wwi : “the great war” 1914-1918 apush chapter 30: the war to end the war
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WWI : “The Great WWI : “The Great War” 1914-1918War” 1914-1918
APUSH Chapter 30: The War to End the
War
“4 M.A.I.N.” Causes
1. Militarism 2. Alliances 3. Imperialism 4. Nationalism
1. Militarism
Is the Glorification of war
Nations wanted “bigger armies” and
More destructive weapons
2. Alliances
1. Alliance Systems: defense agreements between nations
2. “Entente Cordiale” = Friendly understanding between 2 nations
3. Imperialism
Nations competed for:
1. new territories 2. Raw materials 3. new economic
markets
4. Nationalism
Extreme Patriotism Who has the biggest
army (militarism)? The most foreign
territory (imperialism)?
Background Info…
Austria- Hungary Took over Bosnia-
Herzegovina in1908 Serbia claimed
territory was theirs
Immediate Cause WWI
The Match: The Assassination of
the Heir to Austria-
Hungarian Throne Franz Ferdinand
Immediate Cause WWI
Ferdinand was murdered 1914
In Sarajevo (Bosnian Capital)
Austria-Hungarians Held Serbians responsible for death
Austria-Hungary Declared war on Serbia, 1914
Began as a “regional” Conflict between
Austria – Hungary vs. Serbia
How Does a “Local” Conflict Transform itself into a World
War? ***
Alliances!!!
1. Russia Had to support Serbia Why?
Alliances!!!
Czar Nicholas II of Russia
Also Declared war against:
Austria-Hungary + Germany , 1914
Why Germany?
Germany had an alliance with Austria- Hungary
In turn, Germany Declared war on Russia + France, 1914 Why France?
Germany, 1914
Invaded Belgium (who was neutral) Belgium asked Great Britain for help
Britain
Declared war on Germany…
From Local Conflict to WWI
WHAT BEGN AS LOCAL CONFLICT Turned into WORLD WAR I “ALLIANCES” dragged the entire
European continent into the war “IMPERIALISM” dragged foreign
territories into war
Sides & Alliances
The Triple Entente /Allied Powers
1. Serbia 2. Russia 3. Great Britain 4. France 5. U.S. (1917) And all foreign colonies
The Central Powers 1. Austria-Hungary 2. Germany 3 .Ottoman Empire
(Turkey) 4. Bulgaria And all foreign
colonies
“War of Attrition”
The Wearing down of the enemy through constant attacks
Introduction of “Trench Warfare”
Trench Warfare
“Western Front” Battle line stretching
500 miles From Switzerland to
North Sea
The Trench Coat
The Wrist Watch
“No Man’s Land”
point: to run across “no man’s land” to enemy trench
Mines, barbed Wire , soldiers protect area in front of trench
New Weapons Introduced
1. Machine guns 2. heavy artillery 3. Poison Gas 4. Tanks 5. U-Boats
(submarines)
“Flaming Coffins”/ Planes
Noisy, “crude vehicles”
Pilot sat directly above fuel tank
Morse Code Transmitter
No brakes…
German U-BOATS
Early Submarines U-Boats fired at
passenger and freight vessels beginning in 1915
American Neutrality
U.S. Remained neutral Between 1914-1917
President Wilson issued Policy of Neutrality during the early years of the war.
From Neutrality to Involvement
What caused the U.S. to become involved in WWI?
1. Sinking of the Lusitania
1. German U-Boat fired & sank the Lusitania, 1915
British passenger liner 1,200 lives lost, 130 Americans
The Lusitania – the ship that launched American involvement in
WWI
1.The Sinking of the Lusitania
Caused outrage in American Public
Germany claimed Ship was carrying American weapons and supplies to Great Britain
2. “Zimmerman “ Telegram
British intercepted a telegram
Sent to German Ambassador in Mexico
If Mexico forms an alliance with Germany, Germany will help it regain the Southwest territories
3. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
German U-boats patrolled the Atlantic off the coast of Great Britain
Defiance of right to free trade The war disrupted trade, worldwide
economies, and businesses
4. Pro-Allied Propaganda
British reminded U.S. of their British Heritage
French reminded U.S. they helped them during American Revolution
5. American Idealism
Which is better? Central Powers dominating Europe? OR a
collection of smaller democracies ?
6. American Security
Was the U.S. safe? Issues of security concerned the nation
U.S. Entered WWI on…
April 2, 1917 American President Woodrow Wilson
asked congress to Declared war on Germany and allies
President Woodrow Wilson
1. accused the Germans of violating freedom of the seas, killing innocent Americans, and interfering with Mexico
2. the U.S. should become involved “to make the world safe for democracy”
U.S. In Preparation For War:Military Expansion
1. National Defense Act , 1916 – expanded the federal army from 90,000 to 175,000
2. Naval Construction Act , 1916 – authorized $500-$600 million for 3 year expansion program
U.S. In Preparation For War:Military Expansion
3. Selective Service Act, 1917 -
“conscription” All men 21- 30 (later
18-45) Must register for draft
U.S. In Preparation for the War
4. Commission on Training Camp Activities
Presented films, lectures, to new recruits Topics: Dangers of alcohol & prostitution
abroad IQ Tests – reinforced racial & ethnic
stereotypes
Mobilizing a Nation
1. Lever Fuel and Fuel Control Act, 1917
Herbert Hoover’s “Food Administration”
Purpose: To reduce civilian use of foodstuffs
Mobilizing a Nation
Voluntary compliance instead of food rationing
Limited consumption of meat, sugar, energy
Housewives monitored consumption:
“meatless Mondays”, “Wheatless Wednesdays”
Mobilizing A Nation
12,000 Native Americans Served– American Expeditionary Force
260,000 African Americans served (excluded from Marines)
The War Industries Board, 1917
Most important mobilization agency
(WIB) could: 1. Allocate raw materials,
2. tell manufacturers what to produce,
3. order construction of new plants
4. fix prices with approval of the President
New Labor Force Needed
Foreign immigration was closed off
4 million men at war Created labor
shortage Women, African
Americans, ethnic minorities encouraged to enter industries
“ The Great Migration”
Over 400,000 African Americans
Moved from South to North and West
Between 1910-1930 number of African Americans in Northern States tripled
Women and WWI
At first: Helped organize war
bonds, war-relief drives
Conserved foodstuffs, war related materials
Supported Red Cross Joined Army Nurse
Corps
Women & “War Work”
1 million women went to work
Available jobs: loading docks, farms, railway crews, armament industries, machine shops, steel & lumber mills, chemical plants
19th Amendment
Women’s Suffrage Woodrow Wilson:
“giving women the right to vote is vital to the winning of the war”
When War Ended…
African Americans, Women, and other minorities lost their jobs
And were replaced by WWI vets…
Civil Liberties – U.S.
The Espionage Act, 1917- $10,000 fine or 20 years in prison for anyone who aids “the enemy”
Civil Liberties in U.S.
The Sedition Act, 1918 – penalties for saying, writing, or printing anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive” the American govt., constitution, Army, or Navy
Civil Liberties?
At least 1500 pacifists, socialists, German supporters were arrested after the passage of the Espionage and Sedition act
Fear & Ignorance
Performances of German –authored or German Themed music cancelled
German language no longer taught in schools
“German” streets & food re-named: Sauerkraut = “liberty cabbage” Hamburgers = “Salisbury Steaks”
Wilson’s (most important) 14 Points- Jan.1918
1. Abolishment of secret treaties
2. Freedom of the seas 3. Economic freedom 4. Reduction of arms 5. End of colonization 6-13. Freedom of all
people to choose independence
14. Formation of League of Nations
The End of WWI
Germans sought “Armistice” – agreement to end fighting
WWI ended : 11-11-1918
Paris Peace Conference,1919
Resolution is discussed Central Powers excluded from negotiations
The “Big Four”, 1919
1. Woodrow Wilson = U.S.
2. Georges Clemenceau = France
3. Lloyd George = Great Britain
4. Vittorio Orlando = Italy
New European Borders
New Countries formed as a result of WWI: 1. Hungary 2. Austria 3. Czechoslovakia 4. Romania 5. Serbia 6. Yugoslavia 7. Poland 8. Finland 9-11. Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia
Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Article 231: Placed sole blame for the war on Germany German Army/navy reduced Germany lost all of its colonies
Wilson’s League of Nations
International forum the answer for peace
U.S. congress voted against it
Article X: called for members to stand ready if another member nation’s sovereignty was threatened
League of Nations Would Have..
1. Dealt with economic & social problems 2. Encouraged world disarmament 3. Settled disputes between nations
peacefully
WWI Aftermath
10 million soldiers killed 3-5 million civilians killed 28-30 million wounded or disabled Cost: $400 billion (modern day currency)
The Spanish Influenza
More casualties than the war! Spring 1918- 1919 “ Pandemic” 22 million people throughout the world In 1 month : 10,000 Americans died
The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties
APUSH:
Topic 19: The New Era- The 1920’s
“The Lost Generation”
Economic Prosperity Mixed with…
Disillusionment & Uncertainty ( after WWI)
Young, Urban intellectuals rebelled against conservative ways and consumerism
American Economy in the 20’s
U.S. Experienced an economic boom
Unprecedented burst of consumer activity
Credit introduced– “buy now, pay later”
Rise in industrial production
Automobiles Became Affordable
By 1915, L.A. had heaviest traffic in the country…
20% of Americans owned automobile by 1930
1920’s -“Birth of Modern Culture”
The “New Morality” of women
“Jazz Age” Culture The arts: writers,
musicians, the motion picture industry
Prohibition 1919-1932
Temperance movement began in 1840’s
alcohol a “moral issue”
German “enemies” – Pabst, Schlitz, Miller (beer companies)
18th Amendment
Manufacture, sale and transportation of liquor was made illegal (1919)
The Volstead Act – enforced 18th Amend.
In Context of 1920’s Consumerism
Prohibition created a culture of
1. Speakeasies (underground clubs)
2. organized crime
Random “Liquor” Inspection Checks
Organized Crime
Illegal manufacturing /sale of alcohol provided criminals with wealth
“mobsters” Could afford automobiles, machine guns, “nice suits”
Al Capone
Chicago based bootlegging, gambling empire
Earned him an income of $60 million!!
Was sentenced to 11 years in prison 1931 for tax evasion…
Jazz Music- “Truly American”
African American Music becomes mainstream
Louis Armstrong, Duke Elligton
Jazz Age – popular amongst rebellious young adults
Scandalous dances such as “Charleston”
Harlem Renaissance
Harlem, New York Center of African
American life & culture
Writers, musicians, poets, artists expressed the joy and pain of being African American
The Flapper
Women defy expectations of womanly behavior
1. Shorter skirts 2. heavy make up 3. “bobbed” hair The “bad girl” Margaret Sanger
encourages birth control
Women & Freedom
Radical Change
The Flapper Controversy
A sign of “degenerating society”? Or An expression of female American
Individualism?
Celebrating the End of Prohibition
Entertainment Industry Emerges
National Broadcast System (NBC)
Commercial radio Reached 5 million
homes across country Established common
cultural identity
“Moving Pictures”
Silent films 1927 The Jazz Singer first
“talkie” Hollywood, CA became
entertainment capital “You ain’t heard nothin’
yet!” First Animated film:
Steamboat Willie, 1928 Introduction of Mickey
Mouse & Walt Disney
Hollywood
The center of movie making by 1927
85% of film making in or around Hollywood
Promoted jobs & new industries (costume, agents, casting )
Impact of Film
Impact of radio & film: What does society learn from these methods of communication?
Do films “undermine morality” OR
Reinforce traditional values?
Impact of Film
1. Movies reached all social classes
2. Created an obsession with celebrities
3. Reinforced Gender roles
4. Introduced Fashion to mass audience
Celebrity Culture
New models of femininity & masculinity:
1. Miss America pageant
2. Sports figures: Babe Ruth (baseball), Jack Dempsey (boxing)
Celebrity Worship…
Charles A. Lindbergh
1st to fly solo across the Atlantic in his plane
Spirit of St. Louis , 1927
Charles Lindbergh…
The Price of Fame
1932 - Lindbergh’s baby was kidnapped & held for ransom
Sensational news coverage
Social Commentary
*Authors Concerned about the influence of money
F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby
Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pond
The (Monkey) Scopes Trial
Science vs. Religion 1925 John Scopes Biology Teacher in
Tennessee arrested For teaching the
theory of evolution ! Scopes found guilty,
ruling later overturned
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
Accused of armed robbery & murder
Un- Fair trial? Their political views
overshadow evidence of crime
Italian anarchists Convicted Executed 1927
The Red Scare
Fear of Communists Due to Russian
Revolution (1917) Labor strikes, unions
seen as negative 1919 deportation of
“Radical Aliens” – Russians targeted
Immigration
1921,1924 Quotas on European Immigrants– Quotas favored northern European countries– Immigrants form Asia banned (1882 Chinese
Exclusion Act)– Mexican Revolution (1910-1921) prompts
immigrants to cross border
1920’s Republican Presidents
1. Warren G. Harding
elected, 1920 Promised return to
“normalcy” And a return to
domestic prosperity Interest World affairs
a thing of the past
Harding Controversy
His cabinet made of friends “ Ohio Gang”, “Poker Cabinet”
Close friends accepted bribes
Presidency labeled as “dishonest”
2. Vice President Calvin Coolidge
Takes over 1923 Following Harding’s
death Won election 1924 “Silent Cal” Rarely
worked Refused to pay WWI
vets their promised bonuses
3. Herbert Hoover
Wins election 1928 Promised “prosperity &
progress” “rugged individualism” –
anyone can become successful if they work hard enough
Economic disaster 8 months away…
Stock Market Crash & Stock Market Crash & The Great DepressionThe Great Depression
APUSH:
Chapter 32: The politics of Boom &
Bust
Chapter 33: The Great Depression & New
Deal
Economic Crises
Prior to 1929 Labeled “panics”
Short lived economic depressions
Corresponded with natural business cycle
1819-1907
Economic Terms
1. “Bull Market” – upward trend in stock prices 2. “Bear Market” – downward trend in stock
prices 3. “Stocks” – certificates of ownership in a
company 4. “Stockholders” – owners of certificates,
receive certain percentage of corporation’s profits through dividends
“Overconfidence”
As demand (for stocks) rise, so do stock prices
*”Bull Market”
By 1929, stocks are selling for 16 times their actual worth
Economy Out of Control
1. 1920’s Era of permanent economic growth
2. “Get rich quick” schemes- people gamble life savings
3. buying stock “on margin”- pay small down payment, borrow rest from a broker
4. Overproduction of manufactured goods
Oct. 24, 1929
“Black Thursday” Nervous Investors
begin to sell shares Prices plunge
Oct. 29, 1929
“Black Tuesday” – the most devastating single day in market history
Prices sank to all time low
Brokers tried to recover loan money owed to them
People could not repay loans
Had to sell stocks
Farmers Suffered
Overproduction = surplus goods
Purchase of new tractors & machinery on credit = heavy debt
Led to foreclosure of farms
Workers Suffered
Overproduction of manufactured goods
Both consumer & industrial
Flooded American market
Companies & Factories laid off workers, cut wages
Banks In Trouble
9,000 banks closed People could not re-
pay loans People lost savings
What is An Economic Depression (1929-1933)?
Sharp drop in business activity accompanied by rising unemployment
Gross national product= total value of all goods + services
- GDP fell from $103 billion to $56 billion
Top 5 Causes of The Great Depression
1. Stock Market Crash, 1929 2. Overproduction farm & factory 3. Overexpansion of credit “buy now pat later” 4.American Economic Policy in Hawley-Smoot Tariff in 1930 (import tax) high import taxes led to less trade between America and
foreign countries
5. Drought in the Mississippi Valley in 1930 “dust bowl”
Widespread Unemployment
1929 = 1.5 million 1932= 12 million Wages fell Immigration
decreased 1932 = 20,000
American suicides
Widespread Poverty
Breadlines, soup kitchens
“shantytowns” emerged as People lost homes
President Hoover’s Response
“Rugged individualism “– success comes through individual effort”
Offered no economic relief!
Encouraged Americans to contribute to charity “volunteerism”
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932
Created by Congress RFC’s purpose: To stimulate economy Authorized to issue
loans to assist railroads, banks, municipalities
Wealthy benefit, but what about regular people?
“Bonus Army” March to Washington, 1932
WWI vets (Bonus Expeditionary Force)
Demanded early release of $ owed to them by the govt.
WWI Vets in Washington D.C.
Camped in capital “hoovervilles” – make
shift shelters
Violence Erupted
WWI vets not given bonuses
Protest turned violent Hoover sent in army 2 veterans died Nation horrified
Dustbowl, Early 1930’s
Massive dust storms Due to drought, poor
agricultural practices Oklahoma, W. Kansas
Dust Bowl- Ecological Disaster
Thousands died of “dust pneumonia”
10,000 farm homes abandoned
People packed and move west : “okies”
Dust Bowl Migrants
Faced discrimination in the West
The Grapes of Wrath- John Steinbeck
Between 1933-1939
957,000 people moved to California
1. Immigrants 2. Migrant farmers
displaced by Dust Bowl
Depression Era Discrimination
Mexican immigrants accused of “stealing jobs” from Americans
La Placita Raid
Feb. 26, 1931 (3:00pm)
immigration agents arrived & arrested populace
Hundreds deported
Goals of Mexican Repatriation
1. to return immigrants to their homeland
2. to save “welfare” for “real Americans”
3. to create jobs for “real Americans”
Mexican Repatriation
Between 200,000 -345,839 individuals were deported between 1930-1935 in U.S.
Some by train, others by ship
Mexican Repatriation
60% of those deported- American citizens
children of immigrants
FDR & THE NEW DEAL (1933-1939)
Chapter 33
President Franklin D. Roosevelt elected 1932
“the only thing we have to fear…is fear itself” – FDR Inaugural Address (1933)
Presidential Platform: NEW DEAL
Franklin Delano Roosevelt & the New Deal
1933-1935 3 goals: Relief, Recovery, Reform “First 100 Days” – passage of bills which: 1. Repaired banks 2. Restored faith in the economy 3. Provided jobs for the unemployed
FDR’s “Fireside Chats”
Weekly radio speeches informed and soothed American public
Banking Act, 1933
Paved the way for FDIC (Federal deposit insurance corporation)
Protected American’s banking deposits
Restored confidence in Banks
New Deal Programs- Employment
1. Public Works Administration (PWA) employed Americans to rebuild infrastructure
New Deal Programs- Employment
2. Civilian Conservation Corps: employed men ages 18-25 in forests, parks, soil conservation projects
New Deal Programs- Employment
3.Tennessee Valley Authority:
brought hydroelectric power to Tennessee
Flood Control and Hydro-electric dams built (1933-1944)
Second New Deal
1935-1938 Focused on more relief & reform Works Progress Administration
(WPA)– employed Americans to build bridges, refurbish parks, write plays, paint murals
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
6,000 new schools 2,500 hospitals 13,000 playgrounds Constructed
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Created jobs for artists, playwrights, writers, Musicians
Social Security Act
– 1935 guaranteed benefits to retirees, disabled, unemployed
1930’s… Golden Age of Cinema
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