analysis and presentation of results final report and ethics
TRANSCRIPT
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M04 EKM Study Skills and
Research Methods
Lecture 8 Analysis, Critique and
presentation of results and ethics in
research projects.
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Learning Outcomes of today
Develop a results analysis strategy.
Ensure clarity and understanding of the critique of
results of different research methodologies.
Communicate and present results in a clearmanner.
Understand potential problems and errors inresearch.
Understand a thesis structure
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What will the raw data look like?
Brain storming
Focus Groups
Observation Interviews
Questionnaires
Case Studies Library-based research
Desk-based research
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How will you present the data?
Pictograms Charts
Pie charts
Bar charts Component bar
charts
% component bar
charts
Compound bar
charts
Histograms
Frequency polygon Graphs
Scatter/line
Curves Tables
Case Studies
Transcript
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Bar Charts
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Histograms and Frequency
Curves
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Graphs
Scatter/line
Curves
Translating a histograms /graphs into words
Is there a clear pattern to the shape?
What are the most and least frequent values and where do they occur in the
histogram / graph?
Is it possible to make an educated guess about where the mean value for
the distribution lies in the histogram?
How frequent is that mean value?
Can you draw conclusions about relationships from or between the graphs?
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ExampleAn investigation into the effect of students average grades
at school and their thoughts on University on their planswhen leaving.
Objectives
Find out what student
average grades are. Investigate their
thoughts on University.
Find out what their
intentions are afteruniversity.
Evaluate and critique
any relationships
between these.
Methodology
Focus groups
Interviews
Questionnaires
How are you going to analyseall this information?
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A possible suggestion . . . .
If you have thought carefully about your
questionnaire you could put the results
together in the form of a simple table.
Lesson learnt think about How you are
going to present the results when you are
doing the research!
Once you have the table you couldcompare data in the form of a graph
what sort of graph would you use and
why?
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How to write a case study A case study is more than just a description it is information
arranged in such a way that the reader is put in the same position asthe case writer.
There are three basic steps
The Research Phase
Library and internet research (desk based)
Interview people (email, phone, in person)
The analysis phase
Put all the information together and decide what you are
using and what you are not using.
Refer to your aims and objectives and select information thatassists you to critically analyse these.
The writing Phase
Organize your case into sections e.g. Introduction,
background, describe the situation that links to your project,
include tables, pictures, questionnaire analysis etc.
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Common mistakes Inadequate summaries of data
Choice of scale for graphs
Incorrect pictogram size comparisons
Coincidences
Generalising from very small samples
Misuse of data
Not referring to the figure in the text
Referring to data in the text but not drawing afigure
Cluttered graph/table with too much data
Not using the Math Support Centre (in AS)
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Research misconduct
Fabrication of evidence, data or results
Falsification of evidence, data or results
Selective use of evidence to support an
hypothesis Choosing and using only experimental
samples that will produce evidencesupporting the hypothesis
Suppression of evidence
Claiming anothers work as your own
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Possible consequences
Loss of respect and recognition by peers
Effective ending of academic and research
career prospects
Notification to the relevant professional
organisations
Notification of the offence to journal editorsor book publishers
IN THIS CASE FAILURE OF YOUR
DEGREE
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Coventry University Ethics Policy
CU ETHICS is available at
http://ethics.coventry.ac.uk
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Rights
Rights
As researchers we need to let those involved inour research understand what is expected ofthem, their rights including the right to withdrawfrom the research, and our obligations towardsthem and towards the data we collect aboutthem
It is a disciplinary offence to misuse researchdata or to fail to abide by the Universitys Ethicspolicy.
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Risks
You need to consider your personal safety during theresearch project and the safety of any other peopleinvolved in it. For example, would the research that youare carrying out:
Endanger you by requiring data to be collected in unsafeplaces or by giving away personal data about yourself?
Upset participants with research material that they mayfind distasteful or which may causes a violent reaction?
Damage the participants job prospects by confidentialdata about them becoming known to others becauseyour research makes it easy for them to be identify orbecause you accidently leaking information about them?
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Ethics Process
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Principle InvestigatorCertificate
no ethical approval requiredRoutes
SecondaryData Only
LivingParticipants
No LivingParticipants
PIC
Other
PIC
Personal Data Other SecondaryData Only
?PIC?
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Participant Information Sheet
Key headings suggested are:
Information about the project/Purpose of the project
Why have I been chosen?
Do I have to take part?
What do I have to do?
What are the risks associated with this project?
What are the benefits of taking part?
Withdrawal options
Data protection & confidentiality What if things go wrong? Who to complain to
What will happen with the results of the study?
Who has reviewed this study?
Further information/Key contact details
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Approvals
Some projects might use a survey to collect anonymous data, i.e.data that cannot be traced back to named or identified individualseither from other students or from other groups of people.
In this case, a participant information leaflet about the project needsto be prepared and offered to all participants in the study even
though you will not take their contact details.
The participant information leaflet needs to be pre-approved by theresearch Supervisor or the Faculty Research Ethics Leader beforeany data is collected and will need to be included in the dissertationor report. The participant information leaflet should be attached to
the low risk ethics checklist.
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Approvals
Some projects might ask individuals to be interviewed to provide data. Theinterviewees will need to provide what is called "informed consent". Theresearcher will need to make sure that all interviewees have completedinformed consent forms before being interviewed and they will also need tobe given participant information leaflets at the time when informed consentis requested. The informed consent for should be attached to the low riskethics checklist.
These need to be approved by research Supervisors or the FacultyResearch Leader before any contact is made and therefore before any datais collected so this method of research requires a long development timeand very good advance planning.
Data collected in this way has to be stored securely. It also needs to be
destroyed after the research is completed and again this will need to beconfirmed. You will need to convince interviewees that the information thatthey share with you will be treated confidentially and show to us that this isthe case.
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Informed Consent Form
TemplatePlease tick
1. I confirm that I have read and understood the participant information
sheet for the above study and have had the opportunity to ask questions.
2. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free towithdraw at anytime without giving a reason.
3. I understand that all the information I provide will be treated in confidence
4. I understand that I also have the right to change my mind about
participating in the study for a short period after the study has concluded
(insert deadline here).
5. I agree to be filmed/recorded (delete as appropriate) as part of the
research project
6. I agree to take part in the research project
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Generic Objectives
To define and plan the project
To identify and review the current state of prior literature
To design a robust study to answer the research question
To collect all the data needed to answer the research questionusing the developed study design
To derive and present the results of the study from the datacollected
To analyse the results of the study in the light of prior knowledge
To draw conclusions about the contribution made by the studywhich may be concerned with the problem under investigation, themethods deployed or the student as researcher
To provide a complete and accurate record of the material used inthe study, cited consistently according to a recognised system.
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Thesis Structure
Introduction HypothesisAimsObjectives
Research Methodology
Literature review
Research Study Presentation of Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Further Work
References
Bibliography
Appendices
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Learning Outcomes of Today
Investigate the concept of ethics in
research.
Communicate the Universitys ethics
policy.
Discuss the ethics of different research
methodologies.
Recap (briefly) Plagiarism.
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A Final Note
This was your last M04EKM lecture.
You must submit coursework 1 (Logbook)next week and Coursework 2 via Moodle
through Turnitin.
Coursework 2 will be released this week