week 7.the baroque age.overview.master
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The Baroque AgeChapter 22
Guiding Question…
What should we be governed by?
The Baroque age will respond with different answers. The Church will advocate for Emotion
Science will advocate for Sight or Observation
Philosophy will advocate for Reason
We will look at this question religiously and politically
Guiding Historical Events In 1535, the Jesuits are Established
Council of Trent, in parts through 1545 to 1563 Reforms the Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant
Reformation
Art and Monastic Orders will help pull people back to the Catholic Church
The Inquisition continues through this century
Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture established in 1648
Thirty Years War, 1618—1648 Begins when Peace of Augsburg (1555) is broken and ends with
Peace of Westphalia ends the war (1648)
Dutch Republic gains independence from Spanish, Catholic leadership
Ends the Holy Roman Empire and leads to a system of nation states
Which makes Hobbes ‘and Locke’s ideas significant
Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture
Rubénistes Color is Key
Color appeals to the emotions
Color is more true to nature
Perceiving Line requires education; therefore color can appeal to a wider array of people
Poussinistes Line, Drawing,
Composition is Key
Line appeals to the mind
Line is more true to nature, but requires an educated audience to perceive
Established in 1648 in Paris
An Institution that governs the subjects, techniques, and styles of painting for hundreds of years
A debate will ensue between the groups described below
Poussin’s Rape of the Sabine Women, 1636-7
Composition is IDEAL and LINE is privileged over color
Subject is Classical
Rubens’ Marie de’ Medici, 1622-5
COLOR and movement is privileged over line and composition
Subject is presented lyrically
Reflections of the Age
MUSIC
Opera, the fugue, and cantata come to stage with a dramatic flourish Handel’s Messiah
Bach’s A Mighty Fortress is Our God, Cantata No. 80
PHILOSOPHY
Rene Descartes--The Father of Modern Philosophy and the Cartesian Method
Establishes Scientific Method with Francis Bacon
Encourages Deductive Reasoning
Rene Decartes, After Franz Hals
Reason, Emotion
Copernicus (1473-1543) argues that the Earth revolves around the sun
Based on a Greek geographer and astronomer, Ptolemy
SCIENCE
Further Reflections of the Age
Galileo Galilei
1564—1642 Develops the telescope
to observe the sky
Asserts that light travels and takes time to get from point to point
Excommunicated from the Church for affirming Copernicus’ idea that the Earth revolved around the Sun
Johannes Kepler
1571—163 Interested in optics as a FACT
rather than a metaphysical question
Influenced by Leewenhoek’s invention of the microscope
Describes vision as a relationship between the retina and the object seen
The eye is an “optical instrument with a lens used for focusing”
Observation
Further Reflections of the Age
John Locke’s
Second Treatise of Civil Government
Argues that a legislative body elected by subjects is necessary to rule society
Man can reason for himself which leaders to elect
Thomas Hobbes’
Leviathan
Argues that a monarchy is necessary to rule society
Monarchy can reason best how people should be goverened
Reason
So what should govern?Artists will answer this differently according to their worldview. Some artists will choose a combination of both, observational virtuosity with an emotional coloring.
Bernini’s David
Dynamic, not static like Donatello’s or Michelangelo’s David
Action leads our attention elsewhere
Emotionally honest Look of insistent concentration
Hair swivels with his body
Em
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on
Bernini’s Ecstacy of St. Teresa
Religious experience presented as erotic, meaning physically sensual
Em
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Caravaggio’s Entombment
Action pushed to the foreground
Allows Christ’s represented image to be “lain” on the actual altar
Alternating poses of figures creates more drama
Tenebrism used as a theatrical spotlight on the figures to create an emotional response
Em
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on
Caravaggio’s The Calling of Saint Matthew
Congregation can relate to Matthew (Levi)
Christ’s divinity is made diminutive
Gesture is powerful, especially in the spotlight of tenebrism
Em
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on
Camera Obscura
Device used to create an impermanent, inverted image of an object to perfectly capture perspective
Obse
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Rachel Ruysch’s Roses, Convolvulvus, Poppies, and Other flowers ion an Urn on a Stone Ledge, ca. 1745
Painted with scientific accuracy
But asymmetricality pulls our emotions—dynamism
Obse
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Clara Peeters, Table with Tar and White Pitcher, 1611
Still Life executed with technical virtuosity (like a photograph)
A vanitas theme emphasizing the mortality of worldly goods
Obse
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Rembrandt’s Self-Portrait as an Old Man, 1669
Observation of personality as seen on the visage
Representation includes wrinkles, furrowed brow, and paunchy face without idealization Paints what he sees
Obse
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Vermeer’s Young Woman with a Water Pitcher, ca. 1664-5
Painted everyday scenes that one would observe in a Netherlandish setting
Painted with a Camera Obscura
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In subsequent presentations, you will learn more about:
Regional preferences in Baroque Art
Caravaggio as a rebellious leader of the Baroque style
These presentations will prepare you to incorporate the information in the assignments and assessments for the week
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