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Water Loss Control inEffective Utility Management
M. Steve Cavanaugh, Jr., PE
steve.cavanaugh@cavanaughsolutions.com
Feb 22, 2017
Be Financially Viable/Fiscally Prudent
Optimize Financial Resources for Operational Support of Existing Assets from “Source to Tap”
Provide Quality Service
Prioritize Asset Management to Support Effective CIP
Report Online, Near Real-Time KPIs via Dashboard to Support Management Decision Making
Encourage Team Ownership
Source: Arcadis
Strategic Planning/Core Values include
Relevant Goals and Objectives for NRW Management
Quiz
According to the AWWA M36 Water AuditMethod, an acceptable level of Unaccounted ForWater is:
A. 15%B. 10%C. 5%D. 0%
Water Loss Control Drivers
Drought is Real January 19, 2016
Drought is RealFebruary 16, 2016
Drought is RealMarch 22, 2016
Drought is RealApril 26, 2016
Drought is RealMay 24, 2016
Drought is RealJune 28, 2016
Drought is RealJuly 26, 2016
Drought is RealAugust 23, 2016
Drought is Real Sept 27, 2016
Drought is RealOctober 27, 2016
Drought is Real Nov 22, 2016
Drought is Real Dec 20, 2016
Drought is Real Jan 24, 2017
Political Driver-Trust
Economic Driver
Economic Driver
#48 Enterprise Risk Profile Assessment Factors (Table 10)
Impact on Bond Ratings
* final review, expected publication – December 2015
Regulatory Driver
States are moving very quickly
A little closer to home…
33 States are reviewing their
Water Loss Control reporting
Requirements. Most are
reconsidering failed % based
performance targets
No water loss
reportingRudimentary
water loss
reporting
AWWA M36
terminology &
metrics
AWWA
M36
software
AWWA M36 software
with validation
(Level 1)
WA
OR
TX
WI
MN
IL INWV
MDPA
NH
TN
GA
FL
CA
NM
MOKY
VA
NC
SC
NY
OH
ID
NVUT
AZ
MT
OK
WY
CO
ND
SD
NE
KS
IA
MI
ME
MA
ALMS
AR
LA
AK
HI
DENJ
CTRI
DRBC
27
Phase 1
Establish Annual M36 Water Auditing
Achieve Minimum Standard of Audit
Reliability
Manage Water Loss Performance for Long-
Term Reduction
Phase 2 Phase 3
Auditing
Outreach
Training &Tech Asst
DataManage-
ment
Validation
Certification
Benchmarking
Improvement
Statewide Data Validity
Statewide Water Loss
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7
Resource Management Grade C Resource Management Grade B Resource Management Grade A
Establish annual M36 Water
Auditing for all utilities
Educate Regulatory
Community on M36 Method
and appropriate use of
performance indicators
Establish Statewide Water
Loss Control Committee
Develop State Manual and
Training Framework
Provide extended, progressive
training to utilities (funded)
Develop and implement data management system
Establish posting system and communication protocols
Establish minimum standards of validation for quality assurance
Determine by Agency or 3rd Party
Establish validation program until certification program is in place
Design and implement a Certified Water Audit program for sustained quality control
Statewide Water Loss Control Committee provides support
Suite of Performance and Process Measures
System specific improvement over time in a cost-effective manner
No universal targets
Excessive thresholds established
Annual audit submission threshold exceedances
System specific progress review at designated regulatory touchpoints
Statewide Water Loss Management Program – Model Implementation
28
Phase 1
Establish Annual M36 Water Auditing
Achieve Minimum Standard of Audit
Reliability
Manage Water Loss Performance for Long-
Term Reduction
Phase 2 Phase 3
Auditing
Outreach
Training &Tech Asst
DataManage-
ment
Validation
Certification
Benchmarking
Improvement
Statewide Data Validity
Statewide Water Loss
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7
Resource Management Grade C Resource Management Grade B Resource Management Grade A
Establish annual M36 Water
Auditing for all utilities
Educate Regulatory
Community on M36 Method
and appropriate use of
performance indicators
Establish Statewide Water
Loss Control Committee
Develop State Manual and
Training Framework
Provide extended, progressive
training to utilities (funded)
Develop and implement data management system
Establish posting system and communication protocols
Establish minimum standards of validation for quality assurance
Determine by Agency or 3rd Party
Establish validation program until certification program is in place
Design and implement a Certified Water Audit program for sustained quality control
Statewide Water Loss Control Committee provides support
Suite of Performance and Process Measures
System specific improvement over time in a cost-effective manner
No universal targets
Excessive thresholds established
Annual audit submission threshold exceedances
System specific progress review at designated regulatory touchpoints
Statewide Water Loss Management Program – Model Implementation
Research Team:
VALIDATION LEVEL
DEFINITION
self-reported• Water audits have not been validated
• Water audit accuracy/reliability is not well understood
1• Validated water audits have been examined for errors evident in summary
data and application of methodology
• The data validity grades assigned to inputs accurately reflect utility practices
2
• Validated water audits have been corroborated with investigations of raw
data and archived reports of instrument accuracy
• The best sources of data to inform the water audit have been identified
3
• Validated water audits have been bolstered by field tests of instrument
accuracy
• Minimum night flow analysis and/or pilot leak detection supplement the
water audit
focus: accurate assignment of data validity grades
correct application of audit methodology
GOALS: confirm interpretation of methodology
identify evident errors
assign correct data validity grades
OUTCOMES: correct data validity grades
recommendations for higher-level validation activity
LIMITATIONS: does not correct errors in raw data
does not study instrument performance
32
Phase 1
Establish Annual M36 Water Auditing
Achieve Minimum Standard of Audit
Reliability
Manage Water Loss Performance for Long-
Term Reduction
Phase 2 Phase 3
Auditing
Outreach
Training &Tech Asst
DataManage-
ment
Validation
Certification
Benchmarking
Improvement
Statewide Data Validity
Statewide Water Loss
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7
Resource Management Grade C Resource Management Grade B Resource Management Grade A
Establish annual M36 Water
Auditing for all utilities
Educate Regulatory
Community on M36 Method
and appropriate use of
performance indicators
Establish Statewide Water
Loss Control Committee
Develop State Manual and
Training Framework
Provide extended, progressive
training to utilities (funded)
Develop and implement data management system
Establish posting system and communication protocols
Establish minimum standards of validation for quality assurance
Determine by Agency or 3rd Party
Establish validation program until certification program is in place
Design and implement a Certified Water Audit program for sustained quality control
Statewide Water Loss Control Committee provides support
Suite of Performance and Process Measures
System specific improvement over time in a cost-effective manner
No universal targets
Excessive thresholds established
Annual audit submission threshold exceedances
System specific progress review at designated regulatory touchpoints
Statewide Water Loss Management Program – Model Implementation
Are We Healthy
Wisconsin Pilot 6 systems, 6 months
Colorado Pilot 50 systems, 3 months
New Mexico Full Scale 134 systems, 11 months
Georgia Full Scale 230 systems, 5 years (and counting)
California Full Scale 460 systems, 2 years
Utah Pilot20 systems, 6 months
North & South Carolina Pilot 18 systems, 12 months
Water Loss Control
Industry Best Practices
And Available Tools
Part 2 – Digging in
AWWA M36 Methodology – State of the Art Water
Auditing & Loss Control
Water Audit Report for:
Reporting Year:
All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR
WATER SUPPLIED
Volume from own sources: Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)
Master meter error adjustment (enter positive value):
Water imported: MG/Yr
Water exported: MG/Yr
WATER SUPPLIED: 0.000 MG/Yr
.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
Billed metered: MG/Yr
Billed unmetered: MG/Yr
Unbilled metered: MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:
Unbilled unmetered: 0.000 MG/Yr 1.25% 24061
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 0.000 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 0.000 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:
Unauthorized consumption: 0.000 MG/Yr 0.25%
Customer metering inaccuracies: 0.000 MG/Yr
Systematic data handling errors: MG/Yr
Apparent Losses: 0.000
Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)
Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 0.000 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES: 0.000 MG/Yr
NON-REVENUE WATER
NON-REVENUE WATER: 0.000 MG/Yr
= Total Water Loss + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered
SYSTEM DATA
Length of mains: miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections:
Connection density: conn./mile main
Average length of customer service line: ft
Average operating pressure: psi
COST DATA
Total annual cost of operating water system: $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses):
Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): $/Million gallons
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Financial Indicators
Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied:
Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system:
Annual cost of Apparent Losses:
Annual cost of Real Losses:
Operational Efficiency Indicators
Apparent Losses per service connection per day: gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per service connection per day*: gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per length of main per day*: gallons/mile/day
Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: gallons/connection/day/psi
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): Not Valid
From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL): 0.00
* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated
WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:
PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:
1: Billed metered
2: Customer metering inaccuracies
3: Total annual cost of operating water system
*** UARL cannot be calculated as either average pressure, number of connecions or length of mains is too small: SEE UARL DEFINITION ***
Enter a percentage less
than 10% in the red cell
(J42), or select 'Value'
option
Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:
Add a grading value for 9 parameter(s) to enable an audit score to be calculated
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [CARL/UARL]:
Default option selected for unauthorized consumption - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed
Default option selected for Unbilled unmetered - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed
AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet
<< Enter grading in column 'E'
MG/Yr
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Back to Instructions
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades
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(pipe length between curbstop and
customer meter or property boundary)
Use buttons to selectpercentage of water supplied
ORvalue
?Click here:
for help using option buttons below
For more information, click here to see the Grading Matrix worksheet
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Copyright © 2010, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
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WAS v4.2
1991 1999 2006 2009 2014 20172010 20162003 2015
Water Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water Department
Reporting Year:
ALL VOLUMES TO BE ENTERED AS ANNUAL QUANTITIES
WATER SUPPLIED
Volume from own sources: M 95,526.0 million gallons (US) per year
Master meter error adjustment: M 695.4 million gallons (US) per year
Water Imported: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year
Water Exported: M 7,210.2 million gallons (US) per year.
WATER SUPPLIED: . 89,011.2 million gallons (US) per year..
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION .
Billed metered: M 57,535.2 million gallons (US) per year
Billed unmetered: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year
Unbilled metered: M 179.3 million gallons (US) per year
Unbilled unmetered: E 693.6 million gallons (US) per year.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: . 58,408.1 million gallons (US) per year
.
.
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year.
Apparent Losses .
Unauthorized consumption: E 1,145.2 million gallons (US) per year
Customer metering inaccuracies: E 162.5 million gallons (US) per year
Data handling errors: E 2,751.2 million gallons (US) per year
Apparent Losses: . 4,058.9 million gallons (US) per year
Real Losses .
Real Losses (Water Losses - Apparent Losses): . 26,544.2 million gallons (US) per year.
WATER LOSSES: . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year..
NON_REVENUE WATER .
NON-REVENUE WATER: . 31,476.0 million gallons (US) per year
.
SYSTEM DATA ..
Length of mains: M 3,160.0 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: M 548,289
Connection density: . 174 conn./mile main
Average length of private pipe: E 12.0 ft
.
Average operating pressure: E 55.0 psi
.
COST DATA ..
Total annual cost of operating water system: M $167,604,000 $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to apparent losses): M $3.95
Variable production cost (applied to real losses): M $133.58 $/million gallons (US)
DATA REVIEW - Please review the following information and make changes above if necessary:
- Input values should be indicated as either measured or estimated. You have entered:
12 as measured values
6 as estimated values
0 without specifying measured or estimated
- It is important to accurately measure the master meter - you have entered the measurement type as: measured
- Cost Data: No problems identified
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Financial Indicators
Non-revenue water as percent by volume: 35.4%
Non-revenue water as percent by cost: 11.7%
Annual cost of Apparent losses: $16,012,518
Annual cost of Real Losses: $3,545,768
Operational Efficiency Indicators
Apparent losses per service connection per day: 20.28 gallons/connection/day
Real losses per service connection per day*: 132.64 gallons/connection/day
Real losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 2.41 gallons/connection/day/psi
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 5.98 million gallons/day
12.17
* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated
AWWA WLCC Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:
2004
under-registered
$/1000 gallons (US)
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? Click to access definition
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Back to Instructions
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where possible, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value.
Indicate this by selecting a choice from the gray box to the left, where M = measured (or accurately known value) and E = estimated.
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(pipe length between curbstop
and customer meter or property
Copyright © 2006, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
M36
1st Ed.
Water Audit Report for:
Reporting Year:
PLEASE CHOOSE REPORTING UNITS FROM THE INSTRUCTIONS SHEET BEFORE ENTERING DATA
Master Meter Error Adjustments
WATER SUPPLIED Pcnt: Value:
Volume from own sources:
Water imported:
Water exported:
Enter negative % or value for under-registration
WATER SUPPLIED: 0.000 Enter positive % or value for over-registration.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
Billed metered:
Billed unmetered:
Unbilled metered: Pcnt: Value:
Unbilled unmetered: 0.000 1.25% 24061
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 0.000
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 0.000
Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:
Unauthorized consumption: 8 0.000 0.25%
Customer metering inaccuracies: 5 0.000 1.00%
Systematic data handling errors: 4 0.000 0.25%
Apparent Losses: 0.000
Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)
Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 0.000
WATER LOSSES: 0.000
NON-REVENUE WATER
NON-REVENUE WATER: 0.000
= Water Losses + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered
SYSTEM DATA
Length of mains:
Number of active AND inactive service connections:
Service connection density:
Select...
Average length of customer service line:
Average operating pressure:
COST DATA
Total annual cost of operating water system: $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses):
Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): $/
WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:
PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:
Are customer meters typically located at the curbstop or property line?
AWWA Free Water Audit Software:
Reporting Worksheet
Default option selected for Unbilled unmetered - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed
<< Please enter system details and contact information on the Instructions tab >>
Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:
<----------- Enter grading in column 'E' and 'J' ---------->
Default option selected for unauthorized consumption - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed
?
?
?
?
?
? Click to access definition
?
?
?
?
?
?
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades
?
?
?
?
?
?
(length of service line, beyond the property boundary, that is the responsibility of the utility)
Use buttons to selectpercentage of water
suppliedOR
?Click here:
for help using option buttons below
?
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?
?
+
+ Click to add a comment
WAS v5.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
American Water Works Association.Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+ Use Customer Retail Unit Cost to value real losses
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BETA TEST v1
Water Audit Report for:
Reporting Year:
System Attributes:
Apparent Losses:
+ Real Losses:
= Water Losses:
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL):
Annual cost of Apparent Losses:
Annual cost of Real Losses: Valued at Variable Production Cost
Performance Indicators:
Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied:
Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: Real Losses valued at Variable Production Cost
Apparent Losses per service connection per day:
Real Losses per service connection per day:
Real Losses per length of main per day*:
Real Losses per service connection per day per meter (head) pressure:
From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL):
* This performance indicator applies for systems with a low service connection density of less than 32 service connections/mile of pipeline
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [CARL/UARL]:
Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumpiton
AWWA Free Water Audit Software:
System Attributes and Performance Indicators
********** REPORTING UNITS MUST BE SELECTED ON THE INSTRUCTIONS WORKSHEET BEFORE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS CAN BE DISPLAYED **********
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American Water Works Association.Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.
WAS v5.0
Financial:
Operational Efficiency:
BETA TEST v1
AWWA Audit Software v1
AWWA Audit Software v4
AWWA Compiler for large audit sets WRF Real Loss
Component Analysis
Model
~7,000 downloads to date of
AWWA Audit Software v5
AWWA Audit Software v5
M36
2nd Ed.
M36
3rd Ed.
M36
4th Ed.
AWWA Free Water Audit Software
Water Audit Report for:
Reporting Year:
All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR
Master Meter Error Adjustments
WATER SUPPLIED Pcnt: Value:
Volume from own sources: 5 1,000.000 MG/Yr 1 MG/Yr
Water imported: MG/Yr MG/Yr
Water exported: 1 100.000 MG/Yr 9 MG/Yr
Enter negative % or value for under-registration
WATER SUPPLIED: 825.000 MG/Yr Enter positive % or value for over-registration.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
Billed metered: 8 700.000 MG/Yr
Billed unmetered: 9 50.000 MG/Yr
Unbilled metered: MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:
Unbilled unmetered: 9 10.313 MG/Yr 1.25% MG/Yr24061
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 760.313 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 64.688 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:
Unauthorized consumption: 10 3.000 MG/Yr 0.25% MG/Yr
Customer metering inaccuracies: 5 7.071 MG/Yr 1.00% MG/Yr
Systematic data handling errors: 4 5.000 MG/Yr 0.25% MG/Yr
Apparent Losses: 15.071 MG/Yr
Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)
Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 49.617 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES: 64.688 MG/Yr
NON-REVENUE WATER
NON-REVENUE WATER: 75.000 MG/Yr
= Water Losses + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered
SYSTEM DATA
Length of mains: 7 100.0 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: 6 1,000
Service connection density: 10 conn./mile main
Yes
Average length of customer service line: ft
Average operating pressure: 6 60.0 psi
COST DATA
Total annual cost of operating water system: 5 $1,000,000 $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 7 $3.50
Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 7 $3,000.00 $/Million gallons
WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:
PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:
1: Volume from own sources
2: Customer metering inaccuracies
3: Total annual cost of operating water system
Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:
$/1000 gallons (US)
100.000
<----------- Enter grading in column 'E' and 'J' ---------->
Unauthorized consumption volume entered is greater than the recommended default value
5.000
*** YOUR SCORE IS: 60 out of 100 ***
A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score
100.000
3.000
25.000
Average length of customer service line has been set to zero and a data grading score of 10 has been applied
Are customer meters typically located at the curbstop or property line?
AWWA Free Water Audit Software:
Reporting Worksheet
Default option selected for Unbilled unmetered - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed
1.000
2013 1/2013 - 12/2013
Northern San Leandro Combined Water Sewer Storm Utility District (0007900)
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? Click to access definition
?
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?
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Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (n/a or 1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades
?
?
?
?
?
?
(length of service line, beyond the property boundary, that is the responsibility of the utility)
Use buttons to selectpercentage of water
suppliedOR
value
?Click here:
for help using option buttons below
?
?
?
?
+
+ Click to add a comment
WAS v5.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
American Water Works Association.Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.
?
?
?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Use Customer Retail Unit Cost to value real losses
?
To select the correct data grading for each input, determine the highest grade where the utility meets or exceeds all criteria for that grade and all grades below it.
Defaults provided
Free
awwa.org/waterlosscontrol
Industry Standard
(M36)
~10 Volume Inputs
~7 System Data Inputs
IWA/AWWA Standard Water Balance
RealLosses
ApparentLosses
UnbilledAuthorized
Consumption
BilledAuthorized
Consumption
Non-Revenue
Water
RevenueWater
Leakage & Overflows at Storage
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Billed Metered Consumption
Billed Water Exported
Leakage on Service Lines
Leakage on Mains
Systematic Data Handling Errors
Customer Metering Inaccuracies
Unauthorized Consumption
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Metered Consumption
WaterImported
OwnSources
TotalSystemInput
( allowfor
knownerrors )
WaterLosses
AuthorizedConsumption
WaterExported
WaterSupplied
AuthorizedConsumption
WaterLosses
RealLosses
ApparentLosses
UnbilledAuthorized
Consumption
BilledAuthorized
Consumption
Non-Revenue
Water
RevenueWater
Leakage & Overflows at Storage
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Billed Metered Consumption
Billed Water Exported
Leakage on Service Lines
Leakage on Mains
Systematic Data Handling Errors
Customer Metering Inaccuracies
Unauthorized Consumption
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Metered Consumption
WaterImported
OwnSources
TotalSystemInput
( allowfor
knownerrors )
WaterExported
WaterSupplied
Physical loss - leakage
Cost impacts at ‘wholesale’ rate
Tools for control include leakage and
pressure management
Non-physical / revenue loss - slow meters,
billing issues and theft
Cost impacts at ‘retail’ rate.
Tools for control include data management,
quality control policies/practices, & meter
testing & repair
Fire Dept Usage
Operational Flushing
Tools for control include efficient flushing
practices and awareness campaigns
Management of NRW
Audience Poll
According to the AWWA M36 Water AuditMethod, an acceptable level of Unaccounted ForWater is:
A. 15%B. 10%C. 5%D. 0%
According to the AWWA Water Audit Method, an acceptable level of Unaccounted For Water is:
A.15%B. 10%C. 5%D.0%
Audience Poll
42
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
MG
DWater Loss as a Percentage of Supply is not an Indicator of Performance
Water Supplied (MGD)
Authorized Consumption (MGD)
Water Loss (MGD)
Development BoomGreat Recession,
Rate Increases,
Conservation
New Normal
43
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
22%
24%
26%
28%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
MG
DWater Loss as a Percentage of Supply is not an Indicator of Performance
Water Supplied (MGD)
Authorized Consumption (MGD)
Water Loss (MGD)
Water Loss (Percent of Supply)
44
45
Unaccounted
For Water
Unaccounted
For Water
Percentage
46
2003
Inconsistent use and
interpretation
Unreliable indicator of
performance
Fails to segregate loss into
its components for effective
management
3-V’s
Validity
Value
Volume
MG per Year
Gal/connection/day
Leakage Index
$ per Year
Economic Loss Index
Water Audit Data Validity Score
95% Confidence Limits
Key Data Input Grades
10,097
2,824
Total Non-Revenue WaterVolume (MG)
Level 1
Billed Consumption
NRW
Data Validity Score: 75 out of 100
$2,341,420
per year
Volume Value
Real Loss
Apparent Loss
Unbilled Consumption
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
NRW Components - By Volume (MG) - Level 2
Real Loss
Apparent Loss
Unbilled Consumption
$-
$200,000
$400,000
$600,000
$800,000
$1,000,000
$1,200,000
$1,400,000
$1,600,000
$1,800,000
NRW Components - By ValueLevel 2
Volume Value
Unbilled Unmetered
Unbilled Metered
Meter Inaccuracy
Theft
Data Handling
Unreported Leakage
Background Leakage
Reported Leakage
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Real Loss Apparent Loss UnbilledConsumption
NRW Components - By Volume (MG)
Level 3
Unbilled Unmetered
Unbilled Metered
Meter Inaccuracy
Theft
Data Handling
Unreported Leakage
Background Leakage
Reported Leakage
$0
$200,000
$400,000
$600,000
$800,000
$1,000,000
$1,200,000
$1,400,000
$1,600,000
$1,800,000
Real Loss ApparentLoss
UnbilledConsumption
NRW Components - By ValueLevel 3
Volume Value
Current2,824
Economic Target1,146
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
NRW Volume (MG/year)
Current$2,341,42
0
Economic Target
$839,130
$0
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
NRW Value ($/year)
1.7 BG 1.5 M$
Four Pillars of Managing Apparent Loss
Unavoidable
Apparent
Losses
TheftData
Transfer / Archive
Errors
Data
Billing
Errors
Existing Apparent Losses
Economic Level
As each component receives
more or less attention, the
losses will increase or
decrease
Customer
Meter
Accuracy
Source: AWWA Water Loss Control Committee
Cost of Revenue Protection
LOSSES (MG)
Un
avo
idab
le A
ppar
ent
Lo
ss
CO
ST
Economic Level of Loss
Where the total cost is at a minimum
Validated Target Setting
Four Pillars of Managing Leakage
Unavoidable
Real Losses
Speed & Quality
of Repairs
Pressure
Management
Maintenance
Rehab
Repair
Existing Real Losses
Economic Level
As each component receives
more or less attention, the
losses will increase or
decrease
Active
Leakage
Control
Source: AWWA Water Loss Control Committee
Cost of Leakage Control
LOSSES (MG)
Bac
kg
rou
nd
Lea
kag
e
and
Rep
ort
ed B
reak
s
CO
ST
Economic Level of Loss
Where the total cost is at a minimum
Validated Target Setting
Cost of Intervention
NRW (Volume)
CO
ST (
$M
)
Cost of NRW
Total NRW Cost
Reactive Intervention is Over-SpendingExample: fixing only leaks that surface, replacing meters only when they stop
Economic Optimum NRW & Intervention Economic target from benefit-cost design (M36)
Aggressive Intervention is Over-SpendingExample: replacement of pipes and meters before their optimal useful life
New Supply
New $M
The GAP
1. Create a water balance: separate Non-Revenue Water into Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss.
2. Test the validity: Data Validity Score & Metrics screening, gremlin hunting
3. Analyze the components of Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss. Use volumes & values.
4. Prioritize the components to make a plan of attack.
Basic Concepts
1. Create a water balance: separate Non-Revenue Water into Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss.
2. Test the validity: Data Validity Score & Metrics screening, gremlin hunting
3. Analyze the components of Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss. Use volumes & values.
4. Prioritize the components to make a plan of attack.
Basic Concepts
AWWA Free Water Audit Software
Functions of the AWWA
Software:
• Complete a water balance
• Document data validity
grades
• Calculate performance
indicators
• Identify areas for
improvement
AWWA Free Water Audit Software
VOLUMESDATA
VALIDITY
GRADES
DEFINITIONSCOMMENTS
for each input into the audit software…
Data Validity Grades
• qualitative but
specific
• 1 through 10
• capture utility
practices
Filling out the Software
1. Gather data and supporting documents
2. Review data for each input:
complete? consistent? accurate?
3. Enter the input.
4. Comment on source of data, quality of data, etc.
5. Select a data validity grade for each input
Performance Indicators
Results Dashboard
1. Create a water balance: separate Non-Revenue Water into Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss.
2. Test the validity: Data Validity Score & Metrics screening, gremlin hunting
3. Analyze the components of Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss. Use volumes & values.
4. Prioritize the components to make a plan of attack.
Basic Concepts
1. Assemble supporting documents
2. Develop the data inputs
3. Check the metrics
Must-have docs
Good-to-get docs
Build it from supporting docs
Look for gremlins
Inside typical ranges
Metrics versus practices
Sanity check
Validation of Inputs – A Simple Approach
67
Small Water System Technical Assistance –
Finished Water Meter Flow Verification (FWM)
39
7
19
2
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
FWM Global Statistics Summary
total # meters
Pass
Fail
Inconclusive
total # meters not tested
18% PASS
49% FAIL
33% UNTESTABLE
Finished Water Meter Flow Verification
Pass Fail Inconclusive or Untestable
Gremlin Hunting
Gremlin Hunting
8” Propeller
Meter
Check Valve
Well Pump
Accuracy results from MFR test bench: 99.5%
Accuracy results from in-
situ test: 142.2%
Courtesy MESCO
Production flow data should be reviewed every business
day for data gaps
Gaps occur due to:Unplanned interruption: lightning strike, power
failure
Planned interruption: instrumentation calibration
Gaps in water flow data should be quantified and
added back to the daily total
(Source: AWWA M36 Publication, 4th
Ed.)
8/15/2012,
hrs
High Service
Pumping Rate, mgd
actual flow
High Service
Pumping Rate, mgd
raw recorded data
High Service
Pumping Rate, mgd
adjusted data
0:00 8.69 8.69 8.69
1:00 8.65 8.65 8.65
2:00 8.32 8.32 8.32
3:00 8.11 8.11 8.11
4:00 7.94 0 8
5:00 8.02 0 8
6:00 8.44 0 8
7:00 8.98 0 9
8:00 9.34 0 9.3
9:00 9.25 0 9.3
10:00 9.17 0 9.3
11:00 9.12 9.12 9.12
12:00 9.27 9.27 9.27
13:00 9.22 9.22 9.22
14:00 9.08 9.08 9.08
15:00 8.99 8.99 8.99
16:00 9.14 9.14 9.14
17:00 9.18 9.18 9.18
18:00 9.25 9.25 9.25
19:00 9.22 9.22 9.22
20:00 8.82 8.82 8.82
21:00 8.78 8.78 8.78
22:00 8.75 8.75 8.75
23:00 8.71 8.71 8.71
0:00 8.68 8.68 8.68
Total 212.43 151.29 212.19
Average 8.85 6.30 8.84
Difference 2.55 0.01
Example of Water Pumping Data Gaps and Adjustments
“Checking the Meter”
Flow Testing vs. Calibration
• Flow (Accuracy) Testing confirms the accuracy of the primary device – the element that measures the flow of water
• Signal Calibration confirms the functions of the secondary device –which is a data transfer device, typically a differential pressure cell, chart recorder, or similar device
• Many water utilities regularly calibrate their secondary devices, but do not regularly verify the primary device by regular flow accuracy testing. Thus, inaccuracies can be carried through to reports
Bank of Differential Pressure Cells connected to
flowmeters
(Courtesy of Louisville Water Company)
Orifice Plate Flowmeter components
(Source: AWWA M36 Publication, 4th
Ed.)
Step 3 – Check the Metrics
Metrics versus PracticesInside the range – are they high, mid, or low?
How does that compare to the water loss management practices?
Water Audit Report for: County Water Company
Reporting Year:
System Attributes:
Apparent Losses: 208.225 MG/Yr
+ Real Losses: 736.495 MG/Yr
= Water Losses: 944.720 MG/Yr
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 83.69 MG/Yr
Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $821,449
Annual cost of Real Losses: $139,934 Valued at Variable Production Cost
Performance Indicators:
Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 26.0%
Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 10.4% Real Losses valued at Variable Production Cost
Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 46.78 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per service connection per day: 165.45 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 2.55 gallons/connection/day/psi
From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL): 736.49 million gallons/year
8.80
* This performance indicator applies for systems with a low service connection density of less than 32 service connections/mile of pipeline
AWWA Free Water Audit Software:
System Attributes and Performance Indicators
*** YOUR WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE IS: 62 out of 100 ***
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [CARL/UARL]:
2013 1/2013 - 12/2013
Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumpiton
?
?
American Water Works Association.
Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.
WAS v5.0
Financial:
Operational Efficiency:
Typical Ranges*** YOUR WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE IS: 51 out of 100 ***
20 – 2004 – 40
400 – 4000
2 – 10
1. Create a water balance: separate Non-Revenue Water into Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss.
2. Test the validity: Data Validity Score & Metrics screening, gremlin hunting
3. Analyze the components of Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss. Use volumes & values.
4. Prioritize the components to make a plan of attack.
Basic Concepts
Unreported ReportedBackground
=
Customer Meter Accuracy Testing• Routine or periodic meter accuracy testing will
quantify the accuracy level of the meter population
• Meter testing can be performed by testing
companies or in-house by utilities with a test
bench or portable test equipment
Only skilled personnel should do testing;
meter testing is a precision activity
Make sure procedures are followed – always
test at the low flowrate first
• Set clear meter testing goals, such as:
Test for high bill complaints
Meters serving high water using customers
Test a sample of meters retired from service
Test high through-put meters (longevity)
Test samples of newly purchased meters
Suspect meters
Utility Test Bench for testing water
meters of size less than 3-inch
Sample Testing for Small Meters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100M
ete
r A
ccura
cy (
%)
250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000
Total Flow Through Meter
=
Graphic Courtesy WRF
From a formula. Need
to provide the ICF.From your repair
records.
• Pressure Management • Pressure Management • Pressure Management
The Life of a Leak:
Awareness, Location & Repair Times
This is the basis for Leakage Component Analysis
Basic Data Needed for Component Analysis
1. Break type: reported or unreported2. Main or service3. Location4. Line size5. Date/time the break became known6. Date/time the break was fixed
7. Storage tank volume (total)8. Average age of pipe network (approx.)9. Data from your AWWA water audit
Failure Data
Other Data
Real Loss Component Analysis Results
System ComponentBackground
LeakageReported Failures
Unreported Failures
(Hidden Losses)Total
(MG) (MG) (MG) (MG)
Reservoirs 3 - - 3
Mains and Appurtenances 77 574 - 651
Service Connections 144 11 - 154
Total Annual Real Loss 224 584 - 808
1,612
804
REAL LOSS COMPONENT ANALYSIS RESULTS
Real Losses as Calculated by Water Audit
Hidden Losses/Unreported Leakage Currently Running Undetected
Graphic Courtesy WRF
Which Tools to Choose?
Unreported ReportedBackground
• Pressure Management • Pressure Management • Pressure Management
Graphic Courtesy WRF
Which Tools to Choose?
Unreported ReportedBackground
Graphic Courtesy WRF
Which Tools to Choose?
Unreported ReportedBackground
• Pressure Management • Pressure Management • Pressure Management
1. Create a water balance: separate Non-Revenue Water into Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss.
2. Test the validity: Data Validity Score & Metrics screening, gremlin hunting
3. Analyze the components of Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss. Use volumes & values.
4. Prioritize the components to make a plan of attack.
Basic Concepts
The Toolbox (Basic) Helps to Address Level of Cost
1 - Validation of supply & consumption volumes
Low Data Validity Score, Gremlins
Low-Mid
2 - Estimating and tracking unmetered use
Validity, Unmetered Use None-Low
3 - Installing meters on unmetered connections
Unmetered Use Mid
4 - Billing system audit Systematic Data Handling Errors
Low-Mid
5 - Meter testing & replacement Customer metering inaccuracy Mid-High
6 - Unidirectional flushing program Unbilled unmetered Low
7 - Acoustic leak survey Unreported leakage Mid
8 - Improve speed/quality of repairs Unreported, Reported leakage Low
9 - Locate & eliminate pressure transients (surges, hammers)
All 3 types of leakage Low-Mid
10 - Reduce peak and overall pressure All 3 types of leakage Mid-High
Water Audit Report for: EXAMPLE - Tallapoosa (1430002)
Reporting Year:
System Attributes:
Apparent Losses: 3.787 MG/Yr
+ Real Losses: 47.362 MG/Yr
= Water Losses: 51.149 MG/Yr
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): See limits in definition MG/Yr
Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $18,860
Annual cost of Real Losses: $123,614 Valued at Variable Production Cost
Performance Indicators:
Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 26.5%
Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 16.5% Real Losses valued at Variable Production Cost
Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 6.05 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per service connection per day: 75.66 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 0.95 gallons/connection/day/psi
From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL): 47.36 million gallons/year
* This performance indicator applies for systems with a low service connection density of less than 32 service connections/mile of pipeline
*** YOUR WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE IS: 69 out of 100 ***
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [CARL/UARL]:
2014 1/2014 - 12/2014
Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumption
?
?
Financial:
Operational Efficiency:
Unreported ReportedBackground
The Toolbox (Basic) Helps to Address Level of Cost
1 - Validation of supply & consumption volumes
Low Data Validity Score, Gremlins
Low-Mid
2 - Estimating and tracking unmetered use
Validity, Unmetered Use
3 - Installing meters on unmetered connections
Unmetered Use Mid
4 - Billing system audit Systematic Data Handling Errors
Low-Mid
5 - Meter testing & replacement Customer metering inaccuracy Mid-High
6 - Unidirectional flushing program Unbilled unmetered Low
7 - Acoustic leak survey Unreported leakage Mid
8 - Improve speed/quality of repairs Unreported, Reported leakage Low
9 - Locate & eliminate pressure transients (surges, hammers)
All 3 types of leakage Low-Mid
10 - Reduce peak and overall pressure All 3 types of leakage Mid-High
Unreported ReportedBackground
Water Audit Report for: #2 - City of Cave Spring (GA 150000)
Reporting Year:
System Attributes:
Apparent Losses: 4.041 MG/Yr
+ Real Losses: 29.998 MG/Yr
= Water Losses: 34.039 MG/Yr
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 28.55 MG/Yr
Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $30,992
Annual cost of Real Losses: $6,476 Valued at Variable Production Cost
Performance Indicators:
Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 23.8%
Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 4.8% Real Losses valued at Variable Production Cost
Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 6.91 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per service connection per day: N/A gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per length of main per day*: 944.67 gallons/mile/day
Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: N/A gallons/connection/day/psi
From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL): 30.00 million gallons/year
1.05
* This performance indicator applies for systems with a low service connection density of less than 32 service connections/mile of pipeline
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [CARL/UARL]:
2014 1/2014 - 12/2014
Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumption
*** YOUR WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE IS: 52 out of 100 ***
?
?
Financial:
Operational Efficiency:
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