attack
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Geography of Mesopotamia
►“Land between rivers”
▪ Tigris and Euphrates
►Fertile land allowed villages to grow
►Several disadvantages
▪ Unpredictable flooding
▪ No natural protection
▪ Natural resources were limited
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Solution to Problems
►People of Sumer addressed these problems through organization
▪ Irrigation ditches to carry water
▪ Built mud walls for defense
▪ Trade
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Sumerians
►Arrived on the scene (Mesopotamia) around 3300 BCE
►Built city-states
►Governments were controlled by priests
►Development of dynasties
▪ Series of rulers from a single family
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Sumerian Culture
►Believed in more than one god
►Emergence of social classes
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Advanced in Science and Technology
►Arithmetic and geometry
►Architectural achievements
▪ Arches, columns, ziggurats
►Cuneiform
▪ System of writing
▪ Epic of Gilgamesh
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Babylonian Empire
►Amorites invaded Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE
►Established their capital at Babylon
►Empire reached peak under King Hammurabi
▪ Wrote a code of laws
▪ Significant because it unifying his empire
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Hammurabi's code
►Dealt with family relations, business conduct, and crime
► Set different punishments for rich and poor and for men and women
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Babylonian Empire
► Language – Cuneiform
►Religion – Polytheistic
► Similar social structure as the Sumerians
► Economy was based on farming and trade
► Empire eventually became smaller after Hammurabi
► Fell to Kassites
►Over years, new groups dominated the Fertile Crescent…
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Hittite Empire
►By about 2000 BCE Hittites occupied Anatolia
►Controlled most of Southwest Asia for 450 years
▪ Borrowed ideas from Mesopotamians
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Hittite Empire
► Language – Cuneiform►Government – Monarchy►Accomplishments:
▪ Excelled in technology of war►Superior chariots►Iron weapons
▪ First to work with iron
►Relied on farming► Tribes from Persia attacked and the empire fell
quickly
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Assyrians
►Came from the
northern part
of Mesopotamia
►Began around
850 BCE
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Assyrians
► Language – Cuneiform
►Government – Monarchy
►Religion – Polytheistic
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Assyrians
►Accomplishments included:
▪ Constructing ancient world’s largest library(Nineveh)
▪ Known for their strong and powerful military
►Army, cavalry, and navy
►Eventually, overrun by Chaldeans
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Chaldeans►Around 612 BCE overthrow Assyrian Empire
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Chaldeans
► Language – Cuneiform
►Government – Monarchy▪ King Nebuchadnezzar
►Religion – Polytheistic
►Accomplishments:▪ Hanging gardens
▪ Arch
▪ Astrology
►Empire fell to Persia
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Persian Empire
►Persian Empire began to rise around 1000 BCE
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Persian Empire
► Language – Persian
►Government – Monarchy
▪ King Cyrus known for his tolerant diplomacy
►Religion – Polytheistic
▪ Prophet – Zoroaster
►Accomplishments:
▪ Road system (Royal Road)
▪ Coins
►Conquered by Alexander the Great
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Phoenicians
►On the scene
about 1100 BCE
► Formed wealthy
city-states around
the Mediterranean
► TRADE essential
to Phoenician
way of life
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Phoenicians
► Language – Alphabetic symbols▪ Developed to speed transaction quickly▪ Used symbols to represent sounds
►Government – City-states►Religion – Polytheistic
▪ Human sacrifice
►Accomplishments:▪ 22 symbols within alphabet▪ Purple dye▪ Glass beads
►Overran by Assyrians
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Hebrews
►Date back to 2000 BCE
►Abraham father of the Jewish people
▪ Moved from Mesopotamia to Canaan
►Hebrews were monotheists
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Hebrews
► Language – Hebrew
►Government – Monarchy▪ King Saul
▪ King David
▪ King Solomon
►Accomplishments:▪ Monotheism
▪ Ten Commandments-Torah
►Overran by Assyrians▪ Left region
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Write one paragraph answering this question
Which ancient Mesopotamian civilization do you think was the most successful and explain why.
Give examples