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AnatomicalTerms

Terms for Direction and Orientation

Cephalic

‐  Cranial;referstothehead

‐  oppositeofcaudal

Caudal -  tail or tail-like

structures -  opposite of cephalic

or cranial

Dorsal - refers to the back or

upper surface - opposite of ventral

Ventral -  pertaining to the belly -  lower side or surface

opposite the back -  opposite of dorsal

Lateral

‐  referstothesideofthebody

Medial‐referstoaposi-onnearthemiddleormidline.median‐referstoastructureorsec-oninthemiddleormidline

Proximal -  nearest to the centre;to

the midline, or to the point of attachment

-  opposite of distal Distal -  farthest from the

centre, from the midline or from the point of attachment

-  opposite of proximal

PlanesofSec6on

Planes -imaginary surfaces dividing the body into

different regions

Frontal plane -  is a horizontal plane

through the longitudinal axis, dividing the body into dorsal and ventral portions

-  for a quadrupedal animal, this plane usually parallel to the ground (unless the animal is lying on its side)

-  also called “coronal plane”

Sagittal plane -  vertical plane through

the longitudinal axis dividing the body into left and right portions

-  also called “median plane”

-  If the animal is bisected straight down the midline, the section is called a "midsagittal" section

Transverseplane

‐  planeperpendiculartothelongitudinalaxis

‐  dividesthebodycrosswiseintocranial

‐  alsocalleda"crosssec-on".

Symmetry - refers to the repetition of

parts so that equal halves are produced by dividing along a plane or axis

a. Bilateral symmetry - only one plane can divide

the body into equal and identical halves

b. Radial symmetry -  similar parts are arranged

around a central axis -  more than one median

plane can divide the body into equal halves

c. Asymmetrical -  without symmetry -  no plane can divide the

body into equal or identical halves

ex. snail

Phylum:ChordataSubphylum:VertebrataClass:AmphibiaOrder:AnuraorSalientaFamily:Ranidae‐soN,non‐poisonous,slimyskinRanaviQgera(ricefieldfrog)Ranamagna(bullfrog)

External Features of the frog:

2 Regions: 1.  Axial Region - head and trunk 2. Appendicular Region - forelimbs and hindlimbs

AXIAL REGION Head: snout - flattened triangular border external nares/ nostrils eyelids (upper and lower) nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid) - outgrowth of the lower eyelid tympanic membrane - circular area of thin

membrane - columella

Trunk

Hump - dorsal elevated region

of the trunk

APPENDICULARREGIONForelimbs(Anterior

extremity)‐threesubdivisions:1.upperarm2.forearm3.manus/handHindlimbs(Posterior

extremity)‐threeparts1.thigh2.shank3.pes/foot

How to differentiate male and female frog: 1.  Male is smaller with dark pigmented area

at the ventral side of the head

2.  Thumb is swollen in male (during breeding season)

- nuptial pad

3.  Male frogs have vocal sac

Buccal Cavity (Mouth Cavity) Orbits or eyesockets - pair of rounded prominences Internal or posterior nares - pair of rounded openings anterior to

the orbits Vomersb - bony prominences between the

nares - vomerine teeth Maxillary teeth - fine saw like teeth - for holding the prey Sulcus marginalis - marginal groove internal to

maxillary teeth - receives the lower jaw

Median subrostral fossa -  Depression in the sulcus

marginalis -  Located at the tip of

upper jaw Pulvinar rostrale - low elevation at the side

of the median subrostral fossa

Lateral subrostral fossa - depressions on each

sideof the pulvinar rostrale

Eustachian tube - located near the angles of the jaw (posterior part) - equalize pressure in the tympanic

membrane Vocal sac - pair of openings behind the

eustachian tube - present only in male frog Tuberculum prelinguale - located at the tip of the lower jaw - fits into the median subrostral

fossa Prelingual fossa - depressions on either side of

tuberculum prelinguale

Glottis - narrow slit of laryngeal

prominence -  leads into the lungs -  cricoid and arytenoid

cartilages Esophagus (gullet) - leads to the stomach Tongue - flattened, bilobed