ANCIENT EGYPTANCIENT EGYPT

Land of the NileLand of the Nile

Periods Time FrameNile Culture

Begins3900 B. C. E.

Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E.

Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.

Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E.

New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E.

Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E.

Greek Ptolemaic Era

332 – 30 B. C. E.

Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

Historical Periods

Egypt by SatelliteEgypt by Satellite

The Nile River ValleyThe Nile River Valley

The Flooding of the NileThe Flooding of the Nile

Irrigation

Creation MythCreation Myth

At first, there was only At first, there was only NunNun. . Nun was the dark waters of Nun was the dark waters of chaoschaos. .

Creation MythCreation Myth

One day, a hill rose up out of One day, a hill rose up out of the waters. This hill was the waters. This hill was called Ben-Ben. On this hill called Ben-Ben. On this hill stood stood AtumAtum, the first god., the first god.

Creation MythCreation Myth

Atum coughed and spat out Atum coughed and spat out ShuShu, the god of the air, and , the god of the air, and TefnutTefnut, the goddess of , the goddess of moisture.moisture.

Creation MythCreation Myth

Shu and Tefnut had two Shu and Tefnut had two children. children.

First, there was First, there was GebGeb, the god , the god of theof the

earth. Then, there was earth. Then, there was NutNut, , the goddessthe goddess

of the sky. of the sky.

Creation MythCreation Myth

Shu lifted Nut up so that she became Shu lifted Nut up so that she became

a canopy over Geb.a canopy over Geb.

Creation MythCreation Myth

Nut and Geb had four children Nut and Geb had four children named named Osiris, Isis, SethOsiris, Isis, Seth and and NephthysNephthys. Osiris was the king of . Osiris was the king of the earth and Isis was the queen.the earth and Isis was the queen.

Creation MythCreation Myth

Osiris was a good king, and he Osiris was a good king, and he ruled overruled over

The earth for many years.The earth for many years.

Creation MythCreation Myth

However, everything was not However, everything was not well. Sethwell. Seth

was jealous of Osiris because was jealous of Osiris because he wantedhe wanted

to be the ruler of the earth. to be the ruler of the earth.

Creation MythCreation Myth

Seth grewSeth grewangrier and angrier and angrier until one angrier until one day he killedday he killedOsiris.Osiris.

Osiris went down into Osiris went down into

the underworld and the underworld and

Seth remained on Seth remained on

earth and became king.earth and became king.

Creation MythCreation Myth

Osiris and Isis had one son Osiris and Isis had one son called called HorusHorus..

Horus battled against Seth Horus battled against Seth andand

regained the throne.regained the throne.

Creation MythCreation Myth

After that, Horus was the king After that, Horus was the king of theof the

earth and Osiris was the king earth and Osiris was the king of theof the

underworld. underworld.

CosmosCosmos

godsgods spirits of deceased humansspirits of deceased humans existed in divine realm, had existed in divine realm, had

many of gods’ abilitiesmany of gods’ abilities living humansliving humans pharaoh most important, bridged pharaoh most important, bridged

human and divine worldshuman and divine worlds

MaatMaat Maat or ma’at was the Egyptian concept of Maat or ma’at was the Egyptian concept of

truth, truth, balancebalance,, order order, law, morality, and , law, morality, and justice.justice.

Maat was also personified as a goddess Maat was also personified as a goddess

regulating the stars, seasons, and the regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions actions

of both mortals and the deities, who of both mortals and the deities, who set set the the

order of the universe fromorder of the universe from chaos at the chaos at the

moment of creation.moment of creation.

MaatMaat

associated with timeassociated with time cyclical pattern of renewal to cyclical pattern of renewal to

maintain Maatmaintain Maat annual Nile floodannual Nile flood succession of kingssuccession of kings daily journey of sun god Radaily journey of sun god Ra

Journey of RaJourney of Ra

Soul and BodySoul and Body

The Ancient Egyptians believed that a human soul was made up of five parts: the Ren, the Ba, the Ka, the Sheut, and the Ib.

In addition to these components of the soul there was the human body, called the ha, meaning approximately the sum of bodily parts.

Representation of the Representation of the SoulSoul

Ib: The HeartIb: The Heart

important part of the soulimportant part of the soul

seat of emotion, thought, will, seat of emotion, thought, will, and intentionand intention

key to the afterlifekey to the afterlife

Social Classes

24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

Hieroglyphics

Papyrus

Daily Life

Middle Class Home

Peasant Home

Nobility

Egyptian Beauty

Scribe

Priest

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankincense

Mummification

Valley of the KingsValley of the Kings

Pyramids at GizaPyramids at Giza

Great Pyramid of KhufuGreat Pyramid of Khufu

Great SphinxGreat Sphinx

King TutKing Tut

Opening of the Mouth Opening of the Mouth From the Book of the Dead

Opening of the Mouth Opening of the Mouth CeremonyCeremony

Solar Bark

A Boat for the Journey to the AfterlifeA Boat for the Journey to the Afterlife

Boat from a Pharaoh’s Tomb

The Weighing of the The Weighing of the HeartHeart

Final Judgment of the Final Judgment of the DeadDead