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The Baroque Age Chapter 22

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Page 1: Week 7.the baroque age.overview.master

The Baroque AgeChapter 22

Page 2: Week 7.the baroque age.overview.master

Guiding Question…

What should we be governed by?

The Baroque age will respond with different answers. The Church will advocate for Emotion

Science will advocate for Sight or Observation

Philosophy will advocate for Reason

We will look at this question religiously and politically

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Guiding Historical Events In 1535, the Jesuits are Established

Council of Trent, in parts through 1545 to 1563 Reforms the Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant

Reformation

Art and Monastic Orders will help pull people back to the Catholic Church

The Inquisition continues through this century

Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture established in 1648

Thirty Years War, 1618—1648 Begins when Peace of Augsburg (1555) is broken and ends with

Peace of Westphalia ends the war (1648)

Dutch Republic gains independence from Spanish, Catholic leadership

Ends the Holy Roman Empire and leads to a system of nation states

Which makes Hobbes ‘and Locke’s ideas significant

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Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture

Rubénistes Color is Key

Color appeals to the emotions

Color is more true to nature

Perceiving Line requires education; therefore color can appeal to a wider array of people

Poussinistes Line, Drawing,

Composition is Key

Line appeals to the mind

Line is more true to nature, but requires an educated audience to perceive

Established in 1648 in Paris

An Institution that governs the subjects, techniques, and styles of painting for hundreds of years

A debate will ensue between the groups described below

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Poussin’s Rape of the Sabine Women, 1636-7

Composition is IDEAL and LINE is privileged over color

Subject is Classical

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Rubens’ Marie de’ Medici, 1622-5

COLOR and movement is privileged over line and composition

Subject is presented lyrically

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Reflections of the Age

MUSIC

Opera, the fugue, and cantata come to stage with a dramatic flourish Handel’s Messiah

Bach’s A Mighty Fortress is Our God, Cantata No. 80

PHILOSOPHY

Rene Descartes--The Father of Modern Philosophy and the Cartesian Method

Establishes Scientific Method with Francis Bacon

Encourages Deductive Reasoning

Rene Decartes, After Franz Hals

Reason, Emotion

Copernicus (1473-1543) argues that the Earth revolves around the sun

Based on a Greek geographer and astronomer, Ptolemy

SCIENCE

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Further Reflections of the Age

Galileo Galilei

1564—1642 Develops the telescope

to observe the sky

Asserts that light travels and takes time to get from point to point

Excommunicated from the Church for affirming Copernicus’ idea that the Earth revolved around the Sun

Johannes Kepler

1571—163 Interested in optics as a FACT

rather than a metaphysical question

Influenced by Leewenhoek’s invention of the microscope

Describes vision as a relationship between the retina and the object seen

The eye is an “optical instrument with a lens used for focusing”

Observation

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Further Reflections of the Age

John Locke’s

Second Treatise of Civil Government

Argues that a legislative body elected by subjects is necessary to rule society

Man can reason for himself which leaders to elect

Thomas Hobbes’

Leviathan

Argues that a monarchy is necessary to rule society

Monarchy can reason best how people should be goverened

Reason

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So what should govern?Artists will answer this differently according to their worldview. Some artists will choose a combination of both, observational virtuosity with an emotional coloring.

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Bernini’s David

Dynamic, not static like Donatello’s or Michelangelo’s David

Action leads our attention elsewhere

Emotionally honest Look of insistent concentration

Hair swivels with his body

Em

oti

on

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Bernini’s Ecstacy of St. Teresa

Religious experience presented as erotic, meaning physically sensual

Em

oti

on

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Caravaggio’s Entombment

Action pushed to the foreground

Allows Christ’s represented image to be “lain” on the actual altar

Alternating poses of figures creates more drama

Tenebrism used as a theatrical spotlight on the figures to create an emotional response

Em

oti

on

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Caravaggio’s The Calling of Saint Matthew

Congregation can relate to Matthew (Levi)

Christ’s divinity is made diminutive

Gesture is powerful, especially in the spotlight of tenebrism

Em

oti

on

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Camera Obscura

Device used to create an impermanent, inverted image of an object to perfectly capture perspective

Obse

rvati

on

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Rachel Ruysch’s Roses, Convolvulvus, Poppies, and Other flowers ion an Urn on a Stone Ledge, ca. 1745

Painted with scientific accuracy

But asymmetricality pulls our emotions—dynamism

Obse

rvati

on

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Clara Peeters, Table with Tar and White Pitcher, 1611

Still Life executed with technical virtuosity (like a photograph)

A vanitas theme emphasizing the mortality of worldly goods

Obse

rvati

on

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Rembrandt’s Self-Portrait as an Old Man, 1669

Observation of personality as seen on the visage

Representation includes wrinkles, furrowed brow, and paunchy face without idealization Paints what he sees

Obse

rvati

on

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Vermeer’s Young Woman with a Water Pitcher, ca. 1664-5

Painted everyday scenes that one would observe in a Netherlandish setting

Painted with a Camera Obscura

O

BSER

VATIO

N

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In subsequent presentations, you will learn more about:

Regional preferences in Baroque Art

Caravaggio as a rebellious leader of the Baroque style

These presentations will prepare you to incorporate the information in the assignments and assessments for the week