an african green revolution: finding ways to boost productivity on small farms

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An African Green Revolution: Finding ways to boost productivity on small farmsKeijiro Otsuka and Donald LarsonWorld BankJanuary 11, 20121Research supported by the Knowledge for Change Program, Research Support Budget (World Bank); FASID/GRIPS (Japan) An African Green Revolution: Finding ways to boost productivityResearch project focused on the usefulness of the Asian Green Revolution strategy as a model for Africa--Characterize key elements of the strategy, initial conditions and outcomes-- Explore whether a similar set of policies are appropriate for Sub-Saharan AfricaIdentify key components for successful outcomes-- Jointly managed by Kei and myself-- Involved a number of rural development researchers from Africa, Australia, Europe, Japan and the US-- Material is presented as a series of 13 chapters in a forthcoming bookSome chapters already available as working papers-- Funded by the Knowledge for Change Program, Research Support Budget (World Bank); FASID/GRIPS (Japan) 2Asias Green Revolution Policy ModelKey Focus AreasSmall farmsNew varieties of key staple cropsOften input intensiveMarket-based distribution systemsInputs and outputsVarying degrees of supportCore component of most current rural development strategies in Africabut not only component3The Asian policy model is a central pillar in most African rural development strategiesEighty-six per cent of staples in poor areas come from local sources, so support for country-led efforts to bolster smallholder agriculture is critical. Robert Zoellik, President of the World Bank, Financial Times January 5, 2011

Sustainable intensification of smallholder crop production is one of FAOs strategic objectives. Jacques Diouf, Director-General, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Foreword to Save and Grow. FAO (2011).

G20 Ministers of Agriculture must focus on smallholder farmers to achieve food security and prevent food price volatility Shenggen Fan, Director General, International Food Policy Research Institute. Press Statement June 15, 2011.

AGRA works to achieve a food secure and prosperous Africa through the promotion of rapid, sustainable agricultural growth based on smallholder farmers. What is the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, www.agra-alliance.org, downloaded June 16, 2011.4Key messagesA strategy based on small farms and staple crops should be a crucial and central component of most rural development strategies in Sub-Saharan AfricaImplementation of the strategy in SSA is much different than in AsiaSuccess in SSA is arriving as a collection of technological breakthroughs rather than a wave of successes based on a handful of new cropsIn Asia, the concentration of diets and land-constrained production in rice and wheat created special circumstances that allowed high-yielding varieties and rice and wheat to set off a powerful virtuous cycleIn Sub-Saharan Africa, heterogeneity of circumstances requires a larger portfolio of technologiesIncluding technologies that focus on non-land inputsThere is greater scope in Africa for complementary contributions from other pillars

5Why Asia as a starting point?Source: von Braun (2005)6Why Asia as a starting point?Source: FAOSTAT (2011)7Small farms as a long-term fixture of African and Asian agriculture and not an obstacle to productivity increases

Source: Nagayets (2005)8

Agriculture as a catalyst to poverty reductionVirtuous cycleAgricultural productivity gainsHigher rural incomesReductions in rural povertyInvestments in human and physical capital in rural economyDeclining food pricesReductions in urban poverty9Key differencesDiet and production more varied

Source FAOSTAT10Some key differencesAvailable landSource: FAOSTAT11Key differenceRural population densitySource: FAOSTAT12Key difference in irrigated areas

Source: FAOSTAT13Key differenceFertilizer use

Source: FAO, average 2003-200714Regional average masks very different performance outcomes

15Commonly Asked QuestionWhy hasnt Green Revolution taken place in SSA?16What is the Green Revolution in Asia?Development and diffusion of a series of fertilizer-responsive, high-yielding modern varieties (MVs) in irrigated and favorable rainfed areas. The Asian Green Revolution entailed a long-term process spanning more than three decades since the mid-1960s.The Asian Green Revolution was technology-led and sustained by subsequent changes in policies and institutions, i.e., the development and adoption of early generation MVs led to an increase in yield, which induced increased investments in irrigation, development of fertilizer markets, adaptive research and extension, subsidy programs for purchased inputs, and further research to improve MVs.

17MV Adoption and Irrigation Ratio in the Philippines: which caused which?

18Data source: World Rice Statistics, onlineMV Adoption and Irrigation Ratio in Bangladesh

19Data source: World Rice Statistics, onlineFertilizer Use and Yield Growth in the Philippines

20Data source: World Rice Statistics, onlineFertilizer Use and YieldGrowth in Bangladesh

21Data source: World Rice Statistics, onlineRice Green Revolution in Senegal

22NERICA Revolution in Uganda

23Rice farmers and a tall local variety in Mozambique

Low yield (1 ton/ha)2425

Maize Revolution in Uganda?

26Our answer: Green Revolution has been taking place in some areas of SSA but not in others.

Questions: How can we scale up the success in limited areas?27IntroductionAgriculture in SSA is characterized by:Low and stagnant crop yieldsIncreasing population pressure on landDominance of small farmsDeclining soil fertilityDeteriorating climateFear of widespread famineIs contemporary SSA very different form tropical Asia before the eve of Green Revolution in the early 1960s?28There are similarities but also differences at starting pointsA broader portfolio of crops and more diverse diets in SSA Need for diverse innovationsHigher real fertilizer price and lower fertilizer use in SSA Need for efficient marketingLower irrigation ratio, and comparable farm size and arable land-rural population ratio Greater need for investments in land improvement including irrigation29Research QuestionsSmall vs. Large Farms: Do small farmers in SSA respond to new opportunities?Promising vs. non-promising crops: Is Asian Green Revolution technology transferable to SSA?Low-Input vs. High-Input Agriculture: How can we achieve high yield sustainably in SSA?Markets vs. Government: Where do markets function and fail in SSA?

30 ContentsAsian Green Revolution in RiceIrrigated Rice Farming in SSAClimate and Crop Yields in India and SSAUpland NERICA Rice in East and West AfricaSoil Fertility, Fertilizer Use, and Maize Green Revolutions in SSAChemical Fertilizer and Organic Fertilizer in Upland Farming in IndiaExperiments on Improved Maize Technology Adoption in Uganda

311. Small vs. Large FarmsSmall farmers adopt improved maize varieties equally fast and achieve higher yields than large farmers in Kenya and Uganda.Small rice farmers achieved higher yields than large farmers in irrigated areas in Uganda and Mozambique.There is no difference in NERICA adoption and yield between small and large farms in Uganda.Small farmers apply larger amount of inorganic fertilizer per ha than large farmers in Ethiopia.Conclusion: African small farmers are at least as entrepreneurial and innovative as large farmers, as in the case of Asia. The inverse correlation between farm size and productivity (e.g., yield) has been emerging in SSA, like South Asia.

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WheatRiceMaizeSorghumMilletYield (Ton/ha)Yield (Ton/ha)WheatRiceMaizeSorghuMilletIndiaSub-Saharan AfricaCereal Yields by Crop: India vs. SSA2. Transferability of Asian Technology

wheatricemaizesorghummillet33What crops are promising?Sorghum and millet: Unpromising as Green Revolution did not take place even in Asia, and yields are comparable between India and SSA.Wheat: Promising as yield tripled in SSA but production area is limited in this region.Maize: Fairly promising as yield increased from 1.0 t/ha to 1.5 t/ha in SSA but the yield gap is not so large.Rice: Promising as yield increased from 1.2 t/ha to 1.8 t/ha and the yield gap is still substantial.

34Promising Crop (1): Lowland RiceUsing Asian MVs, rice yields per ha are:5.3 t/ha in irrigated areas of Senegal River Basin3-4 t/ha in irrigated areas in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger3-4 t/ha in irrigated area in Uganda without any chemical fertilizer4 t/ha in irrigated area in TanzaniaBut only1-2 t/ha in rainfed area of Tanzania, Ghana, and Mozambique.Rice Green Revolution, using MVs developed in Asia, has been taking place in irrigated areas in SSA. But yields under rainfed conditions are deplorably low. Why?35Our field observations: No Bunding!

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No bundless and uneven water weed / uneven plant growthRainfed parcel without bundRainfed parcel without bundRainfed parcel with bundIrrigated parcel with bund36Our field observations: Leveling and Straight-Row Plantingto avoid uneven growth / facilitate weeding

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Before levelingThe same place after levelingImpact of leveling (Mbarali)Straight-row planting Weeding 3738

Lowland rice yields in Tanzania, 2009RegionMorogoroMbeyaRainfedIrrigatedRainfedIrrigatedWithout BundWith BundWithout BundWith BundPaddy Yield (t/ha)2.03.13.91.32.83.8Share of leveled plots (%)20.547.169.833.370.677.1Share of Asian-type MVs (%)13.567.290.70.00.01.7Chemical fertilizer use (kg/ha)12.064.343.810.145.637.339Promising Crop (2): Upland NERICA riceIn Uganda, NERICA yields are 2 t/ha (dropouts) and 3 t/ha (continuous adopters) in 2004, and 1.5 t/ha (new adopters) and 2.5 t/ha (continuous adopters) in 2009, which are far higher than the average upland rice yield of 1 t/ha in SSA.In Benin, NERICA yield is 2.6 t/ha, which is significantly higher than average yield of other rice varieties, which is 1.6 t/ha.In Cote dIvoire, Gambia, and Guinea, however, no yield advantage of NERICA is found. 40Promising Crop (3): MaizeYield in Kenya: 2.2 t/ha with hybrid vs. 1.7 t/ ha with local and recycled hybrid varietiesYield in Uganda: 1.7 t/ha with hybrid vs. 1.5 t/ ha with local and recycled varietiesExperiment in Uganda:-- Distributed free hybrid seeds and chemical fertilizer to randomly chosen 500 HHs and none to 300 HHs in early 2009-- Sold seeds and chemical fertilizer to all HH and some neighbors at market prices and discounted prices with and without credit before the crop season in 2010-- Yields improved but not impressively (see Figure)41Results of Experiments42Maize YieldMelinda Smale, Derek Byerlee, and Thom Jayne argueWell-adapted germplasm is highly specific to location. progress achieved in one tropical environment cannot be easily replicated in another.Whether farmers grow improved open-pollinated varieties or hybrids, they are reliant on seed industry to a much greater than growers of improved rice or wheat. .. investment in maize research is required to produce a new generation of improved varieties that are drought-tolerant, pest-resistant, and nutrient-efficient. 433. Low-Input vs. High-Input AgricultureSince prices of inorganic fertilizer are high and grain prices at the farm gate are low, Asian-type high-input farming is inappropriate for SSA.At the same time, it is obvious that high grain yields cannot be achieved without applying fertilizer.We found that manure is applied to upland fields not only in India but also in East Africa where dairy cows are kept in stalls and that it is complementary to inorganic fertilizer.Conclusion: Mixed crop-livestock farming system with the use of moderate amount of both organic and inorganic fertilizer is appropriate for SSA. Careful crop rotation and the use of nitrogen fixing agroforestry should be also considered.

44Water and ClimateThe impacts of climate (i.e., temperature and rainfall) on crop yields have been lessened over time in the case of the Green Revolution crops in India (i.e., rice, wheat, and maize), due presumably to shorter growth duration of modern varieties.Weaker but similar changes, i.e., reduced impacts of climate on yields of rice, maize, and wheat, have been observed in SSA, suggesting the emerging impacts of Green Revolution technologies in SSA.

454. Markets vs. GovernmentDistance and road conditions are major determinants of output and input prices (e.g., maize, rice, milk, and inorganic fertilizer prices) in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia, suggesting that unfavorable relative prices for farmers are due to poor infrastructure, not due to the malfunctioning of markets. NERICA farmers said that lack of rice millers in nearby towns was a major constraint on NERICA adoption in 2004, but rice millers mushroomed since then, which promoted NERICA adoption.Tentative Conclusion: Although the evidence is not as concrete as we may wish, it seems that output and input markets have developed responding to increased demand for inputs and increased supply of outputs. Similar changes seem to have taken place in the process of Green Revolution in Asia.464. Markets vs. Government (continued)Credit market is not working and, thus, lack of credit is commonly a major constraint on the use of fertilizer.-- Why dont fertilizer dealers/traders/millers provide fertilizer on credit, as in Asia?-- Does micro finance work in agriculture in SSA?Weak extension system is another major constraint on the Green Revolution in SSA. -- No bunding and leveling in lowland rice production in many areas in SSA-- Absence of knowledge on hybrid maize and fertilizer in Uganda-- Deterioration of self-produced NERICA rice seeds in Uganda, resulting in more than 50% discontinued adopters in 2004-06.

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Successes in African Agriculture (S. Haggblade and P. Hazell)

Success: cassava and cotton due to sustained collaboration between national agricultural research institutions and advanced institutions that has generated a steady stream of new productive technology.Some success: dairy-cows in Kenya and maize in Eastern and Southern Africa, but improvement took place basically one time.48Concluding Remarks (I)1.Support smallholders as small farm size is not obstacle to productivity growth in SSA. As in Asia, smallholder farmers adopt new technologies as fast as or even faster than large farmers and achieve higher yields in SSA .2.Focus on lowland rice, upland rice, and maize as core strategic crops (possibly cassava and sweat potatoes could be other promising crops). In particular, lowland rice has advantage, as the useful technology and production practices can be directly transferable from Asia to SSA.

49Concluding Remarks (II)3.Invest in research not only on new crop varieties but also on the search for the optimum farming systems based on integrated dairy and maize production with crop rotation, manure/compost and fertilizer application, and the use of agroforestry.4.Strengthen extension system to boost grain production in the short run.5.Strengthen research systems (particularly sustained collaborations between CG centers and national agricultural research institutions) and increase investments in transportation infrastructure to improve marketing systems and irrigation to realize Green Revolution in the longer run.

50Thank you very much for your attention51Graph21.02738430110.58346047951.2912042440.75510156750.65980853770.9951467960.59379724631.33192097580.74830218270.69581418160.95922469140.59321468811.34447485830.71780495360.70257007190.94269324520.56437387871.33942879040.70260713650.69903777641.08061338510.55976231091.3520563150.69453552630.71066257931.10106540330.56217424161.37046707330.67482292550.76336800141.12122464840.59751255461.40457262770.64559902870.80630122511.03208592280.59838986541.40797856060.64710903980.79354482741.12494488720.59598999781.4184470130.67150461230.81242869591.21057260650.58006120051.41160440150.6982235640.83945828931.18571840520.57719344111.41815685810.6761126440.88565924811.2236179090.62596257321.45047498920.72576271650.90301551851.23492721370.65867709711.469115120.77273014320.95310040631.33819109670.67492961941.47285635510.78307158481.03436948621.35769278690.64103472871.44077735430.75606677441.10673762871.39147135160.65216715641.42383122770.73231628651.09976837521.39804988160.66293704411.40560435980.79646770181.09293532561.40385812470.66776358671.41836588740.84706858281.07199665011.51687028350.68941926711.42197301210.92422486161.19126759521.53583040360.72230075131.44333655940.95950912611.22556862971.3920124290.76304171751.46404283960.96079670471.25478096091.15407558180.74199785811.50021682060.91740335751.20838461921.16153701610.77434851281.55103004690.88254685161.13308332551.26596254760.77253670411.58576828890.86935542861.17114313341.3229283040.77579450671.62901482130.87921082771.3237170561.32606165590.74759983911.63996306320.88749357811.54251798541.40295336390.75074833581.67194087560.86636232671.53621408841.44132393690.7444132251.68049180210.82460579681.4152265561.41867666550.71581219551.69456189230.80089308041.37588236151.21638800340.68636887131.66928567350.78473946891.50394927541.2366484120.67248521011.66760471740.82002854641.6639973631.28884438140.66604221931.61229182460.82024053611.6793148991.38426652110.67469741771.59534377860.8572415531.62328575191.43353481110.69162485181.59789374140.88304450691.6262702041.41519237660.69871822091.63179652860.90627366761.642425161.43385728950.71789681251.64255504630.91146501821.81070006631.38537654250.73177654181.63000339630.90654527761.79761397041.39557197980.7333818861.63932568210.90884092571.86263431571.43554253550.74607410681.64380776280.89932548861.85793206351.44397110920.74947194341.63615848170.89987862571.93755374781.4457396350.79062383461.6526899710.91521661911.89430711311.47596521310.79186795661.6515773310.9397991251.81672905311.51961157840.82788371951.67726630980.97167585931.75517335621.55166251910.84757708271.69036818371.00040947581.87469993911.57074420970.8606708341.79061915681.04053626282.0561704715

MaizeMilletRiceSorghumWheat

rawArea Harvestedhayearcountryitem19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007--Eastern Africa +Maize56585835758390596002060555956630997674172567400936935821724550968916597037804753976975541498095696780303582944767851215808819374022357678139764970777909088061771797579187486559223790910935796228029948976961324393425958963439901365793535669629615106019811147653811822916126630091277940811881440116532211244483012606055133330621390829813235566--Eastern Africa +Millet16106001658790163990016368991648135166820017004001798100184350017183121849630177801016997761451127149261716616631708604178943315731751484970140812611373241154450116721012536771338033126940213837221316712115241412850831260334147563216169711441526152291814927791601383157423914512581437748142817614585181580729151337417397841623903--Eastern Africa +Rice, 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200819611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007SSAMaize1432388214525026146951131522569515484389154610851604093516278164164439801626277216577349170338631636536417318740173971521788609516946129168827821652489216773479167114201716492918125685183357341918867921489205223681512289839623258277239547382360250423969821248600682570138224200282245290762550229125134014257687032581803824483186252187562627837526310801275397502711073127792002Millet110817751143380111544346110871841184558611257460117847921168555412796190127192711269089111094127130363261234142711620867120195421155726010420890106350511104187798660789575357966590199531861105918812743413124434311341528913864774150987451502721515308486162367411705074816880990168694781621259617419046177159581749755116307122173049861801080517281456182428691917116219727117Rice, 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200819611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007SSAMaize1436232415108283152728341379404214437474153021372116973016176345172694221711356721091725222646281600128224004128233297252302914424479116243507792160266324521992297693972341571818678452195746782660596328876612277022213196489836618949324246283134419723192769351610893815603930343487383184643645714832921618365071083769820735004955363656603850979040003774433185834233634443846794Millet6359558654810969705756706479676323558233286965413675641979758797551214724632163848337627289885242478284937618433711475073681487084506695735876168357323150727176670557249531287951774789426511042715810486224105639741039066110225936106839071146027211714680119569241124193313090286132945791221719912875604131625721479910113709409158470401688517616424462Rice, 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FAOSTATArea Harvestedhayearcountryitem19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007--Eastern Africa +Maize56585835758390596002060555956630997674172567400936935821724550968916597037804753976975541498095696780303582944767851215808819374022357678139764970777909088061771797579187486559223790910935796228029948976961324393425958963439901365793535669629615106019811147653811822916126630091277940811881440116532211244483012606055133330621390829813235566--Eastern Africa +Millet16106001658790163990016368991648135166820017004001798100184350017183121849630177801016997761451127149261716616631708604178943315731751484970140812611373241154450116721012536771338033126940213837221316712115241412850831260334147563216169711441526152291814927791601383157423914512581437748142817614585181580729151337417397841623903--Eastern Africa +Rice, paddy977927102509710532131054357993422120205212052141244861122615512836101307411133142613316671383729143929515011171592304158512416034861625978163499816604531588137162496016026261654685164401616565701760750178755517570401722763184269817483611814729195760619496672202342205562420962041964783192374121583102216689225030123904242428090--Eastern Africa +Sorghum26352002624836261700026884092668940294570031251492945453338126431918143245404315527426920802867934296079331916983102943303948529066593287011323878528358272952076310401029244833259397324703830307382843196273890226849662578212261826433499733317186371045639801163347066341352933771163792959376662040005204311749444263245875634261200--Eastern Africa +Wheat10437551047051107748610836941133828115845911890251233706125742513086251340988136512510064061019283981195764665767832736383742701767646769900917140935024829449912850102967694007295074495462391022784729685101589619910361531104451128028911667531202167135133413807791512628131401514937281793888193988218997591708305--Middle Africa +Maize15912701576770158077015049441463770152695215618001594800169204516376101700016172792518478401954117195407819597671980784197328020323991995675197526320250302038860176706018552162152632218407323406592377220221412723994152681055302665229254072461861254664326434852806785272516126748752794700297603830363153327894345742533358523416300--Middle Africa +Millet79000081300080200078400076368570016769300069400067500066490071200068290064620064190070750074950076390078500072290069080044980048490054874242026167558971269264606379175474761072457982504083978577554487445095755910560389364791082445109256611038901207508112931810879581064695146559214845501477000--Middle Africa +Rice, paddy151302153618145035139246175574187936197737313040297315342038358784361245367087361653364173382896360355392267388037381261389584405684394121397983441248446755461162492911523792545792560394636363659162681716588300556083544443595462596238577991559818580476576537581197606090568557568900--Middle Africa +Sorghum101400010790001070000104700010260009470009302639030009270008793009519008994008670008417009500009680009992001057200994900963800684800773900847751762189968160109796685657297126710244599300851049191104840910320801130346125684211686821225650120212694152510581251268853114020712888551194976138296815093591557500--Middle Africa +Wheat223502210022800188502295226047278352760622900245432224221551186692040019800223002400627400246862201419614170122322512849153021126111371128001080012117133551240212239123151431012427125211424112804117791149911257117009350117871128913500--Southern Africa +Maize43463404585043457160046601374540716451523648616865030150469355046974595041440517661142375905116474502773052431524929238463658547935084817002475376648871184875272506959247249615047748529986750627194689317446289640445574372487459608449983993711590410673143492903764131384504043654713470213381554038770733466192347427422853502804300--Southern Africa +Millet83324803008030086324103296111193136013139087142382150092171137152000157000157000162000162000167000167000170000176300174700170400178300180300181700182100177500191100198500191000161300178000179200293400297400290100325200253275272948279700254400219615273400276200258100267800259050--Southern Africa +Rice, paddy35383904371236673500351835993647412937063671299926282406291331643200320032003200250018031759159517001700170017001700170017001700150015001500135713801315133013501450145014501450145014501450--Southern Africa +Sorghum618000399000626000494000592507596194909186420895460076573271649723471116369554526027437228386065453492442287373842487021432984333512360461461140545887570929619809680902504663419250309491301197383018516150288762418782291989192347197311290534232690163724160917206692167135118150142600--Southern Africa +Wheat147429214455601589610138961014304101205790137199017532901945900201835221058042124364210113719426481895089201563718707761938710193940716572521833532203859418499041973613202167019679281779303204155418884501605751147263376511610880881078522138215513179861404634770639732023965014995510959871780096855135818484780218645040--Western Africa +Maize27276892604823258272330050192848906267717228773562717393281287630360442798089258955827257852152453261230923887002184892218472422967502282663233268424618733149782352329138598475065035577485458722166242764766447278159377952840822367584240108397216727372170329786740182653549359982846336833677395769201576910660727498975812318335836--Western Africa 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+Millet1969068419276951191351881999801020295278202090512109543520038782209104862119135919691187192910502187356119044308197881511886092019200630194263251802287718820691190031851754123718926445171603261711319617497337144768541794585616796537159312871490103115328909140073931467244013549499140579551370533813411457126462521374223613238680110484751434812412561990129554531254286811555665--Southern Asia +Rice, paddy4648404147720844482576884924772648367151480415765001604450578481519183235151207050974001501871875224244351992655540645245268897754895995553348905426734855174269559454365351431755706267562645735630587956667246539201585694103457589581582433305797390256751989576913825789425258065454588277385901972960451911615672956097218960616011573013505901422357778831600756366065444760861735--Southern Asia +Sorghum1876428118902372188452751864295418275449186142911900842919206118190972091793395217285811160147981730779416639050165747581622280716840503166178901709908116204761169933411676755816824511163364011647159816349145163208071503206115279494147755831274340913445149130753741195280311744501117702961126937710177920106095101021097010153680963912996933899639399934779489603558752016--Southern Asia +Wheat2356755724559680245437542473866625945719257275002516170028793055296445153070917532025561336751383381071933269761325897743515989335623410361698743747113137889677385228913844653539853714405410573985194539358858403487623974425640871402403971504152395940821374432356674319757543720240431319304380699744881180440552844457580442662062437983254333729544613754452766724473569246202864A = May include official, semi-official or estimated datatotal156413452159301891160582553162502816164678245163002308168810763171950195180066671177562814176395535172584950180656990176483080176503501179401016180090372180037201178389180181430088181492525177736529183917037185568142188083414193461698188698073195963157198635294198004938196891637196568422200380360203316941201717467203432526204421953205769345206641105207723250203369415200146725208430823206916668213684681214733855215990140FAOSTAT | FAO Statistics Division 2008 | 04 December 2008Area Harvestedha19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007SSAMaize1432388214525026146951131522569515484389154610851604093516278164164439801626277216577349170338631636536417318740173971521788609516946129168827821652489216773479167114201716492918125685183357341918867921489205223681512289839623258277239547382360250423969821248600682570138224200282245290762550229125134014257687032581803824483186252187562627837526310801275397502711073127792002Millet110817751143380111544346110871841184558611257460117847921168555412796190127192711269089111094127130363261234142711620867120195421155726010420890106350511104187798660789575357966590199531861105918812743413124434311341528913864774150987451502721515308486162367411705074816880990168694781621259617419046177159581749755116307122173049861801080517281456182428691917116219727117Rice, paddy25424382742043263247227751042769135287293330869383148826313042932964453425470335804535463453606893381555738314044027365407379343050684278574438581444998304411320445316045683314738656479005752429646086523559712461226836169503609171563154576403593645011667967307010329692985769884736947104698753973309597720373813052587992188705364Sorghum114213861151129312137650121641761272807411761794127849981189931415394763130910251291207810934041116689221176011210033031122375221093767210925997990029510986931975564597220049899447120199261285817613738245137325171383602514082171135268441478250815189422151236311613035716392729167297311703581316836770165823921678295717695801177222191836335318418226191340121976067019797816Wheat25531622527599270228625061992601032240368226020303028082323932233648303482664352468831393372997751291029428154222675714271522827195942459812263669629867962826213283827130096053081903280840830483482907795259483823890541662901201364121452182527039263870926144412042127215625724186122581743234559623475522725573283853727662012455445SAMaize59842466102282608878161171026366432665293672294627293819749145474819157330523747201376661797512383770939376784347385694746953274438437800017767201975179667677534766550876568177797690748892878589287898740788529978253727920868804474882567098233140842749784586418404591860959787164208684026878035097067489866265101434331023251110140116Millet1969068419276951191351881999801020295278202090512109543520038782209104862119135919691187192910502187356119044308197881511886092019200630194263251802287718820691190031851754123718926445171603261711319617497337144768541794585616796537159312871490103115328909140073931467244013549499140579551370533813411457126462521374223613238680110484751434812412561990129554531254286811555665Rice, paddy4648404147720844482576884924772648367151480415765001604450578481519183235151207050974001501871875224244351992655540645245268897754895995553348905426734855174269559454365351431755706267562645735630587956667246539201585694103457589581582433305797390256751989576913825789425258065454588277385901972960451911615672956097218960616011573013505901422357778831600756366065444760861735Sorghum1876428118902372188452751864295418275449186142911900842919206118190972091793395217285811160147981730779416639050165747581622280716840503166178901709908116204761169933411676755816824511163364011647159816349145163208071503206115279494147755831274340913445149130753741195280311744501117702961126937710177920106095101021097010153680963912996933899639399934779489603558752016Wheat2356755724559680245437542473866625945719257275002516170028793055296445153070917532025561336751383381071933269761325897743515989335623410361698743747113137889677385228913844653539853714405410573985194539358858403487623974425640871402403971504152395940821374432356674319757543720240431319304380699744881180440552844457580442662062437983254333729544613754452766724473569246202864156413452159301891160582553162502816164678245163002308168810763171950195180066671177562814176395535172584950180656990176483080176503501179401016180090372180037201178389180181430088181492525177736529183917037185568142188083414193461698188698073195963157198635294198004938196891637196568422200380360203316941201717467203432526204421953205769345206641105207723250203369415200146725208430823206916668213684681214733855215990140Production Quantitytonyearcountryitem19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007--Eastern Africa +Maize568983457418475736347598141663146796571392775846270678867858678660728082303799353871812049892614469680528115927611117258510486589957610496489201086627510591102101553299654463123678421276502811280865143715121451670813007348118469649000738133359611220468313006934162222961443489813280737157681221541404115635304136934131520849616553760165271221974314420070028--Eastern Africa +Millet11070701185469117724411473521249311123130312298261386480151482115338501350852138608713384641198488141849715719211442377154814814432761326617119367411555441266323100416314091261130896113305013701151291991117869512249021172015121705814015381214350123602812947481421558148337212758971332961132025413265411457263141590716706981679307--Eastern Africa +Rice, paddy16841341777551187647319371031796378186625719534612029712212298722618622277251232454524672252488799249049126210282630796255866925135352614577242911825190772713684272941728424573041054307411530399143436005348380932955733107607354294533159563430368374323135935433775422389076037883744001244410427945055504505128497144953808635529997--Eastern Africa +Sorghum19839252088769207195920787392063524224207223680382065189244701525782842597484260417522274652244673232048726290542435651240642428434123341379307747429061852907326276017824873512912027285111826183662696468265703624583322044980242860524950583143110384887938105033134003340291430608103763069379560536690663966907462203948541574721900--Eastern Africa +Wheat781065772963821822835699921323918155969866107197511198201166591122043712347319741621028434107684096813210350169078439711051073917114600812466771408400103317712510981402068135941714319901510823157130115047611314370155339615500311632103192353817833351958542190084919055882418017211359523836572893972312321835458383687713--Middle Africa +Maize11994001169400111400011638001169800114362011637301245140142681613627581355032136890014082201454275168782015025491405649137502613708111452954141984815160411528633142548614293471630878166528516867811674734166711419540992084220206734021703072010567244116025154452818333263565325192532583075279352729653092927001327259628871363007200--Middle Africa +Millet491000470000583000506000440790471440454755455000481000458700455100375500368200433300444000419700421900444800409400392100287300307500297300217678402240424591343244516076348237337829393510460763351994471578444975522819418183550911560224458450648915623524704471535637832637838004799000--Middle Africa +Rice, paddy1336681370511384231440961316471864622030812710912533022745262894312793932941972985043124783470403188753421313314923542573686153795214007393863264463734358164292744958355572285265345621275784994956535843465109975127135021675668025862275228725331895285515307105003725743375138021698700--Middle Africa +Sorghum70100067600082600072600065102170186364335161674869400063240064120053770052300060910065790058350062290068890061540064920048110052010052276146556172500193974157035677022166429167810170941579300065878785753093361983185285914210478157698628512041048687107136111874981106561115533911928391289300--Middle Africa +Wheat23627243702559218784265003050038956353062526522121212822493519851275852150022970182871960018448176181621814000178007918120591170010381118409920117501321112510124061433218860183051934221592178851647316097168401578012940165931490518700--Southern Africa +Maize545360761962106295751447229747732765343528999812955469975573800633320988622959738591440713411382696935890377542281005209610488497869739711285953151247808960695454757150596448718352881309580928667988856127569219496134878788234447601020109613559354511510510522166104878857949856821725711691659804540210298996988687798973971191619171484367509538--Southern Africa +Millet30145277362475825290306743250540400465454680441270480004240044400470004900048500500004950050000520005188052450554355771559850613006536573700769807465062300255005132475691520507210813435756607593608947277054681466426086495600207112070125--Southern Africa +Rice, paddy67137944852382147942856883597625998393489111863975376614741880738000800080008000600046144593557460006000600060006000600060006000400040004000326534113105300031703370337033703370337033703370--Southern Africa +Sorghum470022258164348000328000482831391740845559265183283477450619696435605721282583848683483763398696520509727613457901807167636576339348264173547171707067547520735767807156603825423238357143156068612614628810341072640016489436393473274370514185275223318310310852414395306928140596216800--Southern Africa +Wheat929532760882936000111600070710060705011280501301833137706714547181729892177234719096481655484183912922942041943081175260621235291503594237729324632621804110236892717177342352231317980736461462046378174888721566441339770199839718601351995607275019124694831925104175288724830842548329249368415900791709112192726521262081778225--Western Africa +Maize201948320008262126736217652921797192243597224940923163222410128281032026440191803266206543019057112602474217960618487862000667195835121341652358494234788024469193435085409042256676116663205791774976705868254032875525286630519556692102216951021088191328429018920887269298860768073254874117495797241044910810625616116026741255762813260028--Western Africa +Millet47313434864904518557350278375042460408808052404324868394593325455173945392369458084658762257173636591699655783125200473532570051818305186641608398158076565652708577616876600717900960740099284672678769016897280087099498567658906353195114651000330510125969939464511061210111916231039338010816674111506481270382911630014135384761430535413876030--Western Africa +Rice, paddy13168821595169154396816784421720794178846921432832023648212882620885222244461216188422863292631336282793125284992712447290401330967303210764350175736041103534583376426240079484158288451856850116786399283550781063833506380352629243956174006183688673322468394726969707706908871282126768597684865773273457530254844093092916819525004--Western Africa +Sorghum53683506079058559445056967445702212469472051135784669292573663755832485274527363548144332186437212472620845984914965384431571346304155453024532984656566745580130639807971978097927835786892281107387778417639316985718428936188925098292285561027719210300640997957910779972107919201060334710546577111306891212238412142226133612161412122215105913--Western Africa +Wheat208502072619912230202260722881236022263022453216302249022570179222180021950212502420024242251802721030000300103032037330121844141513146945536456465065626745614916439210406025577253559775691175801216549055466953625216952680342803058786183050--Southern Asia +Maize6421214670986267289556849137702547871140608681185797413380372389818133734800887390678265873804597597504498897971844260486747987969285958242494231729067409105383371106297492192401028978183983111107764312614632120638941115693313037729127883891258198613522639147033651497777315572874163486311642550717685986163115352051074621252485223378922240555224198975--Southern Asia +Millet82560788449272844520891113337239396818457996021617833199973033612775752979312279554791216635775379701101896610218535102294831122181285963109777371106283879035210128050441034895179534108911547728929711865182112677491096706786104301282494390038941089786491665861147089410975432108331009235795106059991179181770220151525796511377329110814441112807111171723--Southern Asia +Rice, paddy73597704691185877759386081358637680232026653205480099887846691098734203288739244880738958246773893153170858872951020957209049159810869396811133774093128181112197467112333925103279287123684345121472163130373170126262567120622622142049852149595357151583691152494791148676088162009408161169589156918371165986137167031854175439084186028952181583527191123990162347134189037458178500162196471788202058479203688679--Southern Asia +Sorghum827932710001489943816099778337857408950301710340833100667651000532984353598035231727061694768991068422697915071078940012351187116913601189890110662302122881011097660512142501116346011041726794224251237812310419691131618431192097183240761304504511627867922895995824731115388477599728643917890644077490207779450727365072547006869016740267078138257606216--Southern Asia +Wheat201316312131446419548622190459222294265720912182220257002998195732156080341060663623494940641761398876353728302140589769471297984695208649356667550634175235749657489063593103996523346666615484664916727210702368040106698014537819553275576639820634268503440487986570900124529816933093719043101302516102651668103331781110032132102595579108997449104719267111259243111252839110635526119502639A = May include official, semi-official or estimated data150827604151448713158209336161434224148522729146830094174324093177838159188737148195083204194847252190936243202021642200593263221190724215195816235498340240657058222978410245117117258948885242091356269542530268268495282114750289263495278124001313609406337713574328174125330477473330755422356150558359703917357943954378668124380173610389845664404234702407279464410846733383967477423804844417836997446295245454536315470098160FAOSTAT | FAO Statistics Division 2008 | 04 December 2008Production Quantityton19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007SSAMaize1436232415108283152728341379404214437474153021372116973016176345172694221711356721091725222646281600128224004128233297252302914424479116243507792160266324521992297693972341571818678452195746782660596328876612277022213196489836618949324246283134419723192769351610893815603930343487383184643645714832921618365071083769820735004955363656603850979040003774433185834233634443846794Millet6359558654810969705756706479676323558233286965413675641979758797551214724632163848337627289885242478284937618433711475073681487084506695735876168357323150727176670557249531287951774789426511042715810486224105639741039066110225936106839071146027211714680119569241124193313090286132945791221719912875604131625721479910113709409158470401688517616424462Rice, paddy3141397351771535673873767855365676138497564308184433207645150984634258482025447744615055288542525356383185504640567011858128135949757618759863054906507322665359968855797302778764115880279578553427103985169524153102470501007245810335037952170210129053109924331093859311315036115490751144262811306400114848571236697512539124139900861518971616757071Sorghum8523297910199188404098829483889958880303958970526761641291611299244551920964673830777466266101396688188358820974185444448138650854712810250770952499694223079274390101709891111722812327123120261631230648111743001101515441209673211930236129509881320995414694993156213871513866015355263152390661502954615633556163159651728980017630089194455222030881421333913Wheat17550741578941180332619935031677530157858621604742431744254460526650602994101305458329215832733303295941933065563020584270429131382622622339356951937539493260630344735231027353907512469655051436213631771339756437491772715814360340934651003702342474559343497294022818379327544956995049396468664040590424696366514738157748125567688SAMaize6421214670986267289556849137702547871140608681185797413380372389818133734800887390678265873804597597504498897971844260486747987969285958242494231729067409105383371106297492192401028978183983111107764312614632120638941115693313037729127883891258198613522639147033651497777315572874163486311642550717685986163115352051074621252485223378922240555224198975Millet82560788449272844520891113337239396818457996021617833199973033612775752979312279554791216635775379701101896610218535102294831122181285963109777371106283879035210128050441034895179534108911547728929711865182112677491096706786104301282494390038941089786491665861147089410975432108331009235795106059991179181770220151525796511377329110814441112807111171723Rice, paddy73597704691185877759386081358637680232026653205480099887846691098734203288739244880738958246773893153170858872951020957209049159810869396811133774093128181112197467112333925103279287123684345121472163130373170126262567120622622142049852149595357151583691152494791148676088162009408161169589156918371165986137167031854175439084186028952181583527191123990162347134189037458178500162196471788202058479203688679Sorghum827932710001489943816099778337857408950301710340833100667651000532984353598035231727061694768991068422697915071078940012351187116913601189890110662302122881011097660512142501116346011041726794224251237812310419691131618431192097183240761304504511627867922895995824731115388477599728643917890644077490207779450727365072547006869016740267078138257606216Wheat201316312131446419548622190459222294265720912182220257002998195732156080341060663623494940641761398876353728302140589769471297984695208649356667550634175235749657489063593103996523346666615484664916727210702368040106698014537819553275576639820634268503440487986570900124529816933093719043101302516102651668103331781110032132102595579108997449104719267111259243111252839110635526119502639150827604151448713158209336161434224148522729146830094174324093177838159188737148195083204194847252190936243202021642200593263221190724215195816235498340240657058222978410245117117258948885242091356269542530268268495282114750289263495278124001313609406337713574328174125330477473330755422356150558359703917357943954378668124380173610389845664404234702407279464410846733383967477423804844417836997446295245454536315470098160Yieldton/ha1961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200761-07 (times)Africa ex NorthMaize1.01.01.00.90.91.01.31.01.11.11.31.31.01.41.31.31.41.41.31.51.81.41.01.11.41.31.21.41.61.41.31.01.41.51.31.61.41.31.41.51.41.41.51.51.61.61.61.6Millet0.60.60.60.60.60.50.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.70.70.60.60.70.70.60.80.80.80.70.90.70.70.80.80.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.80.80.70.80.80.80.80.90.90.81.5Rice1.21.31.41.41.31.31.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.61.61.71.61.71.71.71.61.71.51.61.71.61.61.71.61.61.61.71.61.71.71.91.6Sorghum0.70.80.70.70.70.70.70.60.60.70.70.70.60.90.80.70.80.70.90.91.01.00.90.80.90.90.90.90.80.80.80.80.90.80.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.91.01.01.01.11.4Wheat0.70.60.70.80.60.70.80.80.80.80.90.90.90.91.01.21.11.01.21.11.41.31.21.21.01.31.71.71.21.31.61.61.81.61.51.81.72.01.81.92.02.01.71.71.82.12.33.3ton/ha19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007South AsiaMaize1.11.11.11.11.11.11.21.11.11.31.01.21.11.11.31.21.11.21.11.21.21.21.41.41.21.31.11.41.61.51.41.61.61.51.61.71.81.91.91.92.01.92.12.22.22.22.42.2Millet0.40.40.40.50.40.40.50.40.50.60.50.40.60.40.60.50.50.60.50.50.60.50.70.60.50.50.50.70.70.70.60.80.60.70.70.80.80.80.70.80.90.61.10.90.90.91.02.3Rice1.61.41.61.71.41.41.61.71.71.71.71.61.81.71.91.72.02.01.72.02.01.92.22.22.32.22.22.52.62.62.62.62.82.82.72.82.82.93.03.03.22.83.23.13.33.33.32.1Sorghum0.40.50.50.50.40.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.60.60.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.60.60.80.70.90.80.71.00.90.80.80.90.70.80.80.80.80.80.70.70.80.90.92.0Wheat0.90.90.80.80.90.80.91.01.11.11.11.21.21.11.21.31.31.41.51.41.51.51.61.61.71.81.71.81.91.92.02.12.02.12.22.22.32.32.32.52.42.52.42.52.52.52.63.03-year MAton/ha1963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620076383830763909007Africa ex NorthMaize1.01.01.00.91.11.11.11.01.11.21.21.21.21.31.41.41.41.41.51.51.41.21.21.31.31.31.41.41.41.21.21.31.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.61.61.51.351.131.401.09MaizeMillet0.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.70.70.60.70.70.70.70.70.80.70.80.80.80.70.80.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.80.80.80.80.91.51.311.131.281.16MilletRice1.31.31.31.31.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.51.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.61.61.61.61.71.71.71.71.71.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.71.71.71.71.81.41.131.221.301.07RiceSorghum0.80.70.70.70.70.70.60.60.70.70.70.70.80.80.80.70.80.80.91.01.00.90.90.90.90.90.90.80.80.80.80.80.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.91.01.01.01.41.271.081.091.26SorghumWheat0.70.70.70.70.70.80.80.80.80.80.90.91.01.01.11.11.11.11.21.21.31.21.11.21.31.51.51.41.41.51.71.71.61.61.61.81.81.91.91.91.91.81.81.92.13.11.901.642.141.45Wheatton/ha196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007South AsiaMaize1.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.21.11.21.11.11.11.21.21.21.11.21.21.21.31.31.31.31.21.31.41.51.51.51.61.61.61.61.71.81.81.91.91.92.02.02.22.22.32.11.161.781.381.49MaizeMillet0.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.60.50.50.50.50.60.60.60.50.50.60.60.70.60.70.70.70.70.70.80.80.80.80.80.80.90.90.90.90.92.11.351.551.561.34MilletRice1.51.61.61.51.51.61.71.71.71.71.71.71.81.81.91.91.91.91.92.02.12.12.22.22.32.32.42.62.62.62.72.72.82.82.82.92.93.03.13.03.13.03.23.23.32.11.331.621.661.29RiceSorghum0.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.60.60.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.60.70.70.80.80.80.80.80.90.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.70.80.80.81.71.431.211.611.07SorghumWheat0.80.80.80.80.90.91.01.11.11.11.21.21.21.21.31.31.41.41.41.51.61.61.61.71.71.81.81.81.92.02.02.12.12.22.22.32.32.42.42.52.42.52.52.52.53.01.851.612.201.36Wheat

FAOSTAT


SSATable1



Crop Yield (Ton/ha)Growth (times)1961-1963 Average2005-2007 Average1963 to 2007SSAWheat0.72.13.1Rice1.31.81.4Maize1.01.61.5Sorghum0.81.01.4Millet0.60.91.5South AsiaWheat0.82.53.0Rice1.53.32.1Maize1.12.32.1Sorghum0.50.81.7Millet0.40.92.1South Asian Yield/SSA YieldWheat1.31.2Rice1.21.9Maize1.11.4Sorghum0.60.8Millet0.71.0

Graph60.98146573680.42685323141.49585648040.48996437610.84441516670.99920808770.43887677771.52091850030.52206667930.80415044461.00345963750.41017824441.48682427670.48854462370.81201470220.9931487590.39720369191.40195475690.49200046410.82328866631.03077718310.39709788061.3790485470.49505211320.87580120231.02825289630.40908642851.48565649760.52657537750.93900235721.0294072210.42981325731.59040723190.53043709911.05301165161.08148740780.4810408281.63591593620.50412627031.16005812921.04899135060.51818207111.66843169610.48308746581.22797977611.09112011550.49937462451.66680336340.45863906391.29835365310.98634907970.48288709121.68048188340.48454261381.31909720691.00240780450.44721547141.6349495890.54554717161.27421728021.03867794840.49783826941.71948461710.59270050191.26037054811.07046903020.49259239721.68992319960.63372609731.30687087361.10480952320.5403936351.81889741690.66574075281.37842959831.0624999780.54785163591.86324357290.70496935391.42555928021.03559272540.52532447441.85432157680.7153978431.47821539881.07140455150.52043853241.86730184660.68888873091.49455110621.10005442370.51414467041.85767333980.69501099561.544604891.15517355080.52700907891.93740218450.68103655171.5855952831.21968512640.58177852291.99842733030.70288842971.71232680041.31749957550.5967302462.05338489270.69911806081.78342863281.3179116260.57914047772.21323904890.69139273181.84304516681.29450777140.52085499782.22052785450.64159606831.91976272481.15225310790.48528960632.24449408170.65724413041.94407237491.23540533050.55434526972.31762722690.67829881861.98800707761.35198578680.6105822982.45458783220.77607363642.05414962891.51497969990.67553179172.59237930210.79316364072.12246016211.50859401960.64450200472.61853541650.77937122722.21561959321.52332276170.70260208352.61626779710.81693538612.26549717221.55121451490.68487575132.68889302110.84511684412.33402384581.57509543220.74382716392.76802408780.88623632272.36675497311.54801447690.68795405712.79734125380.8334108342.42176199211.58396908630.74835171112.79475349570.85374786192.47380862851.6716892570.76828603512.78847689040.82487992732.573598191.73914349890.81377348032.84959282950.8367834572.54898207831.76675059130.78347185662.90146884120.79948132012.58474034621.80357952470.77254587442.9026998970.82344672432.61791269721.87112312660.80064993582.98112284310.79420201622.69221270391.83346663030.76713383882.86049689390.76520156872.7495482891.90643466720.87122516432.94993510350.76191089452.69339350831.87567639270.87531887792.90318890140.74343612552.69508857731.96210324480.95390689133.08231339820.75561480662.64158276291.91749756150.89134638273.10641681150.79769361082.6445063312.00159370090.91478507433.18375567730.85096596962.6305476756


Analysis1Area planted to HYV of crop x (000 ha)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat0000000000293211737855204601074849646102201041412507142501419214805140031504615910167771818817816179781769918170Rice00000000007021447207735414591602065588362903710605109631318913928135791474715998155361794018642190141943816770Sorghum000000000094317687553778694862122512731842231329142925309134763988429251124937591153345268Pearl Millet0000000000523506871030172114172157316524302752210324872929286235344330453652174970482750803370Maize00000000008921228630638638834566892791988510371086113112941282144316241666144918041546Area planted to crop x (000 ha)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat1295111125119641272512259128901294412821128081200212112140681477515801169851787718317177041661618855195211980821160205442111320909219362326422023214372113621244Rice2878328693294323007730315308253167831787323023124730911318143141132607326043294232117333183298634233334993532835701344713515335677323833587835672354393545733273Sorghum1649717247178951764518412181691817418284179631754918127179831754016925167981644416670170051612315966157561603815924169011616516581164031613215492155941544915654Pearl Millet113861110811358106451148211189109211102611646116001240412687122541245313262117751229413969113961129010716109241123211334115801161810821116751040910489109938587Maize33523680378338823925400841314106409342494594506951025200529351605176548051995314523151115080511153635244498951054988513150894792Proportion of Area planted to HYV19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.020.150.260.330.350.420.530.580.630.660.730.720.700.680.710.760.760.780.810.840.840.86Rice0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.020.050.070.110.140.180.200.250.270.310.330.370.390.390.420.450.480.500.520.540.550.50Sorghum0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.020.040.030.050.040.050.070.080.120.150.180.180.180.220.240.260.320.320.380.350.34Pearl Millet0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.030.060.080.130.120.180.230.210.240.200.230.260.250.310.370.420.450.480.460.460.39Maize0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.020.040.060.060.070.080.070.120.180.170.170.200.210.220.240.240.290.320.330.280.350.32Production (000 tons)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat8995734494139790105291153410349937611740991610717155851714919060222272417022625198242197226280268622948332923286493346434770401274354741592440114271742606Rice2550921605270092768730395314332899532368346152621025800310963090732250351243509433573377953328541044358574571046226357304759447434395045243350327555065273148659Sorghum7631859789858516983579759446917696547585877997109254893177037215729093551033794021047511718110201166510696119551078511932111259972869311903Pearl Millet28863617383934653254360839173845448836614461516936335257811450203989696231995430581445265472463652765325503875305968353442983267Maize27102803299236033595375340484029410941824452559144474752655645065251483346205966497749735174495457905737558967977135562661974820Yield (Ton/ha)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat0.690.660.790.770.860.890.800.730.920.830.881.111.161.211.311.351.241.121.321.391.381.491.561.391.591.661.831.871.892.052.022.012.9Rice0.890.750.920.921.001.020.921.021.070.840.830.980.980.991.081.071.051.131.011.201.071.291.291.041.351.331.221.461.411.571.491.461.7Sorghum0.460.500.500.480.530.440.520.500.540.430.480.540.530.530.460.440.440.550.640.590.660.730.690.690.660.720.660.740.720.640.560.761.6Pearl Millet0.250.330.340.330.280.320.360.350.390.320.360.410.300.420.610.430.320.500.280.480.540.410.490.410.460.460.470.640.570.340.390.381.5Maize0.810.760.790.930.920.940.980.981.000.980.971.100.870.911.240.871.010.880.891.120.950.971.020.971.081.091.121.331.431.101.221.011.2Area Planted (K ha)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Other Pulses50865170518652045156536753495437537950445054530054115408544252555139558850276364630662956630935896739732885798150000Tobacco356321337364354374370398366333391398415410401426423433315338433526383352364367458469344320305261Finger Millet211235263269278269253254250277291346334331334287294404353419444460460433514456437448388411394348Jute581547562497490762700721697611647722412633606657554638503453586633705659749656568596674939644539Potato231258272291291288331336348397385403421386392412403431476495490506637552585641593660737737714758Barley35213170334433933220337631122894280327742966343928982812262924972459266728332836231424972058159016161567135813161157127811331057Soy0000000000000000000000000106667331074117712661498Sesami16431587173216571456157017631603166917492116198817241675175717821524165415471469142515051564150815881651172917541734185916641548Sunflower0000000000000000000000001122254266616808089811708Sugarcane20212021190820792353239121982178252127412209196824652691249623142433277829162848277030312949241924702967315529602866273129313142Tur30643100314431403122310331163143311231213102314731273141312330683107309330853084305930723080308330963111312431423119313631523206Rapeseed&Mustard8809949668458411030110910498979251033110272787610151257116312901502117195613251268117414411884182420062941282627003256Maize33523680378338823925400841314106409342494594506951025200529351605176548051995314523151115080511153635244498951054988513150894792Gram9655910010071103379229962491899281868779127845790067147433768978526732752268657944715971816966662760587259705468926756754466425679Cotton79447933786772207537789576808086822777667604757274617714773682608084780176747516685776707655776674747697739673107136726567966161Groundnut56756414624064506449686371826858728476087476767473676987754179257411719973017298717070987352645359706463719276087497704669956588Pearl Millet113861110811358106451148211189109211102611646116001240412687122541245313262117751229413969113961129010716109241123211334115801161810821116751040910489109938587Sorghum1649717247178951764518412181691817418284179631754918127179831754016925167981644416670170051612315966157561603815924169011616516581164031613215492155941544915654Wheat1295111125119641272512259128901294412821128081200212112140681477515801169851787718317177041661618855195211980821160205442111320909219362326422023214372113621244Rice2878328693294323007730315308253167831787323023124730911318143141132607326043294232117333183298634233334993532835701344713515335677323833587835672354393545733273Total1157931146601182821186791191291219541221621222251230161198701212331255471225261254521280731281611262721309471246911298681266681309851327821323141330641366961333511404071276711281521264271212861956198719561987195619872000-2004 AvgIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaAsiaSSAOther Pulses50860Tobacco356261Finger Millet211348Jute581539Potato231758Barley35211057Soy01498Sesami16431548Sunflower01708Sugarcane20213142Tur30643206Rapeseed&Mustard8803256195619872000-2004 AvgMaize33524792IndiaIndiaSSAAsiaGram96555679Others320503434429Others29296Cotton79446161Maize335247923Maize41419872000-2004 AvgGroundnut56756588Barley3521105715Barley1233IndiaSSAAsiaPearl Millet113868587Wheat129512124412Wheat1826Wheat, Maize, Barley and Others515249Sorghum1649715654Rice287833327326Rice28743Rice28743Wheat1295121244Millet1159789353Millet7214Millet7214Rice2878333273Sorghum164971565411Sorghum13204Sorghum13204Total1087511192991087511192991001001002087100100

Analysis10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

WheatRiceSorghumPearl MilletMaizeMillion haArea Planted to HYV

variables0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

WheatRiceSorghumPearl MilletMaizeProportion of HYV Planted Area

FAOSTAT0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

WheatRiceSorghumPearl MilletMaizeYield (Ton/ha)

Sheet251.498336113527.89042657527.489584992313.1216523195272120494344

Wheat, Maize, Barley and OthersRiceMilletSorghum

IDYEARThe agricultural year 1957/58 is denoted by 1957CODEDistrict CodePOPDENPopulation Density was calculated by dividing the population as per the population censuses by the area in each district. Like the LITERACY variable, values for the inter-censal years were linearly interpolatedPRSEEDFarm Harvest Price (Rs/quintal)HYVWHEATArea planted to HYV of crop x (000 ha)HYVRICEArea planted to HYV of crop x (000 ha)HYVMAIZEArea planted to HYV of crop x (000 ha)HYVBAJRAArea planted to HYV of crop x (000 ha)HYVJOWARArea planted to HYV of crop x (000 ha)AGLABORNumber of rural males whose primary job classification is agricultural laborCULTIVATNumber of rural males whose primary job classification is cultivation (note: both AGLABOR and CULTIVAT are stock variables)WAGEWtd. (by month) annual labor cost. Wages of a male ploughman were recorded; if not available then wages of a male field laborer or male "Other Agricultural Labor" were selected. June and August were weighted more heavily than other months because of the hNCAGCANIAGIAYWHEATYRICEYSUGARYMAIZEYPOTATOYGNUTYBARLEYYTOBACYGRAMYTURYRAGIYSESAMUMYRMSEEDYBAJRAYCOTTONYJOWARYOPULSYJUTEYSOYYSUNFLWRROADSLITERACYProportion of rural males who are classified as literate (defined as "the ability to read and write in any language"). Census enumerators, beginning with the 1971 census, were required to observe each individual's ability to read and write before classifyFEBXTFEBNTDMS01SOIL TYPEnot usedDMS02SOIL TYPELateriteDMS03SOIL TYPERed and YellowDMS04SOIL TYPEShallow BlackDMS05SOIL TYPEMedium BlackDMS06SOIL TYPEDeep BlackDMS07SOIL TYPEMixed Red and BlackDMS08SOIL TYPECoastal AlluvialDMS09SOIL TYPEDeltaic AlluviumDMS10SOIL TYPECalcerousDMS11SOIL TYPEGray BrownDMS12SOIL TYPEDesertDMS13SOIL TYPETaraiDMS14SOIL TYPEBlack (Karail)DMS15SOIL TYPESaline and AlkalineDMS16SOIL TYPEAlluvial RiverDMS17SOIL TYPESkeletalDMS18SOIL TYPESaline and DeltaicDMS19SOIL TYPERedDMS20SOIL TYPERed and GravelyDMS21SOIL TYPEDMAQ31 if aquifer is > 150 meters thickDMAQ21 if aquifer is 100 - 150 meters thickDMAQ11 if aquifer is

an african green revolution: finding ways to boost productivity on small farms

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