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Anatomy & Physiology

WHAT IS ANATOMY?Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made up of; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

WHY STUDY ANATOMY?• To recognize changes from the norm• To understand how the human body functions• To determine a scientific basis for the proper

application of services and products• To perform professional makeup applications• To provide shampoos, scalp manipulations,

haircuts, and style designs• To perform facials• To perform manipulations of the hands, arms,

shoulders, neck, feet, and lower legs

CELLS

• Protoplasm

• Nucleus

• Cytoplasm

• Cell membrane

Basic Construction of the Cell

CELLS

The reproduction process is known as mitosis (my-TOH-sis).

• Favorable conditions include:– adequate food supply.– adequate oxygen supply.– adequate water supply.– elimination of waste.– proper temperature.

Cell Reproduction and Division

CELLS

• Anabolism (uh-NAB-uh-liz-um) is constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

• Catabolism (kuh-TAB-uh-liz-um) is the phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones.

Cell Metabolism

TISSUES• Connective tissue serves to support, protect,

and bind together other tissues of the body.• Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul) is a protective

covering on body surfaces.• Liquid tissue such as blood and lymph carries

food, waste products, and hormones through the body.

• Muscular tissue contracts and moves the various parts of the body.

• Nerve tissue carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.

ORGANS• Brain —controls the body• Eyes—are the organs of vision• Heart—circulates the blood• Kidneys—excrete water and waste products• Lungs—supply oxygen to the blood• Liver—removes toxic products of digestion• Skin—forms external protective covering of the

body• Stomach and intestines—digest food

SKELETAL SYSTEMBone Composition

– Connective tissue about one third animal matter and two thirds mineral matter

Osteology (ahs-tee-AHL-oh-jee)

– The science of the anatomy, structure, and function of the bones

SKELETAL SYSTEMPrimary Function

– Gives shape and support to body– Protects internal structures and organs– Serves as attachments for muscles– Acts as levers to produce movement– Produces white and red blood cells– Stores minerals

Joints– Movable– Immovable

SKELETAL SYSTEMParts of the Skull

– Cranium– Facial skeleton

Bones of the Cranium– Occipital bone– Parietal bones– Frontal bone– Temporal bones

Bones of the Face– Nasal bones– Lacrimal bones– Zygomatic or malar bones– Maxillae– Mandible

SKELETAL SYSTEMBones of the Neck

– Hyoid bone– Cervical vertebrae

Bones of the Chest, Shoulder, and Back– Thorax– Ribs– Scapula– Sternum– Clavicle

SKELETAL SYSTEMBones of the Arm and Hand– Humerus– Ulna– Radius– Carpus– Metacarpus– Phalanges

MUSCULAR SYSTEMMyologyMuscle Quantity—over

600Muscle ConstructionTypes of Muscular

Tissue– Striated– Nonstriated– Cardiac

Muscle Parts– Origin– Insertion– Belly

MUSCULAR SYSTEMStimulation of Muscles

– Massage—by hand or electric vibrator– Electric current—high frequency or faradic

current– Light rays—infrared rays or ultraviolet rays– Heat rays—heating lamps or heating caps– Moist heat—steamers and steamed towels– Nerve impulses—through the nervous

system– Chemicals—certain acids and salts

MUSCULAR SYSTEMMuscles of the Scalp

– Epicranius (ep-ih-KRAY-nee-us)– Occipitalis (ahk-SIP-i-tahl-is)– Frontalis (frun-TAY-lus)– Aponeurosis (ap-uh-noo-ROH-

sus)

Muscles of the Ear– Auricularis superior (aw-rik-yuh-

LAIR-is)– Auricularis anterior– Auricularis posterior

Muscles of Mastication– Masseter (muh-SEE-tur)– Temporalis (tem-poh-RAY-lis)

MUSCULAR SYSTEMMuscles of the Neck

– Platysma (plah-TIZ-muh)– Sternocleidomastoideus

(STUR-noh-KLEE-ih-doh-mas-TOYD-ee-us)

Muscles of the Eyebrow– Orbicularis oculi (or-bik-yuh-

LAIR-is AHK-yuh-lye)– Corrugator (KOR-oo-gay-tohr)

Muscles of the Nose– Procerus (proh-SEE-rus)– Nasal muscles

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscles of the Mouth– Buccinator (Buk-sih-nay-tur)– Depressor labii inferioris (dee-PRESS-ur LAY-bee-eye in-FEER-ee-or-us)– Levator anguli oris (lih-VAYT-ur ANG-yoo-ly OH-ris)– Levator labii superioris (lih-VAYT-ur LAY-bee-eye soo-peer-ee-OR-is)– Mentalis (men-TAY-lis)– Orbicularis oris (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is OH-ris)– Risorius (rih-ZOR-ee-us)– Triangularis (try-ang-gyuh-LAY-rus)– Zygomaticus (zy-goh-MAT-ih-kus

MUSCULAR SYSTEMMuscles Attaching Arms to

Body– Latissimus dorsi (lah-TIS-ih-

mus DOR-see)– Pectoralis (pek-tor-AL-is)

major and minor– Serratus anterior (ser-RAT-us)– Trapezius (trah-PEE-zee-us)

Muscles of the Shoulders and Arms– Biceps (BY-seps)– Deltoid (DEL-toyd)– Extensors (ik-STEN-surs)– Flexors (FLEK-surs)– Triceps (TRY-seps)– Pronator (proh-NAY-tohr)– Supinator (SOO-puh-nayt-ur)

MUSCULAR SYSTEMMuscles of the

Hand– Abductors (ab-DUK-

turz)

– Adductors (ah-DUK-turz)

– Opponent muscles

NERVOUS SYSTEM• The nervous system is

responsible for coordinating the many activities performed inside and outside the human body.

• Every square inch of the human body is supplied with fine fibers known as nerves.

NERVOUS SYSTEMNeurology is the study of the nervous

system and its disorders.Divisions of Nervous System

– Central – Peripheral (puh-RIF-uh-rul)– Autonomic (aw-toh-NAHM-ik)

Brain and Spinal Cord– The largest mass of nerve tissue

in the body– Central power station of the

body– 12 pairs of cranial nerves– Spinal cord originates in brain– 31 pairs of spinal nerves

NERVOUS SYSTEMNerve Cell Structure and

Function– Neuron (NOO-rahn)– Dendrites (DEN-dryts)– Axon (AK-sahn)– Nerves

Types of Nerves– Sensory (afferent) nerves– Motor (efferent) nerves– Mixed nerves– Reflex

NERVOUS SYSTEMNerves of the Head, Face, and

Neck5th cranial, trifacial, trigeminal

Ophthalmic (ahf-THAL-mik)Mandibular (man-DIB-yuh-lur)Maxillary (MAK-suh-lair-ee)

5th cranial nerve affected by massageAuriculotemporalInfraorbital nerveInfratrochlear nerveMental nerve Nasal nerveSupraorbital nerveSupratrochlear nerveZygomatic nerve

NERVOUS SYSTEMNerves of Head, Face, and

Neck continued7th cranial nerve

– Posterior auricular– Temporal– Zygomatic– Buccal– Mandibular– Cervical

11th cranial nerve– Greater occipital– Smaller occipital– Greater auricular – Cervical cutaneous

NERVOUS SYSTEMNerves of Arm and Hand

– Digital (DIJ-ut-tul)– Radial (RAY-dee-ul)– Median (MEE-dee-un)– Ulnar (UL-nur)

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMThe circulatory system or

cardiovascular system controls the steady

circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and

blood vessels.

Blood vascular system– Heart– Arteries, capillaries, and veins

Lymph vascular system (LIMF VAS-kyoo-lur)– Lymphatics (lymph vessels)– Lymph nodes

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMHeart– Pericardium (payr-ih-KAR-dee-

um)– Resting heart rate– Vagus (tenth cranial) nerve – Autonomic nervous system

Chambers and Valves of Heart Interior– Right and left atria (AY-tree-a)– Right and left ventricles (VEN-

truh-kul)– Valves

Blood Circulation– Pulmonary circulation– Systemic or general

circulation

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMBlood Vessels– Arteries– Capillaries– VeinsBlood– Sticky, salty fluid– Temperature 98.6° F

(36°C)– Makes up 1/20 of body

weight– About 8 to10 pints in an

adult– Bright red in arteries– Dark red in veins

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMBlood Composition – Red corpuscles (red blood cells)– White corpuscles (white blood cells)– Blood platelets– PlasmaChief Functions of Blood– Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to cells– Carries away carbon dioxide and waste– Helps equalize body temperature– Protects from harmful bacteria and infections– Clots to prevent blood loss

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMLymph Vascular System– aids blood system.– consists of lymph vessels, glands,

spaces, and lacteals.– acts as filtering to help fight infection.Primary Functions:– Carries nourishment from blood to

body cells– Acts as a defense against invading

bacteria and toxins– Removes waste material from body

cells to the blood– Provides a suitable fluid environment

for cells

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMArteries of Head, Face, and Neck– Common carotid artery

(kuh-RAHT-ud)– Internal carotid artery– External carotid arteryFacial Artery Branches– Submental artery (sub-

MEN-tul)– Inferior labial artery (LAY-

bee-ul)– Angular artery (ANG-gyoo-

lur)– Superior labial artery

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMSuperficial Temporal Artery Branches– Frontal artery– Parietal artery– Transverse facial artery– Middle temporal artery– Anterior auricular artery– Occipital artery– Posterior auricular artery– Supraorbital artery– Infraorbital artery

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMVeins of Head, Face, and Neck– Internal jugular (JUG-

yuh-lur)– External jugularBlood Supply for Arm and Hand– Ulnar arteries– Radial arteries

Figure 6‐22

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMThe endocrine system (EN-duh-krin) is

made up of a group ofspecialized glands that affect the growth,

development, sexualactivity, and health of the entire body,

Exocrine or Duct Glands (EK-suh-krin)– produce a substance that travels

through small tube-like ducts.

Endocrine or Ductless Glands – release secretions called

hormones directly into the blood.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system or gastrointestinal system is responsible

for changing food into nutrients and waste.

Digestive Enzymes– change food into a

form that can be used by the body.

EXCRETORY SYSTEMThe excretory system (EK-skre-tor-ee) is

responsible for purifyingthe body by eliminating waste matter.

Kidneys– excrete urine.Liver– discharges bile.Skin– eliminates perspiration.Large Intestine– evacuates decomposed and

undigested food.Lungs– exhale carbon dioxide.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMThe respiratory system enables breathing and consists of the lungs and air passages.

Lungs– are spongy tissues

composed of microscopic cells.

– exchange inhaled air for carbon dioxide during breathing.

Diaphragm– is muscular wall that

separates chest (thorax) from abdominal region.

– helps control breathing.

Figure 6‐23

SUMMARY

• Knowing how the body works is essential for the cosmetology professional.

• An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of our bodies will help us become more proficient in performing professional salon services.