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GEOGRAPHY MESOPOTAMIA MAP Mediterranean Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Tigris River Euphrates River Sumer Fertile Crescent
ACHIEVEMENT INTELLECT
RELIGION POLITICS
SOCIETY ECONOMY
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia Mesopotamia
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Fertile Crescent - lots of silt "land between the rivers" Tigris & Euphrates Rivers -
unpredictable floods few natural barriers few natural resources Sumer How did geography influence religion,
economy, architecture?
FIRST writing system - cuneiform number system (based on 60) Epic of Gilgamesh
FIRST civilization Hammurabi - FIRST code of law inventions, etc. - irrigation, wheel, sail,
plow, FIRST to use bronze
city-states ruled by priests, then by
dynasties Sargon - created FIRST
empire
polytheism ziggurats angry gods & gloomy afterlife priests appealed to gods on farmers'
behalf
bartering traded grain,
cloth, tools to get stone, metal, wood
specialization of labor
Women - jobs & property, but NO schooling
Class-based
kings & priests
merchants
ordinary people
slaves
GEOGRAPHY EGYPT MAP Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Nile River Lower Egypt (Nile delta) Upper Egypt Eastern Desert Western Desert Memphis
ACHIEVEMENT INTELLECT
RELIGION POLITICS
SOCIETY ECONOMY
Egypt
Egypt Egypt
Egypt Egypt
Egypt Egypt
Nile River – predictable floods river flows north, winds blow south cataract Nile delta – fertile black soil natural barriers - desert How did geography influence religion,
economy, architecture?
writing system – hieroglyphics number system, geometry 365-day calendar
papyrus FIRST to use stone columns in building medical
knowledge Engineering
pharaohs theocracy Menes (united Egypt) dynasties
polytheism pyramids nice gods, pleasant afterlife mummification
bartering traded to get gold, ivory, cattle, granite
Class-based Social
movement possible
Women – own property, divorce
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pharaoh & family
priests, gov’t & military leaders
merchants, artisans
peasants & laborers
slaves
GEOGRAPHY INDUS VALLEY MAP Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bay of Bengal Indus River Ganges River Hindu Kush Mountains Himalaya Mountains Karakorum Mountains Thar Desert
ACHIEVEMENT INTELLECT
RELIGION POLITICS
SOCIETY ECONOMY
Indus Valley
Indus Valley Indus Valley
Indus Valley Indus Valley
Indus Valley Indus Valley
subcontinent Indus River – unpredictable floods seasonal monsoons natural barriers – mountains, desert cities – Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro How did geography influence this
civilization?
plumbing and sewage systems
writing system – not deciphered
planned cities using grid system public baths
strong central government evidenced by uniform city planning & construction
walled cities invaded by
Aryans
polytheism links to modern Hindu religion – images of
Shiva and other gods believed in afterlife
traded long distance with Sumer marked goods with stamps and seals
social equality –similar housing prosperous – time to make toys stable and peaceful – few weapons
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GEOGRAPHY ANCIENT CHINA MAP Bay of Bengal Pacific Ocean Yellow Sea East China Sea Huang He (Yellow) River Yangtze River Gobi Desert Himalaya Mountains Taklimakan Desert
ACHIEVEMENT INTELLECT
RELIGION POLITICS
SOCIETY ECONOMY
Ancient China
Ancient China Ancient China
Ancient China Ancient China
Ancient China Ancient China
Huang He River - loess unpredictable floods natural barriers – mountains, deserts,
ocean cities – Anyang How did geography influence this
civilization?
writing system (Shang dynasty) not linked to spoken language
oracle bones
blast furnace – cast iron chariot gunpowder porcelain silk paper compass
Dynastic Cycle & Mandate of Heaven feudalism Shang and Zhou Dynasties
family linked to religion--ancestor spirits brought good or bad fortune
consulted gods using oracle bones
natural barriers limited trade settlers provided most of their own goods
group more important than individual 2 classes – nobles and peasants family important arranged marriages, women inferior
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Powerful leader assumes rule
Period of Prosperity
Period of Decline
New Dynasty claims Mandate of Heaven
WHO WERE THEY?
WHERE WERE THEY?
PHOENICIA MAP Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Italy Spain Greece Crete Sicily Sardinia
LAW SYSTEM
WAR TECHNOLOGY
ACHIEVEMENT
HOW DID THEY CAPTURE TERRITORY?
HOW DID THEY TREAT CAPTIVES?
POLITICS
HOW DID THEY CONTROL EMPIRE?
HOW DID THEY FALL?
ECONOMY
Hittites
Assyrians Phoenicia
PhoeniciaHittites
PhoeniciaAssyrians
occupied Anatolia (modern day Turkey) in 2000 B.C.E.
city-states controlled most of Mesopotamia for 450
years signed peace treaty with Egypt to control
Syria
ALPHABET – symbols represent sounds – simplified writing
shipbuilding and sailing
borrowed ideas from Mesopotamians law code similar to Hammurabi’s, but less
harsh
superior war technology light chariots first to use iron weapons
city-states – never united
colonies around Mediterranean
captured by Assyrians in 842 B.C.E.
controlled northern Mesopotamia armies with horses, chariots, iron weapons used ladders, tunnels, battering rams to get
past city walls
cruel to enemies captured enemy leaders were killed; people
sent into exile or slavery people who surrendered allowed to choose
a new leader
wealthy – traded their own goods and goods from other lands
purple dye (Sidon & Tyre) crafts made from wood, glass, ivory, metal papyrus (Byblos)
to control a large empire, you need:o highly organized governmento strong military
created libraries
made many enemies put down several revolts eventually defeated when enemies burned
capital city of Ninevah
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WHO WAS ABRAHAM? MAP OF THE EXODUS Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Dead Sea Nile River Jordan River Sinai Peninsula
WHO WAS MOSES? WHAT MADE THEM UNIQUE?
WHO WERE SAUL & DAVID? WHO WAS SOLOMON?
HOW DID HEBREWS GOVERN THEMSELVES?
IMPORTANT EVENTS IN EARLY HEBREW HISTORY
Hebrews
Hebrews Hebrews
Hebrews Hebrews
Hebrews Hebrews
“Father of the Hebrews”, founder of Judaism
Believed in one God Made covenant with God – God would
bless Abraham’s descendants if they devoted themselves to God
Led his people to Canaan “the Promised Land”
Proved devotion to God by his willingness to sacrifice his son
FIRST monotheistic religion Torah – 5 holy books containing laws,
beliefs, and history of Hebrews Ten Commandments – basis of Western
moral traditions
Leader and prophet of the Hebrews
Led Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt back to Canaan (the Exodus)
Received the Ten Commandments from God on Mt. Sinai
David’s son & 3rd king of Hebrews
Most powerful of the 3 kings
expanded Jerusalem established trade with
Phoenicians built temple to house
Ark of the Covenant
Saul – 1st king of Israel drove Philistines out of
Palestine
David – 2nd king of Israel
United tribes, founded a dynasty
established capital of Israel in Jerusalem
~ 2000 B.C.E. Abraham travels from Ur to Canaan ~ 1500 B.C.E. Famine forces Hebrews to move to
Egypt where they are enslaved ~ 1300 B.C.E. Moses leads Exodus 1020 – 922 B.C.E. Rule of 3 Kings 922 B.C.E. Jews divide into Israel and Judah 722 B.C.E. Assyrians capture Israel 586 B.C.E. Nebuchadnezzar (Babylonian king)
captures Judah & destroys Solomon’s Temple; Hebrews are sent into exile
539 B.C.E. Persia conquers Babylon; Hebrews return from exile and rebuild temple
Ten Commandments – 1st four govern people’s relationship to God; the rest govern people’s relationships with each other
Additional laws defined proper social and religious behavior
In Canaan, people were led and governed by male and female judges
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