wood-frame shear wall and diaphragm design · maximum shear wall dimension ratios see sdpws table...
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Wood-FrameShearWallandDiaphragmDesign
RickyMcLain,MS,PE,SE
TechnicalDirector– WoodWorks
ChicagoAreaWorkshops – April, 2017
Overview
• Diaphragms
• Shearwalls
DiaphragmDesign
WindLoadDistributiontoDiaphragm
WINDINTODIAPHRAGMS
WINDSURFACELOADSONWALLS
WindLoadPaths
WINDINTODIAPHRAGMSASUNIFORMLINEARLOADS
WindLoadPaths
DIAPHRAGMSSPANBETWEEN
SHEARWALLS
WINDINTOSHEARWALLSASCONCENTRATEDLOADS
StudtoDiaphragm
WINDLOAD
DIAPHRAGMSHEATHING
Floor/Roofframing
perpendiculartowalls
FLOORJOIST
StudtoDiaphragm
WINDLOAD
DIAPHRAGMSHEATHING
Floor/Roofframing
paralleltowalls(addblocking)
FLOORJOIST
BLOCKING
CalculatingDiaphragmForces
AWCDesignAid6
MaxShearatEnds
MaxMoment
atMid-Span
CalculatingDiaphragmForces
AWCDesignAid6
DiaphragmShear:• MaxShear=Diaphragm
ReactionatShearwall• DiaphragmUnitShear=
Reaction/LengthofDiaphragm=plf
UnblockedDiaphragm
UnblockedDiaphragmCapacity
• CapacitiesinSDPWSareNominal values.NotASDDivideNominalValuesby2.0forASDCapacity
MultiplyNominalValuesby0.8forLRFDCapacity
• CapacityisreducedforspecieswithSpecificGravity<0.5
• ForSprucePineFirmultiplyby0.92
BlockedDiaphragm
BlockedDiaphragmCapacity
• CapacitiesinSDPWSareNominal values.NotASDDivideNominalValuesby2.0forASDCapacity
MultiplyNominalValuesby0.8forLRFDCapacity
• CapacityisreducedforspecieswithSpecificGravity<0.5
• ForSprucePineFirmultiplyby0.92
ShearWallCapacitiesinAWCSDPWS
UnblockedBlocked
DiaphragmTypes
CASE1DIAPHRAGM
•HigherShearValues•Panelsperpendiculartofloorframingfor
improvedperformance
CASES2-6Maybepreferred
forlowsheardemandwhere
changingframingdirection
helps
•HVACruns•FireBlocking/DraftStopping
RoofTrusses4x8sheathingN-S
DiaphragmTypes
SDPWSTables4.2A&B
DiaphragmAspectRatio
SDPWSTable4.2.4
CalculatingDiaphragmForces
24’
72’
Diaphragm Fastener Schedule
Zone A12’
Zone A 12’Zone B 48’
Diaphragm– BendingMember
Tensionedge
Compressionedge
DiaphragmChordForces
AWCDesignAid6
DiaphragmChordForces:• MaxChordForceOccursat
LocationofMaxMoment• ChordForce=TorC• ChordForce=MMAX /
DiaphragmDepth• ChordUnitShear=ChordForce
/LengthofDiaphragm=plf
DiaphragmChords
WallTopPlatesTypicallyFunctionasBothDiaphragmChordsandDragStruts
DiaphragmBoundary
Strut
Strut
Cho
rdC
hord
Strut
Cho
rd
SW1 – 10’ SW2 – 10’
SW3 – 16’
1 2 3
B
A
Strut
Stru
t
W =
200
plf
24’
80’
Reaction = 200 plf * 24’/2 = 2400 lbsDiaphragm Only at Shearwall = 2400 lbs / 16’ = 150 plf
DiaphragmBoundary
Strut
Strut
Cho
rdC
hord
Strut
Cho
rd
SW1 – 10’ SW2 – 10’
SW3 – 16’
1 2 3
B
A
Strut
Stru
t
W =
200
plf
Does this mean that no drag struts are required?
24’
80’
DiaphragmBoundary
Alledgesofadiaphragmshallbesupportedbyaboundaryelement.(ASCE7-10Section11.2)
• DiaphragmBoundaryElements:• Chords,dragstruts,collectors,Shearwalls,frames
• Boundarymemberlocations:• Diaphragmandshearwall perimeters• Interioropenings• Areasofdiscontinuity• Re-entrantcorners.
AssumeBasicWindSpeed=115mphUltimate
ExposureB
DiaphragmDesign
• Capacity
Shearwall Design
• Conventional• ForceTransferAroundOpening• PerforatedShearwall
Example:RetailRestaurant
RetailRestaurant– DiaphragmDesignCriticalShearwall atfrontofbuilding
CheckDiaphragmforwindloadson84’wall
84’
34’
10’6’ 8’5’
6’
6’
6’
6’
6’
3’3’
4’
29’24’
DiaphragmAspectRatios
SDPWSTABLE4.2.4
TYPE- MAXIMUMLENGTH/WIDTHRATIO
Foran84x34diaphragmtheaspectratiois2.5<3.
DiaphragmaspectratioisOK.
Woodstructural panel,unblocked 3:1
Woodstructural panel,blocked 4:1
Single-layerstraightlumbersheathing 2:1
Single-layerdiagonallumbersheathing 3:1
Double-layerdiagonallumbersheathing 4:1
CalculatingMWFRSWindLoadsCalculatewindpressureusingDirectionalMethod(ASCE7Chpt 27)
p=qh[(GCpf)-(GCpi)]
qh =0.00256*0.57*1.0*0.85*1152*1=16.4psf
GCpf =0.85*[0.8– (-0.3)]=0.935
GCpi =0.18- 0.18=0
p=(16.4psf)(0.935)=15.34psf
0.6*W=0.6*15.34=9.2 psf onwalls
Usemin9.6psf perASCE27.1.5
ASCE7-10Figure27.4-1
ParapetDesign– Figure27.6-2
Atparapetswindward
andleewardpressures
occuroneachparapet.
Section27.4.5:Pp =q(GCpn)GCpn =1.5Windwardparapet,-1.0LeewardparapetWindwardParapetGCpf is1.5:16.4*1.5*0.6=14.76psf
LeewardParapetGCpf is1.0:16.4*1.0*0.6=9.84psf
NetParapet=14.76+9.84=24.6psf
RetailRestaurant– DiaphragmDesign
84’
34’
10’6’ 8’5’
6’
6’
6’
6’
6’4’
29’24’
10’
3’
3’
W=(9.6psf*(5’+3’)+(24.6)*3’)=150.6plfV=(150.6plf)*(84’/2)=6,325lbM=(150.6plf)*(84’2)/8=132,829lb*ft
T=C=(132,829lb*ft)/(34ft)=3,907lb
νdiaphragm =6,325lb/34’=186plfνdiaphragm =3,907lb/84’=47plf
P
DiaphragmCapacity:SDPWSTable4.2C
PANEL
GRADE
COMMON
NAILSIZE
ORSTAPLEf
LENGTHANDGAGE
MINIMUM
FASTENER
PENETRATION
INFRAMING
MINIMUM
PANEL
THIICKNESS
MINIMUM
NOMINALWIDTHOFFRAMINGMEMBERSAT
ADJOININGPANELEDGESAND
BOUNDARIESg
NAIL
SPACING
ATALL
PANEL
EDGES
Case1
(Nounblocked
edgesor
continuous
jointsparallelto
load)
Allother
configurations
(Cases2,3,4,5
and6)
Sheathing
&single
floor
8d(2½“x
0.131”)
13/8”
7/16”
2IN. 6IN. 460(Seismic)
645(Wind)
340(Seismic)
475(Wind)
3IN. 6IN. 510(Seismic)
715(Wind)
380(Seismic)
530(Wind)
CapacityisreducedforspecieswithSpecificGravity<0.5.
ForSprucePineFirmultiplyby0.92
Capacity =(645plf)(0.92)/2=297plf297plf >186plf,diaphragmisadequatewithsheathing&fasteningasshownabove
SmallOpeningsinDiaphragms
http://cwc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Design-example-of-
designing-for-openings-in-wood-diaphragm.pdf
Accountingforopeningsinshearpanels(diaphragmsandshear
walls)isacoderequirement(IBC2305.1.1)
Nocodepathforcheckingminimumsizeopeninglimit(otherthan
prescriptivedesign– IBC2308.4.4.1&2308.7.6.1)
Doyouneedtoaccountfora
12”squareopeninginadiaphragm?
SmallOpeningsinDiaphragms
FPInnovationsmethodforcheckingsmallholesindiaphragms:
Recommendrunningananalysisoftheopening’seffectsonthediaphragmunlessthefollowingconditionsaremet.
Overview
• Diaphragms
• Shearwalls
WindLoadscreateshear(sliding)andrackingforcesonastructure
Slidingresistedbyshearwall baseanchorageRackingresistedbyshearpanel&fasteners
Shearwall Functions
ComponentsofShearWallDesignCollector&Drag
Design
ShearWallConstruction
ShearTransferDetailing
ShearResistance
ShearWallConfigurationOptions
SolidorSegmentedWalls
PerforatedWallsForceTransferAround
OpeningsWalls
MaximumASDCapacityof870plf (Seismic)1217plf (Wind)
Useful,If Necessary.
Shearwalls
HOLD-DOWN
WSPSHEATHING
ANCHORBOLTS
WOODSTUDS
RackedShearwall
EDGENAILINGPROVIDESRACKINGRESISTANCE
PanelFasteners
Shearwalls
ANCHORBOLTSTOFOUNDATION
PREVENTSLIDING!
Hold-DownsResistEndUplift
HOLD-DOWNS
ShearWallRequirementsinAWCSDPWS
3:5:1maxaspectratioforblockedWoodStructural PanelShearWall.
Reduction inCapacitywhengreaterthan2:1
WoodEducation Institute
Shearwall AspectRatio
NDSSDPWSTABLE4.3.4
MAXIMUMSHEARWALLDIMENSIONRATIOS
SeeSDPWSTable4.3.4forfootnotes
Woodstructural panels,blocked Forotherthanseismic:3½:11
Forseismic:2:11
Woodstructural panels,unblocked 2:1
Diagonalsheathing, single 2:1
StructuralFiberboard 3½:13
Gypsumboard,portland cementplaster 2:12
L
H
AR=H/L
WSPShearwall Capacity• CapacitieslistedinAWC’sSpecialDesign
ProvisionsforWindandSeismic(SDPWS)
• Sheathedshearwallsmostcommon.Canalsousehorizontalanddiagonalboardsheathing,gypsumpanels,fiberboard,lathandplaster,andothers
• Blockedshearwallsmostcommon.SDPWShasreductionfactorsforunblockedshearwalls
• Notethatcapacitiesaregivenasnominal:mustbeadjustedbyareductionorresistancefactortodetermineallowableunitshearcapacity(ASD)orfactoredunitshearresistance(LRFD)
Shearwall Capacity- SDPWSChpt 4
Shearwall Capacity- SDPWSChpt 4
Shearwall Capacity- SDPWSChpt 4
Capacitybasedonblockedshearwall.
Reducecapacitiesforunblocked
ComponentsofShearWallDesign
Holdown
Anchorage
BoundaryPosts
Compression
Tension
Shearwall HoldDowns
Straps
Source:strongtie.com
Shearwall HoldDowns
Source:DartDesignInc.com
Source:strongtie.com
BucketStyle
ComponentsofShearWallDesign
Accumulatedtensionfromframingtohardwaretoframingateachfloorlevel
1kip
2kips
3kips
7k
4k
1.5k 1.5k
1.5k
4k
4k
7k
7k
Overturningrestrained
connectionatbottomofstory
20ft
10ft,typ
DiscreteHoldown Systems
ComponentsofShearWallDesignCollector&Drag
Design
ShearWallConstruction
ShearTransferDetailing
ShearResistance
ShearTransferDetailing
Source:WoodWorks Five-Story
Wood-Frame Structureover
PodiumSlabDesignExample
ShearTransferDetailing
Source:WoodWorks Five-StoryWood-Frame
StructureoverPodiumSlabDesignExample
Designacompleteloadpath
ComponentsofShearWallDesign
Collector&DragDesign
ShearWallConstruction
ShearTransferDetailing
ShearResistance
LoadPath,LoadPath,LoadPath…IBC1604.4Analysis. Loadeffectsonstructuralmembersandtheirconnectionsshallbe
determinedbymethodsofstructuralanalysisthattakeintoaccountequilibrium, general stability,
geometriccompatibilityandbothshort- andlong-termmaterialproperties.
[…]
Anysystemormethodofconstructiontobeusedshallbebasedonarationalanalysisin
accordancewithwell-established principlesofmechanics.Suchanalysisshallresultinasystemthatprovidesacompleteloadpathcapableoftransferringloadsfromtheirpointoforigintotheload-resistingelements.
Resources:
TheAnalysisofIrregularShapedDiaphragms. WhitepaperbyR.TerryMalonehttp://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/Irregular-Diaphragms_Paper1.pdf
TheAnalysisofIrregularShapedStructures.TextbookbytheR.TerryMalone
NEHRPSeismicDesignTechnicalBrief.SeismicDesignofWoodLight-FrameStructuralDiaphragmSystems:AGuideforPracticingEngineers
http://www.nehrp.gov/library/techbriefs.htm
Collector&Drag(Diaphragm)Design
RetailRestaurant– Shearwall Design
84’
34’
10’6’ 8’5’
6’
6’
6’
6’
6’4’
29’24’
10’
3’
3’
P =6,325lb – fromdiaphragmcalcs usingDirectionalMethod
Let’sseewhathappenswhenweuseEnvelopeMethodtocalculateMWFRSloadstofrontshearwall
P
CalculatingMWFRSWindLoadsCalculatewindpressureusingEnvelopeMethod(ASCE7Chpt 28)
p=qh[(GCpf)-(GCpi)]
qh =0.00256*0.70*1.0*0.85*1152*1=20.14psf
GCpf (Zones1&4) =0.4– (-0.29)=0.69(ASCE7Fig.28.4-1)
GCpf (Zones1E&4E) =0.61– (-0.43)=1.04(ASCE7Fig.28.4-1)
GCpi=0.18- 0.18=0
P1&4=(20.14psf)(0.69)=13.9psf;0.6*W=0.6*13.9=8.3psfwallstyp.
P1E&4E=(20.14psf)(1.04)=20.9psf;0.6*W=0.6*20.9=12.5psf wallscrnr
ASCE7-10Figure28.4-1
CalculatingMWFRSWindLoads
ASCE7-10Figure28.4-1
a=Lesserof:
• 10%leasthorizontaldimension(LHD)34’*0.1=3.4’
• 0.4h=0.4*13’=5.2’.Butnotlessthan:
• 0.04LHD=1.4’or3’
Usea=3.4’forzones1E&4E
2a=3.4’*2=6.8’
ParapetDesign– Section28.4.2
Atparapetswindward
andleewardpressures
occuroneachparapet.
Section28.4.2:Pp =q(GCpn)GCpn =1.5Windwardparapet,-1.0LeewardparapetWindwardParapetGCpf is1.5:20.14*1.5*0.6=18.12psf
LeewardParapetGCpf is1.0:20.14*1.0*0.6=12.08psf
NetParapet=18.12+12.08=30.2psf
RetailRestaurant– Shearwall Design
84’
34’
10’6’ 8’5’
6’
6’
6’
6’
6’4’
29’24’
10’
3’
3’
P
6.8’12.5psf8.3psf
77.2’
P=(8.3psf*(5’+3’)+(30.2)*3’)*(84’/2)+((12.5psf-8.3psf)*(5’+3’))*6.8’*(77.2’/84’)=6,804lb(forcomparison:Directionalmethodgaveus6,325lb)
Shearwall AspectRatios
10’
3’
3’
34’
6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’2’ 2’
10’
• CheckAspectRatios:AssumeblockedWSPShearwall
• 10’/2’=5>3.5;Inadequate
• 10’/6’=1.67<3.5;OK
FrontWallElevation
• CheckAspectRatios:AssumeblockedWSPShearwall
• 10’/2’=5>3.5;Inadequate
• 10’/6’=1.67<3.5;OK
Shearwall AspectRatios
10’
3’
3’
34’
6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’2’ 2’
10’
νshearwall =6,804lb/12’=567plf
ConventionalShearwall Capacities
νshearwall =567plf
Assume15/32”,StructuralIsheathingattachedwith8dnails
NominalTabulatedCapacity=1540plf
AdjustedASDCapacity =(1370plf)(0.92)/2=630plf630plf >567plf,OK
8dnailsat3”o.c.acceptable
PANELGRADE FASTENER
TYPE&
SIZE
MINIMUM
PANEL
THIICKNESS
MINIMUM
FASTENER
PENETRATION
INFRAMING
NAIL SPACING
ATALLPANEL
EDGES
PANEL EDGE
FASTENERSPACING
Wood Structural
Panels–
Sheathing
8d(2½“x
0.131”)
15/32” 13/8” 3IN. 980(Seismic)
1370(Wind)
SDPWSTable4.3A
ConventionalShearwall Overturning
νshearwall =567plfHolddownsrequiredatshearwalls
T=νhT=567plf*10’=5,670lb
Holddowncapacity=7,045lbManyavailableprefabricatedholddownswithcapacitieslistedbymanufacturers
34’
6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’2’ 2’
10’
Hold-DownAnchor
ConventionalShearwall Overturningνshearwall =567plfPostsarealsorequiredatendsofthewalltoresistcompressionforces
C=T=νhC=567plf*10’=5,670lb
6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’2’ 2’
10’
SizepostforbearingonwallsoleplateAssume2x6wall,
Requiredpostwidth=5,670lb/(565psi)(5.5in)=1.8in;
Use2-2x6postmin.
ConventionalShearwall BaseAnchorage• νshearwall =567plf• ½”AnchorBoltcapacityforwoodbearing=680lb*1.6=1,088lb
perNDSTable11E
• Spacing=1088lb/567plf =1’-11”o.c.max.
Hold-Downs:Segmentedv.PerforatedSegmentedShearwall
PerforatedShearwall
PerforatedShearWallMethod
HOLDDOWNSATENDOF
WALL
WSPSHEATHING
Fewerholddownsrequired,shearcapacityisreduced
Uniformupliftatbaseofwallrequired– magnitude=shearforce– SDPWS4.3.6.4.2.1
• CheckAspectRatios:AssumeblockedWSPShearwall
• 10’/2’=5>3.5;Inadequate
• 10’/6’=1.67<3.5;OK
Useonlyfullheightsheathedsectionstoresistshear
PerforatedShearwall Design
10’
3’
3’34’
6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’2’ 2’
10’
νshearwall =6,804lb/12’=567plf
TotalPerforatedShearwall
PerforatedShearwall CapacityWallhas12’/18’=67%fullheightsheathing,max.openingH=6’-8”
Multiplycapacityby0.75foropening2H/3
Reducedcapacityis630plf*0.75=473plf <567plf,Inadequate
SDPWSTable4.3.3.5
PerforatedShearwall Capacity
νshearwall =567plf
Tryreducingnailspacingto2”with8dnails– willrequire3xframing
NominalTabulatedCapacity=1790plf
AdjustedASDCapacity=(1790plf)(0.92)(0.75)/2=618plf618plf >567plf,OK8dnailsat2”o.c.acceptableforperforatedwall
PANELGRADE FASTENER
TYPE&
SIZE
MINIMUM
PANEL
THIICKNESS
MINIMUM
FASTENER
PENETRATION
INFRAMING
NAIL SPACING
ATALLPANEL
EDGES
PANEL EDGE
FASTENERSPACING
Wood Structural
Panels–
Sheathing
8d(2½“x
0.131”)
15/32” 13/8” 2IN. 1280(Seismic)
1790(Wind)
SDPWSTable4.3A
PerforatedShearwall Overturning
34’
6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’2’ 2’
10’
νshearwall =567plfHolddownsrequiredatendsofperforatedwall
T=νh/CoT=567plf*10’/0.75=7,560lb
Holddowncapacityfromsegmentedwalloption=7,045lb,Inadequate– needtoselecthighercapacityholddown
PerforatedShearwall Uplift
34’
6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’2’ 2’
10’
νshearwall =567plf/0.75=756plf,usesamemagnitudeforuniformupliftatfullheightsegmentsOneoptionistouseanchorboltswithlargewasherstoresistupliftin
bearingIfnetwasherarea=8in2,canresist(565psi)(8in2)=4,520lb inuplift
• Max.anchorboltspacing=4,520lb/756plf =5’-11”o.c.• Willalsoneedtocheckshearloadsonanchorboltsforcontrolling
case
ForceTransferAroundOpening(FTAO)
FTAOShearwalls Methodologies• Shearwall designmethodologywhichaccountsforsheathed
portionsofwallaboveandbelowopenings(perforatedneglects)
• Openingsaccountedforbyreinforcingedgesusingstrappingorframing
• SDPWS4.3.5.2providesspecificrequirements
• H/Lratiodefinedbywallpier
• Min.wallpierwidth=2’-0”
• Reducednumberofholddowns(onlyatendsoftotalwall)
• Thereare3mainmethodsofFTAOanalysis;SDPWSdoesnotrequireoneparticularmethodbeused,onlythatdesignis“basedonarationalanalysis”
• DragStrut,CantileverBeam,&Diekmann DesignOptions
WhyUseForceTransferAroundOpenings?
Fullheightwallpiersdonotmeetmax3.5:1Ratio
10feettall
2feetwide
10/2=5>3.5
NotAShearwall!
WhyUseForceTransferAroundOpenings?
ShorterConstrainedpiersdomeet3.5:1max
aspectratio
5feettall
2feetwide
5/2=2.5< 3.5
CanbeaShearWall!
ReferencesforFTAODesign
APAAuthoredSEAOCPaperhttps://www.apawood.org/Data/Sites/1/documents/technicalresearch/seaoc-2015-ftao.pdf
SEAOCStructural/SeismicDesignManual,Volume2Providesnarrativeandworked outexample
DesignofWoodStructuresTextbookbyBreyeretal.
Double-SidedShearwalls
High-strengthwoodshearwallscanbedouble-sidedwithWSPsheathingoneachside:
SDPWS4.3.3.3SummingShearCapacities:Forshearwallssheathedwiththesameconstructionandmaterialsonoppositesidesofthesamewall,thecombinednominalunitshearcapacity shallbepermittedtobetakenastwicethenominalunitshearcapacityforanequivalentshearwallsheathedononeside(4.3.5.3hasmaxcapacitiesfordouble-sidedperforatedwalls)
Double-SheathedShearwalls
Thereisalsoanoptiontohaveasinglesided,doublesheathedshearwall.
TestingandreportbyAPAconcludethatitispermissibletousethecapacityofthewallthesameasiftherewasonelayerofWSPoneachsideofthewallprovidedthatanumberofcriteriaaremetincluding:
• Framingmembersatpaneljointsare3xor2-2x
• Minimumnailspacingis4”
• Others
Questions?
ThisconcludesTheAmericanInstituteofArchitectsContinuingEducationSystemsCourse RickyMcLain,MS,PE,SE
TechnicalDirector- WoodWorks
Ricky.McLain@WoodWorks.org
(802)498-3310
Visitwww.woodworks.org formoreeducationalmaterials,casestudies,designexamples,aprojectgallery,andmore
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